marine’pollu,on’impacts’on’seabirds:’ … · 2017-05-25 ·...

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Marine pollu,on impacts on seabirds: understanding and managing the risks Nicola Beer, Nicky Cariglia and Susannah Musk, ITOPF INTERSPILL 2015, Session: Wildlife preparedness and response, Amsterdam, RAI conference centre

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Page 1: Marine’pollu,on’impacts’on’seabirds:’ … · 2017-05-25 · Marine’pollu,on’impacts’on’seabirds:’ understanding’and’managing’the’risks’ NicolaBeer,’

Marine  pollu,on  impacts  on  seabirds:  understanding  and  managing  the  risks  

Nicola  Beer,  Nicky  Cariglia  and  Susannah  Musk,  ITOPF  

INTERSPILL  2015,  Session:  Wildlife  preparedness  and  response,  Amsterdam,  RAI  conference  centre    

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WHO  IS  ITOPF    (Interna0onal  Tanker  Owners  Pollu0on  Federa0on)?  

• ITOPF  established  in  1968  as  a  not-­‐for-­‐profit  organisa0on  

• Primarily  funded  by  the  shipping  industry  (via  P&I  Clubs)  

• Main  role:  To  provide  objec0ve  advice  on  effec0ve  response  to  marine  spills  of  oil  &  HNS  

• Based  in  London  but  provide  a  global  service  

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     Marine  pollu,on    impacts  on  seabirds  –  understanding  and  managing  the  risks  

How  has  this  changed  over  

,me?  

What  are  the  impacts  of  current  pollu,on  trends  and  

how  are  these  measured  and  recorded?  

Where  are  the  risks  and  how  have  these  changed  in  recent  

,mes?  

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SOURCES  OF  POLLUTION:  ACCIDENTAL  SPILLS

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SOURCES  OF  POLLUTION

47%  

38%  

12%  

3%  

US  Na0onal  Research  Council  –  Es0mates  of  global  inputs  of  oil  to  the  marine  environment  (2002)  

Natural  seeps  

Discharges  from  consump0on  of  oils  (inc.  opera0onal  discharges  from  ships)  

Accidental  spills  from  ships  

Extrac0on  of  oil  

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SOURCES  OF  POLLUTION

37%  

7%  

14%  

33%  

9%  

Sources  according  to  Australian  Petroleum  Produc0on  and  Explora0on  Associa0on  (APPEA)    

Land-­‐based  sources  

Natural  seeps  

Oil  industry  (tanker  accidents  offshore  oil  extrac0on)  

Opera0onal  discharges  from  ships  (not  in  oil  industry)    

Airborne  hydrocarbons    

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SOURCES  OF  POLLUTION

Ship-­‐opera0onal  discharges  

16%   Ship-­‐  cargo  related  2%  

Ship  -­‐  VOC  6%  

Ship-­‐  accidental    14%  

Ship-­‐  recycling    1%  Offshore  

2%  

Coastal  facili0es    10%  

Natural  seeps  49%  

GESAMP  es0mates  of  oil  entering  the  marine  environment  2007  

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-­‐  Oily  waste  is  generated  aboard  ships  as  a  result  of  a  number  of  rou0ne  opera0ons    

-­‐  Historically,  these  oily  wastes  were  normally  discharged  from  the  ship  at  sea    

-­‐  Since  1983,  interna0onal  legisla0on,  in  the  form  of  MARPOL  73/78  has  regulated  the  disposal  and  discharge  of  waste  from  ships  into  the  marine  environment    

SOURCES  OF  POLLUTION:  OPERATIONAL  DISCHARGES

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SOURCES  OF  POLLUTION:  OPERATIONAL  DISCHARGES

There  is  considerable  evidence  that  illegal  opera0onal  discharges  are  a  widespread  and  ongoing  problem,  although  monitoring,  control  and  surveillance  programmes  appear  to  be  having  a  posi0ve  effect…           HELCOM    

Source:  illegal  discharges  observed  during  aerial  surveillance  in  2013.  HELCOM,  2014.    

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SOURCES  OF  POLLUTION:  OPERATIONAL  DISCHARGES

There  is  considerable  evidence  that  illegal  opera0onal  discharges  are  a  widespread  and  ongoing  problem,  although  monitoring,  control  and  surveillance  programmes  appear  to  be  having  a  posi0ve  effect…           Bonn  Agreement    

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  

500  

600  

2000   2001   2002   2003   2004   2005   2006   2007   2008   2009   2010   2011   2012   2013  

Illegal  discharges  by  slick  size  observed  during  aerial  surveillance  of  the  North  Sea  2000-­‐2013  

>100m3  

10-­‐100m3  

1-­‐10m3  

<1m3  

Not  es0mated  

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•  Type  &  quan0ty  of  oil  spilled    FATE  &  BEHAVIOUR  

•  Characteris0cs  of  the  area    SENSITIVITY  TO  POLLUTION  

•  Time  of  year    WEATHER  &  SEASONALITY  

•  Type  &  effec0veness  of  clean-­‐up    AGGRESSIVE  CLEANING  /  REMAINING  OIL  

IMPACTS  OF  OIL  SPILLS  ON  WILDLIFE

TOXIC  EFFECTS  

LIGHT  OILS  

SMOTHERING  

HEAVY  OILS  GASOLINE   MARINE  DIESEL  OIL  LIGHT  CRUDE  OIL  HEAVY  CRUDE  OIL  IFO  180   HFO  

Jan      Feb      Mar      Apr      May      Jun      Jul      Aug    Sep      Oct    Nov      Dec  

OVERWINTERING  BIRDS  

NESTING  BIRDS  

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IMPACTS  OF  MAJOR  OIL  SPILLS  ON  WILDLIFE

Whilst  these  physical  effects  of  oil  on  seabirds  are  well  known,  predic0ng  impacts  at  a  popula0on  or  ecosystemic  level  remains  a  

challenge….        

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IMPACTS  OF  MAJOR  OIL  SPILLS  ON  WILDLIFE AMOCO  CADIZ    

Date:                    16th  March  1978    223,000  tonnes  of  Iranian  and  Arabian  crude  oil  and  4,000  tonnes  of  bunker  fuel.      Approximately  5,000  auks  (guillemots  and  puffins)  were  collected      

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IMPACTS  OF  MAJOR  OIL  SPILLS  ON  WILDLIFE

ERIKA  

Date:                    12th  December  1999    20,000  tonnes  of  bunker  fuel  being  transported  as  cargo.      Approximately  74,000  birds  were  collected,  of  which  42,000  were  dead.      

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TWO  SPILLS  IN  CLOSE  PROXIMITY-­‐  TWO  VERY  DIFFERENT  STORIES…  

AMOCO  CADIZ   ERIKA    

Date  16th  March  1978   12th  December  1999  

Type  and  quan0ty  of  spilled  product    

223,000  tonnes  of  Arabian  and  Iranian  crude  oil  

4,000  tonnes  of  bunker  fuel  20,000  tonnes  heavy  fuel  oil  

Distance  from  the  shore  1nm     36nm  

Es0mated  bird  mortality     20,000     200-­‐300,000  

Species  affected     Razorbills,  guillemots  and  puffins   Guillemots,  sea  ducks  and  gannets    

Season     Spring     Winter  

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TWO  SPILLS  IN  CLOSE  PROXIMITY-­‐  TWO  VERY  DIFFERENT  STORIES…  

21%  

27%  52%  

Guillemot  

Razorbills  

Puffins  

Guillemots  81%  

Ducks  7%  

Razorbills  4%  

Gannets  3%  

Kiowakes  1%  

[CATEGORY  NAME]  0.8%  

[CATEGORY  NAME]  0.6  

[CATEGORY  NAME]  0.5%  

Others  2%  

ERIKA  

AMOCO  CADIZ    

Sources:    ERIKA  –  Lamy,  Jacques  and  Le  Dréan-­‐Quénec’hdu,  2001.  The  ERIKA  oil  spill:  the  bird  rescue  response.  InternaGonal  Oil  Spill  Conference  Proceedings:  March  2001,  Vol.  2001,  No.  1,  pp.  737-­‐744.    AMOCO  CADIZ  –  Jones,  Monnat  and  Harris,  1982.  Origins,  age  and  sex  of  auks  (Alcidae)  killed  in  the  AMOCO  CADIZ  oiling  incident  in  BriXany,  March  1978.  Seabird  Report  1977-­‐1981,  No.6.,  pp.  122-­‐130.  Seabird  Group.      

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IMPACTS  ON  SEABIRDS:  FACTORS  OTHER  THAN  SPILL  VOLUME

If  spill  size  is  unrelated  to  the  degree  of  impact,  what  are  the  factors  that  may  have  a  more  influencing  effect?    

Distance  from  shore?    

Incident   Distance  from  shore  (NM)    

Volume  (MT)  

Es,mated  mortality    

BRAER   0   85,000   5,000  

AMOCO  CADIZ   0.82   223,000   22,000  

SEA  EMPRESS   0.87   72,000   15,000  

TRICOLOR   20   170   40,000  

ERIKA     38   15,000   300,000  

PRESTIGE     138   77,000   200,000  

Season  and  species    

Type  of  product  vs.  level  of  exposure:    

-­‐  Chronic  exposure  to  light  sheens  -­‐  Acute  exposure  to  highly  viscous  

products  

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IMPACTS  OF  OPERATIONAL  DISCHARGES  

A  qualita0ve  comparison  between  ITOPF  data  (accidental  spills  from  vessels),  with  oiled  beached  bird  rates  from  Belgium,  Germany  and  the  Netherlands  (Camphuysen  et  al.  2009),  shows  lixle  correla0on  between  volume  of  oil  input  into  Belgium,  Germany  and  the  Netherlands  from  ITOPF  axended  incidents  and  oiled  beached  bird  survey  data.        

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

0  

100  

200  

300  

400  

500  

600  

Oiled  seabird  rates  versus  Bonn  Agreement  aerial  surveillance  Observa0ons  

Number  of  obs.    

Birds  

0  

5  

10  

15  

20  

25  

30  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

Oiled  bird  ra

0o  

Oiled  seabird  rates  and  cumula0ve  volumes  of  oil  recorded  at  accidental  spills  axended  by  ITOPF  

ITOPF+'Data  table'!$F$20:$F$29  

Birds  

Volume  of  oil  M

T/100  

 Reported  observa0ons  (N

)  

 

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FUTURE  SHIPPING  TRENDS  AND  CHANGING  RISKS  FOR  SEABIRDS

Increasing  ship  size  •  Changing  nature  of  naviga0on,  other  traffic  and  weather  •  A  higher  diversity  of  (risk  of  misdeclara0on)  cargo  with  incomplete  manifests    

Alterna0ve  fuels  •  Elevated  probability  of  malfunc0on  from  switching  fuel  •  Less  persistent  but  higher  toxicity?  •  Low  sulphur  fuels-­‐  cat  fines    increase  risk  of  engine  failure  

HNS  •  Exhaus0ve  list  of  substances  poten0ally  fall  under  HNS  category    •  No  ra0fied  framework  for  preparedness  in  place    

Changing  percep0ons  •  Public  and  regulators  less  tolerant  of  even  small  quan00es  of  any  substance  entering  the  marine  environment    

 

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CHANGING  RISKS  –  CASE  STUDY  –  PIB  MYSTERY  SPILL,  UK  

RSPCA  

In  January  2013,  over  500  birds  (guillemots,  

razorbills  and  at  least  one:  puffin,  kiowake  and  

cormorant)  found  on  the  south  coast  

of  UK  

In  April  2013,  3,600  birds  washed  ashore  

in  Cornwall  and  South  Devon  

Affected  birds  were  found  to  be  

contaminated  with  polyisobutylene  

(PIB).      

PIB  has    a  wide  use  of  industrial  

applica0ons:  used  as  a  fuel  addi0ve,  binding  agent  and  as  a  waterproofing  

material  

PIB  is  dangerous  to  seabirds  (especially  

auks).  RSCPA  axempted  

rehabilita0on,  resul0ng  in  51  being  

released  

UK  government,  industry  and  NGOs  lobbied  for  the  

reclassifica0on  of  PIB  under  MARPOL  

Annex  II  

PIB  was  previously  classified  under  Category  Y  

(discharge  at  sea  legal  under  some  

condi0ons)    

In  May  2013,  PIB  was  reclassified  under  

Category  X  in  May  2013  (no  discharge  

permixed  under  any  condi0ons)    

BBC  

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HOW  WILL  THIS  AFFECT  SEABIRD  RESPONSE  ORGANISATION?

Changing  risk  scenarios  may  mean  maintaining  a  con0nuous  level  of  preparedness,  albeit  with  smaller  numbers  of  wildlife  casual0es;                

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

6  

7  

8  

9  

10  

t1   t2   t3   t4   t5   t6   t7   t8   t9   t10   t11   t12  

Axis  Title

 

Schema0c  representa0on  of  wildlife  response  opera0onal  demands  under  past  and  future  risks  

Series1  

Series2  

Future  capacity    requirements  

Historical  capacity    requirements  

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SUMMARY  

What  can  be  done  by  government  and  industry  to  face  these  new  challenges?      

•  Wildlife  response  policies  to  reflect  these  different  but  now  more  possible  scenarios;  

•  Governments  to  assess  a  wider  defini0on  of  risk  in  con0ngency  plans  if  appropriate  (HNS  Conven0on);  

•  Close  monitoring  of  new  fuel  systems  aboard  vessels  •  Monitor  and  revise  regula0on  of  specific  products  e.g.  PIB  •  Baseline  and  post-­‐spill  monitoring  to  understand  and  detect  impacts/  mechanism  

for  repor0ng  oiled  bird  strandings  •  Crew  training  and  raising  awareness  of  poten0al  impacts  of  chronic  pollu0on/  

small  volume  discharges                  

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THANK  YOU  FOR  YOUR  ATTENTION  

ANY  QUESTIONS?      

Nicky  Cariglia,  Technical  Adviser  

www.itopf.com