marine’pollu,on’impacts’on’seabirds:’ … · 2017-05-25 ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Marine pollu,on impacts on seabirds: understanding and managing the risks
Nicola Beer, Nicky Cariglia and Susannah Musk, ITOPF
INTERSPILL 2015, Session: Wildlife preparedness and response, Amsterdam, RAI conference centre
WHO IS ITOPF (Interna0onal Tanker Owners Pollu0on Federa0on)?
• ITOPF established in 1968 as a not-‐for-‐profit organisa0on
• Primarily funded by the shipping industry (via P&I Clubs)
• Main role: To provide objec0ve advice on effec0ve response to marine spills of oil & HNS
• Based in London but provide a global service
Marine pollu,on impacts on seabirds – understanding and managing the risks
How has this changed over
,me?
What are the impacts of current pollu,on trends and
how are these measured and recorded?
Where are the risks and how have these changed in recent
,mes?
SOURCES OF POLLUTION: ACCIDENTAL SPILLS
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
47%
38%
12%
3%
US Na0onal Research Council – Es0mates of global inputs of oil to the marine environment (2002)
Natural seeps
Discharges from consump0on of oils (inc. opera0onal discharges from ships)
Accidental spills from ships
Extrac0on of oil
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
37%
7%
14%
33%
9%
Sources according to Australian Petroleum Produc0on and Explora0on Associa0on (APPEA)
Land-‐based sources
Natural seeps
Oil industry (tanker accidents offshore oil extrac0on)
Opera0onal discharges from ships (not in oil industry)
Airborne hydrocarbons
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
Ship-‐opera0onal discharges
16% Ship-‐ cargo related 2%
Ship -‐ VOC 6%
Ship-‐ accidental 14%
Ship-‐ recycling 1% Offshore
2%
Coastal facili0es 10%
Natural seeps 49%
GESAMP es0mates of oil entering the marine environment 2007
-‐ Oily waste is generated aboard ships as a result of a number of rou0ne opera0ons
-‐ Historically, these oily wastes were normally discharged from the ship at sea
-‐ Since 1983, interna0onal legisla0on, in the form of MARPOL 73/78 has regulated the disposal and discharge of waste from ships into the marine environment
SOURCES OF POLLUTION: OPERATIONAL DISCHARGES
SOURCES OF POLLUTION: OPERATIONAL DISCHARGES
There is considerable evidence that illegal opera0onal discharges are a widespread and ongoing problem, although monitoring, control and surveillance programmes appear to be having a posi0ve effect… HELCOM
Source: illegal discharges observed during aerial surveillance in 2013. HELCOM, 2014.
SOURCES OF POLLUTION: OPERATIONAL DISCHARGES
There is considerable evidence that illegal opera0onal discharges are a widespread and ongoing problem, although monitoring, control and surveillance programmes appear to be having a posi0ve effect… Bonn Agreement
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Illegal discharges by slick size observed during aerial surveillance of the North Sea 2000-‐2013
>100m3
10-‐100m3
1-‐10m3
<1m3
Not es0mated
• Type & quan0ty of oil spilled FATE & BEHAVIOUR
• Characteris0cs of the area SENSITIVITY TO POLLUTION
• Time of year WEATHER & SEASONALITY
• Type & effec0veness of clean-‐up AGGRESSIVE CLEANING / REMAINING OIL
IMPACTS OF OIL SPILLS ON WILDLIFE
TOXIC EFFECTS
LIGHT OILS
SMOTHERING
HEAVY OILS GASOLINE MARINE DIESEL OIL LIGHT CRUDE OIL HEAVY CRUDE OIL IFO 180 HFO
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
OVERWINTERING BIRDS
NESTING BIRDS
IMPACTS OF MAJOR OIL SPILLS ON WILDLIFE
Whilst these physical effects of oil on seabirds are well known, predic0ng impacts at a popula0on or ecosystemic level remains a
challenge….
IMPACTS OF MAJOR OIL SPILLS ON WILDLIFE AMOCO CADIZ
Date: 16th March 1978 223,000 tonnes of Iranian and Arabian crude oil and 4,000 tonnes of bunker fuel. Approximately 5,000 auks (guillemots and puffins) were collected
IMPACTS OF MAJOR OIL SPILLS ON WILDLIFE
ERIKA
Date: 12th December 1999 20,000 tonnes of bunker fuel being transported as cargo. Approximately 74,000 birds were collected, of which 42,000 were dead.
TWO SPILLS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY-‐ TWO VERY DIFFERENT STORIES…
AMOCO CADIZ ERIKA
Date 16th March 1978 12th December 1999
Type and quan0ty of spilled product
223,000 tonnes of Arabian and Iranian crude oil
4,000 tonnes of bunker fuel 20,000 tonnes heavy fuel oil
Distance from the shore 1nm 36nm
Es0mated bird mortality 20,000 200-‐300,000
Species affected Razorbills, guillemots and puffins Guillemots, sea ducks and gannets
Season Spring Winter
TWO SPILLS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY-‐ TWO VERY DIFFERENT STORIES…
21%
27% 52%
Guillemot
Razorbills
Puffins
Guillemots 81%
Ducks 7%
Razorbills 4%
Gannets 3%
Kiowakes 1%
[CATEGORY NAME] 0.8%
[CATEGORY NAME] 0.6
[CATEGORY NAME] 0.5%
Others 2%
ERIKA
AMOCO CADIZ
Sources: ERIKA – Lamy, Jacques and Le Dréan-‐Quénec’hdu, 2001. The ERIKA oil spill: the bird rescue response. InternaGonal Oil Spill Conference Proceedings: March 2001, Vol. 2001, No. 1, pp. 737-‐744. AMOCO CADIZ – Jones, Monnat and Harris, 1982. Origins, age and sex of auks (Alcidae) killed in the AMOCO CADIZ oiling incident in BriXany, March 1978. Seabird Report 1977-‐1981, No.6., pp. 122-‐130. Seabird Group.
IMPACTS ON SEABIRDS: FACTORS OTHER THAN SPILL VOLUME
If spill size is unrelated to the degree of impact, what are the factors that may have a more influencing effect?
Distance from shore?
Incident Distance from shore (NM)
Volume (MT)
Es,mated mortality
BRAER 0 85,000 5,000
AMOCO CADIZ 0.82 223,000 22,000
SEA EMPRESS 0.87 72,000 15,000
TRICOLOR 20 170 40,000
ERIKA 38 15,000 300,000
PRESTIGE 138 77,000 200,000
Season and species
Type of product vs. level of exposure:
-‐ Chronic exposure to light sheens -‐ Acute exposure to highly viscous
products
IMPACTS OF OPERATIONAL DISCHARGES
A qualita0ve comparison between ITOPF data (accidental spills from vessels), with oiled beached bird rates from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands (Camphuysen et al. 2009), shows lixle correla0on between volume of oil input into Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands from ITOPF axended incidents and oiled beached bird survey data.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Oiled seabird rates versus Bonn Agreement aerial surveillance Observa0ons
Number of obs.
Birds
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Oiled bird ra
0o
Oiled seabird rates and cumula0ve volumes of oil recorded at accidental spills axended by ITOPF
ITOPF+'Data table'!$F$20:$F$29
Birds
Volume of oil M
T/100
Reported observa0ons (N
)
FUTURE SHIPPING TRENDS AND CHANGING RISKS FOR SEABIRDS
Increasing ship size • Changing nature of naviga0on, other traffic and weather • A higher diversity of (risk of misdeclara0on) cargo with incomplete manifests
Alterna0ve fuels • Elevated probability of malfunc0on from switching fuel • Less persistent but higher toxicity? • Low sulphur fuels-‐ cat fines increase risk of engine failure
HNS • Exhaus0ve list of substances poten0ally fall under HNS category • No ra0fied framework for preparedness in place
Changing percep0ons • Public and regulators less tolerant of even small quan00es of any substance entering the marine environment
CHANGING RISKS – CASE STUDY – PIB MYSTERY SPILL, UK
RSPCA
In January 2013, over 500 birds (guillemots,
razorbills and at least one: puffin, kiowake and
cormorant) found on the south coast
of UK
In April 2013, 3,600 birds washed ashore
in Cornwall and South Devon
Affected birds were found to be
contaminated with polyisobutylene
(PIB).
PIB has a wide use of industrial
applica0ons: used as a fuel addi0ve, binding agent and as a waterproofing
material
PIB is dangerous to seabirds (especially
auks). RSCPA axempted
rehabilita0on, resul0ng in 51 being
released
UK government, industry and NGOs lobbied for the
reclassifica0on of PIB under MARPOL
Annex II
PIB was previously classified under Category Y
(discharge at sea legal under some
condi0ons)
In May 2013, PIB was reclassified under
Category X in May 2013 (no discharge
permixed under any condi0ons)
BBC
HOW WILL THIS AFFECT SEABIRD RESPONSE ORGANISATION?
Changing risk scenarios may mean maintaining a con0nuous level of preparedness, albeit with smaller numbers of wildlife casual0es;
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Axis Title
Schema0c representa0on of wildlife response opera0onal demands under past and future risks
Series1
Series2
Future capacity requirements
Historical capacity requirements
SUMMARY
What can be done by government and industry to face these new challenges?
• Wildlife response policies to reflect these different but now more possible scenarios;
• Governments to assess a wider defini0on of risk in con0ngency plans if appropriate (HNS Conven0on);
• Close monitoring of new fuel systems aboard vessels • Monitor and revise regula0on of specific products e.g. PIB • Baseline and post-‐spill monitoring to understand and detect impacts/ mechanism
for repor0ng oiled bird strandings • Crew training and raising awareness of poten0al impacts of chronic pollu0on/
small volume discharges
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
ANY QUESTIONS?
Nicky Cariglia, Technical Adviser
www.itopf.com