marine farming urgency to improve food security and...

MARINE FARMING URGENCY TO IMPROVE

FOOD SECURITY AND STRENGTHEN

NATIONAL RESILIENCE

Presented at the Asian Agriculture & Food Forum (ASAFF) 2018, 29th June, 2018, Jakarta Convention Center, Jakarta

Ambo TuwoChairman of Center of Excellence for Development and Utilization of Seaweed,

University of Hasanuddin (CEDUS-UNHAS)

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA, UNIVERSITY OF HASANUDDIN

Gedung Pusat Kegiatan Penelitian (PKP) Lantai V - Kampus Unhas Tamalanrea -Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 - Makassar 90245 - Indonesia

CENTER OF EXCELLENCE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF SEAWEED, UNIVERSITY OF HASANUDDIN (CEDUS-UNHAS)

FLOW CHARTMARINE FARMING URGENCY TO IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY AND

STRENGTHEN NATIONAL RESILIENCE

CURRENT CONDI-

TION: LOW FOOD SE-CURITY

IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT TO IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY

(1) DOMESTICATION WILD SEAWEED; (2) DEVELOP

MULTITROPHIC CULTIVATION; (3) DEVELOP SEAWEED AS SEA

VEGETABLE AND OTHER FOOD PRODUCT; (4) USE SEAWEED AS

ANIMAL FEED; AND (5) PROMOTE AND DEVELOP SEAWEED AS RAW

MATERIAL FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION

EXPECTED CONDITION: HIGH FOOD

SECURITY

IMPROVE-MENT OF

FOOD SECURITY

NATIONAL RESILIENCE INCREASE

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT CONDITION (OPPORTUNITIES AND

CONSTRAINTS)

MAIN PROBLEMS

(1) HEIGHT POPULATION GROWTH AND LIMITED FOOD RESOURCES

(2) LIMITED OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS

RELATED PROBLEMS

(1) WATER SCARCITY , ENVIRONMENTAL , AND ENERGY ISSUES

(2) POVERTY ISSUES

PROBLEMS




NATIONAL PARADIGMA (PANCASILA, UU NRI 45, WASANTARA, TANNAS)

IMPROVE-MENT OF

FOOD SECURITY

NATIONAL RESILIENCE INCREASE

NATIONAL PARADIGMA (PANCASILA, UU NRI 45, WASANTARA, TANNAS)

CONDITION OF STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENT (OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS)

LEGISLATION

EDUCATION

R&D

DEVELOPMENT

EMPOWERMENT

MOS SUPRA

STRUCTURES

INFRA STRUCTURE

SUB STRUCTURES

GOVERNMENT

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

COMMUNITY INSTITUTIONS

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

ENTREPRE-NEURS

FEEDBACK

CURRENT CONDI-

TION: LOW FOOD SE-

CURITY EXPECTED CONDITION: HIGH FOOD

SECURITY




FLOW CHARTMARINE FARMING URGENCY TO IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY AND

STRENGTHEN NATIONAL RESILIENCE




CONDITION OF CURRENT FOOD

SECURITY

Low food security due to high population growth, limited availability of natural

resources (food), limited agricultural land, water scarcity, environmental degradation

and raw material needs for renewable energy




PROBLEM 1. HEIGHT POPULATION GROWTH HEIGHT POPULATION GROWTH AND LIMITED FOOD RESOURCES

Human population grows geometrically It will increase food

insecurity

Miller Family TreeChildren: 7 (2 died);

Grandchildren: 63 (two died); Great-grandchildren: 341 (3

died); Great-grandparents: 6 Thomas Robert Malthus





Natural resources as food grows arithmetically

At the same time, an increase in food demand by 50% (Brandenburg, 2015) It will increase also food insecurity

Thomas Robert Malthus

Is there food for all of us?

There are two question

related food security

Is there food for all of us?

Is Jacques Cousteau's statement

related food availability ?





Food insecurity has increased dramatically in many sub-tropical countries Over the past two decades, Food insecurity increased

by an average of 15 countries per year

Year 2015 There are 795 million

people in this world who are not getting enough food in terms of quantity and quality

(FAO, 2006)





Food insecurity will be a very serious problem The world

population grows around 2.04% annually or increases 86 million people per year

In 2050 the world's population will reach 9 - 10 billion people





The increase of the world population will cause: Increase in world

consumption by more than 53% in the next 25 years

Consumption will increase 100% in the next 50 yearsCould these

additional food needs be fulfilled ?








PROBLEM 2. LIMITED OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS

Pusdatin 2016 Indonesia's farmland is 39.5

million hectares Paddy fields 8.1 million

hectares Kaleyard 11.9 million hectares Lea/Farms 5.3 million hectares Land not cultivated 14.3

million hectares BPS 2014 Total Indonesian agricultural

area 41.6 million hectares Horticulture 0.6 million

hectares Crops 19.0 million hectares Kaleyard 22.0 million hectares




PROBLEM 2. LIMITED OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS

Rice fields 1980 7.08 million hectares,

harvested area of about 11.40 million hectares (IP: 1.6)

2015 8.00 million hectares, harvested area of about 14.20 million hectares (IP: 1.7)

2016 8.19 million hectares, harvested area of about 15.03 million hectare (IP: 1.8)

2013 Indonesian farmer paddy

fields occupation 0.3 hectare

Thailand farmers paddy field roccupation 3.0 hectare




PROBLEM 2. LIMITED OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS Even if the productivity of rice fields

increased 1.6 times from 1980 to 2015 1980 37.4 million tons 32.93 quintals per hectare

2015 75.4 million tons 52.80 quintals per hectare

However, rice food will still be a problem because the increase of rice fields from 1980 to 2016 only 1.11 million hectares, while the population increased by 111.2 million people 1980 147.5 million people 2015 254,9 million people 2016 258.7 million people

Indonesia needs agricultural land and additional food sources

RELATED PROBLEM 1. WATER SCARCITY, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND ENERGY ISSUES

While the world’s population tripled in the 20th century Use of renewable water resources has grown six-fold The competition between agriculture, people, and livestock will

increase to get water





Increasing food production to meet food needs could increase environmental pressure if food production patterns still rely on food from land

Increased land-based food production also encourages the increased use of fresh-water, fertilizer, pesticides, and soil erosion which could give negative impact on the environment





Increased land-based food production will increase land cultivation

Increased land cultivation will increased the land erosion

Increased land erosion will pro-mot ecosystems degradation, especially aquatic ecosystems





The use of fossil energy sources could increase carbon emissions that allegedly cause global warming





Increasing the comfort of human life led to an increase in energy consumption

It’s estimated that 22nd century will be a fuel shortage Renewable and green energy

could cover up this fuel shortage

Required green energy source that is more environmentally friendly Can lead to competition

between the fulfillment of food and energy that decrease food security

Sea farming could be an alternatifn to reduce de competition




Fuel shortage

Oil and Natural Gas

Current usage

position

CoalEn

arg

y (m

illio

n T

OE

)

Year

Renewable and green energy

could cover up this fuel shortage

RELATED PROBLEM 2. POVERTY ISSUES

The growth of the world populationand the slowdown in economic growth lead to increased poverty, especially in rural areas




8.090 Coastal Villages; 16.42 million families; 3.91 million families; Poverty headcount Index 0.3214




EXPECTED CONDITION OF FOOD

SECURITY

High food security by increasing the quantity and quality of food availabi-

lity that mitigate the environment, meet livestock needs and raw material

needs for renewable energy


How to realize expected condition of food security

Strengthen food availabi-lity by development of alternative food resources utilizing potential land whose production processes do not require soil tillage, fresh water, fertilizer, pesticides, and could mitigate the environment and increase the income through marine farming





Marine (seaweed) farming meets all the requirements needed for the future food production Seaweed cultivation could reach the harvest period faster

than all cereals food produced in the mainland Seaweed cultivation does not require fresh water

How to make seaweed as one of the main food ingredients of the future?




IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT TO IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY Four alternatives to strengthen food

security, increase availability of renewable energy, and mitigate environmental disasters1. Domestication wild seaweed to

become new species for marine farming

2. Develop multitrophic cultivation (seaweed and fishes) Nutrients which is excreted by fish

could be used by seaweed, thus, the potential eutroficationprevented, and the capacity of marine farming could be improved

Seaweed is a sustainable food that does not need clean water, ferti-lizer, and does not pollute the soil as in livestock




IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT TO IMPROVE FOOD SECURITY3. Develop seaweed to become

an innovative sea vegetable and other food product Make seaweed as sea

vegetable This is relevant to the

current trend of people who tend to reduce meat consumption and increase vegetable consumption

Seaweed is very nutritious Contains many minerals,

essential elements, and vitamins





4. Use seaweed as raw material for animal feed Livestock consumes 40% of world

protein production It takes 12 kg of feed to

produce 1 kg of beef It takes 6 kg of feed to produce

1 kg of pork It takes 10-15 kg of feed to

produce 1 kg of tuna





5. Promote and develop seaweed mass production to fulfil raw material need for renewable energy production







CONCEPTION OF MARINE FARMING DEVELOPMENT

Policy“Accelerated development of marine farming to strengthen food security and national resilience”

1. Infrastructure improvements to increase the accessibility of marine farming area by development, rehabilitation, regulation and legislation

2. Improve socia and economic of coastal and marine area by development, empowerment, regulation and legislation

3. Promote sustainable coastal and marine development by development, rehabilitation, regulation and legislation

4. Seaweed industry development by research and development, empowerment, regulation and legislation

Strategy





1. Improuve regulations related to infrastructure development to support marine farming development

2. Improuve transportation facilities to support marine farming development

3. Improuve information and telecommunication facilities to support marine farming development

4. Improuve economic facilities to support marine farming development

5. Increasing availability of energy suplay

Efforts for Strategy 1: Improuve regulations related





1. Improuve regulations related to social and economic development of marine and coastal area

2. Improuve local community economic activities3. Improuve income of local community 4. Increase community participation in economic

development5. Increasing contribution of economic development to

social development

Efforts for Strategy 2: Improve socia and economic of coastal and marine area





1. Improuve regulations related to sustainable coastal and marine development

2. Promote sustainable marine farming

3. Increasing community participation in sustainable marine farming practice

4. Improuve environment mitigation

Efforts for Strategy 3: Promote sustainable coastal and marine development





1. Improuve regulations related to seaweed industry development

2. Improuve research and development of seaweed related to:

1) Domestication and mass production of wild seaweed to strengthen food security, increase availability of renewable energy, and mitigate environmental disasters

2) Identification and development of "new chemical compaund" as bioactive ingredients from new domesticated species of seaweed for as basic material for biofuel, cosmetics, medicine and food development, including food supplement

3) Development science techno campus (university level), science techno park (provincial level) and techno park (district level) to support biofuel, cosmetics, drugs, and food industry

4) Development of "socio-techno-economic" to facilitate the develop-ment of new technology-based enterprises that support the improve-ment of socio-economic welfare of the community, especially coastal and small islands communities

Efforts for Strategy 4: Seaweed industry development




1. Legislative as superstructure gouvernment Improuve regulation related to marine

farming and seaweed development development

2. Executive as infrastructure gouvernmentAlways support marine farming and seaweed

development to improve food security and strengthen national resilience

3. Community as substructureAlways participate in marine farming and

seaweed development





REMARK1. Planned and measurable implemen-

tation of the implementation con-cepts, policies, strategies and efforts described above could improve food security (medium term) and national resilience (long term)

2. Marine farming development is an alternative for a sustainable food supply in the future that could deny Thomas Malthus' prophecies and Jacques Yves Cousteau assumptions

3. Marine farming development could also provide an excellent system to increase the community welfare and sustainable development

marine farming urgency to improve food security and...

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