MARGARET WALTERS AUCHMUTY

This book was published by ANU Press between 1965–1991.

This republication is part of the digitisation project being carried out by Scholarly Information Services/Library and ANU Press.

This project aims to make past scholarly works published by The Australian National University available to

a global audience under its open-access policy.

CHURCHILL FELLOWS OF AUSTRALIA

1966-1977

by

Margaret Walters Auchmuty

fP L Z & m RETU RN TO :•srn;tun *V)*’ , j - ’ lA L DEPARTMENT

\mmM H T lO S f iL U B 1 V E B S U T

The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust, Australia 1980

in association withThe Australian National University Press

R E C O M M E N D E D RETAIL PRICE 4 & o © PUBLICATION DATE

First published in Australia 1980

Printed in Australia for the Winston Churchill Memorial Trust and the Australian National University Press, Canberra.

® The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust 1980

This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be made to the publisher.

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry

Auchmuty, Margaret Walters.Churchill fellows of Australia, 1966-1977.

ISBN 0 7081 1012 6

1. Winston Churchill Memorial Trust History.I. Winston Churchill Memorial Trust. 11. Title.

378'.33*06094

United Kingdom, Europe, Middle East, and Africa: Books Australia, 3 Henrietta St. London WC2E 8LU, England North America: Books Australia, Trumbull. Conn., USA Southeast Asia: Angus & Robertson (S.E. Asiai Pty Ltd, Singapore Japan: United Publishers Services Ltd, Tokyo

Printed by: Paragon Printers, Canberra.

CONTENTS

F R O N T IS P IE C E Sir R obert M en z ie s w ith Sir W in ston C hurchill

D E D IC A T IO N by Sir W illiam K ilpatrick

F O R E W O R D by Sir S tan ley B urbury

C hap ter 1 T h e P e o p le ’s T rust

C hap ter II P apua N ew G u in ea

C h ap ter III T h e Land and Its U sage

C hap ter IV T h e Industrial S c e n e

C hap ter V T h e O riginal A ustra lian s

C hap ter V I T h e C on serva tion o f a N a tio n a l H eritage

C hap ter V II E d u cation

C hap ter V III M ed ica l and P aram ed ica l W ork

C hap ter IX In th e P ub lic In terest

C hap ter X S ocia l W elfare

C hap ter X I M u sic and the P erform in g A rts

Chapter X II C onclusion

A P P E N D IX A ustralian C hu rch ill F e llo w s, 1966 — 1977 and their study fie ld s.

THE NEED TO INCREASE OUR FUNDS

The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust was established in 1965 as a perpetual memorial to the Century's greatest democratic leader. The Australian people subscribed the magnificent sum of £2,122,654 to establish the Trust.

The objects of the Trust were practical and imaginative — to give Australians in all walks of life the opportunity, not otherwise open to them, to undertake practical overseas study or investigative projects to add to their skill and experience.

This book gives an account of the Trust's stewardship over the first 12 years of its operation. It will be seen from this valuable survey that the objects of the Trust have been effectively achieved through the granting of Fellowships to all sorts and conditions of men and women engaged in a wide range of vocations throughout the whole community.

The Board of Directors has, by careful investment policies and by adding a proportion of the annual income to the capital fund year by year, done its best to avoid the erosion of the Fund through inflation, and despite mounting costs has been able to award 50-60 Fellowships each year. But if the Trust is to continue to carry out its splendid objectives effectively in perpetuity the fund must be augmented by further additions to it from time to time.

The Board therefore hopes that many Australian citizens will after reading the record of the Trust’s achievements as shown by Mrs Auchmuty's survey, be encouraged to make donations or bequests to the Trust to ensure that this Trust can be maintained as a perpetual memorial to Sir Winston Churchill conferring continuing practical benefits on the Australian community.

R.S. TURNERNational Chairman

The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust

Sir Robert Menzies with Sir Winston Churchill

DEDICATIONTo the memory of the late

RIGHT HONOURABLE SIR ROBERT MENZIES,K.T., A.K., C.H., F.R.S., Q.C.

bySIR WILLIAM KILPATRICK, K.B.E., HON. LL.D., F.A.I.M.

NATIONAL PRESIDENT

On the death of Sir Robert Menzies, on the 15th May, 1978, the Churchill Trust lost its last personal link with Sir Winston Churchill, in whose memory the Trust was established in Australia in 1965. Sir Robert, as well as being a great admirer of Sir Winston, was also a close personal friend. This relationship between two great men of Australia and Britain led to Sir Robert being chosen to make a farewell speech for Sir Winston which was broadcast to the world from London during Sir Winston Churchill's funeral.

Sir Robert Menzies was one of the statesmen from the English speaking world who, in 1964, before Sir Winston's death, supported the idea of a group led by Lord Baillieu for the establishment of Churchill Trusts throughout the world, to honour and perpetuate the memory of Sir Winston Churchill. This group consulted Sir Winston. Their concept of a Trust which endowed fellowships to enable English speaking people to travel throughout the world, meet other people, and study in their chosen field, had great appeal to him.

Sir Robert Menzies, then Prime Minister, formed a team which drew up a master plan to be put into effect on Sir Winston's death. In spite of the weight of his duties as Prime Minister, Sir Robert maintained a very active role as National President during the formative years of the Churchill Trust. His wise counsel considerably assisted those charged with setting up the organisation and procedures under which the Trust raised its income and selected its Churchill Fellows.

On his retirement from politics, Sir Robert continued as National President and held the position for 10 years. Thereafter he maintained his active interest by becoming Patron, a position he held until his death.

In order to honour the memory of Sir Robert's deep involvement in the formation of the Trust in Australia over its first twelve years, the Trust's Board of Directors decided to produce a publication which described the work of Fellows of the Trust during its “Menzies Era". This Mrs Auchmuty has done in the pages that follow.

Without Sir Robert's efforts there would probably never have been a Churchill Trust established in Australia. Thus, among the great number of Australians who have cause to be grateful to Sir Robert for his many great works, must be numbered not only those 746 Churchill Fellows who were awarded their Fellowships during his life-time and are listed in the appendix to this book, but also those untold numbers of future Churchill Fellows who, because the Trust is established in perpetuity, will gain their awards in the years to come.

It gives me great pleasure, on behalf of the Board of Directors of the Churchill Trust in Australia, to dedicate this book to the memory of Sir Robert Menzies.

i i i

FOREWORD

The Trust is greatly indebted to Mrs Margaret Auchmuty for her most generous gesture in undertaking the formidable and time consuming task of collating, classifying and analysing the study projects of our Churchill Fellows over the first 12 years of the Trust's operation. She has been a member of the New South Wales Regional Selection Committee since the inception of the Trust in 1966, and here, with imagination and breath of vision, has related the Fellowship projects to the whole spectrum of the life and work of the Australian community. The very Chapter headings and sub-headings themselves demonstrate the diversity of the Fellowships and their remarkably wide coverage of vocational activities throughout the Nation. This valuable overall survey gives great point to the words of the late Sir Robert Menzies, who, in announcing the first series of Fellowships in November, 1965, said “No other organisation has attempted to spread the opportunities for overseas study and experience so widely throughout the community. All Australians are eligible, and merit is the only test.”

Potential benefit to the community in which a Fellow works resulting from the greater effectiveness overseas study or experience may be expected to give him has always been a primary selection criterion. The Trust is aware that in many cases that potential has been realised, but a complete “follow-up” of all Fellows has not been practicable. However, with the limited information available to her Mrs Auchmuty has been able to give a useful account of the practical contributions to their fields of endeavour, some of our Fellows have made on their return to Australia.

I believe that this survey of the first 746 Fellowship demonstrates that the National and Regional Fellowship Committees have in the granting of Fellowships effectively and faithfully carried out the broad objectives of the Trust in giving Australians of high calibre in all walks of life opportunities which otherwise they would not have had to advance their work by overseas study and experience. It is therefore appropriate that in this Foreword I should give a brief account of the genesis and evolution of the selection criteria and procedures which (without being complacent) I believe have produced this satisfactory result.

Let me first pay a warm tribute to the first Chairman of the National Fellowship Committee, the Honourable Sir Reginald Sholl and the late Sir Fred Schoneil (the first Vice-Chairman, and subsequently Chairman when Sir Reginald was appointed Australian Consul General to New York in January 1966). Under the leadership of these two men of great wisdom and experience the Fellowship Committee in its early years of operation formulated and developed general guide lines and procedures for Fellowship selection which have proved effective.

The nature and purposes of the Churchill Fellowships were stated in the Trust's Memorandum of Association in very wide terms:

“The award of Churchill Fellowships may be made in any field to any man or women of general promise and ability in his or her calling or occupation without regard to race, colour or creed and for all or any of the following purposes:

(a) to enable Australian citizens to travel and study overseas and to further their education or training;

(b) to enable persons from Papua New Guinea and any Territory under the control of the Commonwealth of Australia to study within Australia or elsewhere.”

Within this very general Charter the National Fellowship Committee had in formulating recommendations for ultimate decision by the Board of Directors a wide range of policy choices in relation to selection procedures, selection criteria, and the value and length of tenure of Fellowships. The policies relating to these matters adopted in the formative years of the Trust may be summarised as follows:

1. Selection proceduresThe organisational structure of the Trust in relation to Fellowship matters

involves:(a) A National Board of Directors which includes the Chairmen of the

Regional Fellowship Committees;(b) A National Fellowship Committee consisting of the Chairman of

Regional Fellowship Committees together with an independent Chairman, Deputy Chairman and one additional member;

(c) The Regional Fellowship Committees (covering all States and Territories).

The organisation of the Trust on a Federal basis with representatives from the States and Territories on the National governing bodies was inevitable. The initial selection process could only be the responsibility of local Committees in the States and Territories. Moreover the people of every State and Territory had generously subscribed to the Appeal and each State and Territory was entitled year by year to expect a reasonable number of Fellowships.

From the outset there was general agreement that each State and Territory should be entitled to a reasonable minimum number of Fellowships proportionate to its population (subject to the National Fellowship Committee being satisfied of the quality of the recommended Fellowships). On the other hand the National Fellowship Committee and the Board have always maintained as a firm policy that after a reasonable allocation of Fellowships to the States and Territories on this basis there should be a number of Fellowships (usually about one third of the total) assessed by the National Fellowship Committee on a comparative basis of merit without regard to State and Territory boundaries. The National Fellowship Committee in making its final selection also endeavours to maintain a reasonable spread of Fellowships over the several vocational categories.

The Regional Committees will always play a major part in the selection process. About 700 applications for Fellowships are received each year from the States and Territories. By careful and time consuming assessment of the quality of the applicants and their projects (including interviewing many of them) the Regional Committees reduce the total number of short listed applications for consideration by the National Fellowship Committee to less than 100 — from which 50-60 are ultimately selected. In the larger States the Regional Committees are assisted by specialist Panels in various categories. I cannot speak too highly of the painstaking and excellent work done by the Regional Committees and the specialist Panels.

2. Selection CriteriaIt is basic to the concept of the Churchill Fellowships as expressed in the

Memorandum of Association that no specific qualifications (academic or otherwise) are required. The Committee has therefore studiously avoided the adoption of any

specific criteria inconsisent with that broad concept. “Merit was the only test” and Fellowships were open to all Australians in all walks of life. But there had to be some general guidelines. From the beginning, something more than an applicant's personal ability and his own advancement by his project was sought. This added element was found in the potential benefit to the community in the applicant's work and his project, in the sense that through the knowledge and experience gained by undertaking his project he could be expected on his return to Australia to be more effective within the community in his field of work and to introduce new ideas and skills into that field for the benefit of those engaged in it. This policy is reflected in one of the very few specific resolutions passed by the Committee — “that awards should not be made primarily for the purpose of enabling a graduate to obtain a higher degree or other academic qualification overseas."

Another early guideline adopted was that Fellowships would not ordinarily be granted to applicants in a vocation offering special opportunities for overseas study. For this reason members of the academic staff of Universities entitled to sabbatical leave have generally been excluded. So also have public servants and employees in the private sector where regular programmes for overseas study by employees have been established. For much the same reason most applicants who have had previous relevant overseas study or experience have been excluded.

The question whether a Fellowship should be granted to an applicant with adequate private means to finance his overseas study has been the subject of much discussion. The ultimate view taken was that an applicant of high calibre should not be denied the honour of a Churchill Fellowship and the status and opportunity for access overseas it gives because he could afford to finance his overseas project himself. A means test is therefore only applied in relation to applications for dependant's allowances while Fellows are overseas. At the same time it may be said that in their exacting test of choosing between many competing applicants Regional Committees, while not excluding high calibre applicants with substantial private means, have properly tended to give preference to applicants of high calibre and individual practical initiative whose financial circumstances are such that but for a Churchill Fellowship they would have not opportunity for overseas study or experience.

Another question which exercised the minds of members of the National Fellowship Committee in the early years was the extent to which recommended applicants with similar projects from two or more regions should be regarded as competing for awards. The Committee came to the opinion that with the exception of some applicants in the field of the performing arts comparative assessment on a National basis was both undesirable and impracticable. It was felt that except in rare instances the potential community benefit from an applicant undertaking his overseas study project was essentially the benefit to the applicant's field of work as carried out within his own locality, State or Territory. Thus even in a single year there have been cases of justifiable duplication of projects as between States in the field of social work, remedial education, primary production and para-medicine.

The only class of applicants who are assessed on a comparative National basis are those in the field of performing arts who are looking to careers as performers on the national or international scene rather than in their own States. Another cogent reason for assessments of these artists at National level is that most applicants in this field require 12 months or more overseas study and in view of the limited overall number of Fellowships available it is only reasonable that these Fellowships of longer tenure should be confined to young Australians with the very highest potential.

vii

3. Tenure and Value of FellowshipsFrom the inception of the Trust it was accepted that the Churchill Fellowships,

unlike most other Fellowships, should be moulded in relation both to value and tenure to the particular needs of the applicant and his project. The practical man who wanted to glean some new ideas from his counterparts in his field of work overseas might need only a few months; those who wanted to undertake a specific course of study or training would need longer. And so at its first meeting the National Fellowship Committee determined that (without adopting a rigid rule) the tenure of a Fellowship would ordinarily be from 3 months to 12 months. The experience of the Committee has confirmed it in its belief that for a practical investigative project without involvement in a specific course of training at an institution a maximum of 14 weeks is adequate. Indeed, many applicants in this group apply for 8-12 weeks. The Committee however never hesitates in the case of a high calibre applicant to grant a Fellowship for six months or longer if he can put up a convincing case for an extended project. And in the field of the performing arts it is prepared each year to grant one Special Award up to two years to a young artist of outstanding potential.

The Committee from the beginning determined that the value of a Fellowship should be such that all the applicant's travel costs should be met; that he would be given an adequate living allowance while overseas and that if he had dependants and his income ceased while he was away, an adequate allowance for his dependants would be provided. It was basic to the central concept of the Trust that Fellowships should be open to all Australians that a married man with dependants could take up a Fellowship without his dependents suffering financial hardship. It is pleasing however to note that the great majority of employers (both in the public and private sector) have become so conscious of the indirect value to them of a Fellowship granted to an employee that they continue to pay the salaries of Fellows during their absence. Dependants' allowances seldom have to be granted except in the case of the self- employed man whose income ceases while he is overseas.

I know that all members of the National Fellowship Committee and of the Regional Committees will be greatly encouraged by Mrs Auchmuty's examination of the nature and outcome of the Fellowship projects during the first 12 years operation of the Trust. It enables us all critically to assess the policies which we have adopted in the process of selection in the past and to approach our task in the future in the light of the overall result of these policies as reflected in the survey.

I most warmly thank Mrs Auchmuty for her valuable contribution to the Churchill Trust.

His Excellency The Hon. Sir Stanley Burbury, K.C.V.O., K.B.E., K.St.J., LL.B., Hon.LL.D Chairman, National Fellowship Committee

The Winston Churchill Memorial TrustGovernment House Tasmania October, 1979

v i i i

Chapter I

THE PEOPLE S TRUST

The name of The Winston Churchill Memorial Trust carries two familiar connotations in Australia; one arising from the work of the highly distinguished statesman in whose memory it was established; and one engendered by the fact that Australia’s own Sir Robert Menzies was instigator of the project in Australia and President and then Patron of the enterprise until his death in 1978. The Trust was established in 1965, the year of Churchill's death, and received from the people of Australia a response so prompt and so generous that a subscription equivalent to $4,200,000 was donated in time for the first forty-nine Fellows to receive Fellowships in 1966. The deeply moving element of this successful appeal was the “spread” of the donations received from individuals, in addition to the corporate subscriptions of governments, commercial enterprises, and voluntary group donations.

It is important to recognise the individual quality of the Trust, both in its financial inception and the work of its Fellowships. The aims and achievements of the Trust Fellows have been too little known and appreciated, and many people assume that the term “Fellowship" involves a remote academic process, an esoteric ideal removed from the day-to-day life of the Australian community. This concept is far from the truth, since the primary purpose of the Churchill Trust is to finance grants to applicants of merit from all walks of life, who can by their work experience bring back the benefits of overseas developments, training or education to apply to their fields of work within Australia. The responsibility of returning to the community their contribution of trained skills, enhanced by overseas study, is the main objective of the Trust’s operation.

The criteria for selection of Fellows are comprehensive and flexible. Within a range of categories, applicants are usually required to have had experience in their chosen fields, and to give evidence of special interest in some aspect of their work to a degree where further research is beyond present Australian resources to implement; and to present to the selection committees a planned programme indicating where they can find fruitful overseas development in their fields. Above all, applicants require a high degree of motivation to undertake a concentrated and sometimes gruelling period of travel and study on the necessarily limited financial funds available — there are no “ivory towers” en route! Time limits of study are usually of less than six months, except where special arrangements (as in the field of performing arts) may require otherwise, and age restrictions normally range from 18 years upwards, but preferably awards go to those whose major contribution to their occupations still lies before them.

During the twelve years 1966-1977, some 746 Fellows from Australia and Papua New Guinea have been selected from up to the thousand or so applicants received annually. In some fifty-four different categories, ranging from arid-land reclamation to mime-theatre for the deaf, Churchill Fellows have returned to implement develop­mental work, whilst no less than fifty-eight Fellowships in the field of music alone have enriched life both in Australia and as this country’s contribution to international culture. There are few stereotypes among the Fellows, each is an individual for whom the Fellowship was an opportunity to develop what was already a potential of high quality, and to return the benefits to the community.

In essence, the Churchill Fellowships are acts of faith in the infinite resourcefulness of individuals, highly motivated in their own work and perceptive of present gaps

1

within the social structure where overseas information may provide a better way of doing things. Some projects may be of a specific or local nature, such as the establishment of a rural museum, or large scale catering for an institution; others may be enhancement of a personal skill, such as the restoration of traditional decorative plaster work in old buildings or the use of Gothic wood carving. Many are in rapidly changing fields of technology, public service administration, forensic science in police work, youth recreational needs, and methods of combating alcohol and drug abuse. In a number of cases, candidates of almost equal merit may be eliminated, possibly on grounds of timely relevance, possibly because governmental social legislation may already have been so defined as to make one projected programme less valuable than another. Seldom is a rejection of a candidate an indication of “non-merit” — rather that, at any given time and within the limitation of funds during any one year, some projects are more appropriate that others in their respective categories.

A minor side effect of the Trust procedures is to note the number of applicants who may not have been successful in the first instance but who have subsequently received other support for their innovative ideas. In 1966, the idea of study leave was mainly confined to academic areas and then in relatively senior posts only. In many areas of public service, professional or business activities, any extended absence from practice invited the sacrifice of a hard-earned seniority and possibly adverse criticism of being dangerously innovative in established systems. The idea of paid (or even unpaid) leave without loss of status appeared abhorrent to the Australian work ethic — and indeed, some of the early Churchill Fellows did suffer in that regard. Since that time, and at least partially due to the credibility of the work of the Churchill Fellows, a more generous attitude has prevailed. More importantly, there has been an increase of “study” funding within professional associations, service clubs, and management areas to encourage practical workers to study comparable problems and their possible solutions in overseas establishments.

The benefits of the Fellowships have not been one-way only and Fellows are encouraged to take with them information about Australia which they can disseminate while overseas. In the many countries to which Fellows have travelled, they have thus spread knowledge of the people, the progress, and the problems of an Australia still labelled terra incognita in overseas thinking. An increasing number of Australians are represented on world-wide bodies, ranging from those for the preservation of pre-historic cultures to guide dogs for the blind, and the recent survey of Fellows shows a consistent programme of communication with overseas sources, and representation at international seminars and conferences.

The detailed story of what the Churchill Trust does and what its Fellows have done is recorded at Churchill House in Canberra, completed in 1972. This houses the Trust's Library of monograph reports, some of the musical recordings, and examples of visual art, together with the changing exhibit of project displays in the Pavilion. But more importantly, the Fellows in their daily activities continue to work for the improvement of practical conditions within the Australian community, exemplifying Churchill’s challenge that "with opportunity comes responsibility." The sum total of their work cannot be easily isolated from the years of progress in the community at large, they make no claim to exclusive leadership, and even the selection of those mentioned here represents only a portion of equally purposeful and dedicated Fellows "who also serve." This too-brief account is only part of the story of the Churchill Fellows.

2

Churchill House, which was designed by the late Robin Boyd, stands on Northbourne Avenue the main thoroughfare of Canberra. It was constructed by the Churchill Trust as an income producing investment and houses the headquarters of a number of National Organisations in addition to the National Office of the Trust. The distinctive Pavilion was designed to display the work o f Churchill Fellows and the Trust's Library contains Fellows' Final Report which are available on loan to members of the public.

13 February 1980

3

Chapter II

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

In 1965, the people of Papua New Guinea joined with the people of Australia in the raising of funds for the Churchill Memorial, and during the next eleven years, while Papua New Guinea remained a Territory of Australia, some forty Churchill Fellowships were awarded to residents of that country. After independence an autonomous Churchill Trust in Papua New Guinea was established and the Australian Churchill Trust donated the sum of $110,000 to its capital fund to supplement the grant made by the Papua New Guinea Government; and pledged $2000 per annum for an additional five years to meet administrative costs.

As in the Australian practice, the applicants for Fellowships were evaluated by a Regional Selection Committee, without any discrimination as to race, colour or politics. It was realised that in a developing nation, a different scale of priorities was needed and greater emphasis was given to basic social and economic requirements. Initially many of the studies were undertaken in Australia or adjacent Pacific regions, such as in diesel mechanics, hospital pathology training, broadcasting and printing — but others were for “overseas" experience in India or Africa to find health, educational, agricultural or community service parallels in other emergent nations. A number of the projects in communication areas, such as broadcasting, journalism, and printing emphasised the need to establish concepts of nationalism.

Many of the Fellowships had specific economic objectives based on natural resources. These included studies of timber reserves, usage and marketing, the development of the pearl shell harvest and marketing, and village hand crafts and their community outlets as in the Philippines and Malaya.

At the same time, new international standards had to be met. Fellowships were granted in airport control and operation (together with the infra-structure of personnel training and maintenance techniques); village law and police administration reconciled with international practices; and marketing, especially of export commodities, brought into effective management to participate on equal terms in highly competitive world markets.

The essentially non-political nature of the Fellowships did much to eliminate any possible tinge of patronage as Papua New Guinea moved into nationhood. The emphasis was strongly people-to-people, whether related to the teaching of domestic science at village level, or as in the study made by a senior lecturer at Goroka Teachers' College of the overseas teaching of Drama and Dancing — both aimed at the use of traditional materials.

Any final assessment of the value of the Churchill Fellowships in Papua New Guinea must be written within that country itself, but the Churchill Trust in Australia is proud that it was able to play a small part in training its citizens for nationhood, and remembers these Fellows of the early years with feelings of companionship and affection.

4

Chapter III

THE LAND AND ITS USAGE

Both as an historic and a contemporary fact of life, the priorities for Australia and its people are in the constructive use of the land and the development of its natural resources. Being an island continent, the involuntary settlers of the early colonies perforce lived off the land; successive waves of immigration experienced the same dependency on the fruits of the earth. In the twentieth century, Australia is one of the most urban-concentrated populations in the world, with 65% of its inhabitants living immediately adjacent to its seven capital cities, but this increasingly complex group is still largely dependent upon primary producing areas for the substance of its own maintenance, commerce and export services and overseas income as a means of livelihood.

The importance of the primary industries is inevitably realised as one deserving of governmental concern and constructive legislation. Beginning, at least in the geographical sense, with one of the most rigid quarantine schedules in the world, the proper usage of the land has been safeguarded, researched and developed. The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, stemming from a similar body established in 1926, is of world preeminence in both original and adaptive work in this field; while virtually all Federal and State governments are continually extending the work of their departments of agriculture, mineral resources, forestry, water conservation and support services in development and protection of the primary producing area. Both research into the scientific, and all-over guardianship of the general welfare seem to be well provided for — why, then, the inclusion of primary industry as one of the facets of the Churchill Fellowship programme?

The answer would seem to be that in research, governmental departments or practical application, there are still individuals of high personal motivation who observe where specific improvements can be made, seek out the areas where they can find better ways and return to practice and inform others about possible solutions to the problems. Churchill Fellowships offered a bridge — possibly only a single footpath bridge over a single isolated stream — which may constitute a link between the expert research procedures and the all over departmental efforts. In consequence, over the twelve years some one hundred and fifteen Fellowships have been given in the Primary Industry field, roughly grouped as Agriculture (32); Dairy and Beef Production (7); Other Livestock (27); Farming (19); Forestry (9): Horticulture (5); Water Supply (10); Winemaking (6); Fisheries (12); plus a number of others dealing with marketing in general, soil engineering, aerial crop protection, pest control sciences, rural broadcasting services, and educational programmes.

A rough survey of practising operators, which regrettably must give scant mention to many of the individual Fellows, covers production of wheat, rice, potatoes, almonds, citrus fruit, fresh and dried fruits, lucerne, soya beans, sunflowers, blackcurrants, dates, cotton, salad vegetables, cut flowers, dairy products and vineyard products. The scope ranges from studies of arid land ecology to irrigated pasture seed production, mole drainage and reclamation of saline lands, the development of hill lands with reduced tillage, through to research chemistry for the detection of residual pesticides (I.S. Taylor, 1971) and the work of R.S. George (1976) in the biological control of citrus red scale by usage of insects and the development of insectuary facilities.

To select at random some typical reports: in 1966 a practical rice farmer, I.C. Davidge, used his Fellowship to tour major rice-growing areas in the United States

5

literally “step by step”. His illustrated report, later published by the Trust in abridged form, covered not only the agricultural and marketing aspects, but such minutiae as the effect and control of rodent penetration of irrigation banks and the use of effective printing designs in packaging to represent market quality. Now as Chairman of Directors of the Ricegrowers' Cooperative Mills, he has served as an Australian representative at conferences of the Food and Agricultural Organisation, acts for his industry on the Australian Farmers' Federation, and encourages technical and management exchanges between Australia and other national rice growing areas.

R.H. Badman (1967) studied seed production, processing and marketing, and sections of his report covering Lucerne, Grasses, Clover Flower and Vegetable seeds, have also been published by the Trust. His subsequent work has included recommendations to the Federal quarantine authorities on importation of pollinators for research projects, papers on herbage and grass production, and development of seed adaptations. In 1970 he received the Roseworthy Old Collegians' Association Award of Merit; and subsequently was selected by the South Australian Seed Growers to tour South Africa and to open a Farmers' Symposium on pasture improvement.

Citrus and fruit industry, production, harvesting, packaging and marketing, the work of R.E. Sainty in 1967, has also been published by the Trust. While some of these early reports may seem to be taken for granted as normal practices by the layman consumer, they represent what was at the time an area for new considerations in the upgrading of production and quality in local marketing. In 1968 quality presentation was also the subject of R.R. Doran's study of fruit processing and packing, resulting in the development of plastics in the handling of perishable crops; a study extended in 1977 by J. A. Douglass in his multi-volume report on Aseptics in Food Processing in which he covered the engineering, handling and public health aspects of the field.

Studies in plant pathology and scientific research started in 1966, when G.S. Purss, senior pathologist of the Queensland Wheat Research Institute surveyed and reported on rot-resistant varieties of wheat and other crops subject to root-rot, his work sparking off a number of other research projects and leading to his present position in administration of the Plant and Crop Science division of the Department of Primary Industries. In 1967 E. O'Neill of the C.S. I.R.O. examined engineering design and operation of phytotron equipment for controlled climate studies of plant growth, and in 1970 Dr. Mary Carver researched aphids and biological control of plant infestation. H.W. Pauli (1970) investigated land and water resources in countries where conditions were comparable to those in Australia, and now, as Deputy Director of the Division of Land Utilisation in the Queensland Department of Primary Industries, he has been instrumental in the compilation and publication of the Commonwealth and State Governments collaborative Soil Conservation Studies, 1975-1977. P.F. Kable (1976) worked on the control of crop diseases by warning and forecast systems and other disease management problems, his work on plant epidemiology extending into orchard, vineyard, potato and flora-crop cross transfer of pest conditions. In the area of preventive measures, the early report of R.L. Baker in 1969 dealt with blackberry infestation and taxonomy of this wide-spread agricultural problem.

As dissemination of information progressed through reports such as these, less emphasis on very broad areas appeared in grant applications, though N.R. Baker (1972), Grain Sorghum, and F.G. Young (1972), Potatoes, dealt with broad fields. In

6

the latter's report, a plea for quality has been continued in his on-going analysis of selected farms and their production, to furnish the I.A.C. with information and recommendations on the humble but vital potato.

A pioneer in a little known field was V.J. De Fontenay of Alice Springs who in 1966 utilised his Fellowship to develop his project in date growing. Travelling to Israel, North and South West Africa, and California, he studied cultivation, packeting and marketing of this age-old crop and compared date palm varieties with those available in Australia. E.FI. Lacey (1970) undertook a similar study of almond cultivation in California, working both with the regeneration of old trees into commercial bearing and with the planting of an additional seven hundred acres of orchard during the next two years. In 1972 I.C. Cameron of Tasmania similarly investigated commercial blackcurrant production with special reference to mechanical harvesting and improved marketing facilities. D.S. Hamilton in the same year examined overseas methods of raw cropping of soya beans as an agricultural development for the Northern Territory and instituted considerable communication among producers in this then-recent field before he returned to become a biology teacher.

Almond Sweeper: from the Report of E.H. Lacey, 1970 Fellow, South Australia.

A field seldom considered in commercial terms was Cut Flower Production, undertaken in 1976 by Miss Margaret McKay of the Queensland Department of Primary Industry. With special reference to the genetics of gladioli culture, she has subsequently produced more than a dozen papers, dealing not only with specific flower production but greenhouse structures, capillary watering systems and artificial

7

light factors. An important corollary to such work is given by J.D. Thomas (1977) of Victoria, studying apprentice training for horticultural trades at technical school level, with a report widely distributed in educational institutions.

While the agricultural representatives divide themselves almost equally between actual producers and those engaged in research, engineering and management, one common factor appears — they are uniformly resourceful and adept at communication. Their output of informational publications, not only in Australia but also in overseas journals, is both extensive and expert; rural publications and trade journals seem more open to the contribution of the primary industry Fellows than the comparable urban media available to city based Fellows. Possibly because primary industry is subject both to the unpredictable behaviour of physical climate and the equally variable political weather, their community networks are extensive, effective and genuinely cooperative. Primary Industry Departments, C.S.I.R.O., and the practising farmer appear to have a better working liaison than the industrial field, and in a significant number of cases Fellows have moved to, or added to their initial farming enterprises to fields of management, extension services, cooperative or commercial handling, and instigated much new material into the relevant educational institutions. Some of them feel that their initial work has now been out-dated; or overtaken by the introduction of new factors; some feel that the economic feasibility was limited. R.J. Hutchings (1972), who worked on ‘'Reduced Tillage for crop and pasture production on development of hill lands’' stating that the development of his work resulted in a stimulus to solve similar problems rather than an extension of the original work.

Any appraisal of work in the primary production area should also be considered in terms of international cooperation. Fellows have in almost all cases retained contacts with the areas in which they studied, many more have represented Australian standards at international workshops, conferences, and commissions. Several have served with the Food and Agricultural Organisation on international projects, such as A.D. O'Brien (1974), who studied winter legume planting, particularly of lotus, for sub-tropical pasture development. C.F. Massey (1970) whose original work was on usage of cotton by-products, moved from the Ord River project to work with the Thai-Australian Land Development project and John R. Oke, (1975) who studied farm credit facilities for developmental work is now with the Papua New Guinea Development Bank.

Farm management, extension, market research facilities and the establishment of better lines of communication, have all been the subjects of study. Colin Trotman of the Western Australian Department of Agriculture worked in extension work and personnel management, and B.A. McDougall (1974) studied international farrm management practices and the farm secretarial profession in the United Kingdom, his strenuous advocacy of training in this respect resulting in the formation of the first Australian course in Farm Secretarial Studies at the Orange Agricultural College; and the establishment of a professional body, The Institute of Agricultural Secretaries of Australasia, Ltd. B.D. Buffier of the New South Wales Department of Agriculture studied farm business management with particular emphasis on the part played by economists and computors in 1977, and in the same year M.J. Zekulich, the editor of a W. A. Agricultural Journal looked at the rapidly growing Middle East market for agricultural production.

The development has not been entirely rosy. The cooperative movement has in general flourished, but storage, transport, marketing efficiency and export facilities often depend upon factors beyond the control of primary producers. D.B. Trebeck,

8

(1974) was one of the rare Fellows to venture into the area of forward planning for the shipping of primary produce to meet changing overseas demand for meat and wool. He outlines some of the complications: governmental regulations; varying production and demand, as in the beef industry; the necessity to plan with agencies such as The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Wool Marketing Board; and the mechanics of shipping from Australia. Now as Deputy Director of the National Farmers' Association representing some 150,000 primary producers, he has recently offered his definition of two different aspects forwarded by Churchill Fellows: one to work in depth in very specific areas, and contribute precise knowledge to the betterment of Australian conditions; the other to gain impressions from places and people, where they may not be able to point to such specific achievements as the other, but are nevertheless valid and valuable in Australian practices in terms of international recognition.

Whether in precise studies or wide perspectives, there is constant change. Governmental research areas may be curtailed, priorities are shifted or postponed indefinitely, natural causes, such as the collapse of cotton development in the Ord River project or the ravages of Cyclone Tracy through the Northern Territory have obliterated useful work. But in general it may be fair to quote I.S. Tolley, orchardist and orchard machinery importer, a 1966 Fellow:

"The consolidation of contacts with people in their own environment; entree through government departments to develop contacts; recognition by local people that the A ward is of some substance and therefore what the Fellow has to say is worth listening to. I am still ten years ahead of local time. "

Livestock and Animal HusbandryThe quality control of livestock production is firmly implanted in Australian

practice and has established a world-wide pre-eminence in meat exporting. The Churchill Fellowships in this field therefore have fallen chiefly into improved technology, extended veterinary services, genetic breeding innovations and utilisation of products in the dairy industry. Beef production, rather than sheep, has been the leading area of study, ranging from improved pasturage to market facilities and grading, with one study in tropical cross-cattle breeding. The pig industry is represented by three studies, including one covering improved building and environmental controls for maximum production; three studies have also been undertaken on angora goats and coloured fleece sheep; and one on buffalo breeding for commercial purposes.

In the beef sector the Churchill Trust’s first twelve years coincide roughly with that of the introduction on a large investment scale of new cattle breeds from overseas, and the limited terms of the Fellowships were therefore chiefly aimed at peripheral aspects. Dr. R.B. Bonner, district veterinary officer at Goulburn, N.S.W. in 1968 undertook a post-graduate diploma course at the Royal Veterinary College, London, with special regard to the control of exotic diseases in veterinary practice and epidemiology problems. D. Newton Tabrett (1973) of the Northern Territory, who researched bovine brucellosis control, is now compiling with other veterinary officers standard definitions and rules for controlling this recurrent epidemic problem. B.G. Gorman of Queensland in 1972 went to South Africa to study orbiviruses (bluetongue) which, like influenza, undergo genetic changes in which the different strains must be identified. His subsequent work has been continued not only in Australian studies, but at international conferences at The Hague, Madrid, the

9

United Kingdom and during a further period at the South African Veterinary Research Institute. Gordon A. Stewart (1974, Victoria) studied artificial insemination programmes and is actively concerned in livestock improvement through the management and marketing of selective breeding services, while Dr. Keith Hammond (1975, N.S.W.) is doing scientific research into animal genetics. J.M. McArthur, (1977) indicates that his work in beef cattle recording and progeny testing is gaining momentum as “quality” becomes recognised as a major factor in market terms.

E.K. Hebblewhite, whose 1971 Fellowship was in beef cattle research, went into the field of direct communication and television programming in the primary industry field. Writing scripts, filming and producing weekly programmes, his local content is also exchanged with similar items covering activities the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Japan.

Only two studies specifically concerned with equine welfare have been made. E.E. Lepherd (1976, N.S.W.) has pursued remedies for equine infectious anemia and the establishment of standards in equine artificial insemination. R. A. Flockhart (1977) of the Northern Territory conducted his overseas researches in applied horse nutrition and ration formulation, combined with effluent utilisation and disposal.

Pig farming, a form of livestock production which differs widely from that of the pasture-bred animals, was studied by J.G. Fairchild of Victoria in 1970 and his report is most explicit in both research and practical recommendations from genetics, production and marketing. E.H. Oliver (1975) Tasmania, also a practising pig farmer, extended his findings in breeding, processing, marketing and presentation of pig meats. A teaching programme for agricultural colleges was the subject of R.G.S. Grey (1973) of Dookie Agriculture College.

The cooperative movement in dairy farming has provided a firm liaison between research and consumer utilisation. One dairy research chemist, J.T. Mullett (1972) lists among his activities the promotion within Australia of cryogenic freezing of ice cream and yoghurt; spray-drying of milk products, honey and gelatine; cultured products of yoghurt, cottage cheese and dessert mixes. P. Meiklejohn (1974) a microbiologist studying dairy food technology, realised after his return to Australia the marketing gap between the high quality and quantity of Australian dairy products and their usage in food markets flooded with imported “brand” names, with an unsatisfactory return to local producers and a loss of excellent food to the consumer. He subsequently moved from government research work to a commercial cooperative where, in addition to development of dairy food production, consumer and market surveys were undertaken and distribution areas established.

While the total impact on the Australian economy of angora goat and coloured- fleece wool production may seem marginal, it is illustrative of what may have started as a hobby developing into a high fashion speciality as well as the re-discovery of a folk tradition. Hand spinning and weaving has enjoyed a renascence in craft, and the cultivation of special fleece contributes to the quality element in fabric variety and usage. Peter Fletcher of Western Australia, who was only 24 years old when he received his Churchill Fellowship to study angora goat breeding and has since established a substantial flock of “show" quality and markets for his mohair production, remarks that Rural Youth Groups are particularly enthusiastic about Angora breeding and usage of its products.

10

Angora Goat Breeding: Peter Fletcher, 1976 Fellow, Western Australia.

VineyardsThe history of wine making is virtually as old as the history of man, and the symbol

of the grape as “the fruit of the earth" is universal. Happily, the grape is also adaatable to a variety of climates and soils although nature may produce a few chemical changes along the way, and regional wine production in Australia has long been a popular factor in the economy.

By 1966 widespread regional development of wine making had occurred, Australian wines has a growing recognition on the world market as “different but equal", and a strong local consumer market was happily testing, grading and identifying their preferred vintages by area despite the uniformity of the transplanted European type names. Factors which required further research involved quality control, efficient technological production, marketing systems and improved educational training for the future.

In 1970 the late C. A. Henschke of South Australia utilised a Churchill Fellowship to examine German methodology suitable for relatively small vineyards with emphasis on quality control and individual excellence. In his report (published by the Trust as Information Report No. 10) he comments on the care with which the wine community and the government alike in Europe monitored vineyard production to ensure a commercial balance of fruit for quality wines or for fruit production only. In 1974 S.J. Ruscic of Western Australia studied the export marketing of grape products as a factor with dwindling demand for dried fruit products.

In 1976 and 1977 G.L. Vitucci and A. Puglisi, from the Murrumbidgee area and from the granite belt in southern Queensland respectively, also studied cultivation, harvesting and marketing from large and small producing areas. Their reports

1 1

indicate that while the production of good wines is assured, much remains to be done in the field of improved transport and market facilities, especially for small producers.

Technology and improved educational facilities were of course important. S.R. Obst of South Australia made a detailed and expert study in 1971 of distillation equipment and processes and the use of wine by-products for commercial usage. In 1972 J.R. Peterson, Viticultural Research officer of N.S.W. examined institutes in South Africa, Europe and the United States which provide the formal education for growers and wine makers. Such institutes ranged from the highly selective high school in-service centre at Cognac to the more technological approaches in universities in South Africa and the United States. His findings have since served as the basis for courses at the Riverina College of Advanced Education and the improvement of viticulture in that extensive fruit-growing area.

ForestryThe preservation and maintenance of natural forest reserves comes equally into a

discussion of environmental conservation, but forestry as a commercial asset has also been a concern warranting Fellowship grants. State Forestry Departments have encouraged Fellows to pursue specialist studies such as Foliar Analysis, Hydrological Cycles in Forest Re-establishment, Conifer Plantations, Re-afforestation of Devasted Lands. Conrad Wood in 1969 made an early study of the respective roles of fixed wing or rotary wing aircraft in forestry protection and maintenance, now a widely utilised determinant in forest management. Now a departmental specialist adviser, he looks forward without complacency: “Sowing the seeds (of progress) is one thing, getting them to grow is another. My work is still in its infancy, but progress is being made".

Trees in another context interested J.A.E. Whitehall, Tree Advisory Officer of the Botanic Gardens, South Australia, in 1973. His study concentrated on the planting of trees suitable to environmental public landscaping, the restoration of areas after mining or other industrial usages, and street planting and maintenance procedures. His report is vividly illustrated with well selected pictures of what can be done, and he reports recently that his efforts here have been rewarded by queries from overseas planners about the work he is doing in the Australian context.

Mining, Geology and Water ResourcesThe physical geography of Australia, a very ancient land mass whose mountain

ranges rise closely behind the coastal area and whose centre is chiefly arid, since its natural fresh water resources run outward, makes it sufficient of a geological phenomenon that it has been extensively studied and a major research area in both educational courses and industrial practice. The vast mineral riches attracted successive waves of migrants and their skills for development; the single massive project of the Snowy Mountains hydroelectric and irrigation scheme updated half a dozen technologies to the world level.

Possibly because national research and development has been so extensive, the short term Churchill Fellowships have been few and usually only in special fields of comparison and analysis. Dr. A.F. Trendall (1969), then petrologist with the Geological Survey of Western Australia and now Deputy-Director, having also been President of the Geological Society, studied Varved Rocks as they appeared in other portions

12

of the globe. In the same year Beverley Houston of Queensland examined special purpose clays found elsewhere in the world with a view to geological investigation in Queensland for discovery of similar clays or other non-metallic minerals, and Dr. R. Watt Pickering of Tasmania, Director of Research, Electrolytic Zinc Company, studied economic industrial development in respect to the mineral industry.

Environmental engineering has also warranted a number of Fellowships. A.R. Coad, Irrigation Research Officer of Victoria reported in 1967 on land reclamation of arid or saline land using stabilised mole drainage. This work, he reports, is proceeding slowly at experimental farms, but reclamation is “very hard in the Australian context. . . as our intensely urban society has only the vaguest idea of the threat to their life style if more and more good land is allowed to go out of production.“

In 1972 Graeme G. Kelleher of the Northern Territory made a comprehensive engineering-legal-social survey of the impact of engineering works on the environment, which led him into the field of Public Service advising on the Googong Water Supply project, to serving as a commissioner on the Ranger uranium study, and service within the Prime Minister's Department on nuclear non-proliferation and safeguards. In what he terms “multi-objective planning," he points out that while most engineers are now much more aware of the necessity of environmental protection and planning, the major policy making decisions in these areas rest with economists; thus it is on their understanding, aided by supportive community groups, that policies are formulated which take into account “the dollar value of wild life on a scarcity basis" and establish a ratio of wilderness to developed areas. In 1975, Brendan Lay, senior ecologist of the South Australian Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, outlined and illustrated arid lands development taking place in South America, the United States and the Middle East, covering not only naturally arid regions but post-mining or industrially devastated areas in climates comparable to those in Australia.

Also in 1975 Edward Davies, mining engineer, studied Government mining policies in South Africa, Zambia, Sweden, Canada and the U.S. A., exploring the increasingly delicate negotiations between industrial exploration and governmental political interest. His report, widely circulated in a number of countries, unhappily indicates that Australian public policies tend to be somewhat ad hoc — in contrast with other countries where more careful joint planning is undertaken — and are frequently negative-restrictive due to intervention with qualifying provisions or prohibitions after industrial exploration and planning has been completed.

Other studies made by Churchill Fellows have included the engineering of dams, biological control of weeds and infestation, and the use of effluent residues. Some of these will be described later in terms of urban use, but in primary production K.C. Webster's 1968 report of Israel water usage, engineering methods and use of materials in semi-arid lands (later published by the Trust) must be mentioned here. P.L. Read (1970) of New South Wales contributed a valuable report on control of distribution losses in irrigation areas, and G.R. Sainty (1973) a study on aquatic weed control.

Storage Systems by N.M. Ashkanasy (1975, Queensland) is a most comprehensive study, covering design, development, operational efficiency and computer control. In mentioning the subsequent wide distribution of his report, he says “in the Water Resource field (our communications) form a dynamic network of contracts th a t. . . are constantly renewed and upheld."

13

FisheriesThe seacoast and its marine resources are a relatively neglected asset of the national economy. Essentially a “loner” activity, whether as a sport or as a means of livelihood, fishing generally is a matter of dis-interest in public consideration, except when emotional issues such as the preservation of the Great Barrier Reef erupt into notice. Oceanographic survey work of high scientific standard is undertaken by governmental authorities, but the economic harvest of the Australian marine environment seems to be more fully realised by other countries than encouraged by constructive development here.

This unhappily has been the circumstance explaining the few Fellowships awarded in this field — ten in fishing, economics and training, one in marine pollution, one in foreshore erosion, one in revegetation of coastal lands, and one in underwater diving techniques.

In common with Fellowships in other fields, technological change merited attention, bo'th at teaching and practical level. An example of this is I.H. Backler (Tasmania, 1975) who used his Fellowship to study Canadian and Icelandic fisheries organisations, returned to become President of the Australian Fishing Industry Council and has recently become a member of the Council of the Maritime College of Tasmania. Denis Cole (1974) of Western Australia, undertook a special course in fishing gear technology at St. John’s Fishing College, Newfoundland, but reports that as yet application of new methodology and standards has not been adequately recognised in basic technical college training. In individual fishing subjects, the practitioners seem to be cheerful about their Fellowship gains in production, A.S. Cuthbertson, (Tasmania, 1977), an abalone fisherman, reporting that his own aquaculture techniques have progressed shortly after his return and there had been a marked amount of interest in his findings. However all seem to find that fisheries transportation and marketing problems are even more intractable than those of agricultural producers.

Vernon Wells (1966), who studied pearl culture in Japan, Hong Kong and the Philippines, reports cheerfully, from Thursday Island, that he is both producer and entrepreneur: a solution not easily available to those concerned with fishing products of great bulk.

The work of T.L. Brooking (Northern Territory, 1976) on underwater diving techniques warrants special attention, though it is not directed primarily at commercial fishing. His report The Problems o f a Hostile Environment is a thoroughly scientific, operational, and cautionary handbook valuable to the amateur scuba diver and the professional deep sea researcher alike and is written with profound understanding of Australia’s “taken for granted" marine element.

14

Chapter IV

THE INDUSTRIAL SCENE

Australia is an industrialised society, over 60% of the work force being employed in industrial production. The effective output of this sector and the balance between labour, managment and the requirements of the public are complex and frequently disturbed. The trades union movement, deriving basically from British practice, soon found that procedures originating in a "tight little island" with a close-knit craft tradition, required adaptation in a country divided by wide geographical distances, federal-state jurisdictions, and the constant element of change in the work force, economic theory and technological challenge. An unhappy abrasiveness between labour and management often handicapped economic efficiency, frequently aggravated by inter-union friction in a complex balance of power struggle. Governments, State and Federal, of all political varieties, produced numerous arbitration and regulative bodies seeking to ameliorate the effect of industrial differences on the national economy and the well-being of citizen consumers.

It was with great interest, therefore, that in the first year of the operation of the Churchill Trust, two applicants were funded for overseas study in the field of industrial relations, one undertaking the one-year course at the Trades Union School at Ruskin College, Oxford; and the other attending the Trades Union course of thirteen weeks at Harvard University. In the years since then, twelve union officials have been awarded Churchill Fellowships, nine to go to Harvard, two to Ruskin, and one to make a survey of telecommunications union organisation in England and Northern Europe. Five Fellows, representing employer-management groups, have also been sent overseas, as well as others working in industrial safety, apprenticeship responsibilities, health hazards, and pension and insurance needs.

The Harvard Trades Union CourseThe Harvard course, which attracted most of the applicants, is world renowned

and its acceptance of the Australian candidates is in itself a tribute to the high calibre of the Fellows. Harvard limits its annual intake to this course to approximately thirty candidates from the United States and overseas, always including a portion of the enrolment to applicants from developing countries, many subsidised by their own governments as potential leaders. Australian Fellows met colleagues from Nigeria, Japan, Liberia, Gambia, the Philippines, Kenya, Finland, Panama, Indonesia, Ethiopia and Rhodesia.

The course follows a case-practice method of study, covering trades union adminis­tration, labour history, international labour organisations, trades union communication, labour law, economic analysis, personnel administration, wage adjudication, and the multi-nationals. A requirement for the completion of the course is the submission of a final paper dealing with the movement within the participant’s own country. The Course Completion Certificate speaks highly of the quality of the Australian Fellows, and in at least one case, a further grant from the Hayes-Fulbright fund was made for one of the Australians to tour union operations in practice throughout the United States.

It is a matter of regret that so little assessment can be made of the effect of this fairly comprehensive study upon practices in Australia during the ensuing years. Only five “Final Reports" were made to the Trust in Australia following the return of the Fellows, who attended the Harvard course, two of these are copies of the

15

Harvard final paper rather than projections of the course application to Australian conditions. Only three Fellows have returned current statements of what they considered the value of the Fellowship experience to local conditions, two of these stressing the international aspects of the trades union influence rather than internal areas. Most of the reports filed with the Trust from the Harvard course remark on the differences between Australian and American trades union structure, arbitration methods and bargaining procedures and, in particular, the American emphasis upon purely economic priorities in the absence of a specific political party commitment, at considerable variance from Australian patterns. As members of the Australian Labor Party, as well as through leadership in trades union activities, Barrie Unsworth, Churchill Fellow of 1966, and Joe Thompson, 1968, are now members of the Legislative Council of the N.S.W. Parliament.

The valuable introduction of an international element in the Harvard course made it evident that the Australian Fellows represented a different level of approach from many of the other overseas members; some of these representing communities where comprehensively formed union bodies has not previously existed and others whose governments had nominated their representatives with specific political affiliations in mind.

Ruskin College Trades Union CourseThe course followed at Ruskin College, Oxford, traditionally affiliated with the

Workers' Education Association, provided more familiar ground to the Australian Churchill Fellows who studied there. More emphasis was placed upon union organisation and education within craft groups, and less upon factors of administration and international involvement. S.J. Nowak , 1966 Fellow, followed up the formal Ruskin course with an on-the-floor examination of practices in West Germany, Sweden and Switzerland; as a result he stressed the great importance of maintaining apprenticeship and further education funds as a union responsibility, and noted in this regard that in Switzerland some 25% of union fees went into educational projects. G.L. Glover (1967) summarises the work at Ruskin and his subsequent observations in England, Holland and West Germany as highlighting the close relationship between union efforts and training for advanced labour skills in those countries. He concludes:

"It has alerted me to the magnitude o f the gap and the great waste to the nation and individual tragedy to people which that gap represented, in education in Australia. Would just one Australian Ruskin be too m uch?

In 1972 Leslie Young, President of the Locomotive Engine Drivers' Union selected the course in Industrial Relations at McGill University in Canada and included attendance at the Canadian Labour Conference. His commentary picks up the difference between the large multi-industrial segments which predominate in North American Trades Union practice and the more fragmented craft-based unions in Australia; and also stresses the emphasis placed upon the leadership potential by extended educational facilities provided by the Canadian unions.

More intensive practical work was undertaken by A.H. Yuill, Tramways and Omnibus Employees' Union in 1971, whose energetic report might well justify the sub­title On The Buses. Moving cross-country from San Francisco, where he comments on the necessity of bullet-proof protection for anyone handling cash, he examined the day to day operation of transport, the maintenance, schedules, despatch methods, the reporting of accidents and bus litter disposal. His survey continued in England

16

and Hong Kong, offering as solace to Australian bus drivers his comment that nothing in Australian conditions can match the difficulties of a trainee bus driver in London!

Worker participation in industry was the concern of D.C. Lavey of the Federated Confectioners' Association, who during his 1976 Fellowship undertook management discussions in countries where such procedures already existed and by on-the-floor observations. Studying labour relations in the confectionery industries in West Germany, Sweden, Norway, France and the United Kingdom, he noted the impetus given to job-enrichment by labour-directed planning of further education and recreation. In respect to craft's unions in labour policy-making bodies he laments that Australia under-estimates and under-represents women in decision making areas; and poses the query about participation of small unions: “Should representation be by a worker who is a unionist or by an outside trade unionist official?”

Since the education of the worker appears as a factor in almost every report on industrial well-being, it may be well to mention the significant studies made into apprenticeship and vocational education within the framework of the formal school system and its links with on-job training. Other references made throughout this book in the relevant subject studies will reveal how much Fellows have concerned themselves with the upgrading of vocational preparation and their contribution to extended facilities. But generally the levels of technical education in this country are accepted as high, the distribution of training centres in relation to local employment is well planned, and the variety of courses is the most flexible of any in the field of formal education. Why, then, a need for concern?

Changing technologies were, of course, one answer, but the malaise of community indifference also loomed large. The comprehensive volume arising out of P.L. Edwards' 1968 Fellowship on the training of technicians in electronics was a valuable and timely answer to the first concern; as was another study made in the same year by J.N. Banks in training technical staff for the textile and allied industries. Both these studies received prompt implementation in technical education as this field of tertiary education was upgraded in the comprehensive development of the period, so that, for instance, Mr Banks can point out that the School of Textiles within the N.S.W. Department of Education is considered as outstanding by world standards. Interestingly enough, a parallel study of textiles was made the following year by T.L. Simmons on behalf of clothing manufacturers on textile properties, manufacturing methods, new equipment and usages in Sweden and the U.K.; his work subsequently leading him also into the development of programmes in tertiary education in this field.

In 1974 P.J. Birch of the A.C.T. Apprenticeship Board received an award to study general apprenticeship training, and researched this on a very realistic basis in Switzerland, West Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom, where he found the tradition of skilled craft unity was being maintained and adapted to highly advanced technological methods. J. A. Marshall (1975), whose work is discussed in more detail under Teacher Training, and L.J. Jacobs (1976) Apprentice Supervisor of Mt. Lyell Mining and Railway Company, Tasmania, have both been influential in establishing industrial liaison between training and employer groups. All these reports stressed that the nature of apprentice training requires a strong element of community as well as work satisfaction; that the attractiveness of training is enhanced by frequent assessments of vocational aptitude and the possibility of speciality direction; that a degree of organised leisure time is desirable to assist the apprentice in social

17

maturity; and that there should be a substantial factor of local autonomy and communication in technical institutes, lest the young apprentice feels alienated from the community and its supportive values. Some mention is made that in the geographically smaller European area industries, such as shipbuilding in northern Europe or precision mechanics in Switzerland and Sweden, the availability of full residential amenities combined with practical trade experience also contributed to the work satisfaction of the young apprentice. A question which remains unanswered — and one which only the consumer public can answer — is how long will it be before the value of good apprenticeship training and its subsequent craft expertise is properly esteemed in Australian thinking?

In other aspects of industrial practice, substantial gains have been mentioned in the field of industrial safety, occupational health, and on-the-floor training of personnel to prevent accident, injury or production loss. L.J. Dean, who in 1966 studied at New York University and in the United Kingdom and subsequently became Federal President of the Safety Institute of Australia, comments "information gained in 1966 is only now being accepted in Australia.” Two years later, A.L. Anson, then manager of the Industrial Accident Prevention Society, used a Churchill Fellowship to study industrial accident prevention in Japan, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States; as a result he feels that accurate assessment of the safety factor has been largely neglected in Australian thinking. But as a result of his findings — and his consistent publication and comment as a loss consultant — he says that at last “credibility has been given my work in my chosen profession.” As in the case of the trades union reports, much emphasis has been given to the fact that consistent selection and training of personnel, and the leadership of the concerned individual, are key factors in providing maximum protection against industrial injury or productivity loss.

In 1969 A.G.W. Keys, then National Secretary, and now Sir William Keys, National President, of the Returned Services League of Australia, studied Repatriation provisions and procedures, compensation, and welfare legislation for ex-military personnel, in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.

Two specific industrial health problems have also been studied by Churchill Fellows. Dr J.E.H. Milne in 1971 examined overseas research into problems of asbestos fibres exposure, well in advance of the present social concern for this issue in its mining and commercial usage. His persistent medical-industrial research in this country since that time was recognised when in 1976-1977 he was appointed to the I.A.R.C. in France to extend his survey of the problem in some eighteen overseas countries to analyse similar hazards.

Noise pollution and the need for engineering and legislative control in the work situation and the community environment concerned Dr Carolyn Mather of Western Australia and J.D.G. Armitt of Queensland in 1976. Dr Mather, now Chief Noise Control Officer of the Environmental Protection Authority of Victoria, records progress in the present noise control legislation in Western Australia and acoustics work of the Standards Association of Australia. Mr Armitt highlights the legislative and engineering aspects and the definition of hearing hazards which he propounded in the drafting stages of Queensland's Noise Abatement Act of 1978.

Industrial law, industrial relations, management studies, public service and government relations, compensation and medical care provisions, and superannuation programmes have also been study areas of Fellows in search of overseas information

18

on these matters. D.O. Parsons, a Chartered Accountant, in 1967 made a study of the establishment, management and legislative control of superannuation and pension funds; he writes in 1978 that “the growing importance of this issue requires increased public opinion and expert consultation to help direct legislative measures.” Another Chartered Accountant, W.J. Kenley (1970) produced after his Churchill study a thorough-going handbook in Accountancy, an expert valuation for industry and commerce generally of this necessary but often vexatious practice. His book, now adapted for teaching purposes, and his subsequent work have led him to the position of National Technical Director with Hungerfords, Chartered Accountants.

In many of these areas, it is difficult to assess social impact because of the reluctance of industrial, departmental or state legislative bodies to initiate practices which might upset the status quo. One sad comment of a disappointed Fellow says succinctly “unfortunately, because of the different framework of Industrial Relations existing in Australia, it was not possible to put into practice what was observed in other countries.” The 1974 report of D.T. Allen, industrial officer for the Association of Employers of Waterside Labour (one of Australia’s most consistent areas of industrial friction) studied collective bargaining, the avoidance of disputes, and the problems of redundancy as new handling methods were initiated. One of his cogent points was that maximum productivity was often at risk as a result of possible irresponsibility by unions and employers alike because Australian Compulsory conciliation and arbitration laws shift the burden of compromise to a third power.

In the years since these and other Fellows have sought answers to industrial problems from overseas practices, critical areas of management, national governmental policy and international economic forces have been in a state of flux. One may only hope for a happy outcome as expressed by G.A. Bennett of the Metal Industries’ Association whose 1968 Fellowship took him to Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Canada, in which countries widely different industrial systems prevailed. He defined the optimum situation as one where:

“Government, employer and employee can establish a contract basis where unions and employers alike regard it as their first and equally shared responsibility to see that industry is kept in a constant state o f advancing prosperity. ”

19

Chapter V

THE ORIGINAL AUSTRALIANS

The Churchill Trust does not in any way reserve or allocate its Fellowships on a basis of sex, colour, religion or any other discriminatory facte r: therefore in the now somewhat over-politicised field of Aboriginal development ii has laid down no rigid alignment regarding ethnic spokesmanship. Aboriginals anc non-Aboriginals alike have been awarded Fellowships, as concerned individuals, to survey and study comparable indigenous communities having like problems, but it is a matter of great regret that in some instances Fellows have not filed Final Reports with the Trust and so make available to others their findings and recommendations.

In 1966 two of the three Fellowships from the Northern Territory concerned Aboriginal special programmes. J.J. Gallacher, now Special Adviser on Aboriginal Education to the Chief Minister of the Northern Territory, made a comprehensive survey in the United States and Canada studying Indian, Eskimo and other schools in which English was not the local vernacular; and returned to recommend teaching and vocational guidance aimed at the maintenance of traditional skills, the re-location of educational centres to facilitate local attendance, and the use of achievement assessments apart from standard testing. Harry Giese, ther Director of Child and Social Welfare, and now Ombudsman, examined governmental policies in the United States, including Alaska, and Canada, including the Northwest Territories. Local response to governmental policy was sought on many aspects; tribal anxiety about “urban drift” by younger members; money econony versus a craft-based

Economic Development Programmes in Ethnic Communities. Alick Jackomos.1977 Fellow, Victoria.

20

subsistence; the use of reservations or planning for inclusion in a heterogeneous society. In Canada in particular, the visitations by Churchill Fellows to the indigenous communities in their isolated settlements were most enthusiastically received, especially by the Eskimos. These people were delighted to think that overseas people, from as far away as Australia — of which many had not heard before, were interested in them: at the same time publicity given to this overseas interest stimulated national concern for their indigenous people. Some years later the leader of an Eskimo cooperative, flown down to Montreal with a group of craftsmen displaying their art at an international educational conference, remembered with delight the ‘lift’ given to their village work by the Australian interest in its development. A more formal visit to Australia by the Canadian Minister for Indian Affairs to the Northern Territory later maintained the common interest.

Max Daniels, an Aboriginal carpenter, in 1967 happily ignored governmental sponsorship and used his Fellowship to work in villages in Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and New Caledonia comparing skills and needs in home and boat building, community self-administration and cooperative marketing. Another report the same year, covering adult education of indigenous groups, has unfortunately not been received by the Trust.

1969 was unusual in that no less than three Fellowships dealing with Aboriginal concerns were made. Pastor Paul Albrecht of the Finke River Mission went to India for a year to work in communities where social change had brought about differing attitudes between the elder and the younger generations; and Pastor Brady of Brisbane, already involved with providing assistance for his fellow Aboriginals in urban areas, studied the social adaptation of those separated from traditional backgrounds. Country towns with fringe areas where Aboriginal communities required help in semi-skilled employment, or where state or local governments could help by placement in agricultural/small industry development, represented the interest of the Rev. Alan Galt, his work subsequently moving him into the field of mental health as a psychiatric chaplain.

In 1970 L.N. Penhall of the Social Welfare Branch of the Northern Territory studied the use and effect of alcohol on indigenous people in Mexico, Japan and South American countries, this being long recognised as a socially sensitive issue. For,two years thereafter he continued work in this field, reporting sadly that results were minimal, and substantial social and legislative changes since that time have altered conditions.

In 1971 the Trust made a rare exception to the general practice of Fellowship awards, that the applicant must already be established in his field of work, to enable John Moriarty, a third-year university student in South Australia, to study culture/ community centres, youth programmes and the preservation of traditional cultures in ethnic minorities of New Zealand, Hawaii, Alaska, continental U.S. A. and Canada. No report of the interesting matter of this survey has been submitted to the Churchill Trust. R. J. Moore in 1975 went to reside in the Lapp community of northern Finland, where a cohesive and legally recognised ethnic community is threatened more by economic encroachment than neglect in political representation or cultural erosion. Again, unfortunately, no Final Report was made to the Trust, but Mr Moore's sojourn in Lapland was presented in a television documentary produced by the A.B.C. In the same year, H.J. Penrith, Executive Officer of Aboriginal Hostels, studied accommodation and management, including optimum numbers, of hostels for indigenous people.

21

Community self-help and economic organisation led G.A. Mill in 1971 to survey cooperative practices in India, U.S.A., Sweden, Canada and Fiji; and again in 1977 Alick Jackomos, community adviser to the Department of Aboriginal Affairs, Victoria, studied Negro and Indian self-help programmes. His very cogent report covers both the problems of ethnic integration into urban economic and social structures, and some of the problems faced where there had been a return to tribal lands and programmes of traditional activities.

It would be difficult to make an assessment of social gains implemented through these studies since it is by no means clear whether the indigenous leaders and their supportive white groups have defined to the satisfaction of their own people — and their own generations — whether the desirable aim is: a full return to traditional culture; acclimatisation, into a rapidly moving technological society; or a co­existence of legal and social equality but always under pressure from strong economic conflicts of interest.

22

Chapter VI

THE CONSERVATION OF A NATIONAL HERITAGE

Preservation and conservation of significant natural or cultural landmarks of the past has been one of the specific'but most diverse area of studies by Churchill Fellows. Generally speaking, Australian cultural values had in the past tended to be based on western prototypes or measured in terms of progress rather than on retaining interest in matters relating to their own past. The now popular interest in conservation rose rather late in public consciousness. It still faces many collisions with immediate economic considerations, but has, nevertheless surfaced and been defined as a national heritage objective. Recognition of traditional values has been achieved in two important fields: the first the necessity to protect the unique ecological and original indigenous areas; the second, to preserve or restore as much as possible of the relics of early European settlement. In both these aims an inevitable dilemma arises as to whether the purpose of conservation is to maintain the inviolate condition of a specific area; or its protected development for public observation and appreciation, with the risk of eroding the fragile environment which merited its preservation. A democratic society tends to favour the latter course, and much of the effort of Churchill Fellows has been directed to work with the status quo towards minimising inevitable hazards.

Government bodies, past and present, have maintained Parks and Reserves of various kinds (Australian reserved areas are considered generous by almost any world standard). From the artefact-gathering days of the nineteenth-century Victorian empire, museums and galleries have been obligations of government tradition even though some were designed as impressive architectural monuments rather than as a suitable ambience for their contents. By the middle of the twentieth century, coinciding with the popular movement of “seeking a national identity' it became evident that “conservation,” both in the natural and the institutional sense, was threatened by indifferent and casual usage by a growing population, urban pollution, climatic hazards hitherto disregarded, and a great lack of skills to repair factors of deterioration.

Voluntary bodies and a great number of concerned individuals have been perceptive in recognising the problem, but are often without the means to do more than establish the claims of merit for various landmarks. Little or no margin of finance limjts activities, and, more importantly, there are few reserves of “traditional” expertise as have been maintained in older countries for centuries: even new methods of preservation, materials, management and display conditions filter only sparsely into the Australian scene.

More than thirty concerned Fellows have been sent overseas through the Churchill Fellowships to increase their skills in various aspects of conservation and preservation. They range from wilderness ecology to skilled plasterwork; from architectural archeology to museum taxidermy. Few of these individuals owed either their initial expertise or their deep dedication to their work to any influence of the Churchill Trust but the Fellowships offered an opportunity to examine comparative methods in countries where the need for conservation and preservation had been evident for a long period, or where new solutions for old problems were being developed on a scale from which Australia could benefit.

The oldest heritage — cave preservation — merited the attention of two Fellows in 1972 from different points of view. R.K. Skinner, then Caves Superintendent of

23

THE KHAN , in Kubla Khan Cave, Tasmania Cave Presenta­tion and Improved Facilities for Usage: R.K. Skinner, 1972 Fellow, Tasmania.

the Department of Tourism in Tasmania, travelled to New Zealand, Japan, the United States, Europe and South Africa to study natural cave formation, speleological usage and supervision and the maintenance of the natural structure when pathways, lights, and safety measures were needed to facilitate the usage by an interested but not always considerate public. Governmental and community responsibility were equally stressed, together with the necessity of training personnel alert to the needs of preservation and sometimes policing public education and safe guidance. The extension of this work emerged later in a Conference of cave tourism held, appropriately, at Jenolan Caves House.

A different interest in caves motivated P.J. Trezise, then an airlines pilot, to apply for a Fellowship in 1972. Cave paintings in the Northern Territory, which he had seen briefly in transit, as it were, led him to study in South Africa, England, France, Spain and North America on the preservation of pre-historic paintings against weathering, vandalism, the exposure to lighting systems and photography and the possible ravages of uncontrolled public exploitation. In addition to the comprehensive recommendations of his Churchill Report, he wrote recently "Results of my study were used to seek establishment of Quinkan Reserve, 300 square miles in Cape York, for preservation of aboriginal relics, gazetted in August 1977”. Later Mr Trezise was invited to South Africa as guest speaker to the First World Wilderness Congress in October, 1977 and he is now deeply involved in the organisation of the Second World Wilderness Congress to be held in Cairns in June, 1980.

24

In 1969 D.R. Moore, then Curator of Anthropology at the Australian Museum, was awarded a Fellowship to present a paper on Australian Pre-history at the Congress of the International Union for Quaternary Research and to explore field and museum preservation for pre-historic material overseas. His findings included the observation that the conservation technique used at archeological sites were often better in smaller, underdeveloped countries. In these places governmental protection might be minimal but this was reinforced by a population inheriting a vivid sense of the past, coupled with local pride and vigilance against casual destruction. Results of Mr Moore's work were to establish a conservation laboratory within the museum, and for him to become adviser on rock art to the N.S. W. Parks and Wildlife Service. Now retired, 1978 found him studying at the University Museum of Archeology and Ethnology at Cambridge, England and preparing a book upon the Ethnohistory o f the Cape York Peninsula and the Torres Straits.

The concept of geographical reserves of a significant nature, the protection of ecological balances; the recording and extension of knowledge of flora and fauna; and the not-always compatible aim of making such areas visibly known to the public as part of a national heritage, have been studied to an extent of which few politically- oriented ecologists are aware. Many recommendations have been made, based on surveys in all parts of the world, for the protection of natural reserves in the face of urban expansion, mass mobility and recreation, and technological hazards ranging from mining to pollution from waste disposal. Many of these recommendations have been implemented by government regulations, but regrettably these are often impeded by the carelessness and indifference displayed by the public in personal behaviour. R.J. Leech of Kosciusko National Park expressed in 1970 the dilemma of park administrators who must reconcile environmental preservation with the wishes of people who regard Reserves as self-renewing, casual outing recreational areas. In the same year Churchill Fellow Donald Saunders made an urgent plea "Get the people out of their cars!” Dennis Chinner in 1974 recommended the stimulus of local pride by recruiting and training guides from among the residents of a specific park area: reporting that U.S. Parks specialists who recently visited him in Australia felt that improved conditions in the U.S. have resulted from the in-service training of indigenous recruits as Guides and Park Wardens involved in interpreting the park environment to visitors.

Reserved parklands and the provision of amenities to encourage their use as tourist features concerned B.D. Loder (N.S.W., 1972) and W.A. Groom (Queensland, 1973). Their reports stressed: the desirability of tourist accommodation peripheral to the park itself; the planning of any associated commercial enterprises to conform with park atmosphere rather than "entertainment,” the utilisation of a deliberately rustic or unsophisticated type of accommodation; the laying out of walkways and the furnishing of maps so that visitors could estimate which attractions would be most suitable for their interests and abilities; and, above all, the training of supervisory personnel and their substantially more authoritative education of the public in protection of the environment.

The actual substance of reserve areas has also been a matter of concern. Scientific studies into re-afforestation, the control of fire hazards, the use of aircraft in both survey and emergency situations, have all been projects of Churchill Fellows, among whom may be mentioned A. Hodgson (1966); A.W.F. Webb (1968); C.H. Wood (1969); and R.O. Squire (1976). Regarding the implementation of their recommendations, one may quote from a fairly typical recent letter. After listing a formidable array of

25

technical and administrative papers he has produced, representation on government committees, and speeches to community and professional bodies, he concludes:

“It gave me recognition as an expert in this fie ld . . . the real frustration is to have seen and learnt much, hut not be able to move things fast enough back home. ”

Basic scientific work in radiocarbon dating was studied by N.A. Polach in 1970 with special reference to Australian pre-history and Quaternary research, resulting not only in substantial publication at scientific level, but in advanced programmes for research teaching in the Australian Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory and extension of its courses into related fields within other faculties. R.E. Lightfoot in 1975 studied the use of the Melt-Sonde apparatus for use in Antarctic glaciology; he is now Supervising Engineer, Antarctic Division.

One of the early Churchill Fellows (1967) was H.J. Lavery, whose Fellowship at that time read ‘‘to publish findings in the field of fauna conservation" and whose report, published by the Trust in 1969, was an extensive Listing of Birds in Queensland. In 1978, as Director of Research and Planning, National Parks and Wildlife Service of Queensland, Dr. Lavery succinctly names the contribution of the Fellowship as giving him “pioneering opportunity,” the results of which delighted Australian viewers in his vivid television series Exploration North, produced by the A.B.C. and subsequently published as a book.

In 1971 a Fellowship was awarded to J.M. Forshaw of the Wildlife Division C.S.I.R.O. to gather material in Europe, Asia, North and South America and the Islands of the Pacific to study parrots, a subject on which he had already gathered substantial material in Australia. The result of his Fellowship was a magnificent and massive volume Parrots o f the World, published in 1973, a work not only of science but of art. In these two cases in particular, the Churchill Trust demonstrated one of its basic purposes — it could not create inspiration, but where highly motivated and able individuals needed an opportunity to break through, the Trust could give them an international context in which to set forth the richness of the Australian heritage.

Interest in a less flamboyant feature of our landscape, lichens and associated herbaria, directed R.B. Filson in 1971 to seek out, compare and classify lichens in other countries and their relationship to Australian species. The considerable understatement of the rigours of his unorthodox travel are summarised as “Tramp, camp, climb and dry out“.

Galleries and MuseumsA logical development in preserving a national heritage accessible for public

appreciation also involves the use of museums, galleries, libraries and significant buildings in situ. The nineteenth century passion for collecting anything portable within its imperial realms and sometimes outside of them, resulted in the establishment of a miscellany of exhibition institutions wherein generations of curators coped with problems of display, storage and preservation of artefacts from feathers to marble. At any given time it was difficult for museums to give proper weight to the appropriate mounting of material suitable for regional, world-wide or tourist interest. Static housing, often unsuitable, inadequate finance and unconcerned acceptance by the public that these establishments were "good enough“ frustrated many attempts to improve conditions.

26

Two needs were obvious. One required the urgent preservation of accumulated materials as many irreplaceable items were deteriorating from urban pollution or climatic change in storage or unsuitable display conditions. The other involved planning arrangement and new concepts of display which would relate the material of the past to the cultural and social life of the community from which it came. In the field of museum planning and usage, ten Fellowships have been awarded, and a number of others to Fellows working in specialised technologies of preservation.

R.O.J. Mellish, now Director of the Queensland Art Gallery, received a Fellowship in 1973 covering overseas examination of gallery design and building, professional and general administration, special collections and exhibition arrangement. Since that period his findings have been put to work in the new Queensland Art Gallery and he has also acted as consultant in the proposed Regional galleries in Townsville, Rockhampton and Gladstone — a welcome emphasis upon the decentralisation of exhibition of cultural materials. Mr Mellish kindly presented to the Trust his oil painting of Chartwell House, Churchill's home in Kent: the painting now occupies a place of honour in the Board Room at the Trust’s National Office in Churchill House, Canberra.

The use of museums as educational institutions was studied by John Hodge (Queensland, 1971) and Lionel Gilbert (N.S.W., 1972) Their reports deal with galleries in urban and rural areas respectively and discuss them as adjuncts to the formal education system or as features of community development, local history and conservation centres. Julie Pfeiffer (1974) extended the application of this trend with her excellent text-and-photograph report on mobile, local, or specialised in situ reconstruction of historical exhibits. As a result she has since been active in bringing to life, outside the walls of the formidable stone structures of the orthodox museum, many displays covering items of local interest and the reconstrucion of past history.

The same impetus in the development of display of the purely pictorial arts is not so obvious, although some applicants in the fields of curatorship and exhibition have received Fellowships. Australia entered late upon the international art acquisition market: large scale funding for purchases is difficult and overseas surveys tend to be of a highly specialised nature. However, one early Fellow, Mrs V. Darken (1968) of Alice Springs, who had undertaken a gallery survey of Traditional Paintings and Modern Masters to expand her own technical skills, writes ten years later, as a practising painter and educator

"I opened my own gallery in Alice Springs to promote art in Central Australia . . . I teach, and my response especially from high school students in Alice Springs and occasionally from Darwin in landscape paintings has been tremendous. ”

The work of restoring or protecting the material of a cultural heritage makes calls upon skills which range from understanding of a vanished medium to the acquisition of a new technology. For instance, an intensive study of museum taxidermy was a project of H.D. Barker in 1976; involving research into new methods of freeze­drying, colour retention and reconstructive modelling to improve the quality of habitat displays. D.R. Moore, whose work in field ethnology has already been mentioned, provided careful notes on the repair and preservation of fibres, wood and feather artefacts in museum collections. This work was extended in the 1977 Fellowship of D.S. Woods of the National Museum in Melbourne who worked at the International Centre for the Restoration of Cultural Property in Rome and the

27

Museum o f Mankind in England, on studies including materials science, biological deterioration, climate and light control, and the conservation of structural stone.

Pure science, not directed specifically at museum conservation, but relevant to it as well as to an infinite number of modern industrial usages, was the research of C.D. Howick in 1968 into the biology, incidence and control of wood-attacking insects. Since then his original report has been supplemented by many papers on materials and areas of such infestations and methods of treatment.

In 1973 the preservation of recorded cultural material was studied by two Fellows: J.H. Bruce of Queensland on the repair and preservation of paper documents; and D.C. Newell of the Mitchell Library, N.S.W. on the preservation of maps and cartographical material. In view of the relatively short period of recorded history of Australia, and the fact that much of the important material originated in countries of a different climate, the methodology of preservation in countries having a longer history and a greater variety of important items to preserve was essential. In addition, the use of new resins or plastics as wear-resistant protection was examined (and indeed, on the basis of overseas experience, sometimes rejected); and even the limitations of types of reproduction tested cautiously.

Much remains to be done to coordinate and, above all, to record and plan long term priorities in the preservation, reconstruction, and accessibility of significant features of past history. R. McK. Campbell of Western Australia, an architect, undertook in 1977 a “mid-career” refresher course at the University of York in the conservation and restoration of old buildings and sites. Describing the need for an approach of hard core technical education combined with extensive field work including the mapping of areas and features, he comments:

“We in Australia are a decade behind the rest of the world in this respect. . . not only in technical expertise which can — albeit with great difficulty — be acquired in Australia, but also in philosophy and attitude where our approach is still too often confused by narrow personal or practical motivations. ”

The MakersAncient sites, natural reserves, museums, galleries, are the inherited substance of

of a national culture. What about the present practitioners of the cultural scene? The purposes of the Trust Fellowships obviously cannot create an artist, nor promote any type of art tradition. That must spring from the talent and the devotion of the gifted in the community itself. And the community itself has provided many channels of basic education in the field of the arts: schools, studios, community workshops, and in recent years, various government-funded Councils providing training and professional guidance. Hence, Churchill Fellowships have in the main been to artists of high motivation and established skills to inquire into overseas developments in lesser known or unusual fields of art, to research very old techniques traditional in other cultures, or into the use of new techniques developed abroad, some as by­products of more highly developed industrial programmes.

C.F. Blumson, one of the first Fellows in 1966, a woodcarver and sculptor, received his Fellowship at the age of 26 to study Gothic woodcarving in Europe, with the ambition to use his skill both as an architectural adjunct and in individual piecework. Going out, as he says "little more than a woodcarver in the journeyman's sense”, he returned with a feeling of profound wonderment at the richness of his

28

Carved Throne and Stalls in Christ Church Cathedral Grafton. Gothic Woodcarving Work by C.F. Blumson, 1966 Fellow Queensland.

experience and sought to recreate it into an Australian setting. His work has been incorporated into cathedrals, his studio work embracing both building adornment and free standing work, and he has undertaken sculptural teaching over a wide area of Queensland. In the same year Mrs Margaret Sinclair of South Australia, sculptor in mejals, studied at the Fondria Battaglia in Milan on casting techniques, one of the problems often affecting artists in Australia being not that of creativity, but that of the final transmutation by techniques more often geared to industrial production than to art form. Her very fine sculpture of The Fallen Warrior in Churchill House is indicative of the mastery of her craft.

Three years later Guy Martin Boyd, already distinguished as a ceramicist and sculptor, utilised a Fellowship for the purpose of studying mural and architectural sculpture in urban contexts — buildings and plazas — so that today his two great murals at Tullamarine and Kingsford-Smith International Airports literally welcome the world to Australia.

The Trust has never attempted to draw the vague aesthetic or varying “market value' lines between fine and applied art, nor betweeen craftsmanship and teaching processes in art within the studio or within more formal educational structures. One of the first Fellows was Milton Moon of Queensland (now of the Summertown Potteries in South Australia) studying ceramics as a function of architecture and

29

mural work, and the following year P.F. Rushworth of New South Wales worked within a more orthodox teaching aspect of relating tertiary training in ceramics with workshop experience to upgrade the craft work in the Technical and Further Education curriculum.

Historical research, combined with new technologies, interested Miss C.G. Gibson in 1967, who went to Mexico and Peru to study pre-Columbian pottery and continued on to investigate contemporary techniques in Europe and North America. The technological developments in kiln firing, chemical compounds in glazing, and the use of resins also interested workers in stained glass; it having become evident over the passage of years that some of the nineteen century methods inherited from Europe were not always suitable in the Australian climate and to large architectural methods of modern design. Changing concepts of aesthetics and the use of new building materials into which glass fabrications were to be fitted had produced major changes in overseas practices which could provide useful comparisons. D. Saunders of New South Wales in 1968, V.W. Greenaway of Victoria in 1974, and K.B. Wildy o South Australia in 1976 all examined design, methods and materials, chemical and heat controls and their application in ceramics and stained glass as features of architectural and artefact creation.

On a visually smaller scale, Michael Meszaros of Victoria in 1969, a sculptor interested in the fine and detailed work of medallions, studied design and practical work at the Scuola Dell 'Arte Della Medaglia in Rome, and since his return his exacting technique has been displayed in many memorial medals as well as free standing sculpture. G.B. Peebles in 1977 also selected Italy, to update his skills in mezzo-tint and print making at the Brera Academic de Milano, his recent work being exhibited in Australia and the Western Pacific Biennale.

Two interesting variants of the craft of glass blowing are exemplified in the studies ofW.C. Tys (1970) and M.G. Whiting (1975). MrTys, already a Master of Glassblowing from the University of Leyden, had been a technician with the Australian National University since 1951 and had found that much scientific equipment needed to be designed and produced for new requirements in the scientific field, so that his work in design and methodology was carried out in laboratories and universities overseas. On his return, he reorganised the glassblowing workshop of the A.N.U., and only regrets on his retirement in 1979 that he was unable to fulfil his original ambition to start a training class in glassblowing. M.C. Whiting of Western Australia, extended his studies into commercial production of glass as a medium not only for scientific usage but also in the making of artefacts, his studies including the chemistry o pigmentation, the use of small glass melting tanks for studio use and the flowing and casting of plates for stained glass units.

Decorative ironwork (a vanishing art in countries with a long tradition of craftsmanship) was the preoccupation of R.H. Howard in 1973, whose report carries overtones of an almost mediaeval pilgrimage through the secrets of the craft guilds. R.P. Radloff in 1975 studied new methods of architectural joinery and veneer production and usage, to promote modernised methods of production in the timber industry and new approaches to technical training in the craft. N.R. Keogh (19 /bK artist-craftsman and teacher in the specialised field of jewellery, studied in design centres and craft schools emphasising modern trends and applications, and his recent work at Melbourne State College extended in 1978 to lecturing in Japan in crafts teaching and practice.

30

Mona Hessing, engrossed with fibres, held a 1973 Fellowship to study non-loom weaving and the use of indigenous fibres in tapestry work in Latin America and India, and in the following year was invited by the World Crafts Council to conduct workshops at their conference in Toronto. Since then her textile work has been commissioned widely, including work for the Australian Embassy in Paris, the Orange Civic Centre and the Masonic Lodge Building in Sydney as intrinsic to the architectural planning and design.

J.S. Ostoja-Kotkowski (South Australia, 1967) sought his art study not in the past but in the future, working on the development of controlled light “paintings” and their relationship to environment, music and movement. Laser-beam space-shapes enhance the background for opera or drama settings, and he is the designer of a Laser Chromason Mk II audio-optical projection machine for visual sculpture.

Electronic Chromosomes: Laser Chrosason, Mk I. J.S. Ostoja- Kotkowski. 1967 Fellow, Victoria.

In 1968 A.K. Russell of the Western Australia Institute of Technology, using his Fellowship to study art and design education, wrote that vocational teaching “must prevent the concept of Tine art being alienated from constructive use of design in industry, commerce and social organisation.” Frank Eidlitz (1966) did much to improve the quality of graphic design in advertising and related media, and F.D. Atkinson (1967), then concerned with technical college training in printing and its allied graphic arts, has subsequently moved into government printing. D.G. Terry

31

(1970) now National Director of the Industrial Council of Australia, studied the special relevance of Australian design of products chiefly aimed at a South-east Asia market, his interest in this field extending to working on a Community Aid Abroad project in Indonesia to promote their indigenous design skills into products for international exchange.

The Printed Word“Of the making of many books there is no end”, but in the case of creative

literature the Churchill Fellows have been few in number, possibly due to the existing Literature Boards or other grants-in-aid for writers. It is more likely that, in the words of T.S. Shapcott, 1972 Poet-Fellow, “Writers are particularly ‘loners’, so that such links or contacts (overseas) do not have the same relevance as in, say, academic studies.” But in Shapcott’s own work, the empathy of a creative writer moving in an overseas ambience has enriched the Australian literary scene with three subsequent volumes of verse, Shabbytown Calendar, 1975, Seventh Avenue Poems, 1976, and Selected Poems, 1978. His long term project as editor of Contemporary American and Australian Poetry, published by the University of Queensland Press in 1976, has become the definitive v/ork in its field and the culminating factor in winning for him the Canada/Australia Prize of 1978, awarded by the Canadian Department of External Affairs and the Australian Council to a Canadian and an Australian in alternate years, for cumulative work.

Another 1972 Fellow was E.A. Greenwood of Victoria, author/artist/reviewer with a particular interest in books for children. Realising that children’s stories require a discerning balance between universal themes and a locale with which they can identify, his survey included not only contacts with overseas writers but also places in Europe, Asia and the United States, with museums, galleries and scenic features as background studies. In addition to continuing his own writing since his return, he has been contributor and adviser to groups dealing with children’s literature, parents, librarians, kindergartens and outback school research projects.

In the same year, Mrs Jill Morris, free lance writer, playwright and broadcaster, surveyed writing and production for children's programmes, chiefly in dramatic form. Folk theatre in Russia, England, Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, Sweden, Iceland, U.S.A. and Canada, beginning at school level, and the inclusion of drama specialists in schools, merited special mention in her report. Her present work incorporates not only continued personal writing and production, but also development of children’s drama in school and assisting youth community groups in dramatic production.

LibrariesLibrary Fellowships, predominantly in the areas of training, administration, systems

and physical equipment, reflect the growing international emphasis on the uniformity of book classification and handling rather than on relationship between books and their readers. Since much of the period covered coincides with the rapid and well- organised growth of library science, its teaching and application, within Australia itself, not a great deal of innovative comparison was noted. Personnel and training qualifications overseas were perhaps a matter of envy; the organisation (and sometimes the lack of it) in the great classic libraries, while certainly a matter of interest, appears unlikely to have much relevance to the Australian scene. B.D. Sheen's 1974 report on Primary School Libraries broadens the scope of traditional services by

32

discussing the advantageous placement of the library in the initial architectural panning, the relationship with book suppliers, and library usage for non-reading activities, factors not always evident in Australian school systems. Administrative Automation Techniques in Library Services, the report of R.S. Walsh, 1973 Fellow, Systems Librarian of the Canberra College of Advanced Education, is a three volume work now widely adopted in modern library techniques and training for the recording, transmission and retrieval of library resources.

Reader-oriented library studies merit attention in their special fields. Miss J.V. McGrath's Art and Music Libraries (1968) is virtually a historic-cultural essay of great charm in itself as well as a model for practical development of similar resources. Japanese Children 's Literature, written by Miss L.C. Dobson as a 1974 project, is not library work in the formal sense, but as she writes “with a view to developing the appreciation of western children' in Japanese children's books,” she ranges delightfully over the traditional conventions of story-telling, publishing format, relationship of formal literature to the social activities of children at different ages, school libraries, placement, directives and usage, and creative story telling competitions.

Toy Libraries for Handicapped Children, reported on by Annetine Forell in 1973 covers a very special area of great potential in a difficult field, its importance being recognised by its incorporation in International Conference Programmes. Another library service for the handicapped was Mrs K.J. Ledermann's 1975 research into overseas Braille production by multiple copy processes to enable wider distribution to blind centres and their libraries.

Toy Libraries for Handicapped Children: Mrs Annetine Forell, 1973 Fellow, Victoria.

33

Chapter VII

EDUCATION

Education, the graded acquisition of the methods and materials of learning within formal institutions, compulsory in Australia from the age of five through the mid­teens and considered highly desirable at tertiary level beyond these years, has always been one of the major concerns of this country's cultural patterns at both personal and government levels. A steadily increasing portion of tax-derived revenue furnished schools based on the democratic principle of equal opportunity for all, but not neglecting popular demand that the most able should be developed to maximum potential. Well through the first half of this century under state administration, educational processes tended to pursue a closed circuit; practised largely by those trained within state teachers' colleges, with students wishing to teach after they had completed the compulsory secondary level returning to the same concepts and frequently the same curricula which had formed their own ideas of education. While routine review of material content occurred, state administration and class and school format stressed conformity — it thus was generally a field in which the impact of individual initiative could effect little change. Study leave was regarded as disruptive of the established Public Service formulae of seniority, course development and staffing requirements.

Gradually, however, the monolithic structures of education were changing. New material in massive quantities was perforce being introduced into existing curricula; new mathematics and new science techniques required revised teacher training; pre­school and adult educational facilities were being extended. State aid to non­governmental schools had in the mid-1960s become a major if contentious factor in the development of the relatively few but distinctive “private" institutions of learning; co-education in secondary schools has become acceptable; “selective" state schools gradually giving way to comprehensive schools with a wider demarcation of pupils in the final school years according to vocational aptitudes and interests. In post­secondary education, the Colleges of Advanced Education were taking shape and developing; many of them including whole new brackets of qualifications other than those for teaching. Technical and Further Education was possibly the most altered in content, and, again provision was made for the upgrading of qualifications. The work of the Churchill Fellows in helping develop better education within some of the vocational fields is mentioned frequently throughout other sections of this book, so this section will deal mainly with studies made in education, teacher training and institutions and course development in the more general sense.

Predictably the 1966 Churchill Fellowships in education related chiefly to adminin- trators who were free to act without departmental restrictions. P.J. McKeown, Headmaster of the Canberra Grammar School, used his Fellowship to survey the planning of schools, remedial teaching and expansion of art education. From South Australia, the Rev. Father E.J. Mulvihill, State Director of Catholic Education, studied educational administration and research areas in Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, returning to apply his findings during the period of debate over state aid to non-governmental schools. Retiring from the priesthood and his Directorship in 1975, he has turned to problems of adult education and is now with the Training and Development Centre of the Department of Further Education in South Australia.

Adult education was also the concern of Brian Parke in 1966, then organiser of Adult Education in Western Australia, who studied extension services primarily in the United Kingdom, Scandanavia and North America. This first year of the Fellowship

34

also saw D.R. Williams, a teacher of Biology at the School of Applied Science in Sydney, studying systems in medical technology training at the Yale Medical Centre; and L.J. McLeod, lecturer at Hobart Technical College, working in clinical pharma­cology at post-graduate level at the University of Edinburgh, and obtaining new approaches to teaching the subject. Now senior lecturer in the Department of Physiology at the University of Tasmania, Mr McLeod's publications and activities range from expert research on drug-related reactions to serving with the expert panel in Pharmacy advising on Overseas Professional Qualifications; he is also Chairman of the Tasmanian Chapter of the Australian College of Education. In 1968, G.N. Vaughn (Victoria) studied new teaching methods and content in curricula in Pharmaceutical Science, continuing his personal research and strongly advocating the need for information and action in the field of Quality Control.

1966 also saw two grants made in teacher training for early childhood. Miss F J Kendall, Vice-Principal of Kindergarten Teachers' College, Victoria, studied teacher training in the United States and the United Kingdom, and Miss L.R. Wilksch of South Australia, Mistress of Infant Method, worked in England on new materials and methods of infant teaching with special reference to oral and written communication problems with children to whom English was a foreign language. Strangely enough, the subject of early childhood education and the training of teaching personnel in this field does not recur (except for specialised work with the handicapped) in Fellowships for the next ten years, when Ms Jenny Simons, Principal of the Nursery School Teachers College of N.S.W. in her 1977 report For Children, updated the material thoroughly.

Two in-service developmental studies in science teaching were made in 1967 by R.M. Slattery of Queensland and J.H. Mayfield of South Australia. The latter examined materials and apparatus, in-service refresher material and text books methodology and training. Now, as Director of Educational Facilities, he has produced three text books on educational requirements in Physics.

1967 also saw a Fellowship to David Claydon, Secretary of the Scripture Union, to observe senior secondary schooling in Singapore, Malaysia, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Canada and the United States with reference to the spiritual and moral values of adolescence. On his return he worked on the development of a new curriculum for voluntary religious studies in Australian schools, coordinated with vacation camping, and in 1977 was invited to initiate similar programmes in the newly independent areas of the Pacific Islands. Religious studies - “the secular study of religion in a variety of educational environments” occupied Sister Valerie Burns in 1970, her work since then being truly ecumenical in promoting what she terms an understanding of religion as contradistinctive to religious evangelism” and working with teachers through all educational levels.

Subject teaching in the following years stressed heavily new content and teaching requirements in science and mathematics. In 1969 D.R. Driscoll, head of the Secondary Teachers' College, Victoria, studied curricula and teacher training in chemistry, later publishing models for teaching, and in the same year M.E. March (A.C.T.) studied new approaches to high school mathematics. Apart from class application, Mr March became interested in the effectiveness of summer seminars and conferences for mathematics students drawn from a variety of schools, as had been organised in the United States by the National Science Foundation, and worked to establish a similar programme for promising high school students of mathematics in this country.

35

In 1970 R.J. Kelly, lecturing at the Institute of Technology in South Australia, studied the work of overseas institutes of chemical technology and the application of their procedures to Australian conditions, inevitably involving a slow degree of change. In 1972 Ian McWilliam of Swinburne Teachers' College researched a more specific area in chemistry teaching, that of simulation of experiments using small programmable calculators, his report subsequently being expanded in a number of papers and particularly useful in the now wide-spread availability of personal calculators.In the same year, Robert G.B. Morrison (South Australia), Biology lecturer at the Sturt College of Advanced Education, examined Field Service Centres in Great Britain as part of teacher training; he has advised the Trust of his publication covering the issue of Field Service Centres in Australia and also revision of course units in biology. Apropos of the Fellowship experience, he wrote:

“/ have a clear recollection of feeling that, once Fellows were chosen, no check or hindrance was imposed to make sure that they were doing what was expected. I found this very good, and it is in contrast to some schemes where those selected have to account minutely for all alterations, changes of place, time, etc."

Dr. Heather Adamson of Macquarie University also investigated methods used in teaching and the evaluation of science courses at tertiary level, particularly relevant in view of that University's principle of teaching in broad “schools rather than departments.

The qualities of “what makes a good teacher” were brought out in R.R. Bunney’s 1968 report on the development of the teacher as a person. As Vice-Principle of Bedford Park Teachers' College in South Australia, he recalls that at that time the teaching profession was under heavy pressure; American, British and Canadian teachers were being imported, and the Colleges of Advanced Education only in formative stages, so a review of quality was essential. In the same year Sister Mary Gerard Brown of the Dominican Sisters’ Schools studied the administration and teacher training programmes of both state and independent schools to effect a revision in teacher training institutes to provide alternative material and approaches to teaching. Miss Merle O'Donnell, also 1968, working with the Australian Council for Educational Research, examined educational aids, testing materials and classroom techniques for introduction into areas of primary school teaching. Recommendations for non-graded secondary schools were put forward by I.W. Whykes of Victoria following his 1970 Fellowship, and now, as Principal of Healesville High School, the grouping of students in modular-vertical levels of interest and ability has stimulated not only student performance but attracted national and international educational authorities to visit and observe.

C.F. Bentley (1970), General Secretary of the Workers' Educational Association in New South Wales, examined overseas work in adult education and extension work within the community, subsequently receiving a UNESCO Travel grant in 1974 to expand work in this field.

By 1970 factors other than teacher training, curriculum reform, and approaches to the classroom situation became apparent. A number of governmental building grants had appeared, and in 1968 M. Spivakovsky, research architect of Victoria, had gone to the United States to study planning of new state schools, aimed at providing the most suitable designs to accommodate new equipment, new styles of teaching, and enhanced social facilities. In 1970 the Rev. Bro. Dr. V.R. McKenna,

36

Headmaster of St. Kevin's College Toorak (himself already distinguished as a scientist and member of the Federal Science Committee) utilised a Churchill Fellowship to study the design, layout and administration of schools in Europe and the United States, with special regard for science facilities. In the same year R.L. Matchett, student amenities officer at Sydney Technical College, studied trends in similar institutions overseas with special reference to student participation in community activities, youth welfare work within residential institutions and student-neighbourhood involvement in matters of common benefit. The Rev. W.J. McCarthy, director of Primary Education in the Catholic Education Office of Victoria in 1973, researched at parish school level, finding that subsequent factors of school design, administration and parental involvement had been improved by the implementation of some of his recommendations. 1973 also saw the broadening of the concept of teaching responsibility by the study of Mrs I.M. Darveniza of Queensland into special teaching programmes for the remedial education of older people.

1974 saw two Fellowships awarded in the field of open-class teaching, that of N.G. Bentley dealing chiefly with teaching procedures, and that of Terry Canning beginning with architectural planning and working through to consideration of the variant aims of school education in general. Mr Canning's report Jack and Jill out o f the Box deals candidly (with valuable "opinion polls” from administrators, teachers, and parents) with alternative methods and emphasises that open teaching, whether in formal classroom or specially designed schools, requires special teacher training techniques and an acceptance by all concerned of a concept of flexibility rather than fixed formulae.

Another 1974 Fellowship dealt with teachers' centres, designed to service entire school systems with supportive educational material through a central agency. John F. Howe, then Geography Master at Warragul High School, examined such centres in the United Kingdom and Scandinavia, their organisation, administration, and provision of services such as video exchanges, book, cassette and slide libraries, media programming, and the production of special features either made by a specific school or for schools needing supplementary material. He is now Education Director of the Centre at Warragul (one of the thirty centres funded by the Australian government) and recently organised the first National Conference of Education Centres held in 1978, aimed at the extension of such services in other areas of Australia.

1975 saw something of a watershed in the allocation of Churchill Fellowships in education, brought about not by Trust policy but by the prevailing climate of uncertainty about continued heavy funding by governments and a great deal of public query as to the essential aims of the education process. The only Fellowships given in that year were in technical education, one to B.R.G. Hutchison of Queensland in boat building and design; one to R.M. Catts of New South Wales to examine trade and technical courses overseas in terms of student assessment, teaching methods, course organisation and staff employment; and a third to J. A. Marshall of Victoria, training adviser, to study pre-apprenticeship requirements, apprentice training and testing, and methods leading to consequent placement success. While Mr Marshall comments that the results of his work have been given favourable reception at subject standing committees, he feels that basically the main benefit has been to his own understanding of the field in Australia - wholesale reform is difficult to obtain in massive educational fields!

Two other studies in technical training upgraded by Churchill Fellowships may be noted here, possibly just as a sidelight on growing social needs. In 1973 S. Tuff of the

37

Canberra Technical College examined facilities, training, equipment and delivery services of large scale catering as required by hospitals, educational institutions or other residential centres; and in 1977 W.R. Galvin of N.S.W. Technical College studied major factors associated with supplying food in bulk to large numbers of people in institutions.

1976 continued to see educational Fellowship awards focussed upon economic factors. L.F. Adams of the Teachers' Technical Division of the Education Department of Victoria investigated alternative forms of curricula which prepare students for citizenship and vocation through work experience; and Miss M.R. Gambley of New South Wales investigated Career education and work experience overseas (her report has not yet been received by the Trust). Mrs M.F. Harley of the Pre-school Correspondence Unit of Queensland studied educational programmes for isolated children (again, this report is still outstanding), and R.G. Helyar of the Northern Territory “a parent interested in education" worked on community involvement in education with particular reference to parental participation in understanding and developing vocational aptitudes.

A very able analysis of the factors complicating education at this period is the 1976 study made by Sister Angela Cooney, Principal of Ursula College at the Australian National University, illustrating not so much a period of student unrest as student uncertainty. Her report of overseas Types of Accommodation Provided for University- Students dealt with an acute problem of university administration. Educational building had vastly expanded during the previous decade, a larger proportion of the student population had proceeded to tertiary level, and suitable residential accom­modation had been demanded, both for economic reasons and to supply a traditional collegiate atmosphere conductive to academic work. By 1976 a very large section of student population had opted for alternative life styles, whether individual or self-

International House in Tokyo. From the Report of Sister Anglea Cooney, 1976 Fellow, A. C. T.

38

constituted communal living; leaving college residences unoccupied and with marginal economic viability and causing concern to educational authorities and parents alike because some part of the falling academic standards of students might be caused by the dual stress of maintaining studies with domestic preoccupations. Sister Angela discusses all ol these aspects, including the function of the college to develop the maturity of the student rather than maintain a custodial role,; the need for colleges to act as communities rather than purely study centres and indeed, the need for the community at large to use their facilities for education-related projects; and the beneficial effect of mature age students and those of other nationalities in the group. Her conclusions lean strongly to the feeling that residential accommodation can play a definite role in student development, and that the modern student is far from unwilling to accept responsibility when it is presented in terms of guidance rather than by aggressive authority.

The major educational study of 1977 in the general field was that of Mrs F.A. Turnbull of Victoria, who attended the International Conference of Associations of Educational Communication and Technology in the United States. Her report covers curriculum and educational development, media usage, cassette programmes, centres of distribution for media service to schools, media usage in science curricula and the needs of a culturally pluralistic society for special facilities of transitional education into new languages and culture without loss of their own traditions.

This section has not included the number of other educational studies done in relation to many special areas; the handicapped; the preparatory or in-service training in medical, nursing, or paramedical work; many of the technologies and music and the visual arts. Some of these are also mentioned elsewhere. Suffice to say that there are few aspects of the educational field which have not been covered by Churchill Fellowships — though, alas, a significant portion of them have not filed reports to the Trust and it is hoped that the default in this matter is only due to the fact the Fellows are too busy implementing their findings! And again, other valuable reports from Fellows have not been mentioned in this summary, not from lack of appreciation of their basic work, but from lack of information as to the current assessment of Fellows of the relevance to the Australian scene.

No clear picture of the Churchill Trust's contribution to the formulation of educational policies in this country can be drawn. It is largely supplementary to a rapidly changing body of official governmental policies, occasionally “trendy”, many of them dependent upon highly expensive equipment or facilities for implemen­tation, and their success dependent on world-wide conditions of employment demands and economic growth — or the lack of such employment and growth. The relationship of formal education to community needs and/or personal fulfilment is a matter of debate in all democratic communities, and no one system seems satisfactory to all. It is possible that concentration on the study of British or American education as Australia's closest parallels has understated the dissatisfaction with the end product also expressed in those countries with their own institutions. The gain in the material of education has been immeasurable, the variety and innovation offered, whether viable or not, has scraped the moss away from several obdurate stone walls of educational institutionalism, and healthy self-examination is replacing complacency. It is noted that studies made in the technologies appear to have been the most fruitful in terms of progress, and that technological processes are playing an increasing role in the whole area of teaching, so one may expect that these first twelve years of Churchill Fellowships are only an introduction to the massive changes still to take place in what, where, and how future education will develop.

39

Chapter VIII

MEDICAL AND PARAMEDICAL WORK

If there is any universal standard of a nation's well-being, it is measured in the health of its people and the availability of medical resources necessary to maintain that health. Medical care is also one of the most rapidly changing fields of work in the world, both in the nature of health problems and the methods of remedy. Specialisation has extended within programmes of initial treatment and the peripheral services of nursing, pathology, pharmaceutical resources and physical and social rehabilitation; as well as preventive or advisory community health services. Fortunately for mankind, medical communication is of a high level, it is one of the more generously shared sciences and, when Churchill Fellows have gone overseas on study projects the welcome has been warm and rewarding.

Within Australia, medical training is of a standard regarded as the equal of any other country in the world, as is also (within the limits of funding) the field of pure research into medical problems. Both research and practical application have contributed to an enviable international reputation in specialist knowledge and in the delivery of services. Two factors, however, depend to a large degree upon comparison with overseas developments. One is the advantage of seeing, in more heavily populated countries, multiple cases treated in multiple fashions, the application of alternative techniques, say, to universal hazards such as car accidents or burns. The second is to study the utilisation of new technological aids, medications, equipment and services which by and large develop in areas of large population concentration or larger research areas because of greater pressures.

So important is the field of medicine that in the first twelve years of Fellowships, twenty-three were given to medical practitioners, eight to dental practitioners, fifteen to nurses in specialist fields, three to pharmaceutical researchers and fifty- two to other paramedical workers — the last name classification comprising head-to- foot coverage from ocular prosthetics (sonic artificial eyes) to orthopaedic shoes. Most of these awards have involved the Fellows in undertaking substantial teaching roles together with their specific practices, as have the many more Fellowships given in more general fields such as care of the handicapped, ambulance services, crisis control and emergency services which involve large elements of support to medical programmes.

As an island continent with stringent quarantine provisions, Australia suffers less than most places in the world from endemic or epidemic diseases, though the universality of air travel occasionally threatens this immunity. However, it must now cope with the afflictions of civilisation; cancer, cardiac disease, renal damage, and the ravages of road, industrial and domestic accidents. A challenging bridging of old and new medical problems is evident in the Fellowship given to Dr. K.J. Robson, a plastic surgeon who in 1967 utilised his grant to study reconstruction of leprosy victims, working at the Schieffelin Leprosy Institute at Karigiri, India. He returned to practice in Papua New Guinea, and now works in the field of reconstructive hand surgery and tendon transfer for contractures and rheumatoid arthritis in South Australia.

The treatment and rehabilitation of paraplegic patients was the concern of Dr. J.D. Yeo in 1967, and his report The Care o f the Paralysed Patient who has suffered a Spinal Cord Injury {Churchill Fellowship Report No. 4) covers extensively then new developments in bed care, mobility controls, technical equipment and therapies to help overcome the handicaps of irreversible injury. Working since then as Director

40

of the Spinal Injuries Unit at Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, he has extended the range of rehabilitation programmes but has, equally expertly, been an outspoken commentator on preventable risks, not only in vehicle handling, but in the hazards of over-enthusiastic sports or over-competitive recreation, stressing the costs in human tragedy and community loss of service. Some three years later Dr. D.C. Burke of Victoria made another evaluation of treatments for spinal injuries, outlining the teamwork of nurses, technologists, physiotherapists and the need for occupational retraining. He later co-authored the Handbook o f Spinal Cord Medicine.

Kidney disorders and renal diseases, largely attributable to the easy availability and domestic over-use in stress situations of the common “headache powders” is reportedly more common in Australia than in any other country in the world. In 1969 Dr. A.R. Clarkson of Adelaide studied in the United States and the United Kingdom the research and unit treatment of haemodialysis and homo-transplantation; since that time he has been active not only as a practitioner, teacher, and Councillor of the Australasian Institute of Nephrology and other specialist boards, but he also has instigated a programme for obtaining research grants from industrial or commercial foundations so that others may continue research into this damaging and prevalent disability. In 1971 Dr. J.W. Freemen of Tasmania studied the treatment of renal disease at the University of Virginia and other centres in the United States, and in 1977 Dr. Peter De Jersey undertook specialist study in glomerulonephritis at Guy's Hospital, London. He recently reported back wryly that he is “the only consultant renal physician in North Queensland . . . and lectures widely from Townsville, Cairns to Mackay to Mount Isa.”

Two other Fellows from Queensland studying conditions more prevalent there than elsewhere in Australia are Dr. B.G. Wilson, a 1966 Fellow working on glaucoma, and Dr. Neville Davis, preoccupied with the incident of malignant melanoma. In the later field. Dr. Davis reports that in treatment “It is now reasonable to claim that the survival of patients after treatment for melanoma in Queensland is among the best in the world.”

The treatment of burns, a tragic hazard of urban living, was the special study of Dr. S.P. Pegg in 1974, leading to his later establishment of the Burns Unit at Royal Brisbane Hospital. In 1977 he presented in Stockholm a paper at the 5th International Congress on Burns Injuries, and in 1978 instigated a special study of burns injuries from motor vehicle and cycle accidents.

Another “community” disease has been the intensive field of work of Dr. Trevor Beard, who in 1966 studied Public Health administration and community education with special reference to the prevention and control of hydatid infestation. This pastoral disease is more prevalent than is generally recognised, and doubly difficult to control since treatment must start not with the patient but with its source in animal carriers, frequently a domestic pet. Working first with the Tasmanian Hydatid Eradication Board and the Department of Health in that State, he then extended his work in the A.C.T. Health Commission and the Australian Department of Health. In addition to many published papers, he has been an Australian participant at a World Health Organisation Regional Seminar on methods to control this insidious infestation. J.S. Welch of Queensland in 1977 contributed another facet to control of endemic illnesses, researching immunological responses to parasitic infection, diagnostic testing for parasites and preventive measures applicable to parasite transfer from animals to men, with particular relevance to infestations prevalent in Southeast Asian conditions.

41

Dr. Aet Joasoo of New South Wales in 1971 studied overseas in the causes of thyroid gland disfunction and clinical endocrinology, and in the following year Dr. R.G. Larkins of Victoria surveyed work being carried out in Switzerland, England and the United States in clinical work, teaching and research into endocrinological problems in internal medicine.

The neurological disorders of children which may lead to handicaps interested Dr. D.B. Appleton in 1971, and he has subsequently implemented his work not only in hospital work but in centres for handicapped children in Queensland, served on special advisory committees and expanded the teaching programme in this field in the University of Queensland Medical Faculty. Dr. Michael Rosen, urological surgeon, made a study of recent developments in 1976 of surgical techniques and particularly post-operative use of artificial sphincters capable of application to patients following colostomies and ileostomies.

In psychiatric practice there has been apparently, no great pressure to borrow from overseas; or possibly opportunities exist elsewhere than through support from the Churchill Trust. This condition is also a tribute to the considerable vigilance within the community in educational, medical and social welfare facilities aimed at pre-critical prevention, or the reasonably comprehensive hospital facilities available. R.E. Burnheim (1968) as programme director of Rehabilitation Services at Bloomfield Hospital, Orange, remarks in The Patient as a Member o f the Family on the extension of psycho-geriatric services in state mental health institutions as a major factor in successful treatment.

Diabetes Mellitus and the application of computer techniques to diagnosis and treatment was studied by Dr. E.W. Kraegen in 1973; and Dr. J.L. Black in 1975 surveyed facilities offered overseas in coronary care and neuro-physiology by extended use of computer equipment.

The reiterated emphasis upon “unit work” and “teams" indicates a field in which the Trust has given strong assistance. The medical profession itself, with popular support from public foundations, hospital associations and government bodies is increasingly willing to further the research of outstanding medical practitioners. Less glamorous, and certainly less affluent, are auxiliary workers in cardiography and radiography, chemical technologists and bio-engineers, physiotherapists and speech therapists who serve as helping hands in the medical effort to bring patients back to maximum recovery. Education at a high level is provided by university courses in such diversive fields as pathology and immunology; chemical and electrical engineering; the Colleges of Advanced Education have also consistently up-graded standards of basic training in this area, but room remains for specialised applications and increasing use of new technological equipment.

J.H. Read (1968) then a medical electronic engineer at Prince Henry Hospital and now head of his own company BIOMECCA, did practical work overseas on the fitting of electronically controlled artificial limbs capable of "growth" for children. In the same year, J.D. Queale, on behalf of industrial manufacturers, studied the design, development and application of equipment required in medical, technical and veterinary research in universities, institutions and operation areas. A year later, A.E. Churches of the Mechanical Engineering Department of the University of New South Wales studied medical technology with special reference to power-operated prostheses, and has continued his work in the teaching area.

42

A comprehensive work on teaching programmes in medical technology and the bridging of engineering and practice resulted from the work of the late J.R. Saal of Queensland in 1970, and comprised a basic part of the formulation of curricula in this field at the Queensland Institute of Technology. R. J. Brice, a surgical instrument maker, used his 1971 Fellowship to study the manufacture of instruments adapted to micro-surgery and the use of "third hands" of manipulative precision. Technological factors continued to play a large part in developing facilities, and in 1976 Boris Balin of South Australia surveyed laser beam usage overseas with a view to furnishing Australia with the latest equipment for surgical, optical, industrial and research use.

The in-service application of new equipment is indicated by a random selection of Churchill Fellowships given to "team" workers. Cardial units were studied by R.L. Bishop in 1969, radiography by Miss Dorothy Lorimer in 1973, cardial radiography by Miss J.K. Moran in 1974, echo cardiography by Mrs M. Gallant in 1975, radiography by N.H. Serico in 1976, and the use of “scanner” radiography by Miss U.A. Shirley in 1977.

R.F. Fleay in 1966 worked on the radioactive labelling of cells and the use of radioactive tracer materials in internal medicine, and in the same year Alan Kelly of Western Australia gained experience in advanced techniques of the effect on human metabolism of folic acid. 1969 saw two Fellowships granted to the field of applied medical photography: R. Weston of the John Curtin School of Medical Research examined more effective use in research for biological, chemical and clinical identification and the use of microscopy in teaching; and W.K. Nolan of the University of Adelaide studied photographic services for university medical and veterinary teaching, audio-visual equipment and hospital complex television.

This bare listing can do scant credit to these and other studies, a rough summary of which includes Fellowships given in electro-encephalography, blood transfusion, colour receptors, diabetic control, low vision identifying factors, ostomy management, muscular dystropy therapy, dietetic procedures and metabolic diseases. It is, however, an indication of the variety of ways in which health facilities are being up-dated, and the practitioners in their individual fields are working, teaching and training.

The fields of allergies and immunology, increasingly recognised as important factors of health treatment, were studied by Dr. R.S. Hogarth-Scott in 1969, who became alert to the incidence of asthma in children, research into allergies and immunity to parasites. Following his Fellowship work at pathology centres in Cambridge, California and Sweden he has worked both with hospitals and animal health centres on research into the biologic control of allergies and is now with ICI Research Laboratories and has published extensively on his findings. He is one of the many Churchill Fellows who have maintained an active interest in the development of the Trust, serving as Chairman of one of the Regional Selection committees in the professional and academic section.

Professor R. Penny in 1973 worked in Europe with immunology clinics, seeking to upgrade teaching and application of procedures in teaching, clinical services, and public appreciation of preventive measures; and D.E. Mears in 1976 studied techniques for reducing rejection in organ transplant surgery. The 1977 study of C.G. Berbatis of the detection and prevention of adverse reactions to medically prescribed drugs examined carefully the monitoring of pharmaceutical administration in relation to other physical health factors, a timely analysis in an era of wide-spread use of complex medications.

43

The Effects o f Exercise in Asthma, the study made by Dr. K.D. Fitch of West Australia in 1975, who had already published several papers in this field, brought him into wide international contacts with directed physical education in athletics and sports medicine. Three aspects of his work may be represented by a 1977 listing: Swimming Medicine and Asthma: presented at the Post-Primary Congress on Swimming Medicine in Stockholm: Doping and the Asthmatic Olympian at the Pan-Pacific Congress of Sports Medicine, Singapore; and Physical Exercise and Sport in the Management of Childhood Asthma at the International Congress of Paediatrics, New Delhi.

Reconstruction of damaged limbs or organs by the use of prosthetic devices underwent substantial change in the United States and Europe following World War II and those in Korea and Vietnam. Though these events impinged also on the Australian situation, the incidence of injuries and the development of new materials research for reconstruction remained chiefly overseas, often arising as by-products usage of metals, fabrics and technologies developed primarily for industrial application. New light weight metals, foam and hard plastics, electronic controls and even the timing at which amputees could be fitted had been evaluated in techniques which could be of advantage to the relatively small skilled group of technicians in this field. E.H. Burke of Queensland in 1966 was the first of several Churchill Fellows to study new maxillo-facial restoration techniques (chiefly for repair of jaw and facial injuries received in car accidents) and improved results are reported, though G.B. Richardson (Western Australia, 1972) regrets that professional communication or the formation of a national association linking practitioners in this field has not developed. Prostheses for amputees received the attention of F. Simson of South Australia in 1967, and T.N. Jones (N.S.W., 1973), whose work is used widely by government Limb Centres, reports that new materials and methods are now widely use in reconstruction work in Australia, although the supply of skilled craftsmen remains small and generally confined to major population centres. The standard of work has been upgraded — indeed, two Fellows feel Australian workmanship is often more adapted to the personal needs of the individual than in the United Kingdom or the United States, where prostheses tend to be standardised by National Health or military hospital massive requirements.

Dentistry, although at a high level of basic training in Australia, has also benefited from Churchill Fellowships for special studies. In 1967 K.F. Wren of Western Australia provided a review of overseas care in dentistry for the handicapped and chronically ill, and his summing up at the end of ten years of practical application is relevant to the main aims of the Churchill Trust:

“The ability to generate interest and motivate colleagues in the community of disadvantaged persons is greatly influenced by the norms o f society. Results have been achieved, not from the results o f any one person, but the mustering o f social forces from every field dealing with the handicapped. The results have been much improved conditions all around, including dental care. ”

Dr. W.G. Wilson of Queensland in 1976 also examined special dental procedures for use with handicapped children, while in the same year Dr. Kenneth Brown of South Australia went overseas to study directives for teaching courses and applying his findings in Forensic Dentistry, subsequently supplying services to the police both in course work and individual case examination, to the Coroners' courts, and teaching at post-graduate level.

44

Dental technology has kept pace with that of medical technology and indeed, as in the case of maxillo-facial restorative practice, the areas merge. Emphasis upon the up-grading of initial course training within formal education areas prior to practical experience appears in almost every report, and R.E.G. Dalla in his comprehensive 1976 report outlines specific recommendations not only for dental technology but prostheses in general. He feels that while Australia has a high quality of work compared with the same spectrum overseas, a growing demand for remedial work requires a broader base of training — an aspect borne out in the 1976 study of I.W. Warman of Western Australia, whose grant covered prosthetic restorations for cleft palate, cancer surgery, and car accidents. B.J. Harris (1977), studying materials, supplies and equipments used in laboratories overseas, adds the statement that while development processes are largely originating overseas, “many German dental manufacturers are now conducting courses in English due to the demand from Australia and other English speaking parts of the world." The new techniques involving ceramics metals, plastic, resins, chemicals and adhesive make more than manual aptitude a requisite background for this craft.

Nursing, with its professional genesis in the work of Florence Nightingale in the Crimean War, emerged from World War II with many of its nineteenth century concepts intact, including a passive public opinion that dedication was its own reward. But the requirements of the profession had changed rapidly, both as regards acquired skills and the scope of nursing services. Public health departments, institutional care for psychiatric or handicapped patients, infant and geriatric care outside hospitals, industrial and educational nursing, all required something other than established bedside routines. Within hospitals, the role of the theatre sister has been joined by other special requirement training, intensive care units, haemodialysis administration, neo-natal supervision, the monitoring of electronic response equipment and the long-term support, both emotional and physical, of cancer, kidney or burns patients.

Matron Margaret Guy of the Canberra Community Hospital, then being transformed into a major teaching hospital, was the first Fellow in 1966 to study trends in nursing administration, management and teaching methods. The timing of her study coincided with a period when extensive recommendations for nursing training and hospital administration were being made in the United Kingdom, and she returned to implement much useful material from the U.K. Nursing Advisory Committee and the Salmon Report. In 1967 Helen Banff, then Deputy Matron of the Royal Children's Hospital, Brisbane, worked in Canada, the United States and England with added information centres in Europe and Thailand. On her return her efforts extended beyond her own hospital walls by service on state and national committees of the College of Nursing, the Nursing Advisory Committee of the Queensland Institute of Technology, the Blue Nursing Service in Queensland, and the planning and development of the Wesley Hospital of Toowomba, where she is now working. In 1969, public health nursing, requirements for training and usage in the community concerned Doreen Batey of Tasmania. After a formal course of three months in public health nursing administration, she spent another three months in observing various types of public health systems in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Malaysia and Singapore, and she comments:

These observation visits enabled me to see more clearly the strengths and weaknesses in our organisation and I have endeavoured to build on the strengths, rather than trying radical changes which. when introduced overseas were not successful. ”

45

In a more recent report Joy Brann (1975) Lecturer-Coordinator of Community Health Nursing at the Western Australian Institute of Technology, echoes something of the same experience:

As a teacher I have been able to communicate with authority the many aspects of the real situation as it existed in countries visited, and extract from that the significant aspects for planning and implementing nursing education in our own context. ”

In 1971 Miss M.B. Moffett, Lecturer at the College of Nursing, obtained a Fellowship to study nursing education, practice and staff structures in the United States, Canada, England, Sweden and Finland. Much of her work has since been directed at the development of nursing training to encourage those expert in particular fields to specialise. As first Chairman of the Board of Nursing Studies in Queensland since 1977, Miss Moffett heads the statutory body which is responsible for all branches of nursing education in the state.

Matron A.G. Donnelly of Tasmania in 1973 studied nursing administration and in- service education in various hospitals, and in the same year Sister A.C. Adams, also of Tasmania, studied nursing training and procedures particularly directed at the care of handicapped infants.

From this date onwards, specialised nursing requirements predominated in Fellowship awards. Heather Duffield (1974) studied the operation and nursing training programmes for critical care units and is now nursing consultant to country hospitals in South Australia in this nursing expertise; Sister B.C. Jones (Victoria, 1974), studied the nursing of spinal paralysis patients and Sister M. Gleeson (Victoria, 1974) the care of sick or light weight new born babies. Miss R. Gray of Queensland studied psychiatric nursing in 1975, and Sister Y.D. Campbell, also of Queensland, studied renal unit operation with special reference to home dialysis training for children. In 1976 long

Mobile Unit, from Care of Sick or Light-Weight New-Born Babies: Sister M. Gleeson,

1974 Fellow, Victoria.

46

term rehabilitation problems of the disabled concerned Pamela Edmonds-Hill of Western Australia; and Wendy Swift of Victoria, worked in the field of burns, particularly to children. Both these reports stress the importance of the role of the nurse in terms of traumatic injury, as well as physical damage; and staff and parental support for constructive programmes. Sister Margaret Biggs (Victoria, 1977) worked in the provision of care services, aids, training and administration of low-vision clinics, dealing with an often unrecognised area of disability.

The work done by these, and many other Fellows is marked not only by educational and practical work, but by the remarkable output of publications and reports communicating their findings. In a profession where financial rewards have never been equivalent to the skills involved, there is still no lack of dedication to the cause.

Paramedical services of many types have been developed in Australia by occupational groups forming their own training institutes, with fringe affiliations with teaching hospitals or in tertiary education services; these institutes are often under-accredited by comparison with their counterparts overseas. The Colleges of Advanced Education and Institutes of Technology have established more adequate recognition of the value of work in these areas, though few people realise that the excellent basic training in Australia is equivalent to full degree status in many overseas institutions. For instance, Ann Mortimer, 1972 Fellow in "Speech Pathology following Head Injuries, is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of Michigan in developmental psychology; while Barbara Sutherland (1973), who worked on "Dietetics as a Control Factor in Diabetes " and whose published papers include Diabetes and Associated Factors in South Australian Aboriginals is now likewise a post-graduate student in California working on nutritional components for illnesses in indigenous peoples.

Sheila Drummond (Victoria, 1967) Speech pathologist, interested in childhood speech development and its disorders, and the retraining of patients after laryngectomy, found strong incentive on her return to Australia for a multi-disciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment, the use of volunteer services, and the integration of the handicapped person into the normal life stream. She has been the instigator of a pilot enterprise, using a professional and volunteer team, on Early Childhood Development: a project designed to discern, remedy and develop communication skills at an early age, she has also contributed a chapter on Speech Development to the Victorian Department of Health's text book A Guide to the Care o f the Young Child, and participated in workshops and seminars dealing with communication skills and speech handicaps. Community "outreach" has also interested physiotherapists: Monica Adams (1971), chief physiotherapist at the Institute of Sports Medicine, N.S.W.; remarks on the number of inquiries received from professional and community groups following her return; Patricia Quinlivan, 1973 Fellow in obstetrics physiotherapy, mentions that her present occupation includes the following:

"(1) The preparation o f people (COUPLES) for childbirth:(2) Teaching physiotherapy students;(3) Teaching seminars for community health and recreation officers;

and(4) Lecturing to final year students in schools; "one o f my occupations

which of course is voluntary but which / consider most important and would like to develop. ”

Occupational therapy, that useful instrument for bridging the gap between disability and a return to community activity, is a social as well as a vocational factor in rehabilitation. Glenys Rowe in 1966, of the Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria,

47

studied the rehabilitation of severely disabled men and women. Elaine Wilson (1969), of New South Wales College of Occupational Therapy, writes in 1978 that she has lectured in virtually every state in Australia since her initial study, and has been especially preoccupied with extending techniques for treating learning disabled children. In 1971, Mira Worthington of the Western Australian Intellectually Handicapped Mental Health Service studied occupational therapy programmes for the multi-handicapped and has extended teaching programmes in this area in the School of Occupational Therapists.

The listings in the health category must perforce be only partial and typical, rather than comprehensive, for many other Fellows have made their own special contributions to the field of detection, prevention, treatment, and control of, illnesses and disabilities. Behind them are the Fellows who have worked in purely scientific, biologic or technological aspects of health - and all of them have been workers in acquainting the community with new developments in the field of health.

Children with auditory defects and the early detection o f deafness: Linnett Sanchez tMrs Turner) 1976 Fellow, South Australia.

48

Chapter IX

IN THE PUBLIC INTEREST

In any society, from the primitive tribe to the monolithic autocracy, well-being is governed by measures for communal protection from natural hazard, a structure of law, military and police competency to administer such law — together with penal provisions as a deterrent to law breaking — fire prevention and control, and the maintenance of essential services such as water supply, transport facilities and means of communication. Most of these “essential services" are now the direct responsibility of government or government-authorised agencies, with specific and well-organised systems of administration and responsibility, but none-the-less immune from the necessity of keeping abreast of new methods to service new contingencies. At the same time, the well-defined obligation to operate efficiently to meet immediate problems and set priorities may limit departmental exploration of innovative or alternative procedures; and finance certainly curtails the opportunity for the individual within these systems to consider new conditions prevailing which they may regard as the foreshadowing of “things to come" in Australia.

In the Churchill Fellowships given in this broad field, the Trust has made no rigid, preconceived definitions other than to consider the merit of each application in terms of community benefit. A rough cross-section of the types of studies which have received grants are: Police and Customs, twenty-one; Penal, Probation and Parole, nine; Emergency Services (ambulance, fire, water safety, civil defence), five; Army, three; Water Supply, three; Town Planning, two; Electrical Systems, two. In addition a number of Fellowships cover the many peripheral areas of public health and community services. The proliferation of these studies does not in any way imply that existing systems in Australia were inadequate or inexpert, simply that there was the need to know of better, alternative or extended methods which could be brought from overseas to be incorporated or adapted to Australian practices.

In the case of the police forces, knowledge of overseas methods and operational factors was essential. In 1967 the then Det/Sgt. S.I. Miller became the first police officer to receive a Fellowship, enabling him to take the certificate course at the FBI Academy in the United States and to examine training methods for detectives and criminal investigation officers, the latter work being immediately relevant to his own work in the training of Colombo Plan and African Aid exchange personnel then studying in Australia. Now as Chief Commissioner of Police, Victoria, he feels that his findings not only substantially influenced the trend of local in-training development, but, more importantly, helped establish a reciprocal recognition with overseas counterparts which has materially improved the Australian presence in an international sense. In 1969, Chief Inspector Ellis of the Australian Police College in N.S.W., studied trends, techniques, equipment, recruiting and training methods in the United Kingdom, the United States and Germany to upgrade basic training, especially in relation to the growing international problems of control of drug traffic.

Two major needs consistently recur in police administration, one to obtain and train suitable personnel, and the other the specific new types of service required by the community in which specialised expertise is necessary. Two 1971 Churchill awards exemplified these two areas. In Queensland, Inspector V.M. Barlow, now retired after serving as Deputy Commissioner, began with the basics of selection, recruitment, and training, to continue into research and planning; his retirement is now being spent writing a comprehensive book: Outline o f Police Administration. In South Australia, the then Superintendent J.B. Giles, now Deputy Commissioner of

49

Police, focussed on in-service training with special relevance to juvenile offenders and the prevention of casual crime. A special tribute to the “communication" of his studies has been that in 1975-1976 he was retained as police training advisor for the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary, an area in which the Churchill Trust had given four police/court/legal Fellowships during the preceding years.

The need for alternative methods of police administration for juvenile offenders led in 1968 to two other studies. Det.Sgt. T.M. Lewis, now Commissioner of Police in Queensland, examined the formation and operation of Juvenile Aid Bureaux in England, France Germany, Denmark and the United States. He is now confident that programmes in this area are being implemented not only in Queensland but in other states. P.H. Bennett of Victoria, now Superintendent C.I.B. Branch, also dealt with juvenile crime and especially with drug control and new equipment required for crime detection. His recommendations for the use of helicopters in police procedures, and the publication of material dealing with Police and Military Operations in Terrorist Activities contributed to his being invited to a recent international conference in Stockholm on security measurs and armed robberies. Det/Sgt. R.G. Shepherd of the New South Wales police force also used a 1972 Fellowship to take a training of the FBI Academy in the United States in connection with the control of organised crime.

Criminal investigation and special unit organisation overseas occupied Superintendent N.S. Gulbransen of Queensland in 1973, with special emphasis upon the collation of crime material. In the same year, Det/Sgt. J.J. Rogers of Victoria, already expert in the “identikit” process, was granted a Fellowship to work in international centres dealing with facial identification of criminals, unidentified bodies and skeletal remains, and to observe court procedures in which such identification methods were valued. Two years later, L.F. Horton, senior forensic biologist in New South Wales, studied forensic biology in the United Kingdom, the United States and Japan, his subsequent work in this field being published and distributed to all States having laboratories for this purpose.

1974 saw the first policewoman to receive a Fellowship, Miss C.M. McVeigh of Victoria studying overseas countries' operations in which policewomen work in predominantly male fields of police and customs duties. The second Fellowship to a policewoman was made in 1976 to Sgt. Heather Innes of Tasmania, to study the enforcement of “moral law” in the United Kingdom and Scandinavia; her report observations deal with: community welfare, especially of children, relaxed standards of pornography, prostitution, censorship, abortion and sexual offences. Some of her material was later incorporated into submissions for law reform regarding, so-called, “victimless" crimes.

In 1974 Customs Investigative Techniques occupied B.J. Delaney of the Customs Department in drug traffic control and enforcement at the point of entry: his report foreshadowing the more comprehensive measures that would be required in Australian practice in the ensuing years. In his recently published book NARC he relates the genesis of the drug running problem in Australia and the necessity not only of apprehending the immediate carrier at the point of entry, but the long following-on procedures of surveillance and fact-finding of routes and operational methods of the organised traffic.

Another 1974 study dealt also with problems brought about by the importation into Australia of international criminal practice; this was that of Sgt. J.H. Horton of

50

Western Australia, who worked with overseas agencies dealing with the disposal of bombs and other hazardous devices. This study, conducted in cooperation with police, army and lorensic laboratory authorities in a number of countries, reflects the increasingly technological work required by a peace-keeping force. It is a matter of regret that a report covering the 1976 study made by a Victorian Fellow on a similar programme has not yet been lodged with the Trust.

1974 also saw Inspector K.H. Viney of Tasmania receive a Fellowship to study the training of police officers, administration and operation of the police force, in the United Kingdom and the United States. The following year P.D. McConaghy of the A C T., dealing with the relatively small by administratively complex policing of the national capital, studied traffic control, the use of communications systems and “unit beat” control.

A 1976 report of more than usual interest is the work of Senior Sgt. Ray Applebee (now Inspector) of Victoria on The Operation and Safety o f Small Boats. His report extends beyond the area of police activities in official search and rescue operations and constitutes a valuable handbook for all small boat users and marine organisations, being widely used by Water Safety Committees, the Port Phillip Safety Council and the Royal Volunteer Coastal Patrol. 1977 also saw a valuable study of more than departmental importance undertaken by Sgt. J. A. Zaknich of Western Australia on fraud and “white collar crime”: an area of growing concern in Australia being one of the more elusive crimes for police detection and apprehension until after considerable damage has been done to gullible members of the public.

In the work of governmental agencies under law, one must look at the law itself. It is immediately obvious that the short-term, single-project purpose of the Churchill Fellowships could not be sufficient to affect materially the massive complexities of legal structures in general, but several Trust studies have been made in the consideration of immediate and practical issues arising in existing law operations.

H E. Cosgrove (now Supreme Court Judge, Tasmania) in 1970 investigated the teaching of law students in techniques of practical problems of learned law. The essence of this report was published by the Trust (Information Report No. 9) and later amplified to serve as the basis for the establishment of a Legal Practice Course in Tasmania and other States and to effect substantial alterations to the old system of Articles under which a large portion of legal training was directed.

In 1973 A.B. Greenwood, Assistant Commissioner for Corporate Affairs in New South Wales, made a comprehensive study of the development of policies and administration in the countries from which Australian Company Law is derived on companies and securities — again an issue of growing importance with the spread of multinational corporations, as well as the formation within Australia of corporate amalgamation and holding companies, where special attention is needed both with regard to the legal terms of establishment and the international acceptance of operational methods thereafter.

Legal Aid Bureaux, studied by P. McDowding of Western Australia in 1974, represents a timely and wide-ranging survey made when Federal and State governments were effecting changes in court practices with a view to deflecting as many issues as possible through other procedures to eliminate long delays. His research covered the lack of understanding of the law by socially disadvantaged groups, interpretation of local provisions such as Landlord and Tenancy Acts, the implementation of access

51

to small claim courts and family court jurisdiction; he found many of the procedures, especially those in Canadian courts, relevant to Australian conditions.

“White Collar Crime” — or more correctly, Commercial and Business Fraud, studied by Judge J.K. Ford of New South Wales in 1977, was based on his observation that in New South Wales no express provision had previously been made in law to cover the offence of obtaining a pecuniary advantage (as distinct from obtaining property from fraud as for instance pyramid selling or the structural deployment of responsibility to company transactions.

Local Government Procedures, the Cinderella level of public administration, concerned P.F. Thorley of Queensland in 1970, and although variables of locality and the constantly changing relationship of local government with the other authorities may not make all his recommendations practicable, his report remains a clear and lucid outline of Local Government administration and its immediate effect on citizen well­being. A more remote but equally precise study of a Federal administrative area was the 1972 report of A.R. Cumming Thom, Assistant Clerk of the Senate, on the structure and responsibility of Parliamentary committees in New Zealand, Canada and the United States.

Penal Systems, Parole and ProbationMany studies have been made of probation, parole and penal institutions in that

great grey area between the verdict of the courts and the return of the law breaker to social normalcy. However, no uniformly happy formula has been established, although within law, undue institutional restraint has been liberalised and in the field of community social work, voluntary participation in programmes of prevention and alternative supervision has been evident.

Miss J. Russell, Female Probation and Parole Officer with the Attorney-General's Department in Hobart, received the first Churchill Fellowship in this field, in 1966, when she went overseas to study procedures in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Scandinavia, in which countries a number of variations from traditional practices had been put into effect. Recently she has stated that vocation- directed training and work-release programmes have aided the liberalisation of penal procedures, though “the greatest gain is the understanding of the wider community to folk who are law breakers”. Now retired from official work owing to multiple sclerosis, she continues as a social worker within the Scots Church and as adviser in voluntary probation activities.

In the same year I.S. Cox of South Australia, then Superintendent of Turana Youth Training Centre and now Director-General of Community Welfare, studied correctional training establishments in the United Kingdom and the United States. C.L. Hermes (1969), Stipendiary Magistrate in the A.C.T., already deeply involved in the Outreach movement as a preventive factor of juvenile delinquency, went to England and the United States to study legal programmes for delinquent and “neglected” children who were referred to the police for improved placement or supervision of their remedial treatment. Reviewing these reports after the passage of a decade, one is aware of how much has been recommended, how much attempted, and how community indifference has both delayed change for the better or failed to achieve a reconciliation on the polarised views as to whether the purpose of the law should be punishment or rehabilitation.

Miss Mary Baumgarten, 1970 Fellow, studied the re-education and rehabilitation of delinquent children in the United Kingdom, the United States and Israel. Working

52

as a psychologist with the New South Wales Department of Welfare, she stresses strongly the factor of the neighbourhood environment and community ethics as determinants of any rehabilitation procedure. This is again noted by Dr. Sanson- Fisher (Western Australia, 1973) in a post-Fellowship publication, The Case Against Juvenile Corrective Institutions, where he points out that despite the useful operation of remedial communities such as Boys' Town, “much corrective training is negated when (juveniles) are returned to the community from which the initial problem arose.”

The calibre and training of the parole and probation officer in the supervision of these confused responsibilities concerned Mrs Lozzi-Cuthbertson in her 1972 study of procedures and personnel. As one of the in-service factors of training, she recommended: greater use of group counselling with senior officers; consultations on new or intensive local problems as they arise; and that somewhat more direct communication be available to field workers wishing to obtain directives from supervisory authorities. Now as Executive Director of Ethnic Affairs in the Premier’s Department of New South Wales, she is extending the work of communication and promoting the public acceptance of the fact that the community is not divisible into “ourselves” and “others”.

Better understanding and the need for community reciprocation and participation by the use and training of volunteer probation workers was the Churchill project of Mrs P.A.M. Mountain of Victoria in 1977. As President of the Probation Officers’ Association, she has implemented her comprehensive report on The Use of Volunteer Officers by consultation with Justices of the Peace, contributing to the basic material of social welfare training courses, and serving on a State Government Task Force and an evaluation research programme on the use of volunteer probation training.

Fire and Emergency ServicesFellowships relating to fire prevention and control in bush and forest areas have

been mentioned elsewhere in this book, but urban fire services did not receive a

Fire fighting in Hong Kong. The China Building, from the report of Superintendent R.J. Hall, 1977 Fellow, Western Australia.

53

Churchill grant until 1977, when Superintendent R.J. Hall of Western Australia examined Fire Prevention, Safety Engineering, Equipment, Cost Data, Personnel Training and Public Relations in Hong Kong, Japan, the United States and the United Kingdom. The remarkably comprehensive five volume report resulting from this study is in many ways a guide to local government safety requirements; changing building materials, access facilities, engineering and warning instrumentation, traffic control, industrial chemistry, the selection and training of personnel, and optimum equipment requirements (and their costing and operational data) to the psychology of crisis control. The inclusion of the intensely populated areas of Hong Kong and Japan for the study make this a reference book for the rapid metropolitan growth of Australian cities and for civic planning in the projects of urban renewal. Arising from this work, Superintendent Hall is now actively planning with scientific, industrial, governmental and other bodies the development of a system to regulate and control handling and shipment of hazardous goods.

Emergency services, and the cooperation of voluntary agencies with governmental authorities in crises situations, require expert functions within the volunteer service and streamlined coordination with official Civil Defence services. Australia has a well-founded tradition of prompt and generous response to a community emergency, what is often needed more is efficient liaison with the professional services of transport, distribution of materials, and post-crises placement. Research in this area interested K.B. Hocking, General Secretary of the Australian Red Cross in his 1968 study of administration and methods of assistance after a civil disaster, in the United States and Switzerland. In 1970, M.D. Phelan, officer-in-charge of St. John s Ambulance Service in Victoria, researched other problems of disaster control and the organisations involved, in the United States, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Hungary and Japan. Since then his continued interest in international as well as national cooperation has resulted in his being principal speaker for Australia at the International Symposium for emergency medical services at a meeting in Hawaii.

Ambulance services as “immediate" treatment facilities was the 1974 project of R.D. Appleton of the Civil Ambulance Service of Victoria. His report goes thoroughly into the training of personnel and the emergency equipment needed for motor car accidents and myocardial infarction; the substance of his findings has been incorporated into the development of the Mobile Intensive Care Ambulance units servicing Austin and Heidelberg Hospitals, and he has published reports and taken part in seminars on early assistance in acute coronary crises.

Water SuppliesWater supply resources and usage in urban areas, and public health engineering

and effluent disposal, have been examined both on a general and a specific scale. Some of these reports have been mentioned under the primary industry section. R.J. Prickett of the Northern Territory undertook in 1967 a comprehensive study of water usages and treatment suitable for application in arid lands and tropical conditions, with special reference to water pollution and prevention of water-borne diseases. The interest in the last-named preventive measure paid off handsomely in the remarkably low incidence of viral infections from water pollution arising out of the crisis conditions which followed from Cyclone Tracy.

J.L. Maver, Chief Construction Engineer of the Victorian Rivers and Water Supply Commission, obtained a 1970 grant to study Dams and Water Distribution with a two-fold objective, that of providing major water supply structures together

54

with the maintenance of landscape and ecological factors. His expert text is vividly illustrated with a number of in situ photographs of terrain, structural compatibility and maintenance of ecological balance which makes it intelligible even for lay reading as examples of what can be done. R.T. Olive, Civil Engineering Designer, of the Tasmanian Hydro-Electric Commission, amplified in his 1972 report the usage of new materials for pipeline and tunnel construction, reticulation, controls and manage­ment techniques.

J.J. Chaston (South Australia) in 1970, investigated urban problems of the collection, treatment and disposal of household garbage and refuse in Israel, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, the United Kingdom, the United States and New Zealand from the point of view of a local government administrator. This report has been published as Trust Information Report No. 11. A later study, made in 1975 by D.J. Hawkins, Chief Health Inspector of Victoria, focussed on anti-pollution methods and treatment of domestic waste, his subsequent work resulting in a number of statutory controls at municipal and state levels. Its recommendations have been widely distributed interstate not only on a public health level but in relation to environmental conservation.

ElectricityA latecomer in the field of public utilities covered by Churchill Fellows concerns

electricity distribution systems, but the 1977 report of Owen Peake, of the Northern Territory, is sufficiently exhaustive that it would seem unlikely that it will “date” to any degree. Following the extensive damage and dislocation caused in the Northern Territory by Cyclone Tracy, his report makes special reference to underground residential distribution (a change which would be welcome in many other urban areas not exposed to the same climatic hazards); and the use of new technologies in servicing, monitoring and forward planning for industrial power usage. He has summed up the stimulus given to his professional work:

"I rate the three month Fellowship as being equivalent to five years' experience in the normal work environment. ”

Urban Planning and TransportB.H. McNeill of Tasmania studied Social Political and Economic Aspects o f City

Planning in 1968, his work providing the base for new courses in architecture and planning at the Tasmanian College of Advanced Education and for the promotion of environmental design in civic development. Since then, the problems of initial design, urban renewal or suburban extension seem to have attracted few' applicants for the Churchill Trust's support.

This is, however, far from the case as regards transport studies. How to get people from here to there is a major consideration in any country and virtually all the Churchill Fellows commented on this factor of universality of transport difficulties and the vicissitudes of a heavily committed schedule faced with unpredictable travel disruptions. In Australia the problems relate chiefly to a three-fold distribution of transport facilities; one, the traffic needs and control of movement in congested urban areas and suburban sprawl; two, inter-city distances affecting the movement of personnel and goods; and three, the delivery of essential goods and services to remote outback areas. All of these require different types of solution and are subject to different priorities in terms of financial outlay calculated on the returns from transport of goods in primary and secondary industries, commercial passenger movement, and individual driving requirements.

55

A difference in State priorities is indicated by the fact that Victorian applicants for Churchill Fellowships have been chiefly wishing to study aspects of road transport, while New South Wales applicants stress rail traffic improvement. J.C. Holden, an engineer with the Foundation Investigation Section of the Country Roads Board of Victoria started at ground level when he utilised a 1970 Fellowship to study soil engineering and a comparison of the different types of soil pentetrometers to obtain the accurate and rapid prediction of performance in the laying of road foundations — a survey extending over nine countries. In 1971 R.T. Underwood of the same authority studied freeway operation and engineering with special reference to the effect on local communities, and in 1973 B.R. Munce, also of the Country Roads Board, researched the use of bituminous, concrete and cement mixture paving materials. His subsequent application of his findings resulted in the coordinated use of materials and equipment for automated paving construction in the labour intensive and extremely expensive process of road laying and maintenance. Operational usage was studied by J.C. Usher in 1976 surveying the use of surburban bus services and feeder facilities to other transport points, a study particularly relevant in terms of the more imminent energy crisis, parking problems and road maintenance requirements.

In Queensland W.H. Rahmann, a 1975 Fellow and a Highway Planning Engineer, studied freeway design with particular reference to urban congestion, village accessibility and car and truck density with relation to staggered work hours and urban city building. As he comments:

“Urban road design was one where traditional views were producing bad answers. Changing these views does not occur overnight. However, I gained immeasurably from the Fellowship in formulating an alternative strategy, and as a result o f discussions, etc., I can see a glimmer o f light!”

In New South Wales, high speed railway systems were examined by R. A. Schwartzer, Divisional Engineer in the Public Transport Commission in 1974, and by S.A.R. Bobridge of the same authority in 1977, with special reference to railway track maintenance and improvement of the permanent way to accept high speed facilities.

Relatively little work has been done on air transport, although aircraft usage in agriculture, conservation, crisis service and maintenance training has been studied. However, the very able report of P.W. Levin (Northern Territory, 1976) is very relevant to Australian needs for Community Service Transport, using aircraft services on a commercial basis as links between local communities and major air routes and ensuring the expeditious delivery of services and goods where other facilities are inadequate. His in-depth study, partially made in Brazil, has been a model for study by state governments, commuter airlines and aircraft manufacturers interested in the development of such services. G.F. Patson in 1969 produced a major training manual for aviation engineers and aircraft technicians covering maintenance procedures; this is now widely use in Technical and Further Education institutes and for training in Asian countries.

Marine transport requirements have not apparently attracted much attention. A 1966 Fellowship was awarded to D.N. Binks, yacht builder of South Australia, to study yacht design and construction and as owner-builder, he has been able to implement new techniques and extend support facilities. He reports that actually:

“A number o f the developments made in Australia were quite significant break-throughs on a world basis. However, without beingable to see what was being done elsewhere, it was impossible to judge whether we were, in fact,

56

merely developing parallel with other people overseas or doing really worthwhile work. '

B.R.G. Hutchinson of Queensland, interested in boat construction and design courses for Technical and Further Education students, is less cheerful, reporting:

"It is difficult to implement trends from overseas because of public and private conditions o f employment. ”

A little recognised but important factor of marine transport safety is covered in the 1969 study of R.F. Whitten. A watch and chronometer repair specialist, he works in Newcastle, one of the major shipping ports of Australia for freight tonnage, specialising :n the repair and maintenance of marine chronometers, quartz clock systems and sextants. His study took him to major overseas marine navigational institutes, including Greenwich, and to the manufacturers of timekeeping systems and directional controls. The constant installation of new navigational instrumentation has required him to become agent for many overseas suppliers and a consultant on navigational mechanisms not only within Australia but for other shipping in this quadrant of the globe where few port facilities exist for repairs of expert mechanisms. He is Australian representative of the Journal Suisse d'Horlogerie et le Bijouterie, the official organ of the Swiss Watchmaking Industry and recently attended a world conference of the industry at Geneva.

Repair and Maintenance of Scientific Chronometers: R.F. Whitten, 1969 Fellow, New South Wales, working on a precision clock for the Australian Antarctic Research Department, by courtesy o f Newcastle Morning Herald.

57

Transport management, coordination of systems, governmental and private administration and accountability is the subject of Lt. Col. A.R. Howes (1973) in his report Improving Transport Management, a study later published commercially by W.B.J. Lowden (also a 1973 Fellow) in conjunction with the Australian Council of Chartered Institute of Transport. This comprehensive work, stressing the need for planning in school, Technical and Further Education institutes, Colleges of Advanced Education and universities, pleads for transport expertise and examines the work of overseas Transport Institutes to create a rational and economically viable transport programme for Australia a country of diverse problems and systems.

Automobile drivers and private motor road usage, although mentioned frequently in terms of traffic and police problems, have had only one Fellowship study made: that of Miss R.M. Fisher of Victoria in 1975 on Young Drivers and Motor Accidents. In a thorough-going, well-documented report, she analyses high-risk factors, the predictable behaviour of certain driver groups, the value of cumulative records on traffic offences, a schedule of minimum training hours and types of experience, and the methods to be used in remedial training of accident-prone drivers. The Australian road toll would warrant that this report should be required reading by the general public, the traffic licensing authorities, the police and the courts.

Armed Services

Three studies have been made in the armed services (apart from the Transport study of Col. Howes, already mentioned). Chaplain Lt. Col. D.C. Abbott (1976), has reported on Regular Army Chaplaincy; Capt. W.D. Rolfe (1976) studied Military Law but has not yet submitted a report to the Trust. Capt. D.M. Horner reported on Defence and Military History, and also in 1978, published a book: Crisis o f Command. In addition, the Rev. D.C. Reid, a 1968 Fellow from Western Australia whose study was Pastoral Theology in Counselling Centres has recently been appointed Principal Air Chaplain, R.A.A.F.

Two Public Service Fellowships of an entirely different nature are included here because they relate to such commonplace, every day attitudes of public acceptance that one seldom thinks of them in terms of specialist application. Michael B. Scott (1973), a Government Statistician, studied overseas methods and collection of attitudinal data — the “public opinion poll'’ beloved of commercial practice — in relation to large scale survey work for use by government policy making bodies. In preparing government forms, for instance, what is the right question to ask? How to avoid ambiguity? Can this question give offence? Is it misleading or suggestive of a direction? Unlike the reasonably transient nature of the public opinion poll, governmental statistical analyses must have a durable quality and be free from the hazards of a selective or small sample coverage.

The second Fellowship was given in 1974 to F.A. Powell, now Superintendent of the Special Projects Section, Research and Development, Bureau of Meteorology. “Everybody talks about the weather"’ — and many use the daily forecasts as a routine condition of activity. But Mr Powell's special interest in biometeorology extends to the effect of weather upon animals, plant growth and crop yield, plant disease, incidence and spread of bushfires, human health and physical comfort, air-conditioning and power consumption, air pollution, building design and the anomalous propagation of radio waves — not excluding the monitoring of radioactive fall-out from atomic weapons trials. In making this type of work better known to the community since his return, Mr Powell has published and acted as consultant on such various matters as

58

air turbulence and local spore dispersion, aerosol biometeorology, diffusion modelling for the Department of Environmental Housing and allergies and allergic diseases.

The Media

The role of the media, its formation gathering and dissemination, its effective production and is influence on public opinion is not a direct governmental function in Australia, but its importance to the public merits its inclusion in a general section dealing with services to the people. The period since the inception of Churchill Fellowships marks not only the growing influence of Australian news facilities in the south-eastern quadrant of the globe (Radio Australia had already established an enviable broadcasting service in the area), but also the adoption into Australian usage of advances; much of the popular concept of “the Australian presence” reached the world through such resources.

Twenty-five Churchill Fellowships have been granted for media work (radio, television, film making and journalism) with another eight in the supportive technologies of printing and publishing. Of these, one in printing and two in radio were granted to Papua New Guinea Fellows who studied in Australia.

The structural change from the written presentation to the audio-visual handling of material interested J.J. Howard, journalist, critic and script writer, who in 1966 was given a six-month's period of training with the B.B.C. in London before utilising a Fellowship to work in New York on the writing and production of television programmes, returning thereafter to work with the A.B.C. 1968 saw a Fellowship awarded to Miss Elizabeth Schneider, of the A.B.C. Rural Section, to study: overseas programmes for rural women; the formation of listening and viewing monitor groups to feed back recommendation for special interest programmes; and programmes for young listeners in rural districts. Her report constitutes No. 1 in the Trust's Fellowship publications. Media dissemination of rural information also concerned L.S. Edwards in 1968, then Regional Publicity Officer of the Department of Agriculture in N.S.W. Researching in Hawaii and the continental United States, he studied the presentation of technical information through broadcasting, the interchange of information between farmers and governmental agencies and special interest discussions of timely importance. In 1973 Mr Edwards joined the R. A.A.F. and was a member of a joint Public Relations project in S.E. Asia, where, he reports, “much of my study tour information was successfully applied to this role.”

In 1969 J.B. Pitman, A.B.C. Rural Officer in South Australia, studied advanced techniques in the production of educational films and television documentaries. In the same year M. Morris of the Queensland Department of Education surveyed the then experimental use of audio-visual communications in the development of school curricula and returned to extend the in-service laboratory work of production and transmitting of new programmes. Children's viewing was also the project of J.J. McGowan of the A.B.C. Education section in a 1977 study. Other A.B.C. staff holders of Fellowships have been the Rev. R.G. McKinnon, of the Hobart Office, on religious features — he is now overseas completing a higher degree in communications — and Robert Peach (1976) on the compilation of news analysis and public affairs features. Mr Peach's work in Europe when intensive governmental sponsorship — and directives in the public interest — dominated media production, was later authorised by the A.B.C. to appear as a series Other People’s Radio. Since then he has participated frequently in international seminars and consultations as well as

59

conducting in-service training sessions and implementing the A.B.C. programmes of national interest.

The quality, relevance and educational content of children's television programmes concerned Mrs Elizabeth McDowall (1976) representing the Australian Council for Children's Films and Television — a body which, she points out, has few counterparts overseas in terms of private supervision and opinion feed-back as to what is desirable in content and presentation. Her study dealt widely with the promotion and distribution centres servicing children's media, and in her continuing work since her return she has pursued the aim of establishing “quality" through federal, state and private media groups.

Media work growing out of a vocational area is represented by Peter Cundall, 1974 Fellow from Tasmania. As a garden designer and builder, he studied the presentation of garden interests and landscape design for colour television and weekly broadcasts, but has also worked on the production of videotapes, landscape documentaries and other material suitable for the promotion of tourism. 1974 also saw a Fellowship granted to the late Douglas Steen of South Australia for film studies of wildlife and natural history documentaries, for direct television viewing and educational use.

The study of ethnic media production made by Mrs F. Arena in 1977 is noted elsewhere in this book under matters of ethnic and migrant work.

Newspaper production Fellowships were granted to F.J. Palmos in 1971 and D. Jenkins in 1973. Mr Palmos examined the field of aerospace journalism where, as he points out, the availability of data depends very much upon the fact that publication carries no political connotation. Mr Jenkins' analysis of Asian reporting, based chiefly upon Thailand, reflects much of the hazardous nature — political and personal — of reportage in a war-torn area.

In 1968 G.A. Thornber of the Education Department in Queensland made an early study in publication by computer photo-typesetting, darkroom procedures and modern technological changes in the printing industry. The material from this report has subsequently applied both to the training of apprentices in "the fourth largest industry in the world" and to commercial production areas as well. In 1973 W.B.J. Lowden, printer and publisher of Victoria, studied overseas methods and presentation of “scholarly" publications, and in 1977 Mrs Stella Wannan of N.S.W. researched the use of computer editorial systems — "the electronic newsroom" — to update the publication of periodicals and to promote timeliness and personnel efficiency.

60

Chapter X

SOCIAL WELFARE

Fellowships in the field of social welfare during the twelve years 1966-1977 constitute the largest single bracket of studies, some one hundred and seventeen in all. Within this comprehensive bracket, eight were for the care of the deaf, eighteen for the work with the mentally retarded, and seven for the care of the blind. Thirteen dealt with youth programmes in general, eight with problems arising from alcohol and drug usage, and eight with family planning and managment. Six dealt with recreational programmes, camps, or institutional structures, and three each with ethnic or the aged as special groups.

Social concern for the less fortunate in Australia developed in the nineteenth century substantially on the lines of benevolent or mutual aid societies, charitable parish efforts, and '‘homes' established under local poor laws, religious provenance or private charitable endowment. Overall Government responsibility and social legislation became a major factor in post-war rehabilitation, the “dole” of depression years: the adoption of the provision for child allowances and pension schemes for the disabled, widowed and elderly became a Federal Government responsibility. Voluntary social welfare agencies supplemented the governmental basic survival financial provisions and covered a variety of marginal needs in special education services, employment retraining and family management, often initiating new programmes later to be incorporated in a wider scale of government assistance. At the time the Churchill Trust came into being, for instance, recent voluntary welfare projects were in marriage counselling, legal aid, the problems of autistic children, domiciliary care of the chronically ill or aged, crisis telephone counselling, and workshops for the disabled. The present picture is, therefore, one where the Government gives basic financial help to the individual, sponsored access to a number of community services (transport and health, for instance) and a number of special agencies receive governmental subsidies and voluntary help to assist the disadvantaged to participate as much as possible in the normal life of the community.

A pacemaker (literally) was 1966 Fellow J.K. Holdsworth, Director of National Guide Dog Training Centre. His inquiry was threefold: first to improve the training methods of relating client and dog; second, to ascertain what dogs could best be acclimatised to Australian conditions (a search which took him to Israel to study comparative conditions); and finally, to stimulate the acceptance of guide dogs as aides in the face of numerous regulatory prohibitions in areas of public congregation or movement. His notable work since that time has extended the Australian Centre as:

"A unique multi-aid mobility centre, now recognised as a major agency both in Australia and overseas, and credited with having developed innovative client delivery services and new staff and staff development courses serving the Health, Education and Welfare Services. ”

Mr Holdworth's own incentive led him to university in 1971, to present numerous reports to International Conferences for the Blind (1979, at Lagos, Nigeria) and to act as a member of the World Council Standing Committee for Rehabilitation Training and Employment, as well currently to undertake a Master’s degree at the University of Michigan on Social Services for the Visually Impaired.

Matron Esme Dunell (Victoria, 1971) and T.G. Beaton (N.S.W., 1974) studied multi-handicapped blind children, their early familiarisation and training in mobility

61

“where once these children would have been written off as unteachable”; and where the special training of nurses is most important, “as they are the first people the newly blinded come in contact with”. Two Fellowships have also been awarded for extension of service to clinics, and education to those with low vision — a condition too often not recognised in time to permit special provision to be made for encouragement of maximum educational development.

Aural handicaps, an invisible barrier, have caused much concern and a variety of studies. Deafness is a field where there is new understanding of the need of special treatment, by professional audiologists or by speech therapists, as well as direct surgical intervention; and for neural defects as well as “normal" deterioration from accident, age or noise pollution. W.G. Parr’s 1966 study on Education for the Born D eaf was followed in 1967 by W.E.D. Watson investigating new programmes to assist deaf children to be integrated into normal hearing schools. In 1968, Jean C. Randall, a voluntary teacher of lip reading in Victoria, examined new methods and programmes used in Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, on behalf of the “approximately 800,000 hard-of-hearing people in Australia.” Her point, that an accrued hearing loss is usually accompanied by social isolation because it Ls embarrassing to admit its progress and seek aid, was echoed in the 1975 study of Mrs P.E.A. Pengilley, who, after studying education and rehabilitation for hearing-impaired adults, has developed in Victoria a pilot community project H.E.A.R. (Hearing, Education and Rehabilitation) which has moved out of formal clinic areas into a social and community context. J.L. Ferris (1973) Director of Welfare Services for the Adult Deaf Society of New South Wales, also studied programmes to be incorporated into community activities in this area.

In the field of formal education, the Trust has published (Information Report No. 8) the findings of B.E. Reynolds, of the Victorian School for Deaf Children. In 1971 Marie McCudden (Western Australia), then Principal of the Speech and Hearing Centre for Children, studied primarily in the field of deaf teaching, then developed the scope of her interests (and took two degrees in Special Education) to include children with other intellectual handicaps, and is now senior education officer with the Department of Education. L.A. Vidler in the same year, of the Queensland School for the Deaf, studied education for the hearing-impaired in Japan, U.S.A., England, the Netherlands, France and Italy and has been an adviser to educational and community bodies in this field.

Mental retardation or similar disabilities handicapping normal educational or vocational development, has been studied from so many aspects it would be difficult to cite more than a few. Overall, reports cover the training of nurses in this special field, institutional care and administration, teaching of multi-handicapped children, use of non-verbal techniques, sheltered workshops and special rehabilitation techniques.

Here it has become obvious that Australian community thought and acceptance has become increasingly liberal, that public interest and support is firmly behind specialist efforts to develop the educational and social potential even in the severely handicapped. The thrust is to replace long term institutionalisation by home care, reinforced with supportive systems; the provision of school, recreational and vocational activities by organised social structures and communication with their peers. Donald Crawford, 1968 Fellow, of Minda Homes, South Australia, writes:

"In the eleven years following the Fellowship, I was able to change a custodialinstitution to one that provided a range o f comprehensive services that was

62

limited only by the fact that they were provided by an institution instead of the community where they should be provided. "

Special education for the handicapped was studied by Mrs J.M. Gallagher of Queensland in 1968 in her capacity as Teacher-in-Charge of the School of Sub­normal Children, and in the following year G.J. Swan, also of Queensland, studied modern methods in educating children affected by cerebral palsy. Speaking of his continued contacts with the overseas workers in this field, encountered during his studies in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, France and the United States, he states that:

"The willingness o f the people and agencies contacted in 1968 to give and receive information is most encouraging. Their generosity in time and in knowledge exceeded all expectation. ”

1969 Fellow I.T. McDonald studied teaching of multi-handicapped children and adolescents, and in 1970 P.E. Ailwood of the N.S.W. Department of Education implemented a new programme being introduced into the state for the education of aphasic children, with particular reference to the early diagnosis of this problem as well as remedial teaching. The 1973 report by Annetine Forell on Toy Libraries for the Handicapped has already been mentioned, and the work of Joan Hurren (1977) on Blissymbolics is also significant in the introduction of establishing communication with non-verbal children, her report being publicised not only through Educational News but also the National Rehabilitation Digest.

Mrs E.M. Temby, Voluntary Executive Officer of STAR, Victorian Association for the Retarded, utilised her 1976 Fellowship to examine the range of support services required in families where a member is mentally retarded, and for retarded adults, to facilitate their participation in normal activities to the greatest degree possible. A wide distribution of her subsequent paper has been effected, and individuals, groups, and governmental agencies may well benefit from its guidelines for support services in this difficult field.

Two Fellows who established a working relationship within one institution after their respective studies are R.A. Brooks (1969), now Executive Director of the Association of Sheltered Workshops in N.S.W., and Matron Meryl Caldwell Smith (1971) who studied mental hospital facilities and staff training. At Marsden Hospital for the mentally retarded. Matron Caldwell Smith reorganised and upgraded the basic level of staff training and administration, and Mr Brooks developed programmes, equipment, and range of vocational training to establish a high standard of rehabilitation. 1971 also saw W. Harwood, Manager of the Good Samaritan Industries of Western Australia, studying vocational and workshop programmes for the handicapped in the community.

Action on all aspects of mental retardation and community care has been the programme of Mrs Norma Rigby following her 1972 Fellowship as Executive Officer of the \ustralian Association for the Mentally Retarded. Starting on the basis of strengthening voluntary groups working in this field, she has instigated medical study into the causes of mental deficiencies, planned with educational authorities of provisnn for children with special needs, worked with special institutes dealing with mental handicap as a personal problem and with others coping with families which include normal and retarded members; and she is now a member of the National Advisory Council for the Handicapped serving the Federal Minister for Social Security and other relevant governmental authorities in this area.

63

Riding Schools for the Disabled, Miss Margaret Randall, 1974 Fellow, New South Wales.

Two particular studies in the matter of mobility within the community of handicapped persons are of special interest. In 1974 Miss Margaret Randall went abroad to study the well-organised development of Riding Schools for the Disabled, returning to record not only the therapeutic and social benefits for physically disabled children, but the favourable effect on the autistic child and others with communication or social difficulties. Her programme, extended through Riding Schools and largely implemented by young persons not yet inhibited by anxieties about rejection, has been widely adopted and she is now chief instructor for New South Wales in this field. In another context, Mrs Margarette Reece (1976) an occupational health nurse, studied overseas programmes of motor car driving for disabled persons, a project which has received considerable support from engineers and technicians in making the adjustments necessary to implement rehabilitation facilities, but one on which Departments of Motor Transport have been slow to adopt clear-cut policies.

Social welfare work in the community at large was during this period branching out into a wide range of activities, professional status was being up-graded, as was also, at a slightly lower rate, work-value recognition and remuneration. In 1967 and 1968 three studies of social welfare administration, the principles of social survey and training were made: one by A.S. Colliver (Victoria) of the Presbyterian Department of Social Service; one by G.S. Smale of the Social Welfare Council of Victoria: and one by Miss M.K. Whiley, Social Welfare Adviser in the Queensland Department of Health.

The practitioners of social welfare who have received Churchill Fellowships range from volunteers in local services which have emerged to meet specific needs through to well-established agencies such as The Salvation Army, the St. Vincent de Paul and the Samaritan Movements, the Y.M.C. A. and the Red Cross, and to church and local governmental officials interested in specific area work.

64

The time sequence of the reports is in itself an index to the problems which field workers observed somewhat before they became the focus of wide-spread concern manifested in public notice and media comment. In 1968 and 1970, youth problems were studied in terms of recreational/familial activities, the reports of R.C. Ellis Enablers at Work covering some twenty countries in youth, family and community relationships, and J.H. Peacock (1968) on Youth Recreation being typical examples. Miss B. Grant's study of Unmarried Mothers (1968), wholly valid for its time, can now be read in a different social context except, perhaps, for the sections relating for institutional care. Following this period increasing attention was devoted to youth participation in planning and vocational self-help programmes, the spread of volunteerism in the creation and programmes of community centres, as exemplified by Graeme Alder (South Australia, 1974) Volunteerism in Youth Work, and Fr. P. Jackson, S.A.C. (Victoria, 1975) in the formation of self and community help Youth Committees.

Alcoholism (later to be bracketed with drug abuse) received the attention of B.F. Luby as Executive Officer for the Alcoholism Foundation of Victoria in 1968, from which time his studies and publications resulted in growth of government commissions of control and rehabilitation, as well as his participation in international conferences studying this problem. At present he is Assistant Director General (Community and Professional Services) in the Federal Department of Social Security.

Dr. Gerald Milner (Western Australia, 1971) was already deeply involved in clinical teaching and research into psychiatric problems at community level when he received his Churchill Fellowship to study drugs and their relation to public health in clinics and laboratories in Switzerland, Sweden, Belgium, the United Kingdom and the United States. He returned to become the first Senior Specialist, Consultant Advisor in Drugs of Dependence to the Commonwealth Department of Health and later a member of the World Health Organisation studying international drug problems and possible solutions, his report Recommendations for an Australian Response to Drug Use Problems being tabled in Parliament in December, 1973. As the first Director of the Victorian Alcoholics and Drug Dependent Persons’ Services 1977-1978 he headed a service treating some 6,000 patients per year, his extensive "data bank" compiled over the years furnishing the material for a number of well- researched publications. The latest of these, Drug Awareness, a 1979 publication, is aimed with good humour, telling illustrations and an attractive format to inform and warn the general reader and especially the vulnerable younger generation.

The need for therapeutic communities for rehabilitation was explored by George Smith (Western Australia, 1970) in terms of the use of the Half-Way House support system, and in 1971 Captain C.K. Bedwell of the Salvation Army appraised overseas work and returned to develop the farm community rehabilitation programme, urban sheltered workshops and activity therapy centres. In the same year G.H. Noar of Tasmania worked on the problem of overnight shelters for the homeless and the training of volunteer workers in St. Vincent de Paul activities. The concern of the clergy extends from the 1968 study of the Rev. J. Reid in Pastoral Counselling through to the intensive 1974 study of the Rev. R. Oldmeadow of Lifeline Telephone Counselling, a programme also undertaken in 1977 by P.J. Murphy as president of Tasmania's Life Link. The Rev. R.C. Fowler in 1974 studied hospital chaplaincy, that very sensitive period of human distress, and is now engaged in the specialised teaching of chaplains.

65

If, in retrospect, some of Miss B. Grant’s 1968 study of The Unmarried Mother seems outdated in the light of changing acceptance of single-parent maintenance and the decreased availability of children for adoption, her concern about problems of foster care is still valid. In 1970 Sister M.A. Rogers (Victoria) Superintendent of St. Vincent de Paul's Childrens' Homes, dealt with the thorny problems of placement of disturbed children in foster homes, and in 1973 Mrs K.W. Todd (Western Australia) brought to the fore problems of disturbed families and Battered Babies some years before it impinged upon the conscience of the public. In 1975 W.J. Simmons, then with Dr. Barnardo’s Homes in Australia, completed an extensive study of management and research programmes into child abuse; subsequently contributing to the public expression of concern through submissions to the Royal Commission on Human Relations and to the N.S.W. formulation of revised Child Care Legislation. Mrs Helen Daff (1966) now Superintendent, Assessment and Training Centre, Giles House, Alice Springs, worked on institutional care of youth in a planned environment, with a concern for the rehabilitation of deprived children. Day Centres for Children and domiciliary support services, studied by Mrs C.C. Munday in 1973, are still programmes requiring urgent community development in an era of increasing employment of working mothers outside the home.

Family planning (shared as a medical and community social service); marriage guidance counselling (now required extensively in view of Family Law provisions); legal aid and geriatric services have now become so well accepted by public opinion that it is difficult to remember how much has been brought into the scene by comparative data from other countries who encountered, and planned for, these problems earlier. One may well quote from J.R. Peddleston (Victoria, 1974) on Aged Care Retirement Planning:

“It broadened my knowledge of the similiarities and differences of programmes in Australia and other countries. It also confirmed my beliefs in preventive care as opposed to the ad hoc programmes in Australia. It strengthened my determination to fight for change. ”

Churchill Fellowship studies in the social welfare of migrant ethnic groups have been relatively few in comparison, for instance, with those made for Aboriginal welfare. It is true that virtually every report in education mentions the need for teaching of pupils whose basic language is not English, that social welfare areas indicate the acute ethnic parent/child alienation which occurs as the two generations conform with different peer groups, and J.P. Purcell in his 1972 Legal Aid in the United States and Canada had amplified his general study by stressing the vulnerability of ethnic groups and the need for special information services for legal protection. Ethnic publications in Australia already covered a number of different language areas, but both government and ethnic communities themselves deplored lack of inter-communication.

Greek and Yugoslav Migrants were the special concern of the Rev. D.R. Ray in 1971, their cultural backgrounds being studied first within their own countries and then by work in Switzerland, Canada and the United States to ascertain how migrant groups had integrated into their new communities. Two years later, R.W. Sanson- Fisher, a clinical psychologist studying delinquency factors, found parallels in the United States’ negro and migrant groups of low economic status, especially in circumstances of second-generation welfare dependency. In a paper Service Bureau­cracies and the Need for Accountability he makes the cogent observation that in the United States “Hiring of minority group members (to administer welfare needs)

66

often tends to be ineffective as the people usually come from middle class groups themselves and/or in joining the agency lose credibility with those they are representing." While there is a need to consult targets in consultation with the (welfare receiving) consumer group, it need not necessarily be assumed these targets are always of ethnic origin.

Mrs F. Arena, 1977 New South Wales Fellow studying ethnic radio and television production, now Deputy Chairman of the N.S.W. Women's Advisory Committee, points out that approximately 40% of the present Australian population is overseas born or had one or both parents born overseas. The contribution of this group in cultural enrichment is often too little recognised, what is required now is improved communication and consultation to establish goals for the benefit of the community as a whole.

From these, and the many reports not specified here, it is apparent that matters of social welfare are of major concern, and the practitioners, professional and voluntary, are anxious to learn from overseas experience how to forestall or remedy more acute situations. Mobility and inter-action between volunteers and professionals, community groups and governmental authorities, is remarkably strong. Should the “crisis" situation, adored by the media, arise, it is not because valuable experience is not available, it is because many people are still unaware of or indifferent to these social problems and the coordination of resources and remedial measures already being planned.

Simple Communicator for Hard of Hearing when Driving: From the Report of Mrs P.E.A. Pengilley, 1975 Fellow, Victoria: Hearing Education and Rehabilitation for Hearing Impaired Adults.

67

Chapter XI

MUSIC AND THE PERFORMING ARTS

Music of all arts is the most universal, and one which Australia has always welcomed with enthusiastic and generous response. The country inherited a rich tradition, manifested by the successful transplantation of the Eisteddfod on one hand, and on the other, the nineteenth century construction of “opera houses” as soon as a community could afford any civic edifice. Music came forward into the, mid­twentieth century with press, radio and television channels promoting potential talent in competitions and public performances. The high quality of training at the State Conservatories served amateur and professional alike and a gamut of performance experience ranged from civic “musicales” to membership of State symphony orchestras, particularly implemented by the rigorous but stimulating experience of working with the A.B.C. Youth Groups.

Given all these facilities within Australia, the Churchill Trust made special provision for variations from its usual short-term Fellowships in the case of music candidates. A more flexible assessment was made in terms of the age of the applicant, since it was realised that talent in this field required early discipline, and that the period of fruition through international study must be undertaken as early as possible. Furthermore, realising that the success of the performing artists rests not only on the performance but on material, and that most practitioners are also teachers, arrangers, conductors, producers and occasionally instrument technicians, applicants in these fields were encouraged to come forward.

One may also mention that in view of the fact that many of these studies were perforce best conducted in non-English speaking countries, and a few in countries of potential political tension, it is a tribute to the international amity of music and the excellent working contacts of the Trust that no untoward mishaps befell any of the Trust’s youthful Churchill Fellows!

A cross-section of the musical work of the Trust was presented in September 1976, the tenth anniversary of the Fellowships, which well exemplifies the work to that date. It was presented as part of the ceremonies attending the opening of the Canberra School of Music, with broadcasting and recording by the A.B.C., and happily illustrates the working links existing in Australian musical circles.

Concert director at this occasion was Richard Divall, Musical Director since 1972 of the Victorian State Opera, and a 1976 Fellow, who had utilised his study grant to research Baroque and Rococco Opera, and returned not only to expand his usual opera programme in Australia but to arrange publication for several symphonies, edit the dramatic ballet Alessandro of Gluck, and to research and itemise the Pre- Reform Opera Seria o f Gluck for international publication.

The programme opened with a harpsichord performance by Rhonda Vickers, 1967 Fellow, who had already held a Master’s Diploma in Music and Teaching from the Queensland Conservatorium. Her special interest was in the art of accompanying, together with harpsichord performance; in the later she has continued teaching and working with the A.B.C. on concert programmes, and recording. Philip Miechel, the second artist performing at the concert, was principal clarinet with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, and a previous winner of the A.B.C. concert and vocal competition, when he received a Churchill Fellowship in 1967 to study at the North- West German Music Academy at Detmold and with the London Symphony Orchestra. He has since been leading soloist in Australia and overseas.

68

Kerry Smith, violinist, was also an A.B.C. prize-winner before she received a 1966 Fellowship to study in England with the eminent Hungarian violinist Gyorgy Pauk. During her stay in England she won a number of competitions, and on her return to Australia played on major tours and recorded, with Rhonda Vickers, the ten Beethoven Violin and Piano Concertos for the A.B.C. She also teaches violin and viola at the Queensland Conservatorium.

Sylvia Wade, Mezzo-soprano, was the Churchill Special Award winner of 1973 to “enable a young performer of exceptional promise" to undertake extended study. She embarked upon three years' intensive study in Lieder and Opera in Vienna, including a summer school at Salzburg, another at Ghent, and sang as solo performer in cathedrals throughout Europe and at Master Classes in London.

Dr. Donald Hollier, appearing as pianist at the Concert, exemplifies the use of a Fellowship to implement in all aspects the quality of performance. A B.Mus. of the University of London following his original “most distinguished student of the year” from the N.S. W. Conservatorium, he was head of Academic Studies at the Canberra School of Music when he obtained a 1973 Churchill Fellowship to observe course programming and study techniques overseas. Now a D.Mus; Organist, recitalist, accompanist, choral producer, he envisages music as a total commitment from writing through performance to teaching.

Jack Harrison, clarinet, worked through jazz and dance music before obtaining the position of principal clarinet with the Western Australian Symphony Orchestra. His 1971 Fellowship provided him with advanced study, including special work in chamber music, with teachers in the United Kingdom, the United States and France.

Christian Wojtowicz, cello, had been a pupil of Sela Trau at the Tasmanian Conservatorium and was a "young Churchill Fellow when he received his award in 1969 for a year's study with Professor Andre Navarra in Paris. On his return he spent a period as teacher of cello and tutor of Chamber Music in Canberra, touring with the A.B.C. and moving into avant-garde and experimental music groups, and another period as artist-in-residence at the University of Queensland.

Victor Grieve, French Horn, received his 1974 Fellowship for study with Hermann Baumann of West Germany and to study with Wind Bands in Europe and the United Stales. On his return he formed "The Sydney Horn Club”, looking to improving the standard of playing on wind instruments, and acted as examiner for the Australian Music Examination Board and Lecturer at Mitchell College of Advanced Education.

Pamela Bryce, violinist, had been a student at the Queensland Conservatorium in 1968 when she received a Fellowship for twelve months' private tuition with Arthur Grumiaux in Brussels and Wolfgang Schneiderhan in Lucerne. This was followed by post-graduate work at Trinity College, London, as leader of their string chamber orchestra, and work with the Haslemere Festival orchestra. On her return she was appointed deputy-leader of the Western Australian Symphony Orchestra, string tutor at the University of Western Australia, and leader of the Chamber Ensemble.

Ronald Jackson, baritone, required no further training in purely musical roles, being already well established on the international opera stage. His 1973 Fellowship was to study administration, syllabi and practical functions of music training as principal of the School of Opera at the N.S.W. Conservatorium.

69

Ailsa McCristal, accompanist (together with Rhonda Vickers) had held a Churchill Fellowship in 1970 to study pianoforte at the State Conservatorium in Warsaw and to attend the International Music Seminar in Weimar. Deeply interested in teaching and music education, she returned with film and cassette programmes from the outstanding teachers she had met during her studies, and has written an integrated course of music for primary schools. She writes of her Fellowship experience:

‘‘I have brought with me from Europe the dedication, application, concentration and honesty of ideals which characterise the field of music education there... and have imparted these ideals to all students in my care since 1971. Whether the Australian student appreciates these qualities is a matter for conjecture, but one perseveres, and hopes!. ”

Music and performing arts Fellowships attracted an unusually heavy flow of applicants of quality and within the first few years of the Churchill Trust's operations it became evident that special provision would have to made for exceptional cases. In 1966 Miss E.N. Leslie, an 18-year old pianist from New South Wales had been accepted as a student of the Russian pianist Serebrykov for a three to four year study at Leningrad Conservatorium, and a Churchill Fellowship enabled her to take up this offer. Other extended period studies were put forward for Trust sponsorship: R.G. Sigston in 1967 studying music composition in Austria for two years, Rhonda Vickers of Queensland and Miss M. McGurk of Western Australia, both for a year. In 1969 the Trust broke all precedent by giving a Fellowship to a 14-year old pianist, Geoffrey Tozer of Victoria, to enable him to enter the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition of that year (in which he placed in the final seven competitors) and to continue his studies overseas. During the subsequent years he received two extensions of his Fellowship, in 1970 winning the Commonwealth section of the Royal Overseas Musical Festival in London. It was also in 1969 that another pianist. Miss Cecylia Kazimierczak of South Australia received a Fellowship to study in Austria, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom, where her work progressed so rapidly that her Fellowship was extended for another year to permit her to compete in the Chopin Competition, in Warsaw in October, 1970.

With these, and other young candidates of great potential coming forward, the Trust in 1970 inaugurated a “Special Award” for performing artists, one such award being available each year. A recommending sub-committee was set-up, originally composed of Dame Peggy Van Praagh, Sir Bernard Heinz and William Scott Herbert, to allocate a Fellowship for a period not exceeding three years to be used for “overseas training of an outstanding young performer.” L.M. Warren of Sydney, a classical ballet dancer with the Australian Ballet Company, received the first such award to study ballet and choreography at the Juilliard School in New York and the Royal School of Ballet in London, and Sylvia Wade, already mentioned, received the 1973 Special Award.

Subsequent holders of these longer-term Fellowships have been Richard Curtin(1974) , opera school student, to study singing in Austria and England; J.D. Crellin(1975) of South Australia to work on advanced oboe studies, and Peter Cobb (1976) of Sydney to study contemporary percussion instrumentation at the Conservatorium of Strasburg for a year, then another post-graduate year in the teaching of the Carl Orff Method. Peter Cobb is currently in Wales where he has formed a contemporary music ensemble The New Arts Consort, touring in multi-media programmes.

There are, inevitably, losses to Australia as musical artists have undertaken extended European tours and sometimes become attached to permanent overseas

70

establishments. Geraldine Tiver-Larsen, a 1970 Fellow, opera student from South Australia, completed her studies in Austria and was thereafter the first Australian to be accepted at the International Music Centre in Zurich, and following her graduation from that centre went on to a three-year period at the Opera House in Basle. She is now resident in Zurich and a singer of leading roles with the Zurich Opera as well at, soloist with choral groups touring Europe. Instrumentalists, singers, composers and directors are equally at home on the international stage — one such is Patrick Thomas, 1972 Fellow, originally a flautist with the Queensland Symphony Orchestra, winner of an Australian Opera Auditions Scholarship in 1970, and at the time of his Fellowship Orchestral-Choral Director with the A.B.C. Orchestra in Adelaide. Since then, as Chief Conductor of the Queensland Symphony Orchestra, he has toured the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, New Zealand and the Philippines and he is now Conductor-in-Residence of the A.B.C. Federal Music Department.

A more unexpected musical career arose out of the interest of Vincent Warrener of Western Australia, Churchill Fellow of 1973. At the time of his application he was Office Superintendent of Conzinc Rio Tinto in Perth but also Chairman of the Western Australia Opera Company and Orchestra. Making use of his Fellowship to study the administrative and artistic handling of opera management in Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, he returned to work, write and publicise the cause of opera and in 1976 became General Manager of the W. A. Opera Company and the W. A. Arts Orchestral Foundation and is the author of Art and Aria, a 10 year history of the Opera Company.

1974 Fellow Gwynn Robert, then principal celloist with the Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra, moved directly into the field of Youth Orchestras, youth orchestra camps and administration, bridging the gap in musical education between the secondary school period and the final conservatorium standard. While the geography of Australia make the implementation of comprehensive youth music camps somewhat difficult, the success of youth orchestras is beyond doubt a major contributing factor to the consistently high standard of professional music performance in this country.

One cannot move far into the field of instrumental music performers who have received Churchill awards without encountering a problem unknown to the vocalists — that is, the supply and maintenance of instruments. No substantial production of high quality instruments is readily available — “traditional” virtuoso instruments are chiefly of European provenance and seldom appear, except as prized items, on an international market — and even the maintenance and repair of existing instruments must frequently be the responsibility of the performer himself. The 1970 study of F.G. Morgan of Victoria in the making and reproduction of recorders, one of the basic instruments of musical tuition, ranged through the study of early instruments, their orchestration, adaptations, acoustical requirements and workshop standards. The following year J.L. Harrison, principal clarinet of the Western Australian Orchestra (whose performing record has been noted before) researched the workshop making of clarinets and reeds; repertoire, and library resources for teaching.

Mrs Annette Goerke (Western Australia, 1972) studied organ music in France and the Netherlands, working both with “preserved” classical instruments in classical Academies and with modern instruments, and finding there was room for both types of organs in musical presentation. Rowan West, 1975 Fellow from Sydney went to work in organ building workshops in Europe and is still there engaged in his craft. R.F. Goode (N.S. W., 1977) pursued a course of early keyboard music and the playing

71

of harpsichords, eventually purchasing overseas two “antique reproduction" (harpsichord and clavichord), both at considerable price but he considered them worth it as there were no equivalent instruments in Australia. His report also carres a rueful reminder to practitioners on the more bulky instruments — chose a central base of operations and remain near it; mobility is difficult and expensive; aid expertise is not gained by continual use of instruments of uncertain quality!

P.P. Thompson, another 1977 Fellow, a chemist and spare-time viola and vioin maker of South Australia, moved into the very important field of scientific improvemmt of string instruments under Australian climatic conditions, including their varnishhg and stringing. Working and advising performing groups in these problems, he is currently Vice-President of the Catgut Acoustical Society and nominated as Australiin participant in the International Acoustics Conference.

Unique work in music notation engraving, orchestration and preparation br publication of music scores was undertaken in 1971 by Vladimir Adamek of Soith Australia, who travelled in twelve countries examining music publication methods and the operation of governmental music centres interested in the collection aid dissemination of national music traditions. Music teaching publications in Austraia are relatively limited, commercial viability tends to depend upon long-term "base" teaching editions. Mr Adamek points out that young Australian composers tre disadvantaged by the absence of facilities for professional publication of their woiks and distribution through commercial channels. He has recently recommended tlat the Australian Council, or the Australia Music Centre might well examine needsin this matter to enable both composers and performers to achieve recognition. His own magnificent workmanship in engraving is shown by the publication by J. Albert & Sons of the limited edition programme of Explorations for Piano and Orchestra a Royal Command performance by Nigel Butterley, which is on exhibition in Churclill House Library.

Virtually all the music Fellows are substantially teachers as well as performers, and their comprehensive reports seldom fail to mention educational techniques aid performance training in overseas practice. The 1967 report of R.K. Hobcnft. violinist, then Director of the Tasmanian Conservatorium and now Director of tie N.S.W. Conservatorium, covers teacher training, methodology, music education, programme arrangements and contemporary trends in Japan. Europe and the Unied States, including such various aspects as school design and acoustics, ethno-musicokgy, music therapy groups and community music presentation. Another 1967 Felkw. Mrs E.A. Silsbury of South Australia, studied music teacher training for speciaist and non-specialist instruction at school level, to implement her findings in innovatve work at Bedford Park (now Sturt) College of Advanced Education.

R.K. Boughen was already well established as an organist in 1977 when he utiliied a Fellowship to inquire into better teaching at tertiary level and the use of the orian as an enrichment instrument in community musical performances. Returning to lis work as City Organist at Brisbane, he has extended his activities as Lecturer at he University of Queensland in Organ and Academic Studies, and as Director of university, cathedral and civic musical and performing arts bodies.

Study of specific music methods developed overseas has also brought changes iito music teaching. The late P. Komlos, viola, of the Tasmanian Symphony Orchesra. studied the Suzuki Method of Teaching, as did Owen Fisenden (1975) princbal flautist with the Western Australian Symphony Orchestra. Mr Fisenden speakeof

72

the “up-dated and up-graded” techniques he has been able to pass on to students in his 1976 publication of a book Formula for Fluting.

Sr. Patricia Moroney studied the Orff Schulwerk music programme in Salzburg in 1977 and speaks of the enrichment of her own interest in Renaissance music and the value of the Orff Schulwerk techniques in community teaching. She comments:

"I have become much more conscious of the broader social problems we face today. One in particular is that of unemployment and another, that of loneliness. In an effort to educate people to a positive use of leisure time I hope to conduct regular classes for the unemployed. These will be basically founded upon the Orff Schulwerk techniques. .. though I cannot yet predict the exact nature of such a course. "

The Kodaly Method of Music Education in Hungary was the 1977 project of Mrs Jean Heriot, whose delightfully illustrated report depicts the instinctive pleasure of young children in learning music as a activity of self-expression, irrespective of

Students at Strathcona School: Kodaly Method of Music Education: from the Report o f Mrs Jean Heriot. 1977 Fellow, Victoria.

personal skills. Through her work since then as Director of a pilot school for Kodaly method, her teaching, working in summer schools and seminars with other music teachers, the popularity of the method is becoming established.

Elizabeth Koch, 1976 Fellow and flautist with the Adelaide Symphony Orchestra, studied in Paris and has returned to form several Chamber Music and Consort Groups as well as Music summer school tutoring. Paul Plunkett in 1977 studied Trumpet music, especially with regard to the presentation of baroque instrumentation, including in the course of his studies performance with the Stuttgart Philharmonic Orchestra and the Zurich Opera, as well as at the Ansbach Music Festival. His report also contains a valuable analysis of the use of different traditional and modern instruments, the piccolo versus the baroque, and their suitability to different types of musical presentation.

73

Church music, music education and music therapy preoccupied Jean E. Johnson in 1971, leading to her work in helping to establish the first instrumental music programme in Darwin primary schools and encouraging young people to consider music as a career. She has since returned to the United States to take a Master’s degree in church music, and in 1978 was co-founder and Vice-Principal of the Adelaide College of Christian Music.

To the many other singers, players, teachers and makers who have not been mentioned because of limited space, profound apologies. Many of them have been recorded through the cooperation of the Trust with the World Record Club, many more of them have been broadcast and recorded by the A.B.C. They enrich the life of Australia at all levels, in formal presentations, the development of talent in their own communities, and the better teaching of students from childhood to conservatoria.

The Churchill Trust did not create their individual talents, though it may have whetted their performances to a keener edge; it did give them the opportunity to gain experience and inspiration to keep going. One may summarise their own intense motivation by a single episode. Alan Kogosowski, piano student at the Melbourne University Conservatorium was 17 years old when he was awarded a Fellowship to study overseas in 1971. After he had returned from studies in the United States and was already noticed as a potential concert pianist of promise, a car accident crushed the fingers of his right hand. Undeterred, he continued to practice, performed in a competition playing Ravel’s Left Hand Concerto, won the competition and went on to become a pupil of Roger Woodward and winner of the 1973 Music Rostrum World Record Club prize competiton.

Other Performing Arts

Relatively few Fellowships have been awarded in the field of the performing arts other than music and singing and these chiefly relate to teaching and production. Mrs Helena Van Der Poorten in 1967 used her Fellowship to pursue studies in English Provincial Theatre Records in relation to early Australian Theatre production, a fascinating detective story in old archives as to how and why some of the early “imported" stars came to Australia — on tour? She has contributed much of the early theatrical material to the entries of the Australian Dictionary of National Biography and also been lecturer in drama at some of the Colleges of Advance Education.

A.P. Julian, Lecturer in Drama at Churchlands College in Western Australia utilised a 1972 Fellowship to study at the University of Manchester in drama techniques, and practical aspects of writing, production and administration of drama groups, returning to teach, direct and produce in academic and community work. Mrs L.M. Serventy of the Northern Territory (1973) concentrated on development overseas in youth drama and production, returning to teach and extend her experience in the work of the Brown Mart Theatre in Darwin.

A valuable community purpose survey was carried out by Miss Christine Westwood, Education Officer for the Adelaide Festival Centre Trust in 1977. Her "Overseas Survey on Means of Widening Young People's Access to the Performing Arts” deals with creative programmes within the organised educational systems, community sponsorship of experimental groups, encouragement of ethnic theatre and dance and the content of festival programmes. Candidly stating “A Churchill Fellowship gives credibility to an area notoriously lacking in status in Australia”, she has contributed in at least four States by work or publication on subjects such as “Young

74

■■■> V ' /: '

£11 ' ' £ vc; lllltl

—

%# T<< ^ * l

;JV;I >• -

— <' < n

People's Festivals"; “Mediocrity in Young People's Theatre”; and “Is Access Better Created by Touring or Staying in Theatre?"

Wi:h the exception of the Special Award to L.M. Warren of N.S.W. in Ballet Studies, it is interesting to note that all other Fellowships in dancing and choreography have gone to Queensland applicants. Miss Meryl Hughes, dancer and teacher, utilised a 1970 award to study Benesh Notations o f Choreology in London, and unde'took ballet and choreography observations in a number of overseas countries.

Performing Arts Class at Kelvin Grove College o f Advanced Education, Queensland. Miss Meryl Hughes /Mrs Pappas) 1970 Fellow, Queensland, advises in Benesh Notations o f Choreology.

Her thorough report studies the Benesh System of ballet notation in general, but extends into body system movement, health, furniture design, and the ergonomics of space technology usage; but she did not neglect its extension in the recording and teaching of ethnic traditional dance from Rumania to Canada. Now a teacher at the Kelvin Grove College of Advance Education, her subsequent writings concern dancing in physical education and physiotherapy, research into ethno-choreology recording; she is planning further work with K.J. Donnell on notation of dancing for deaf children.

K.J. Donnell, 1977 Fellow and tutor for the Queensland Theatre of the Deaf, being deaf himself, has produced an outstanding report on dramatic production of movement, mime and focus applicable to dramatic training in many fields other than for the deaf.

75

Charles Lisner, 1972 Fellow from the Queensland Ballet, has presented an expert survey on teaching methods and production of some of the outstanding ballet schools of the world. Remarking that his initial efforts had encountered some delays because in some countries training and observation is permitted only on the basis of officially approved “cultural exchanges” at governmental level (Russia to send singers to Italy, Italy to send dancers for Russian training) — and Australia is terra incognita — he nevertheless studied all details, including costuming and lighting with the “classic” ballet and some contemporary productions in Russia, Denmark, Brussels, Amsterdam, Paris, London and the United States.

Nan Durrans (1969) whose initial Churchill study was in the teaching, equipment, building and administration of physical education courses to serve Kelvin Grove College of Advanced Education in their programme of Physical Education and Health, has now extended her work in the field of Creative Dance as a teaching and a performing function and recently published a book on the subject.

The artists who took part in the Churchill Trusts Tenth Anniversary concert, photographed outside the Canberra School of Music. From left to right: Victor Grieve, Kerry Smith, Jack Harrison, Rhonda Vickers, Ailsa McCristal, Pamela Bryce, Sylvia Wade, Ronal Jackson and Phillip Miechel.(Photo courtesy of The Canberra Times)

76

Chapter XII

CONCLUSION

This is not a full official portrait of the Fellows of the Churchill Trust at the time of the death of its chief founder and Patron, Sir Robert Menzies. It is, at best, an assembly of rough sketches of workers in a landscape within a given time frame. For each figure and activity named, there are at least two others equally meritorious in associated fields of work; in the background, are thousands of other very worthy applicants whose projects most reluctantly, could not be funded.

It is not a static picture. The Australian background itself changes rapidly, the innovative becomes the commonplace, business and governmental policies change, the people and the community resolve old problems and discover new needs. Some of the Churchill Fellows have continued to work with enthusiasm on the development of their original studies, many have moved into areas of wider application and liaison with specialist bodies. Some have been disappointed that some of the more rigidly structured establishments in the community have not been interested in implementing alternative or improved methods they have researched; many have found plans curtailed or deferred because individual or agency funds are limited. Some, fortunately few. have returned from their studies so concerned with immediate problems that they have been unable to meet their contractual obligation to present the Churchill Trust with a Final Report covering their overseas studies; others have remained overseas, or returned there, after a period, to work in international fields.

Within the Trust’s Library at Churchill House Fellows’ reports constitute a monograph library that is a social archive of the changing Australian scene. It depicts a country in which the instincts of curiosity, energy, and the desire to find a better way have not been quenched. It is a country where native intelligence, education, research and governmental concern are of high standards — yet not too arrogant to admit there is much more to be learned. It is a flexible and adaptive society, and the work of the Churchill Fellows has already given evidence that it is prepared to accept new elements into many fields of work and creative expression; and that, concommitantly, Australian participation in world activities is now being accepted in terms of expertise.

Churchill Fellowships have done much to combat the image of the “average Australian" as a creature of complacent conformity. The Fellows have, above all, indicated that the efforts of a few talented and highly motivated individuals, possessing a deep sense of community responsibility, can provide guidelines for a richer and happier environment for all.

77

AUSTRALIAN CHURCHILL FELLOWS

1966 to 1977

THEIR STUDY FIELD

AABBOTT, Chaplain Lt. Col. D.C.

1976 N.S.W.Army Chaplaincy

ADAMEK, Mr V. 1971 S.A.Music Engraving

ADAMS, Mrs A.C. 1973 Tas.Nursing Handicapped Children

ADAMS, Mr L.F. 1976 Vic.Education and Work Experience

ADAMS, Miss M.M. 1971 A.C.T. Physiotherapy Administration

ADAMSON, Dr. Heather 1971 N.S.W. Science Teaching

AILWOOD, Mr P.E. 1970 N.S.W. Aphasie Children

AITSI, Mr A. 1974 P.N.G.Police Training

ALBIRA, Miss R. 1973 P.N.G. Teaching of the Deaf

ALBRECHT, Pastor P.G.E. 1969 N.T. Indigenous Communities

ALDER, Mr G.J. 1974 S.A.Volunteer Social Work

ALLEN, Mr D.T. 1974 N.S.W.Waterfront Industrial Relations

ALLEN, Mr G.G. 1969 W.A.Libraries in Higher Education Institutes

AMBLER, Mr K.G. 1977 S.A. Electrical Workshops

AMOR, Mr R.L. 1969 Vic.Blackberry Control

ANKER, Mr J.H. 1973 N.S.W. Maxillo-Facial Repair

ANSON, Mr A.L. 1968 S.A.Industrial Safety

APPLEBEE, Sen. Sgt. R.G. 1976 Vic. Safety in Small Boats

APPLETON, Dr. D.B. 1971 Qld. Nervous Diseases of Children

APPLETON, Mr R.D. 1974 Vic. Ambulance “Early Services”

ARENA, Mrs F. 1977 N.S.W. Ethnic Media Production

ARMITT, Mr J.D.G. 1976 Qld. Water Pollution Control

ARMSTRONG, Mr H. 1977 S.A. Industrial Relations, Public Service Areas

ASHKANASY, Mr N.M. 1975 Qld. Water Storage Systems

ASHWORTH, Mr J.R. 1969 Vic. Foreshore Erosion

ATKINSON, Mr F.D. 1967 N.S.W. Printing Technology

BBABOB, Mr S. 1966 P.N.G.

Printing TechnologyBACKLER, Mr I.H. 1975 S.A.

Fishing IndustryBADMAN, Mr R.H. 1967 S.A.

Seed ProductionBAGHURST, Mr A.H. 1974 S.A.

Pipe Organ BuildingBAILEY, Mr D.A. 1975 N.S.W.

Soya Bean CultivationBAKER, Mr N.R. 1972 N.S.W.

Grain SorghumBALDWIN, Mr F. 1972 N.S.W.

Radioactive Labelling of CellsBALIN, Mr B. 1976 S.A.

Laser Beam TechnologyBANFF, Miss H.T. 1976 Qld.

Nursing AdministrationBANKS, Mr J.N. 1968 N.S.W.

Textile TechnologyBARKER, Mr H.D. 1976 Tas.

Museum TaxidermyBARLOW, Insp. V.M. 1971 Qld.

Police In-Service TrainingBARNETT, Miss E.V. 1968 N.S.W

Parole ProgrammesBATEY, Miss D. 1969 Tas.

Public Health Nursing

78

BAUMGARTEN, Miss M.S.1970 N.S.W.(Now BERSTEN, Mrs M.S.) Juvenile Delinquency

BEARD, Dr. T.C. 1966 Tas.Public Health, Hydatids

BEATON, Mr T.G. 1974 N.S.W. Mobility for the Blind

BEATTIE, Mr A.J. 1973 Qld.Potatoes

BEDWELL, Capt. C.K. 1971 N.S.W. Alcoholism Rehabilitation

BENJAMIN, Mr M.L. 1972 Qld.Drug Abuse and Alcoholism

BENNETT, Mr G.A. 1968 S.A. Industrial Legislation

BENNETT, Det./Sgt. P.H. 1972 Vic. Police Duties

BENTLEY, Mr C.F. 1970 N.S.W. Adult Education

BENTLEY, Mr N.G. 1974 Tas.“Open School“ Teaching

BERBATIS, MrC.G. 1977 N.S.W. Pharmaceutical Drug Reactions

BERSTEN, Mrs M.S.(See BAUMGARTEN, Miss M.S.)

BETHEL, Mr R.E. 1974 N.S.W. Maxillo-Facial Restoration

BIGGS, Miss M.L. 1977 Vic.(Now LAWRENCE, Mrs M.L.) Low Vision Clinics

BINKS, Mr D.N. 1966 S.A.Yacht Design

BIRCH, Mr P.J. 1974 A.C.T. Apprentice Training

BISHOP, Mr R.L. 1969 Qld.Cardio-Pulmonary Technology

BLACK, Dr. J.L. 1975 W.A.Coronary Computer Monitoring

BLATT, Miss R.E. 1973 Tas.Oboe Playing

BLEEKER, Mr J.W. 1972 N.S.W. Harvard Trades Union Course

BLUMSON, Mr C.E. 1966 Qld. Woodcarving

BOBRIDGE, Mr S.A.R. 1977 N.S.W. Railway Maintenance

BONNER, Mr R.B. 1969 N.S.W. Veterinary Services

BOTHE, Mr R.L. 1966 Vic.Electrical Systems

BOUCAUT, Sister F.R. 1972 S.A. Family Planning

BOUGHEN, Mr R.K. 1977 Qld.Organ Music and Teaching

BOYD, Mr G.M. 1969 Vic.Sculpture

BRADY, Pastor D. 1969 Qld.Ethnic Welfare

BRAITHWAITE, Mr J.J. 1970 N.S.W. Social Service Archives

BRANN, Miss J. 1975 W.A. Community Health

BRICE, Mr R.J. 1971 N.S.W.Surgical Instrument Design

BRIDGE, Dr. D.T. 1977 W.A. Tropical Medicine

BRIESE, Mr C.R. 1977 N.S.W. Criminology

BRISSENDEN, Mr H.T. 1968 N.S.W. Music Education

BROOKING, Mr T.L. 1976 N.T. Underwater Diving

BROOKS, Mr R.A. 1969 N.S.W. Sheltered Workshops

BROWN, Dr. K.A. 1976 S.A.Forensic Odontology

BROWN, Mrs M.(See McGURK, Miss M.)

BROWN, Sister M.M. 1968 A.CT. (Formerly Sister GERARDl Teacher Training

BRUCE, Mr J. 1973 Qld.Document Preservation

BRUCE, Mr W.G. 1971 Vic.Dairy Beef Industry

BRYCE, Miss P.R. 1968 Qld.Violin Playing and Teaching

BUFFIER, Mr B.D. 1977 N.S.W.Farm Business Management

BUNNEY, Mr B.R. 1968 S.A.Teacher Training

BURBURY, Mr R.M. 1977 Vic. Fishing Industry Equipment

BURGESS, Mr F.P. 1969 N.S.W.T.V. Documentary Production

BURKE, Dr. D.C. 1970 Vic.Spinal Injury Units

79

BURKE, Mr E.H. 1966 Qld. Maxillo-Facial Repairs

BURNHEIM, Mr R.B. 1968 N.S.W. Psychological Services

BURNS, Sister V.M. 1970 Tas.Contemporary Religious Teaching

BUTAvTCIUS, Mr A. 1966 A.C.T. Drama Production

C

CALDWELL, Mrs L. 1972 Vic. Multi-Media Library Centres

CAMERON, Mr A.L. 1966 P.N.G. Teak Genetics

CAMERON, Mr I.G. 1972 Tas.Black Currant Farming

CAMPBELL, Mr A.D. 1971 A.C.T. Computers in Industry

CAMPBELL, Mr R. McK. 1977 W.A. Architectural Conservation

CAMPBELL, Sister Y.D. 1976 Qld. Home Dialysis Practice

CANNINGS, Mr T.R. 1974 N.S.W. School Buildings

CARTWRIGHT, Miss E.C. 1975 Vic. Cell Culture in Metabolic Diseases

CARVER, Dr. Mary 1968 S.A. Biological Control of Aphids

CATTS, Mr R.M. 1975 N.S.W.Trade and Technical Education

CAULFIELD, Mr H.W. 1970 Qld. Botanic Gardens

CHASTON, Mr J. 1970 S.A.Garbage Disposal

CHINNER, Mr D.W. 1974 N.T. National Parks

CHRISTIANSEN, Mrs M.(See RICHARDSON, Mrs M.)

CHURCHES, Mr A.E. 1969 N.S.W. Bioengineering

CLARKSON, Dr. A.R. 1969 S.A. Renal Care Units

CLAYDON, Mr D. 1967 N.S.W. Religious Education

COAD, Mr A.R. 1967 Vic. Agricultural Irrigation

COBB, Mr P.B. 1976 N.S.W. Percussion Instruments (Special Award)

COLE, Mr. D.R. 1974 W.A.Fishing Industry Teaching

COLLIVER, Mr A.S. 1967 Vic.Social Welfare Administration

CONDON, Mr A.T. 1974 Vic. Agricultural Aviation

CONNOLLY, Mr R.J. 1971 N.S.W. Radio Feature Programmes

CONYNGHAM, Mr B.E. 1970 N.S.W.Japanese Music Composition

COOK, Mrs M.I. 1969 Vic.Ostomy Management

COONEY, Sister A. 1976 A.C.T. University Residential Accommodation

COOPER, Mr L.A. 1976 N.S.W. Perfume Manufacture

CORNEY, Dr. A.D.C. 1970 Tas. Geriatric Medicine

COSGROVE, Mr H.E. 1970 Tas. Legal Training

COWLEY, Mr B.P. 1970 N.S.W.Art Teacher Training

COX, Rev. D.R. 1971 Vic.Greek and Yugoslav Migrant Welfare

COX, Mr I.S. 1966 Vic.Youth Correction Centres

CRAN, Mr J.C. 1975 N.S.W.Bassoon Teaching

CRAWFORD, Mr D. 1968 S.A. Mentally Retarded Care

CRELLIN, Mr J.D. 1975 S.A.Oboe Playing (Special Award)

CUFF, Mr H.A. 1969 N.T.Buffalo Husbandry

CUMMING THOM, Mr A.R.1972 A.C.T.Parliamentary Committees

CUNDALL, Mr P.J. 1974 Tas. Media-Gardening

CURTIN, Mr R.N.P. 1974 N.S.W. Opera Singing (Special Award)

CUTHBERTSON, Mr A.S. 1977 Tas. Abalone Aquaculture

CUTHBERTSON, Mrs N.(See EVERS, Miss N.)

80

D

DAFF, Mrs H.B. 1976 N.T.Child Welfare Institutions

DALLA, Mr R.E.G. 1976 A.C.T.Dental Prosthetics

DANIELS, Mr M.E. 1967 N.T. Aboriginal Trade Skills

DARKEN, Mrs V. 1968 N.T.Painting and Art Teaching

DARVENIZA, Mrs I.M. 1973 Qld. Remedial Education — Adult

DAVIDGE, Mr I.C. 1966 N.S.W.Rice Growing

DAVIDSON, Mr R.A. 1969 N.S.W. Harvard Trades Union Course

DAVIES, Mr E. 1975 N.T.Government Mining Policies

DAVIS, Mr D.J. 1975 S.A.Voluntary Agencies in Youth Work

DAVIS, Dr. N.C. 1968 Qld.Malignant Melanoma

DAY, Mr R.W. 1972 Vic.Butchery Practice

DEAN, Mr L.J. 1966 W.A.Industrial Safety

DE CARLE, Mrs D.M. 1966 N.S.W. Education, Handicapped Adults

DE FONTENAY, Mr V.J. 1966 N.T. Date Culture

DE HANN, Mr S.R. 1975 W.A. Trombone Studies

DE JERSEY, Dr. P. 1977 Qld.'Renal Disease

DELANEY, Mr B.J. 1974 Vic.Drug Control, Customs Procedures

DELLA BOSCA, Mr R.T. 1974 N.S.W. Administration Benefit Services

DE MARIA, Mr W.A. 1977 N.S.W. Town Social Planning

DIAMOND, Mrs L.C. 1967 W.A. Physiotherapy

DIVALL, Mr R.S. 1976 Vic.Opera Conducting and Production

DIXON, Mr T.A. 1972 N.S.W.Dental Casting Materials

DOBSON, Miss L.C.A. 1974 Qld. Japanese Childrens' Literature

DONNELL, Mr K.J. 1977 Qld. Theatre for the Deaf

DONNELLY, Matron P.G. 1973 Tas. Nursing Administration

DOODY, Mr K.F. 1973 Qld. Workers' Compensation

DORAN, Mr R.R.H. 1968 W.A. Apple Processing

DORNAN, Mr L.A. 1970 N.S.W. Citrus Industry Marketing

DOUGLAS, Mr J.S. 1974 A.C.T. National Reserves

DOUGLAS, Mr J.A. 1977 Vic. Aseptic Food Processing

DOWDING Mr P. McC. 1974 W.A. Legal Advice Bureaux

DOWLING, Mr P.M. 1975 N.S.W. Aerial Sowing of Pastures

DRISCOLL, Mr D.R. 1969 Vic. Chemistry Teacher Training

DRUMMOND, Mrs S. 1967 Vic. Speech Therapy

DUFFIELD, Miss H.M. 1974 S.A. Intensive Care Nursing

DUNCAN, Mr A.T. 1967 N.S.W. Aboriginal Education

DUNELL, Matron E.W. 1971 Vic. Blind Multi-Handicapped

DURRANS, Miss N. 1969 Qld. Physical Education

E

EDMONDS-HILL, Miss P.A. 1976 W.A. Community Needs in Nursing

EDWARDS, Mr L.S. 1968 N.S.W. Mass Media, Farming

EDWARDS, Mr P.L. 1968 N.S.W. Education — Electronics

EIDLITZ, Mr F. 1966 Vic.Visual Arts Communication

ELLEM, Mr A.W. 1970 N.S.W.Fishing Industry Administration

ELLIS, Insp. K.G. 1969 N.S.W.Police Training Institutes

ELLIS, Mr R.C. 1967 Vic.Youth Activities

81

ENGLISH, Mr E. 1969 P.N.G.Motor Mechanics Training

ESPIE, Mr A.K. 1970 N.T.Mining Drilling Techniques

EVANS, Mr A.C. 1966 N.S.W. Industrial Relations and Legislation

EVANS, Mr A.G. 1970 W.A.T. V. Current Affairs Programmes

EVERS, Mrs N. 1972 N.S.W.(Now Mrs CUTHBERTSON) Probation Officers — Counselling

EZARD, Mr F.I. 1971 Vic.Sawmilling

F

FAIRCHILD, Mr J.G. 1970 Vic.Pig Farming

FERRIS, Mr J.L. 1973 N.S.W. Multi-purpose Deaf Centres

FIELDING, Mr A. 1974 Qld.Sculpture Moulding and Casting

FILSON, Mr R.B. 1971 Vic.Lichens

FINNIE, Dr. E.P. 1975 N.S.W.Zoo Veterinary Services

FIRTH, Mr B. 1972 N.T.Cooling/Humidifying Equipment

FISENDEN, Mr O.H. 1975 W.A.Flute Studies

FISHER, Miss R.M. 1975 Vic.(Now Mrs HOWLETT)Young Driver Accidents

FITCH, Dr. K.D. 1975 W.A.Exercise and Asthma

FITZGERALD, Mr R.T. 1972 Vic. Continuing Education

FLEAY, Mr R.F. 1966 W.A.Radioactive Medical Techniques

FLETCHER, Mr P.R. 1976 W.A. Angora Goat Breeding

FLOCKHART, Mr R.A. 1977 N.T. Horse Nutrition

FOLLAND, Mr G.C. 1974 S.A. Shelters, Homeless Men

FORD, Mr J.K. 1977 N.S.W. Corporate Crime and Fraud

FORELL, Mrs A.C. 1973 Vic.Toy Libraries for the Handicapped

FORSHAW, Mr J.M. 1971 A.C.T. “Parrots of the World”

FOWLER, Rev. R.C. 1974 N.S.W. Hospital Chaplaincy

FREEMAN, Miss J.M. 1976 N.S.W. Paedeatric Nursing

FREEMAN, Dr. J.W. 1971 Tas.Renal Disease

FRENCH, Mrs G.L.(See ROWE, Miss G.L.)

G

GALLACHER, Mr J.D. 1966 N.T. Education and Vernacular

GALLAGHER, Mrs J.M. 1967 Qld. Care of Mentally Retarded

GALLANT, Mrs M.A. 1975 Vic. Echo-cardiography technology

GALT, Rev. A.D. 1969 N.S.W.Indigenous Unskilled Employment

GALVIN, Mr W.R. 1977 N.S.W. Cookery for Large Institutions

GAMBLEY, Miss M.R. 1976 N.S.W. Vocational Education

GEORGE, Mr C.D. 1971 P.N.G.Pearl Shell Industry

GEORGE, Mr R.S. 1976 S.A.Biological Control of Citrus Disease

GERARD, Sister Mary M. 1968 A.C.T. (See BROWN, Sister M.M.)

GIBSON, Miss C.G. 1967 A.C.T. Pre-Columbian Pottery

GIESE, Mr H.C. 1966 N.T.Indigenous Peoples’ Welfare

GILBERT, Mr L.A.J. 1972 N.S.W. Museums

GILCHRIST, Mr J.W. 1970 W.A. Cereal Grain Inspection

GILES, Supt. J.B. 1971 S.A.Police Training and Administration

GLEESON, Sister M. 1974 Vic. Neo-natal Nursing

GLEGHORN, Mr T. 1973 S.A.Art Teaching

GLOVER, Mr C.L. 1967 Vic.Trades Unions

82

GLOVER, Mr K.N. 1975 Vic.Radio Australia Announcing

GOERKE, Mrs A.M. 1972 W.A. Advanced Organ Music

GOODE, Mr R.F. 1977 N.S.W.Early French Keyboard Music

GOODMAN, Mr W.A. 1971 Tas.Park Reserves Conservation

GOODWIN, MrJ.H. 1973 N.T. Electronics, X-Ray Technology

GORMAN, Mr B.M. 1972 Qld. Blue-Tongue Virus Diseases

GOURLAY, Mr P.K. 1968 Vic. Aeronautical Design

GRANT, Miss B. 1968 W.A.Deprived Children

GRAY, Miss R. 1975 Qld.Psychiatric Nursing

GRAY, Mr W.J. 1974 N.T. Community Development

GREENAWAY, Mr V.W. 1974 Vic. Pottery and Glass

GREENWOOD, Mr A.B. 1973 N.S.W. Company and Securities Law

GREENWOOD, Mr E.A. 1972 Vic. Children's Literature

GREY, Mr R.G.S. 1973 Vic.Pig Husbandry

GRIEVE, Mr V.I.G. 1974 N.S.W. French Horn Playing

GROOM, Mr W.A. 1973 Qld.National Parks, Accommodation

GULBRANSEN, Supt. N.S. 1973 Qld. Crime Intelligence Units

GUY, Mrs M.F. 1966 A.C.T.Hospital Administration

II

HALE, Mr J.E. 1976 S.A. Silversmithing

HALL, Mr R.J. 1977 W.A.Urban Fire Services

HALLUM, Mr A.D. 1971 N.T. Indigenous Pottery

HAMILTON, Mr D.S. 1972 N.T. Raw Cropping of Soya Beans

HAMMOND, Dr. K. 1975 N.S.W. Animal Genetics

HARCOURT, Miss D.M. 1973 Vic. Dietetics in Metabolic Diseases

HARLEY, Mrs M.F. 1976 Qld.Pre-School Isolated Children

HARRIS, Mr B.J. 1977 N.S.W.Dental Prosthetics

HARRISON. Mr J.L. 1971 W.A. Clarinet Studies

HARWOOD, Mr W. 1971 W.A.Sheltered Workshops

HATCH, A.B. 1967 W.A.Foliar Analysis

HAWKINS, Mr D.J. 1975 Vic. Domestic Waste Disposal

HAWTHORNE, Mr G.R. 1968 P.N.G. Civil Defence/Emergency Services

HEALY, Dr P.J. 1973 N.S.W. Veterinary Enzyme Analysis

HEBBLEWHITE, Mr E.K. 1971 N.S.W.Agricultural Journalism — Beef

HELYAR, Mr R.G. 1976 N.T.Parental Participation in Education

HENRY, Mr G.H. 1966 Vic.Retinal Colour Receptors

HENSCHKE, Mr C.A. 1970 S.A.Wine Making

HERIOT, Mrs J.H.C. 1977 Vic.Kodaly Method of Music

HERMES, Mr C.L. 1969 A.C.T.Legal Procedures, Neglected Children

HESSING, Mrs M. 1973 N.S.W. Non-loom Weaving

HEWITT, Sister P.M.B. 1977 Tas. Family Planning

HOARE, Mr R.M. 1972 Vic. Agriculture College Farms

HOBCROFT, Mr R.K. 1967 Tas. Music Teacher Training

HOCKINGS, Mr K.B. i968 Tas. Disaster Services

HODGE, Mr J.C. 1971 Qld.Educational Use of Museums

HODGETTS, Mr F.R.G. 1972 Vic. Sheltered Workshops

HODGSON, Mr A. 1966 Vic.Forest Fire Control

HOGARTH-SCOTT, Dr. R.S.1969 Vic.Pathology and Immunology

83

HOLDEN, Dr. J.C. 1970 Vic.Penetrometers in Civil Engineering

HOLDSWORTH, Mr J.K. 1966 Vic.Guide Dogs for the Blind

HOLLIER, Mr D.R. 1973 A.C.T. Musical Institutions

HOOD, Mr K.E. 1967 Vic.Museum Curatorship

HORMAN, Det. Sgt. W. 1977 Vic. Juvenile Aid Bureaux

HORNER, Capt. D.M. 1977 Qld.Military History

HORTON, Sgt. J.H. 1974 W.A.Bomb Disposal

HORTON, Mr L.F. 1975 N.S.W. Forensic Biology

HORVAT, Miss L.M. 1977 S.A. Advanced pianoforte studies

HOUSTON, Miss B.R. 1969 Qld.(Now Mrs SIMPSON)Special Purpose Clays

HOWARD, Mr J.J. 1966 A.C.T. Television Production

HOWARD, Mr R.G. 1973 S.A. Decorative Ironwork

HOWE, Mr J.P. 1974 Vic.Teachers’ Resource Centres

HOWES, Lt. Col. A.R. 1973 Vic. Professional Transport Institutes

HOWICK, Mr C.D. 1968 Vic.Wood Destroying Insects

HOWLETT, Mrs R.M.(See FISHER, Miss R.M.)

HOWS AM, Miss S.A. 1973 Vic. Physiotherapy, brain damage

HUDSON, Miss L.E. 1971 N.S.W. Dietetics

HUGHES, Miss M.E. 1970 Qld.(Now Mrs PAPPAS)Benesh Choreography

HUMPHRIES, Mr A.S. 1972 Vic. Migrant Education

HURREN, Mrs J.E. 1977 A.C.T. Blissymbolics for Handicapped

HUTCHINGS, Mr R.J. 1972 A.C.T. Minimum Tillage Areas

HUTCHISON, Mr B.R.G. 1975 Qld. Boat Building Technology

HUXLEY, Mr B.H. 1975 Tas.Plaster Work Architecture

HYDE, Mr K.W. 1975 N.T. Rangeland Utilisation

I

INNES, Sgt. Miss H. 1976 Tas. Enforcement of “Moral Law”

IRAMU, Mr F.R. 1971 P.N.G. Village and “Imported Law”

ISIKINI, Mr A.H. 1966 P.N.G. Diesel Mechanics

J

JACKOMOS, Mr A. 1977 Vic.Ethnic Economic Development

JACKSON, Father P. 1975 Vic.Youth Camps, Community Groups

JACKSON, Mr R.F. 1973 N.S.W.Administration, “Opera” Schools”

JACOBS, Mrs E.N.(See LESLIE, Miss E.N.)

JACOBS, Mr L.J. 1976 Tas.Apprentice Training

JAMES, Mr W.E. 1976 Vic.Precision Optics

JENKINS, Mr D. 1973 Vic.Thai-Asian Journalism

JEPHCOTT Mrs B.A. 1971 P.N.G. Tropical Cattle Cross-Breeding

JOASOO, Dr. A. 1971 N.S.W.Thyroid Disorders

JOHNSON, Mrs J.E. 1971 N.T.Music Teaching, Handicapped

JOHNSWOOD, Mr L.H. 1971 S.A. Teaching, Delinquent Children

JONES, MissB.C. 1974 Vic.(Now Mrs Walker)Nursing, Spinal Injuries

JONES, Mr T.N. 1973 N.S.W.Artificial Limb Manufacture

JULIAN, Mr A.P. 1972 W.A.Drama Teaching and Production

K

KABLE, Dr. P.E. 1976 N.S.W. Plant Disease Forecasting

84

KALF, Mr F.R.P. 1975 N.S.W.Hydrology, Computer Techniques

KAMBUOU, Miss N. 1968 P.N.G. (Now Mrs ROONEY)Home Economics

KATAHANAS, Mr G. 1974 P.N.G. Choreography Teaching

KAZIMIERCZAK, Miss C. 1969 S.A. (Now Mrs. KAZIMIERCZAK-

KOPROWSKI)Pianoforte Performance

KEENE, Mr P.P. 1973 P.N.G.Police Administration

KELLEHER, Mr G.G. 1972 N.T.Engineering, environmental care

KELLY, Mr A. 1966 W.A.Metabolic Technology

KELLY, Mr R.J. 1970 S.A.Chemistry Technology Institutes

KENDALL, Miss F.J. 1966 Vic.Kindergarten Teacher Training

KENLEY, Mr W.J. 1970 Vic.Business Accountancy

KEOGH, Mr N.R. 1976 Vic.Jewellery Smithing

KEYS, Mr A.G.W. 1969 A.C.T. Repatriation Services

KILLINGTON, Mr G.M. 1967 S.A. “Detached” Social Work

KOCH, Miss E.J. 1976 S.A.Flute Playing

KOGOSOWSKI. Mr A. 1971 Vic. Concert Pianist

KOHU, Mr M. 1976 P.N.G. Newspaper Compositor

KOMLOS, Mr P. 1971 Tas.Violin, Suzuki Method

KRAEGEN, Dr. E.W. 1973 N.S.W. Diabetes Mellitus, Computer Research

L

LACEY, Mr E.H. 1970 S.A.Almond Cultivation

LANGFORD, Dr. K.J. 1973 Vic. Hydrological Cycles

LANNOY, Sister K.C. 1975 Old. Advanced Social Work Course

LARKINS, Dr. R.G. 1972 Vic. Endocrinology

LARSENS, Mrs G.J.(See TIVER, Miss G.J.)

LAVERY, Mr H.J. 1967 Qld.Native Fauna

LAVEY, Mr D.C. 1976 Tas.Worker Participation in Industry

LAWRENCE, Mrs M.L.(See BIGGS, Miss M.L.)

LAY, Mr B.G. 1975 S.A.Monitoring Stock Controlled Areas

LEDERMANN, Mrs K.J. 1975 N.S.W. Braille Multiple Copy Production

LEECH, Mr R.J. 1970 N.S.W.National Parks Administration

LEHMANN, Mr C.P. 1977 N.S.W. Cotton Marketing

LEONG, Mr C.K.H. 1973 N.S.W.Long Stay Psychiatric Patients

LEPHERD, Mr E.E. 1976 N.S.W. Veterinary Clinical Pathology

LESLIE, Miss E.N. 1966 N.S.W.(Now Mrs JACOBS)Pianoforte

LETTS, Mr G.A. 1967 N.T.Feral Animais

LEVIN, Mr P.W. 1976 N.T.Small Airlines Operation

LEWIS, Mr B. 1973 Vic.Professional Youth Leadership

LEWIS, Mr J.W. 1977 Qld.Revegetation of coastal land

LEWIS, Mr M.H.W. 1971 Qld.Prison Control Systems

LEWIS, Det. Sgt. T.M. 1968 Qld. Juvenile Aid Bureaux

LIGHTFOOT, Mr R.M. 1975 Vic. Glaciology, Melt-Sonde Apparatus

LINDOP, Mr K. 1976 N.S.W.Screen Printing

LISNER, Mr C.M. 1972 Qld.Ballet and Choreography

LODER, Mr B.D. 1972 N.S.W.National Parks Visitors' Facilities

LOFFLER, Mrs L.R.(See WILKSCH, Miss L.R.)

LORIMER, Miss D. 1973 Vic. Radiography

85

LOWDEN, Mr W.B.J. 1973 Vic. Printing Industry

LUBY, Mr B.F. 1968 Vic.Alcoholism Rehabilitation

LUCK, Mr P.A. 1972 N.S.W. Current Affairs Media

M

McARDLE, Mr M.F. 1976 Old. Letterpress Plate Making

McAr t h u r , Mr j .m . 1977 Vic.Progeny Testing of Bulls

McCa r t h y , Rev. W.J. 1973 Vic. Parish Primary Schools

McCLUSKIE, Mr R.J. 1973 N.S.W. Health Inspectors, Training

McCONAGHY, Insp. P.D. 1975 A.C.T. Police Traffic Control

McCONNELL, Mr J.D. 1967 Tas. Veterinary Studies

McCRISTAL, Miss A. 1970 A.C.T. (Also Mrs SMITH)Pianoforte Teaching

McCUDDEN, Mrs M.J. 1971 W.A. Multiple Handicapped Deaf Children

McCUTCHEON, Mr A. A. 1969 Vic. Community Re-Planning

McDo n a l d , Mr I.T. 1969 Old. Multiple Handicapped Children

McDo n a l d , Mr R.C. 1970 Qld. Irrigation Crops Soil Survey

McDOUGALL, Mr B.A. 1974 Vic. Rural Business Administration

McDOWALL, Mrs E. 1976 Vic. Children's Television and Films

McGOWAN, Mr J.J. 1977 S.A. Educational Television

McGRATH, Miss J.V. 1968 Vic.Art and Music Libraries

McGURK, Miss M. 1967 W.A.(Now Mrs BROWNE)Vocal Studies

McKAY, Miss M.E. 1976 Old.Commercial Flower Production

McKENNA, Rev. Bro. Dr. V.R.1970 Vic.School Design, Science

McKEOWN, P.J. 1966 A.C.T.School Curricula Planning

McKINNON, Rev. R.G. 1971 Tas. Religious Teaching on T.V.

McLEOD, Miss G.P.M. 1975 S.A. University Radio Stations

McLEOD, Mr L.J. 1966 Tas.Pharmacy Studies

McNEILL, Mr B.H. 1968 Tas. Architecture, Town Planning

McRAE, Mrs M.G. 1975 Tas.Library Administration

McVEIGH, Miss C.M. 1974 Vic. Women Police in Male Duties

McWILLIAM, Mr I.G. 1972 Vic. Chemistry Teaching

MacBEAN, Mr J.W. 1975 N.S.W. Harvard Trades Union Course

MacPHERSON, Miss J.M. 1967 N.S.W. Electro-Encephalography

MAHER, Mr K.J. 1976 Vic.Farm Feed, Beef Industry

MALEY, Mr W.R. 1974 N.S.W. Teaching of Retarded Children

MANAPE, Mr K.H. 1974 P.N.G. Aquaculture

MARCH, Mr M.E. 1969 A.C.T. Mathematics Teaching

MAREK, Mr V. 1970 S.A.Sculpture

MARSHALL, Mr J.A. 1975 Vic. Apprentice Training

MASLEN, Mr R.L. 1972 S.A.Juvenile Delinquency

MASSEY, Mr C.F. 1969 W.A.Cotton Cultivation

MATANE, Mr P.N. 1967 P.N.G. Education

MATCHETT, Mr R.L. 1970 N.S.W. Tertiary Institutions, Community Service

MATHER, Dr. C.E. 1976 W.A. Acoustics Legislation

MAUA, MissT. 1975 P.N.G.Public Health Nursing

MAVER, Mr J.L. 1970 Vic.Large Dams and Water Distribution

MAYFIELD, Mr J.M. 1967 S.A. Physics

86

MAYNARD, Mr A.T. 1971 Vic. Synthetic Amino Acids Studies

MEADE, Mr S.D. 1974 S.A.Training, Mentally Retarded Children

MEARS, Mr D.C. 1976 N.S.W.Organ Transplant Rejection

MEIKLEJOHN, Mr P.G. 1974 Qld. Dairy Foods Processing

MELLISH, Mr R.O.J. 1973 Qld.Art Galleries Administration

MELLOR, Mr A.M. 1972 N.S.W. Japanese Theatre

MESZAROS, Mr M.V. 1969 Vic. Medallion Design and Sculpture

MIDGLEY, Mr S.H. 1968 Qld.Nile Perch Fisheries

MIECHEL, Mr P.A. 1968 Vic.Clarinet Studies

MILL, Mr G.A. 1971 N.S.W. Indigenous Cooperatives

MILLER, Det. Sgt. S.I. 1967 Vic.Police Procedures

MILNE, Dr. J.E.H. 1971 Vic. Occupational Health

MILNER, Dr. G. 1971 W.A.Clinical Treatment, Drug Abuse

MINAO, Miss K. 1969 P.N.G.Nursing, Midwifery

MIZZI, Mr J.M. 1968 Qld.Cane Harvesters

MOAITZ, Mr R. 1969 P.N.G.Civil Aviation Operations

MOFFETT, Miss M.B. 1971 Qld. Nursing Staff Structures

MOON, Mr M. 1966 Qld.Ceramics

MOORE, Mr D.R. 1969 N.S.W. Museum Anthropological Preservation

MOORE, Mr R.J. 1975 N.S.W. Indigenes in Other Countries

MORAN, Miss J.K. 1974 Qld.Cardiac Radiography

MORGAN, Mr F.G. 1970 Vic.Recorder Manufacture and Usage

MORIARTY, Mr J. 1970 S.A. Indigenous Culture Centres

MORONEY, Sister P.M. 1977 A.C.T. Orff Method Music Teaching

MORONY, Mrs T.M. 1966 N.S.W. Physiotherapy

MORRIS, Mrs J. 1972 Qld.Children's Literature and Drama Writing

MORRIS, Mr M. 1969 Qld.Audio-Visual Educational Facilities

MORRISON, Dr. R.G.B. 1972 S.A. Field Study Centres

MORTIMER, Miss D.A. 1972 W.A. (Now Mrs ZUBRICK)Speech Pathology

MOUNSEY, Mr R.P. 1975 Vic. Commercial Fishing Practice

MOUNTAIN, Mrs P.A.M. 1977 Vic. Volunteer Probation Officers

MUAP, Mr D. 1977 P.N.G.Aviation Navigational Aids

MUGUGIA, Mr F. 1975 P.N.G.Crime Prevention

MULLETT, Mr J.T. 1972 N.S.W.Milk Products Processing

MULVIHILL, Rev. Father E.J. 1966 S.A. Education Administration

MUNCE, Mr B.R. 1973 Vic.Road Paving Materials

MUNDAY, Mrs C.G. 1973 S.A. Domiciliary Care

MURDOCH, Mr A.J. 1977 P.N.G. Airport Administration

MURPHY, Mr P.J. 1977 Tas. Samaritan Couselling

N

NAISMITH, Mr N.W. 1972 Vic. Hospital Pharmacy Systems

NELSON, Mr F.C. 1975 Vic.Printing Technology

NEWELL, Mr D.G. 1973 N.S.W. Cartographic Restoration

NEWTON-TABRETT, Mr D.A.1973 N.T.Brucellosis in Cattle

NICHOLAS, Mr N.P. 1970 P.N.G.Art Teacher Training

NILKARE, Mr J.M. 1973 P.N.G. “Village Courts’’

NOAR, Mr G.H. 1975 Tas.St. Vincent de Paul Centres

87

NOLAN, Mr W.K. 1969 S.A. Medical Photography

NOWAK, Mr S.W. 1966 Vic.Trades Unions, Ruskin College

NUTT ALL, Mr D.C. 1977 Qld. Oboe Playing

0

O'BRIEN, Mr A.D. 1974 N.S.W. Legume Pasturage

OBST, Mr S.R. 1971 S.A.Distillation of Winery Waste

0,CONNOR, Mr P.A. 1972 Vic.Marriage and Family Counselling

O’DEAN, Miss J. A.(See PFEIFFER, Mrs J.A.)

O'DONNELL, Miss M.E.C. 1968 Vic. (Now Mrs WARRY)Teaching Aids and Testing

OKE, M r J.R. 1975 Vic.Farm Credit Facilities

OLDING, Mr M. 1970 Qld.Pianoforte Teaching

OLDMEADOW, Rev. R.H. 1974 A.C.T. Lifeline Counselling

OLIVE, Mr R.T. 1972 Tas.Water Supply Constructions

OLIVER, Mr E.H. 1975 Tas.Pig Husbandry

O’NEILL, Mr E. 1967 A.C.T. Phytotron Research

ORAKA, Mr R.E. 1971 P.N.G.Blood Transfusion Techniques

OSTOJA-KOTKOWSKI, Mr J.S.1967 S.A.Electronic Painting

P

PALMOS, Mr F.J. 1971 Vic. Aerospace Publications

PAPPAS, Mrs. M.E.(See HUGHES, Miss M.E.)

PARK, Mrs J.J. 1975 Qld. Children's Homes

PARKE, Mr B. 1966 W.A. Adult Education

PARR, Mr W.G. 1966 N.S.W.Deaf Education

PARSONS, M r D.O. 1967 N.S.W. Retirement Funds

PATSTON, M r G.E. 1969 N.S.W. Aircraft Maintenance

PAULI, Mr H.W. 1971 Qld.Water Supply Sources

PEACH, Mr R.G. 1976 N.S.W.Radio Productions Techniques

PEAKE, Mr O. 1977 N.T.Electrical Distribution Systems

PEACOCK, Mr J.W. 1968 N.S.W. Youth Recreational Centres

PEARCE, Mr T.S. 1968 Vic.Marine Pollution and Sewage Disposal

PEDDLESDEN, Mr A.J. 1974 Vic. Retirement Planning

PEEBLES, M r G.B. 1977 Vic. Mezzo-Tint Production

PEGG, Dr. S.P. 1974 Qld.Burns Injuries

PELS, Mr S. 1967 N.S.W. Groundwater Control

PENGILLEY, Mrs P.E.A. 1975 Vic. Hearing Impaired Adults

PENHALL, Mr L.N. 1970 N.T.Alcohol and Indigenous Peoples

PENNY, Prof. R. 1973 N.S.W. Clinical Immunology

PENRITH, Mr H.J. 1975 A.C.T. Indigenous Hostels

PERRIAM, Dr. D.J. 1972 Vic. Corneal Disease

PETERSON, Mr J.R. 1972 N.S.W. Viticulture

PFEIFFER, Mrs. J.A. 1974 N.S.W. (Now Miss O’DEAN)Museum Services

PHELAN, Mr M.D. 1970 Vic. Emergency Services

PICKERING, Mr L.D. 1975 A.C.T. Newspaper Cartooning

PICKERING, Dr. R.W. 1969 Tas. Mineral Industries

PITMAN, Mr J.B. 1969 S.A. Educational Television Programmes

88

PLUNKETT, Mr P.R.C. 1977 Vic. Trumpet Playing

POLACH, Mr H.A. 1970 A.C.T. Radio Carbon Dating

PORTER, Mr J.L. 1975 S.A.Music Camps

POSTLE, Mr G.D. 1974 Old. Teachers' Centres

POULSEN, Mr K.R. 1967 Old. Seed Production

POWELL, Mr F.A. 1974 Vic. Biometeorology

PREECE, Mr T.S. 1977 S.A.Vegetable and Flower Seeds

PRICE, Mrs N.P. 1967 P.N.G. Village Handicrafts

PRICKETT, Mr R.J. 1967 N.T. Water Supply

PUGLISI, Mr A. 1977 Old.Wine Producing

PURCELL, Mr T.P. 1972 N.S.W. Legal Aid Systems

PURSS, Mr G.S. 1966 Old. Diseases of Wheat

Q

OUEALE, Mr J.D. 1968 S.A. Scientific Equipment Design

QUINLIVAN, Mrs P.M. 1973 W.A. Physiotherapy

R

RADLOFF, Mr R.P. 1975 S.A. Joinery Industry

RAHMANN, Mr W.M. 1975 Old. Highway Planning

RANDALL, Mrs J.E.C. 1968 Vic. Lipreading

RANDALL, Miss M.E. 1974 N.S.W. Riding Schools for Handicapped

RANU, Mr A. 1973 P.N.G.Sorghum and Rice Growing

RATCLIFFE, Mr J.B. 1971 N.S.W. Harvard Trades Union Course

READ, Mr J.H. 1968 N.S.W. Electronic Prosthetics

READ, Sgt. M.J. 1976 Vic.Bomb Disposal

READ, Mr P.L. 1970 N.S.W.Water Loss in Irrigation

REECE, Mrs M. 1976 N.S.W.Driver Training, Disabled Persons

REID, Rev. J. 1969 W.A.Pastoral Theology

REID, Mr R.C. 1967 N.S.W. Theatrical Design

REYNOLDS, Mr B.E. 1969 Vic. Education, Deaf Children

RICHARDSON, Mr G.B. 1972 W.A. Maxillo-Facial Restoration

RICHARDSON, Mrs M. 1970 N.S.W. (Now Mrs CHRISTIANSEN) Opera Singing

RIGBY, Mrs N.V. 1972 A.C.T.Mentally Retarded Associations

ROBERTS, Mr G.L. 1974 Tas.Youth Music Camps

ROBERTS, Miss P. 1967 N.S.W. Unmarried Mothers

ROBINSON, Mr L.G. 1967 Qld. Haematology

ROBSON, Dr. K.J. 1967 S.A. Reconstructive Surgery

ROGERS, Det. Sgt. J.J. 1973 Vic. Police Facial Identification

ROGERS, Sister M. A. 1970 Vic.Foster Care, Disturbed Children

ROLFE, Capt. W.D. 1976 A.C.T. Military Law

RONAI, Dr. P.M. 1968 N.S.W. Nuclear Medicine

ROONEY, Mrs N. 1968 P.N.G.(See KAMBUOU, Miss N.)

ROOSE, Mr J.M. 1973 S.A.Musical Conducting

ROSCIC, Mr S.J. 1974 W.A. Vineyards

ROSEN, Dr. I.M. 1976 N.S.W. Artificial Sphincters

ROVORI, Mr H. 1976 P.N.G.Pottery Techniques

ROWE, Miss G.L. 1966 Vic.(Now FRENCH, Mrs G.L.) Occupational Therapy

89

RUSHFORTH, Mr P.F. 1967 N.S.W. Teaching, Ceramics

RUSSEL, Miss J. 1966 Tas.Probation and Parole

RUSSELL, Mr K.A.R. 1968 W.A. Industrial Art Design

S

SAAL, Mr J.R. 1970 Qld.Medical Technology Teaching

SAINTY, Mr G.R. 1973 N.S.W. Aquatic Weed Control

SAINTY, Mr R.E. 1967 N.S.W. Orchardist

SAKAIYA, Mrs E. 1976 P.N.G. Theatre Nursing Procedures

SALI, Mr I. 1972 P.N.G.Operating Theatre Procedures

SANCHEZ, Miss L.A. 1976 S.A.(Now TURNER, Mrs L.A.) Auditory Defects

SANDERS, Mr B.S. 1974 W.A.Waste Water Usage

SANDERS, Mr T. 1973 Vic.Ceramic Murals

SANDO, Dr. M.J.W. 1966 S.A. Anaethesia and Intensive Care

SANSON-FISHER, Mr R.W. 1973 W.A. Anti-Social Groups

SAUNDERS, Mr D. 1968 N.S.W. Stained Glass

SAUNDERS, Mr D.S. 1970 Vic. National Parks Planning

SAVILLE, Mr S.P. 1969 P.N.G. Agricultural Education

SCHNEIDER, Miss E.R. 1968 N.S.W. (Now SMITH, Mrs E.R.)Rural Broadcasting

SCHWARZER, Mr R.A. 1974 N.S.W. High Speed Railways

SCOTT, Mr M.B. 1973 N.S.W. Statistical Attitudinal Surveys

SEAGER, Mrs P.A. 1977 W.A. Rheumatism and Arthritis

SELBY, Miss K.S. N.S.W.Pianoforte Performance

SERICO, Mr N.H. 1976 Qld. Radiography

SERVENTY, Mrs L.J. 1973 N.T. Drama Production

SHARMAN, Mr J.D. 1969 N.S.W. Experimental Theatre

SHAPCOTT, Mr T.W. 1972 Qld. Poetry Writing and Editing

SHEEN, Mr B.D. 1974 Vic.School Libraries

SHEPHERD, Det. Sgt. R.G. 1972 N.S.W. FBI Police Academy Course

SHERIDAN, Dr. A.K. 1974 N.S.W. Poultry Production

SHIRLEY, Miss U.A. 1977 Vic. “Scanner” Radiography

SIGSTON, Mr R.R. 1967 Vic.Piano Composition

SILSBURY, Mrs E.A. 1967 S.A.Music Teacher Training

SIMAGA, Mr J. 1976 P.N.G.Timber Identification

SIMMONS, Mr T.L. 1969 Vic. Clothing Industry Research

SIMMONS, Mr W.J. 1975 N.S.W. Child Abuse

SIMONS, Ms J. 1977 N.S.W.Early Childhood Education

SIMPSON, Mrs B.R.(See HOUSTON, Miss B.R.)

SIMS, Mr N.B. 1977 Tas.Low Vision Clinics

SIMSON, Mr F. 1967 S.A.Mechanical Prosthetics

SINCLAIR, Mrs M.E. 1966 S.A. Sculpture

SIRIGA, Mr N. 1975 P.N.G.Forestry Marketing

SKINNER, Mr R.K. 1972 Tas.Cave Conservation

SKIPPER, Mr M. 1970 Vic.Sculpture

SLATTERY, Rev. Bro. R.T. 1967 Qld. Science Teaching

SLOPER, Mr D.W. 1972 P.N.G. Localisation Officer

SMALE, Mr G.S. 1968 Vic.Social Welfare Training

SMITH, Mrs A.(See McCRISTAL, Miss A.)

90

SMITH, Mr B.R. 1974 Vic.Dental Restorations Technology

SMITH, Mrs E.R.(See SCHNEIDER, Miss E.R.)

SMITH, Mr G. 1970 W.A.Therapeutic Hostels

SMITH, Miss K.N. 1966 Qld.Violin Performance

SMITH, Matron M.C. 1971 N.S.W. Care of Mentally Retarded

SOANE, Sgt. B.D. 1976 N.S.W.“Little Athletics” Movement

SPIVAKOVSKY, Mr M. 1968 Vic. School Architectural Design

SQUIRE, Mr R.O. 1976 Vic.Conifer Research

STANLEY, Mr C. 1970 Qld. Orthopaedic Shoes

STEANE, Mr D.F.A. 1966 Tas. Forestry

STEELE-PARK, Mr I.M. 1973 N.S.W. Dairy and Beef Marketing

STEEN, Mr D.B. 1973 S.A.Natural History Films

STEER, Mr G.H. 1972 S.A.Wholesale Meat Act Usages

STEPHENS, Mr J.W. 1972 Tas. Education, Deaf Children

STEWART, Mr G.A. 1974 Vic. Artificial Breeding Services

SULWAY, Dr. M.J. 1977 N.S.W. Diabetes

SUTHERLAND, Miss B. 1973 S.A. Indigenous Dietary Deficiencies

SWAN, Mr G.J. 1968 Qld.Education, Cerebral Palsied

SWIFT, Miss W.L. 1976 Vic.Nursing, Burns Patients

T

TAPORA, Mr K. 1966 P.N.G.Hospital Laboratory Techniques

TAYLOR, Mr I.S. 1971 Vic.Pesticide Residues

TEITZEL, Mr J.K. 1974 Qld.Grazed Pastures Mineral Assessment

TEMBY, Mrs E.M. 1976 Vic.Support Services, Mentally Handicapped

TEMPLEMAN, Mr I.N. 1976 W.A. Local Government Museums

TENARI, Mr R.W. 1973 P.N.G.Field Training, Livestock Production

TERRY, Mr D.G. 1970 N.S.W. Industrial Design

THOMAS, Mr D.R. 1966 N.S.W.Art Curator

THOMAS, Mr G.W. 1969 S.A. Maxillo-Facial Restoration

THOMAS, Mr J.D. 1977 Vic.Apprentice Training, Horticulture

THOMAS, Mr P.A. 1972 S.A. Orchestral Conducting

THOMPSON, Mr H.L. 1973 Qld. Tertiary Education Laboraties

THOMPSON, Mr J.S. 1968 N.S.W. Harvard Trades Union Course

THOMPSON, Mr P.H. 1968 N.S.W. Film Making

THOMPSON, Mr R.P. 1977 S.A. Violin Making

THORNBER, Mr G.A. 1968 Qld. Graphic Arts Printing

THORLEY, Mr P.F. 1970 Qld.Local Government Procedures

THOROGOOD, Mrs C.Z. 1975 Qld. Angora Goat Breeding

TIDSWELL, Mr K.W. 1968 S.A.Purse Seine Fishing

TIVER, Miss G.J. 1970 S.A.(Now LARSENS, Mrs G.J.)Opera Singing

TODD, Mrs K.W. 1973 W.A.Family Psychodynamics

TOLLEY, Mr I.S. 1966 S.A. Citriculture

TOZER, Mr G.P.B.H. 1969 Vic. Pianoforte Performance

TRAVIS, Mr P.N.M. 1969 N.S.W. Ceramic Sculpture

TREBECK, Mr D.B. 1974 N.S.W. Shipping, Primary Industry

TREFRY, Mr C.R. 1977 N.S.W. Ocular Prosthetics

91

TRENDALL, Dr. A.F. 1969 W.A. Varved Rocks

TREZISE, Mr P.J. 1972 QkL Cave Paintings

TROTMAN, Mr C.H. 1973 W.A. Agricultural Extension Work

TROY, Mr C. 1975 P.N.G. Vegetable Marketing

TUFF, Mr S. 1973 A.C.T.Catering Teaching

TURNBULL, Mrs F.A. 1977 Vic. Audio-Visual School Material

TURNER, Mr A.W.L. 1967 Tas. Arts Teaching

TURNER, Mrs L.A.(See SANCHEZ, Miss L.A.)

TURNOUR, Mr J.W. 1968 N.T. Tropical Seed Production

TYS, Mr W.C. 1970 A.C.T. Scientific Glass Blowing

U

UNDERWOOD, Mr R.T. 1971 Vic. Freeway Design

UNSWORTH, Mr B.J. 1966 N.S.W. Harvard Trades Union Course

USHER, Mr J.C. 1976 Vic. Suburban Bus Services

V

VAN DER POORTEN, Mrs H.M.1967 N.S.W.Theatre History

VAN ECK, Mr N. 1974 N.T.Teaching Bahasa Indonesian

VARNUM, Mr J. 1973 N.S.W.Harvard Trades Union Course

VAUGHAN, Dr. G.N. 1968 Vic. Pharmacy Research

VICKERS, Miss R.C. 1967 Qld.Piano Performance and Teaching

V1DLER, Mr L.A. 1971 Q \ d .

Education, Deaf ChildrenVINEY, Mr K.H. 1974 Tas.

Police AdministrationVINUS, Bro. B. 1970 P.N.G.

Juvenile Delinquents

VITUCCI, Mr G.L. 1976 N.S.W. Vineyard Production

W

WADE, Miss S.L. 1973 N.S.W.Singing (Special Award)

WAIBUNAI, Miss E. 1970 P.N.G. Pre-School Teaching

WALKER, Mrs B.C.(See JONES, Miss B.C.)

WALLACE, Mr D.F. 1974 W.A.Tidal Theory

WALSH, Mr R.S. 1973 A.C.T.Library Automation Techniques

WANNAN, Mrs S.S. 1977 N.S.W.Automated Periodical Publication

WARMAN, Mr l.W. 1976 W.A.“Full Mouth" Dental Restoration

WARMINGTON, Mr R.M. 1973 Qld. Barrier Free Architecture

WARREN, Mr L.M. 1972 N.S.W. Ballet Performance (Special Award)

WARRENER, Mr V.A. 1973 W.A. Opera Management

WARRY, Mrs M.E.E.C.(See O'DONNELL, Miss M.E.E.C.)

WATERS, Mr W.D. 1973 S.A.Shoe Making

WATSON, Mr W.E.D. 1967 Vic. Teaching of the Deaf

WEBB, Mr A.W.F. 1968 Vic. Reafforestation

WEBSTER, Mr K.C. 1968 W.A.Water Supply Resources

WELCH, Mr J.S. 1977 Qld.Parasitic Diseases

WELLS, Mr V. 1968 A.C.T.Pearl Culture

WEST, Mr R.C. 1975 N.S.W.Organ Building

WESTEN, Mr R. 1969 A.C.T. Scientific Photography

WESTWOOD, Miss C.W. 1977 S.A. Performing Arts in Schools

WHIFE, Mrs A.J. 1976 W.A.Riding Camps for Handicapped

92

WHILEY, Miss M.K. 1968 Qld.Social Welfare Policy Planning

WHITE, Mr J.O. 1970 N.S.W.Grazing

WHITEHILL, Mr J.A.E. 1973 S.A.. Landscape Restoration

WHITING, Mr M.G. 1975 W.A. Glass Blowing

WHITTEN, Mr R.F. 1969 N.S.W. Marine Chronometers

WHYKES, Mr I.W. 1970 Vic. Non-Graded Schools

WILDY, Mr K.B. 1974 W.A.Stained Glass

WILKSCH, Miss L.R. 1966 S.A.(Now LOFFLER, Mrs L.R.) Infant Schools

WILLIAMS, Mrs D.R. 1968 N.S.W. Care of the Blind

WILLIAMS, Mr D.R. 1966 N.S.W. Medical Technology

WILSON, Mr A.B.C. 1972 S.A.Legal Sentencing

WILSON, Dr. B.G. 1966 Qld. Opthalmology

WILSON, Miss B.N. 1967 Vic. Haematology

WILSON, Miss E.B. 1969 N.S.W. Occupational Therapy Teaching

WILSON, Mr L.P. 1973 Tas Puppetry

WILSON, Dr. W.G. 1976 Qld. Dentistry for Handicapped Children

WOJTOWICZ, Mr C. 1969 Tas.Cello Playing

WOOD, Mr C.H. 1969 Vic.Aircraft Forestry Maintenance

WOOD, Mr D.S. 1977 Vic.Museum Preservation of Materials

WOODS, Mr M.C. 1974 Vic.Small Business Education

WORTHINGTON, MissM. 1971 W.A. Multiple Handicapped Children

WREN, Mr K.F. 1967 W.A.Dentistry for Handicapped Children

Y

YEO, Dr. J.D. 1967 N.S.W. Spinal Injuries

YERE, Mr M.K. 1967 P.N.G. Radio Broadcasting

YOUNG, Mr F.G. 1972 S.A. Potato Cultivation

YOUNG, Mr L. 1972 W.A. Trades Union Course, McGill University

YOUNG, Mr W.A. 1973 Vic. Library Training

YUILL, Mr A.H. 1971 S.A. Trades Unions, Transport

Z

ZAKNICH, Det. Sgt. J.A. 1977 W.A. Fraud

ZEKULICH, Mr M.J. 1977 W.A.Middle East Agricultural Journalism

ZUBRICK, Mrs D.A.(See MORTIMER, Miss D.A.)

93

scie

nce

O p e r a Asbestos jQ}.

\ XMUSEUM

6 COMPUTERSsheep — —

Carrotsr o c ^ s ^ C

spiusfc.

'tSra>^& M f .

G