margaret farm stmarys - university of sydneynswaol.library.usyd.edu.au/data/pdfs/13509_id... ·...

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HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

AND

ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

MARGARET FARM

STMARYS

A REPORT PREPARED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING'

December 1992

WENDYTHORP

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HISTORICAL AND ARCAHEOLOGICAL REPORT: MARGARET FARM

CONTENTS OF THE REPORT

1.0 Precis of the Report ........................... 3

1.1 Synopsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Recommendations ........................... 7

2.0 Framework of the Report .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.1 Context of the Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.2 Location and Parameters of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.3 Objectives of the Study ......................... 8

2.4 Methodology ............................... 8

2.5 Authorship and Acknowledgements ................. 9

2.6 Abbreviation Used in the Text ..................... 9

3.0 Historical Context ........................... .11

3.1 Phase I: 1806-1856 Alienation and Subdivision ........... 11 ,

3.2 Phase 11: 1856 -1894 Industrialisation and Vacancy - Page's Saylhurst Tannery and Saddington and Sons' Tannery, Alcock and Davenport's Tannery, White's Tannery and Farrell's Tannery ................ 12

3.3 Phase Ill: 1894-1902 Renewed Industrial Development -The Colonial Tannery and Farm .................... 14

3.4 Phase IV: 1902-1911 Anschau and Sons Colonial Tannery and Blucher Factory .......................... .15

3.5 Phase V: 1911-1992 Market Gardens and Suburbanisation ..... 16

4.0 The Archaeological Resource .................... .17

4.1 Tannery Production .......................... .17

4.2 The Area of the Tanneries ...................... .18

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4.3 The Scale of the Tanneries ............ 0 • • • • • • • • • .18

4.4 The Above Ground Evidence .................... .19

4.4.1 The Brick Barn ............................. 19

4.4.2 The IIManagers Housell ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19

4.5 The Sub-Surface Evidence ...................... .19

4.6 Mitchell's ~rick-yard .......................... .20

4.7 The Potential Archaeological Resource Within the Study Area .. 20

5.0 Assessment of Significance ..... ' ..... " ........... .21

5.1 The Tanning Industry in NSW: A State Perspective ........ .21

5.2 The Tanning Industry at St Marys: A Regional Perspectiv~ ... .21

5.2.2 Establishment .............................. 22

5.2.2 Revitalization .....• , ........................ 22

5.2.3 Downturn ............ ' ...... ' . . . . . . . .. . .... 22

5.2.4 Consolidation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .........22

5.2.5 Closure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .............. .23

5.3 Historical Significance ........................ .23

5.4 Significance as a Research Tool .................... 23

5.5 Statement of Significance ....................... 24

6.0 Management of the Archaeological Resource . ..........26

6.1 Legislative Constraints ........ 0 • • • , • • • • • . • • • • • .26

6.2 Management Strategies .............. 26

7.0 Subsidiary Documentation .. ..... :............. .. 28

7.1 Endnotes to the Text .......................... 28

7.2 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31

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I HISTORICAL AND ARCAHEOLOGICAL REPORT: MARGARET FARM

I SECTION 1.0 I PRECIS OF THE REPORT

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1.0 Synopsis

Background

This investigation is concerned with an historical analysis and archaeological evaluation of land encompassed by Lot 2 of DP 30962 in the Parish of Melville, County of Cumberland. It is now known as Margaret Farm and is located at the intersection of Pages Road and Wilson Street, St Marys. The study has been commissioned by the Department of Planning as one component of a conservation plan being prepared for the site by Noel Bell, Ridley Smith and Partners.

Objectives and Methodology

The principal objectives of the work were to define the historical evolution and use of the site; assess the potential archaeological resources contained within it and to evaluate these two aspects in terms of their contribution to the significance of the site. .

To achieve these objectives existing information has been utilized as well as specific research, both primary and secondary, which was undertaken for this study. The archaeological work on site was confined oDly to a visual inspection.

Historical Context

The archival evidence that is available for this site is limited but sufficient to enable five distinct phases of evolution and use to be defined for it. These phases are:

• Phase I: 1806-1856 Alienation and Subdivision

• Phase IT: 1856 - 1894 Industrialisation and Vacancy; Page's Tannery Through to Farrell's Tannery

• Phase ITI: 1894 - 1902 Renewed Industrial Development; The Colonial Tannery and Farm

• Phase IV: 1902 - 1911 Anschau and Sons Colonial Tannery and Blucher Factory

• Phase V: 1911 - 1992 Market Gardens and Suburbanisation

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The first phase is concerned with the earliest land grant in the district, its subdivision and sale and the purchase of some lots from this estate that were subsequently developed for tannery purposes. There is no evidence to suggest that the study area was developed or utilized in any way during this period.

The second phase encompasses the development of the first tannery on the estate, Pages, and the subsequent re-use and expansion of the property by another four tanneries arriving finally at a period of vacancy. During this time the site evolved into one of the largest establishments of its kind in the state. There is also an unsupported suggestion that a brick-yard was established close by the study area during this phase.

The third phase saw the establishment of a new and expanded tannery. This had to be rebuilt after a disastrous fire in 1897. During this period, if not earlier, farming commenced on some of the land; this activity was retained during the fourth phase. During the latter the final tannery was established on the site. This business also encompassed a farm and bhlcher factory.

The tanning operations finally ceased with the sale of the property in c.1911. The subsequent history of the site is unclear but it appears that it was used for a time as a market garden. The tannery buildings were demolished and other features filled in during this period. Gradually suburban inter- and post-war housing was built on and around the former tannery site.

The Archaeological Resource

Tannery Production

Appreciating the scale of the potential archaeological resource contained within and around the site is dependent on an understanding of the processes involved in tanning. Various nineteenth century descriptions survive to demonstrate that every tanning site required a reliable water supply and considerable space to allow for the accommodation of their considerable facilities. The latter included a large number of pits, a factory, bark mill, possible a water or wind mill and buildings required by associated trades such as boot-making and fell-mongering.

The Scale of Production at St Marys

There is very imprecise information available by which to determine the scale, complexity and configuration of the tanneries that occupied the study area. It is clear that the size of each establishment varied considerably ranging from seventy to ninety-two hectares. However, some portions of these estates were devoted to other purposes, for example, crop farming and grazing.

The only detailed evidence for the form of the site is provided by a subdivision plan of 1883. This shows that, by this date, the industrial aspects of the site were concentrated away from the creek and towards Pages Road. Some residential buildings were also constructed within the tannery site.

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Above Ground Evidence

There are three buildings that survive above ground and which relate to the various tannery periods of occupation. Two of these buildings are contained within the study area. The brick "barn" pre-dates 1883 (at which time it was used as a stables). On the basis of the available evidence it seems likely to have been built in the period of Saddington's occupation, 1866-1879.

The house at the intersection ofWilson Street and Pages Road post-dates 1883. The most likely time of its construction, using the archival evidence, could either be c. 1887 or c.1897.

The third building is a cottage at 65 Pages Road, outside the study area. This house, with later modifications, is likely to have been one of the structures shown on the 1883 plan.

Sub-Surface Evidence

There are no clear indications of remnant sub-surface evidence of those buildings shown on the 1883 plan to have existed within the study area. A portion of the dam recorded on this same plan, now filled and somewhat altered, does lie within the area.

Surrounding the study area there is clear evidence of a massive sub-surface resource of building platforms, pits and other features which are likely to relate to nearly, if not all, phases of use as a tannery. The only uncertainty lies in the location and extent of the first tannery which was said to have been built on the creek. It is possible that evidence of this first industrial phase survives within the site, however, the documentation is too limited and imprecise to allow for a positive identification.

Significance of the Resource

The State Perspective

It has been noted that tanning was one of the original growth industries of NSW. The earliest known tanner operated in Sydney from 1803 and by the mid nineteenth century every large regional centre had two or more tanneries. The enactment of legislation in 1848 to remove noxious industries, including tanneries, 3.2 km beyond the city limits encouraged the development of suburban centres notably Botany, Willoughby, Parramatta, Auburn and St Marys. These districts remained the focus of the industry throughout the later nineteenth century.

The Regional Perspective

The tanning industry, along with coach and wagon building works, was the best known and most important industrial development of a community that had a strong tradition in this area. The latter encompassed timber works, brick yards, canneries and a wool washing establishment amongst others.

Tanning was one of, if not the, earliest industrial developments at St Marys. Page's Tannery was amongst the first of these to be built there in 1856. It was preceded by only

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three other known tanneries; one commenced in 1850, another in 1853 and one during the 1840s.

The tannery in the study area remained, under various owners, virtually in continuous operation throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth century. This long period of productivity cannot be matched by other tanneries in the district and, indeed, few beyond it. .The history of this particular site is illustrative also of the most significant factors effecting both the industry in general and specifically an establishment located some distance from the main markets viz., drought, fire, freight costs and a variable market.

Statement of Significance

The study area is primarily important because of its association with the tanning industry. This site, like others in St Marys, represents a part of a tradition of an essential industry established in NSW at least as early as 1803. It belongs to a phase of expansion in that industry that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century when legislative changes forced this, amongst other noxious industries, away from the metropolitan centre.

This tannery was one of the first developed in the region and was one of the longest serving and continuously occupied industrial sites in St Marys. It contributed, through employment opportunities, to the growth of the town and to its important industrial profile. It was at one time noted to be one of the largest tanneries in the state. It was associated also with particularly influential figures in this trade and associated industries.

The study area encompasses two out of the three standing buildings which have survived from the tanneries. One of these, the "barn", is the earliest known industrial building in the town. In addition, the site has the potential to contain sub-surface archaeological evidence of buildings related to the later nineteenth century use of the tanneries. This evidence is part of a much larger archaeological resource which has been identified in the land surrounding the study area.

The archaeological evidence could contribute additional and detailed evidence for the use and management of this site. This information is largely absent from the surviving documentation. It could also provide a perspective on the industry during the mid-later nineteenth century and early years of the twentieth century. The mid-nineteenth century period is particularly poorly represented in tannery sites which have been identified throughout the state. .

The study area, therefore, may be said to have local and regional importance as well as significance for its potential to provide a perspective of industrial development within the state.

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1.2 Recommendations

It is recommended that:

• An Excavation Permit be obtained from the Department of Planning prior to the commencement of any work which disturbs the surface of the ground within the study area. The archaeological work which would be carried out under the auspices of this permit, except in areas of identifiable and specific evidence of past occupation, should be for the purpose of monitoring excavations which could reveal undocumented evidence of the past"use and management of the site.

• A preliminary archaeological investigation should be carried out in the event of disturbance of those portions of the study area which have been identified in this report to contain potentially intact archaeological evidence of specific structures and features. This investigation should be for the purpose of establishing the extent, nature and integrity of this resource. The evidence gained though this preliminary investigation should then be used to formulate specific strategies for the management of the resource. These strategies could encompass full archaeological investigation and recording, monitoring or no further work. This investigation and any subsequent activity will require an Excavation Permit from the Department of Planning.

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SECTION 2.0 FRAMEWORK OF THE REPORT

2.1 Context of the Investigation

This investigation has been commissioned by and carried out on behalf of the NSW Department of Planning. It is one component of a conservation plan being prepared for the site by Noel Bell, Ridley Smith and Partners.

2.2 Location and Parameters of the Study

The study area is known as "Margaret Farm". It is located at the intersection of Wilson Street and Pages Road, St Marys. It encompasses Lot 2 of DP 30962 in the Parish of Melville, County of Cumberland.

The work was concerned with two distinct aspects; an historical analysis of the site's evolution and, secondly, an assessment of its potential archaeological resources. The value of both aspects as contributions to the significance of the site as an item of environmental heritage was also considered during this study.

2.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objectives of the work may be defined as follows:

• to define the physical evolution of the study area

• to place the evolution of the site in the broader historical context of St Marys' industrial tradition

• to define the extent, nature and integrity, as far as possible, of the archaeological resource

• to assess the significance of the site from historical and archaeological perspectives.

2.4 Methodology

The investigation has drawn on existing studies as well as contributing new research, both primary and secondary. Research has encompassed information contained in the repositories of the Lands Department of NSW, the Land Titles Office, the Sydney Water Board Archives, the State Archives Office of NSW and Mitchell Library. A full bibliography is included in Section 7.2.

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In addition, inquiries have been made of Penrith Council, St Marys library local history collection and the Penrith City Library local studies collection.

The archaeological evaluation entailed a visual survey and assessment only using the documentary evidence as a guide and reference. No physical investigation was entered into at this time.

2.5 Authorship and Acknowledgements

This report has been prepared by Wendy Thorp. The author would like to thank Mr Mark Stringer (heritage planner Penrith City Council) and Mrs Silver (local studies librarian, Penrith City Library).

I 2.6 Abbreviations Used in the Text

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CT Certificate of Title

LD Lands Department of NSW

LTO Land Titles Office of NSW

ML Mitchell Library

NT N epean and District Times

SAONSW State Archives Office of NSW

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SECTION 3.0 mSTORICAL CONTEXT

The study area is a modified cultural landscape that demonstrates through topographic changes, structures, vegetation, features and relics the historical processes that have contributed to its formation. The archival evidence that documents the evolution of this landscape is limited, however, it is adequate to enable the definition of a number of phases of historical change and use. These phases are:

• Phase I: 1806-1856 Alienation and Subdivision

• Phase II: 1856-1894 Industrialisation and Vacancy - Page's Saylhurst Tannery, Saddington and Sons' Tannery, Alcock and Davenport's Tannery, White's Tannery and Farrell's Tannery

• Phase Ill: 1894-1902 Renewed Industrial Development - The Colonial Tannery and Farm

• Phase IV: 1902-1911 Anschau and Sons' Colonial Tannery and Blucher Factory

• Phase V: 1911-1992 Market Gardens and Suburbanisation

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3.1 Phase I: 1806 - 1856 Alienation and Subdivision

In 1806 Mary Putland, daughter of Governor Bligh, was granted 242 hectares by Governor King in the district that would become known as St Marys. The estate was named "Frogmore". After the death of her first husband, Mary Putland remarried to Maurice O'Conell. In 1810 Governor Macquarie enlarged their Frogmore Estate by an additional grant of 426 hectares (1). There is no evidence to suggest that any part of the study area, although contained within the estate, was developed as part of it.

In 1841 part of this property, known under the combined name of the O'Connell Estates, were subdivided into thirty-five town allotments. These, the earliest subdivisions in the area, were offered for sale as the village of St Marys (2).

Approximately 400 hectares of the O'Connell Estates had been divided into allotments by 1842 as well as twenty-four single hectare paddocks (3). The sale of the land was slow; only sixteen hectares had been sold by 1855. By this time St Marys had been established as a small roadside village which included a few houses and shops, a post office, hotel and at least two tanneries. Development focussed on the Great Western Highway. There remains no evidence to suggest that the study area was developed or utilized in any way as part of this early urban growth.

In 1855 a mortgagee sale was held of the unsold estate (4). It was bought by Andrew Hardie McCulloch. The new owner advertised it for sale almost immediately as, lithe magnificent property known as the O'Connell Estates" (5). It was the purchase of some of McCulloch's land that allowed the first industrial development of the study area.

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(Source: SAONSW AO Map 248)

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FIGURE 2: Reuss and Browne Survey Plan of Farms and Allotments at St Mary c. 1856

(Source: ML M2 811.112711185611)



3.2 Phase 11: 1856 - 1894 Industrialisation and Vacancy Page's Saylhurst Tannery, Saddington and Sons' Tannery, Alcock and Davenport's Tannery, White's Tannery, Farrell's Tannery and Mitchell's Brick-yard

In January 1856 Lots 1-3, 16, 18 and 40 of the O'Conell Estates were purchased by John Page from Andrew McCulloch for 1536 pounds. This property occupied the whole of the land known as the "Fattening Paddock" which stretched back to the Marsden property of "Mamre" (1). Lots 1, 2 and 3 were developed by Page for his tannery (2). This was one of the earliest establishments of its kind in the district and was said to have been built on the bank of the creek.

The precise extent, disposition and nature of the works associated with the tannery is unknown although certain expectations could be held based on the known requirements of a tannery of the period (see Section 4.1). The tannery is not shown on the Reuss and Browne survey of the town in c.1855. This plan also demonstrates that both Pages Road and Wilson Street had not been formed by this date.

In February 1866 Page was forced to sell his real estate and business to Robert Saddington because of his inability to meet his mortgage. Saddington, also a tanner, bought in addition to the property all machinery and stock (3). It is clear that Saddington either subsumed or added extensively to the pre-existing facilities. In doing so it is possible that he moved the focus of his works away from the creek although still retaining the association; tanneries required large quantities of water for their processing.

By 1870 the site was not only one of the largest of its kind in the district but in the entire country. It was stated at the time that;

"The tannery of Saddington and Sons at South Creek is one of the most extensive establishments of the kind in the colony. It employs forty-eight hands and works on the average of about 350 hides per week, exclusive of the skins." (4)

In September 1879 Saddington sold his business which, at that time, encompassed approximately ninety-two hectares (Lots 1-3) of the O'Connell Estates. The new owners were Thomas Alcock and Joseph Davenport, both tanners and curriers (5). Currying was almost always an associated industry with tanning. Alcock and Davenport's tannery became a "centrepiece" of industry at St Marys, however, its closure was forced through a combination of circumstances, particularly drought. A "considerable number of people" lost their jobs through the failure of this business (6).

In 1882 the tannery was bought by John White (7). White is said to have made "great improvements" (8) to the business although what these works entailed is no longer clear. At that time the tannery site covered approximately 77 hectares. However, within a year, White was insolvent and was forced to sell his business to Francis McNab (9). This transfer of ownership occurred in September 1883.

McNab sold the site almost immediately, in October of the same year, to Frederick Wilson, a bank manager of Sydney (10). Wilson subdivided part of the land and offered

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the subdivisions for sale as homestead blocks and township allotments. The tannery was retained as Section C of the subdivision comprising approximately thirteen hectares (11).

The subdivision plan of this sale provides the first and only detailed evidence for the extent and configuration of the tannery as it had evolved by this date. It shows that the "barn" (marked stables) was in existence by this time although the house on the corner of Wilson and Pages Road was not yet built. Between that site and the barn were two substantial buildings fenced around; their functions are unknown. Three small buildings were located along the opposite side of Pages Road.

Beyond the barn/stables was a very large dam and around this and to the creek were the extensive industrial buildings and pits. Both Pages Road and Wilson Street had been formed by 1883.

In January 1884 the tannery was still lying idle (12) and it remained so until August 1884 when it was stated that,

"The large tannery and boot factory best known as Saddington's and since owned by Mr Alcock, who sold it to Mr White under whose short proprietorship it underwent great improvements, is now lying idle .. .!t is a splendidly appointed yard, having every convenience and no doubt Mr Horsfall will start it going on a large scale one of these days ... at one time there were over sixty men employed there." (13).

It is presumed that Mr Horsfallleased the yard from Mr Wilson; there is no evidence of a sale.

It is possible that the yard remained unused until as late as 1887. In that year, for a short period, the site was again used for industrial purposes. In 1887 the Nepean Times stated that,

"Mr Farrell of Burwood is getting the big yard into shape again and is also getting in a heavy stock of green goods which will be certain to increase in his hands" (14).

Local tradition has it that the house on the corner of Pages Road and Wilson Street was built for Mr Farrell however, there is no documentary or other evidence to show that this was the case. In the following year, 1888, part of the estate was sold (including the tannery) to a gentleman from Ashfield, Frederick Clissold (15). After his death the property was transferred to his wife and various others (16). It was noted in 1894 that the site had not been in operation much since the death of Mr Farrell (17).

There is during this period, in addition to the use of the site as a tannery, a local tradition that a portion of the land on Wilson's Road and set back from Page's Road (behind the house on the corner), was used as a brick yard by a Mr Mitchell. There is no evidence to confirm this tradition or to even place a period of time in its activities (18).

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FIGURE 3: Plan of Tannery Site in 1883; Mills and Pile Auction Poster

(Source: Ml St Marys Subdivision Box Map 811.1128111883/2)

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3.3 Phase Ill: 1894 • 1902 Renewed Industrial Development The Colonial Tannery and Farm

In September 1894 the site came under new management, that of Mr Armstrong. It was stated that,

"the big tannery ... is to be set going again in full swing and will be under the management of Mr Annstrong. Mr Wilson, who has been connected with it for a long time, will also retain his position." (1)

The new tannery was named the "Colonial Tannery" (2) and by 1897 approximately twenty men and boys were employed at the business. The tannery suffered a disastrous fire in that year. Six thousand pounds worth of property was destroyed including a three storey building (referred to as the old tannery) which housed the boiler and engine, hydraulic press, striking machine, rollers, pumps and other machinery as well as stock (3).

It was not until August 1897 that the tannery resumed operations. In the interim extensive improvements had been made to the site (4).

In 1901 Armstrong moved to new premises at Botany. The reason for this move was stated to be, at least in part, because of the heavy charges incurred in the freight of hides from Sydney (5).

The Colonial Tannery and Farm were offered for sale at auction (6). The new owners were J oseph Frands Anschau and Lewis J oseph Anschau of Luddenham (7).

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3.4 Phase IV: 1902-1911 Anschau and Sons' Colonial Tannery and Blucher Factory

The firm of L.J. Anschau and Sons had commenced their association with the tanning and boot-making industries at Luddenham in 1888. Over a period of time the firm specialized in the local manufacture of blucher boots despite considerable opposition from overseas trade and local prejudice of the domestic product.

By 1902, however, their trade had increased to the extent where they needed more extensive premises. At this time they took over the site of the former Colonial Tannery (1).

By 1905 it was reported that Anschau's employed fourteen people at the tannery. The primary business of the works was in the output of shoe sole leather and the production of blucher boots (2). The latter were recognized to be of the finest quality and were purchased by a number of prominent firms including Anthony Hordern and Sons (3).

Anschau's Colonial Tannery and Blucher Factory occupied fifteen hectares by 1907. The greater part of this property was under cultivation for hay. The latter is likely to have been a continuation of activities established in earlier periods of occupancy. Fourteen hands were employed.at the factory and one hundred hides were treated there per week.

The facilities at the site were described as a brick structure of roomy proportions (the factory); an eighteen horse power boiler, eight horse power engine, two rollers, a bark mill and several pumps. The bark mill was usually either water powered or steam driven and turned grinding stones to crush the wattle bark which produced an essential liquor used in the tanning process.

Water for the site came from the creek via a windmill and went directly to the pits. These pits were arranged, contrary to normal practice, in a circle (4). The pits shown on the 1883 plan were not in a circular pattern.

In 1911 the Anschaus sold the site to Patrick Meere (5).

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3.5 Phase V: 1911-1992 Market Gardens and Suburbanisation

The new owner of the site, Patrick Meere, was a farmer and it seems likely that after the sale of the property the tannery was finally closed; it never functioned as such again. No new tanneries are mentioned in Directory listings after 1912.

The evolution of the site after this date is unclear. It appears to have been used at least for some time as a market garden after the demolition of the buildings. The area is still largely open although subdivision and the construction of suburban housing during the inter- and post-war years has gradually reduced the land around the site of the former tanneries.

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I SECTION 4.0 I THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE

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4.1 Tannery Production

To appreciate the extent of what might be contained as an archaeological resource both within and surrounding the study area it is necessary to understand the processes involved in tanning and the impact these had on the land they occupied.

Essentially tanning involves the preparation of hides and skins for a variety of uses including harness and shoe production. It is a chemical process which originally used a vegetable tanning agent (such as wattle bark) and later chrome, by which the gelatinous part of the skin is permanently changed by the impregnation of tannic acid.

There are a number of nineteenth century descriptions of the vegetable tanning process which was principally employed within the study area. Essentially the steps were as follows:

• hides were cured by air drying or salting prior to arrival

• hides were soaked in a water pit for softening and removal of salts

• hides were soaked in three successively stronger solutions of lime to allow for the removal of hair and flesh by hand

• the hides were de-limed by a scudding knife or thinner skins were thrown into mastering pits where lime was dissolved by a variety of mixtures

• the hides were washed and cut

• the tanning liquor was prepared in a bark-mill and then soaked in a leaching pit

• the hides were passed through pits of successively stronger liquor ending when they were stacked with alternating layers of bark.

Tanning was a labour intensive industry reliant on a steady water supply and space, particularly to locate t~e various pits (1).

Tanneries were almost always associated with the industries of fell-mongering (stripping wool from sheep slans) and currying (dressing newly dried leather). Facilities for these works were also found on the tannery sites as well as those for more entrepreneurial establishments, for example, those with boot-making factories on site.

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4.2 The Area of the Tanneries

The total size of the various establishments, Pages and those succeeding it, varied over time. At the commencement of Page's Tannery in 1856 seventy hectares were utilized and by 1879 this had increased to 92 hectares. However, most of this land was used for other purposes such as grazing and crop cultivation. When the site was subdivided in 1883 the tannery occupied an area of thirteen hectares.

Broadly the tanneries encompassed Lots 2-5 of the last subdivision of the property. The study area is concerned with Lot 2 which contains visible standing structures of the site's development. However, evidence of a substantial and intact sub-surface resource may be identified within this and the other lots of the subdivision.

4.3 The Scale of the Tanneries

There are few descriptions or other evidence that may be used to establish the precise location and scale of the various works associated with each tannery. Page's Tannery occupied Lots 1-3 and was described as being established on the creek; it is likely to have been a fairy modest establishment. By 1870 Saddington's works were claimed to be one of the most extensive in the country and clearly they had either added to or subsumed the earlier Page's facilities.

The most detailed evidence of the configuration of the tannery dates to 1883 at the time of its subdivision by Wilson. Buildings, probably cottages, are shown on the opposite side of Page's Road to the study area. The brick "barn", described as "stables", is shown on this plan. The house at the corner of Wilson and Page's Road is not in existence at this time although two substantial buildings, both fenced, occupy the ground between these two sites. Beyond the stables was a very large dam and grouped between this and Page's Road was a scatter of substantial buildings. At least one of these was a house.

The principal industrial buildings, including the scraping shed, drying sheds, engine house and pits were located adjacent to the dam and near to the creek. The entire property was extensively fenced. It is likely that at least some of these buildings were constructed by White as part of his "great improvements" of 1882/83.

There is a local tradition that the house on the corner of Pages Road and Wilson Street was constructed by Mr Farrell during his short period of ownership in c.1887. There is no documentary evidence to support this although the style of the house might lend some support to the suggestion. The site was again remodeled in 1897 as a result of the extensive fire that occurred in that year. At least one three storey building, the "old tannery", was destroyed in this blaze. "Extensive improvements" were made to the site after this time; it is possible that the house in the study area was built at this time.

Anschau's Tannery encompassed at least one large brick factory, several pumps, a bark mill and a windmill. It is unclear if these were earlier features re-used or features added to the site by the new owners; the former seems most likely.

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4.4 The Above Ground Evidence

Within the study area are two buildings associated with the tannery periods of occupation. These are the brick "barn" and a house on the corner of Wilson Street and Pages Road. Outside the study area are three houses on the opposite side of Pages Road which are built on the positions of structures shown on the 1883 plan of the site. It is likely that 65 Pages Road, at least, is one of these buildings. The rest of the structures scattered across the former taimery site and outside the study area have been added to it since its subdivision in this century.

4.4 1 The Brick "Barn"

This building is located at the end of Pages Road on its south-eastern side. The structure was in existence by 1883, when it is shown on a plan of the site of that date. It was then used as a stables. It is locally referred to as the "old boot-making factory" although the reasons or evidence for this are not evident. It could date to any of the tanneries that occupied the site prior to 1883 viz, Page (1856-1866), Saddington (1866-1879) or Alcock and Davenport (1879-1882). In terms of its style and location it is most likely to date to the period of occupation of Robert Saddington (1866-1879).

A timber dairy was built as a lean-to at the rear of this building and this is most likely to relate to the use of the site as a small farm and market garden from 1911 onwards.

4.4.2 The "Manager's House"

This building is a single storey, late Victorian period villa on the south-eastern corner of Wilson Street and Pages Road. It is not shown to be in existence on the 1883 plan of the site. It is locally believed to have been built for Mr Farrell who owned the site from 1887-1888. The form and detailing could support this suggestion although there is no primary documentary evidence to show this to be the case. The only other likely period of construction would be during the time of great improvements made to the site after the fire of 1897. At best it may be said that the building post-dates 1883 and, on the basis of the available evidence, is most likely to have been constructed either in c.1887 or c.1897.

4.5 The Sub-Surface Evidence

Within the study area there is no clear surface evidence of the structures shown by the 1883 plan to have existed here. The rest of the tannery site, outside the study area, however provides clear evidence of a massive and largely intact sub-surface archaeological resource including building platforms, floor slabs and pits. The site of the dam, clearly seen in an 1947 aerial photograph of the site, may also be seen outside the study area (and partially within it) although it has been altered by subsequent activity. Crop marks provide clear evidence of the later market gardening phase.

It is also likely that a completely invisible archaeological resource exists as sub-surface features that have left no trace on the ground surface. Particularly the earliest tannery, Pages, was said to have been located on the creek. There is no evidence of this tannery to be seen, and it is outside the current study area, however, it deserves consideration for the future.

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mSTORICAL AND ARCAHEOLOGICAL REPORT: MARGARET FARM

4.6 Mitchell's Brick-yard

Local tradition has identified the open paddock east of the villa on Page's Road to have been the site of Mitchell's brick-yard. There is no documentary evidence to support this identification and there is no clear surface evidence to indicate that an activity of this type occupied the site.

4.7 The Potential Archaeological Resource Within the Study Area

It is impossible on the basis of the available evidence to determine whether any evidence of the earliest and succeeding tannery works up to 1883 were located on this site and, therefore, whether evidence of the same might be located as sub-surface features, relics and/or deposits.

The only reliable evidence of the use of the site during its life as a tannery is provided by the 1883 plan which clearly shows two substantial buildings in this area both fenced about. Another substantial building is also shown on the south-western corner of the stable.

There is no evidence of their use or construction. There is also no evidence of their later history although it is likely that they were demolished along with the rest of the tannery buildings in the period after 1911 if not during the later phases of tannery use.

The presence of fruit trees on the site now suggests that at least some development associated with the market gardens occurred here and, therefore, is likely to have disturbed or destroyed evidence of these earlier features.

The latter may also have contributed to the removal or disturbance of any evidence, if it existed, of Mitchell's brick-yard.

In summary it may be said that:

• there are three standing structures which are likely to belong to the period of use of the area as one or more of the tanneries; a pre-1883 cottage on Pages Road, a pre-1883 stables and a post 1883 villa. The latter two are contained within the study area.

• a significant sub-surface archaeological'resource of the entire tannery complex from its various phases may be located within the land surrounding the study area.

• within Lot 2, the study area, there is the possibility of remnant evidence of two-three substantial although unidentified pre-1883 structures. Some disturbance to this evidence may have occurred through the activities of the twentieth century market gardening. There is also evidence of a dam that existed prior to 1883 partially contained within the study area.

• the potential for any evidence of a brick-yard on this site cannot be determined because of the lack of documentary evidence.

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I SECTION 5.0 I ASSESSMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

5.1 The Tanning Industry of NSW: A State Perspective

"It would be difficult to over-estimate both the significance of the tanner's craft in nineteenth century Australia ... In a society early dedicated to cattle raising and at the same time largely dependent on either horse or boot for the varies forms of transport it is not suprising to see in government records the steadily increasing numbers of tanneries both in Sydney and elsewhere in NSW. From 1830 until 1848 there were usually five to seven listed for Sydney, an average of six at Windsor and probably four at Parramatta. Liverpool, Campbelltown, Maitland and Bathurst all report two or more (five at Bathurst) in 1830." (1)

The earliest known tanner in the colony was William Goff who operated in Sydney from 1803 to 1808. Another tanner, reporting in 1814, described the problem of employees who learnt the trade and then set out to establish new tanneries of their own. It is a situation that is indicative of the need for and profitability of the business.

The figures quoted in the opening paragraph illustrate the extent of the trade by the mid nineteenth century (2). In 1848 legislation was enacted which removed noxious industries, which included tanneries, 3.2km beyond the city limits. This act encouraged the growth of suburban centres such as Botany, Willoughby, Parramatta, Auburn and St Marys. These centres remained the focus of the industry until the twentieth century. At that time a variety of factors encouraged the growth of Botany as the principal centre although tanneries continued to operate well into the twentieth century at places such as Kingswood, Parramatta and Auburn.

5.2 The Tanning Industry at St Marys: A Regional Perspective

St Marys has had a long and significant tradition of industrial development encompassing the timber industry, tanneries, coach and wagon building works, brick yards, sawmills, cattle yards, pulp and canning factories and a wool washing establishment. It was, however, the tanneries and coach and wagon works that were of the most importance for the town and for which it was best known.

The most important and long term use of the study area has been as a tannery or, more specifically, a number of tanneries with an associated industry of boot-making and some farm production. Each new business added to, expanded or removed pre-existing facilities as necessary. To assess the significance of this site in terms of its historical role it is necessary to establish its place in the industrial tradition of tanning within the

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community.

5.2.1 Establishment of the Tradition

The tanning industry was one of, if not the, earliest industrial developments of St Marys. Its establishment in the area was influenced by the availability of water from the creek and springs, hides from the local cattle industry and tanning bark.

In 1884 it was stated that there were "at one time" at least twelve tanneries operating in the district (1). The location and existence of all these businesses cannot be identified nor confirmed from the available evidence.

Page's Tannery, established in 1856, was certainly one of the first to be located in the district. The only earlier tanneries than this were those of Pasldns (thought to have commenced operation in the 1840s), Samuel Thompson (c.1850) and Thomas Harford (1853 (2)). The latter also established a boot-making factory which was still in operation in 1887 (3).

By 1872 only five tanners were listed in operation at St Marys including Saddington and Sons (4). The others belonged to Thomas Harford, Daniel Lord, Thomas Paskin and Matthew Webb and Sons.

5.2.2 Revitalization

The 1870s were of particular importance to the tanning industry at St Marys. A variety of new works were established including, most importantly in 1879, those of Martin Brell who purchased a small tannery and Andrew Thompson who established a new site in 1881 (5). These two firms were to become the largest tanneries in the district. For example, within one year, Thompson had increased the number of pits at his tannery from ten to 128 (6). It was during this period that Saddington sold his site to Alcock and Davenport.

The success of the tanneries was linked to many uncontrollable factors. In particular drought (causing the water supply to fail), wet weather (making it difficult or impossible to dry the hides) and the instabilirj of the market were significant. Fires in tanneries such as that which occurred in Armstrong's Colonial Tannery were another serious concern. Drought was said to be a major factor in the closure of Alcock and Davenport's tannery.

5.2.3 Downturn

The mid 1880s, in particular, were difficult times for the St Marys tanneries. A number were offered for sale and others were subdivided; it was at this time that Wilson subdivided White's tannery. By 1887, however, it was stated that the tanning business was "now looking up" (7). At that time seven yards were in operation and said to be doing a fair amount of work employing between them fifty or sixty people.

5.2.4 Consolidation

By 1890 there were eight tanneries at St Marys and industry entered a period of great

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consolidation. Considerable money was spent on upgrading and expanding the yards particularly Thompson's and Brells which subsumed some of their counterparts. In 1895 steam power was first introduced in one tannery.

By the later 1890s drought again threatened the industry and two serious fires, at the Colonial Tannery and Thompson's No.1 Tannery, caused immense damage although both were immediately rebuilt.

5.2.5 Closure

By 1906 only four tanneries survived at St Marys; Thompsons, Brells, Desborough's and Ansch~u and Sons. These four yards provided steady employment for about sixty men during the first decade of the twentieth century.

The major constraint to the well being of the industry at this time was the heavy transport costs to be paid in both bringing supplies to the site by rail and cart and sending the finished product to market. The decline had also been influenced by the declaration of Botany as a noxious industries centre.

The first of the major tanneries to close was Anschau's in 1911. It was followed by Thompson's in 1915. Brell's tannery survived until 1930 and Desborough's closed soon after. By WWII the only tanneries remaining in the district were at Werrington and Kingswood. The last tannery, in Kingswood, closed in 1956.

5.3 Historical Significance

It is impossible to separate the study area from its context of the entire tannery complex when assessing its significance. The study area encompasses a number of components that were of importance to the management and use of the tannery at various times in its history. The significance of the site is largely related to its documentation of the industrial process and, secondly, its impact on the region and town.

This tannery was one of the first to be established in the district. It was almost continuously occupied until the twentieth century making it one of the longest serving tanneries of St Marys. At various times it was ranked as one of the largest in the district and state.

The tannery formed an important component of the industrial profile of St Marys. Industry was the most significant element in the evolution of the town and this particular site provided constant employment for a substantial number of local men and boys.

Finally this site was associated with influential names in the tanning industry and parallel industries. Anschau and Sons were particularly noted for their contribution to the . development of a local boot-making industry that successfully challenged the imported product.

5.4 Significance as a Data Base

A number of tannery sites have been identified throughout the state including some

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which were in operation from the 1880s until at least the 1980s, for example, N orton Bros at Botany and J. Bunce and Sons. Earlier tannery sites of the 1820s have been located at Windsor (NSW), Bothwell and Maria Island (Tasmania). However, many of these

. industrial sites, including those of Ludowici and Sons at Lane Cove and Forsyths at Willoughby, have been completely removed through redevelopment.

The intact evidence contained within the study area, particularly of the period 1850s-1870s, would substantially add new and detailed perspectives on the management and operation of the industry during this period.

Furthermore, the contribution of any new evidence that could add to the minimal documentation which is available for this site would add substantially more detail to the picture of management and use of this historically important tannery. It would be particularly valuable because only a few of the tannery sites in St Marys retain substantial elements of their former use. Only Brell's and Thompson's works retain an identifiable archaeological resource which may be comparable to that found at the Pages Road site. Neither of these sites have the potential to yield elements that pre-date the later nineteenth century unlike the earlier Page, Saddington and Alcock and Davenport works.

Very little of the tanneries that existed on this site survive as intact evidence above the ground. Two of the three elements that have been identified are found within the study area. A substantial in-ground archaeological resource of the entire tannery complex has been identified surrounding the study area and some likelihood of evidence of at least two-three unidentified pre-1883 buildings may be found in this area. Some disturbance of the latter is likely to have occurred through the effects of later market gardening.

It is also noted that the stableslbarnlboot factory located within the study area is, in addition to the receiving shed on the Thompson's Tannery site, the earliest intact above ground evidence of the industrial development of St Marys. The stables is likely to pre-date the receiving shed (1).

5.5 Statement of Significance

The study area is primarily important because of its association with the tanning industry. This site, like others in St Marys, represents part of a tradition of an essential industry established in NSW at least as early as 1803. This site belongs to a phase of expansion in that industry that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century when legislative changes forced this, amongst other noxious industries, away from the metropolitan centre.

This tannery was one of the first developed in the region and was one of the longest serving and continuously occupied industrial sites in St Marys. It contributed, through employment opportunities, to the growth of the town and to its important industrial profile. It was at one time noted to be the largest tannery in the state. It was also associated with particularly influential figures in this trade and associated industries.

The study area encompasses two of the three standing buildings which have survived from the tanneries. One of these, the "barn", is the earliest known industrial building in the town. In addition, the site has the potential to contain sub-surface archaeological

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evidence of buildings related to the later nineteenth century use of the tanneries. This evidence is part of a much larger archaeological resource which has been identified in the land surrounding the study area.

The archaeological evidence could contribute additional and detailed evidence for the use and management of this site. This information is largely absent from the surviving documentation. It could also provide a perspective on the industry during the mid-later nineteenth century and early years of the twentieth century. The mid-nineteenth century period is particularly poorly represented in tannery sites which have been identified throughout the state.

The study area, therefore, may be said to have local and regional importance as well as significance for its potential to provide a perspective of industrial development within the state.

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I SECTION 6.0 I MANAGEMENT OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

6.1 Legislative Constraints

The study area contains an identified potential historic resource of relics relating to a significant industrial site. This site has evolved through several phases of development associated with different tanneries. A relic is defined within the Heritage Act of NSW (1877, amended 1987) as;

"any deposit, object or material evidence that relating to the settlement of the area that comprises New South Wales, not beingAboriginalsettlement; and which is fifty or more years old."

Furthermore it is stated that a person shall not remove a relic protected by a conservation instrument without approval from the Heritage Council. In addition no-one may disturb or excavate any land in New South Wales (except Commonwealth owned land) to discover, expose or move a relic without an Excavation Permit issued by the Heritage Council of New South Wales.

This will mean that prior to any redevelopment of the site that involves the disturbance of the ground surface, for example trenching for services or levelling for landscaping or car-parking, an Excavation Permit with provisions for appropriate archaeological work will need to be acquired by the owners of the site from the Department of Planning.

6.2 Management Strategies

This discussion refers only to the management of the in-ground archaeological resource that is contained within the study area. It does not refer to the extensive and largely intact archaeological resource that has been identified within the land surrounding the study area.

The available evidence indicates that substantial structures of the mid-later nineteenth century tannery occupied ground within the study area. This is an identifiable potential resource; undocumented elements of these same and other periods could also be contained within this area. It is likely that some disturbance has been caused to the sub-surface evidence through the later activities on the site. Market gardening and the tree growth which has occurred within the study area are particularly likely to have effected any remnant archaeological evidence.

It may be said, therefore, that an identifiable potential resource exists within the study

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area and it may have been damaged to some degree. However, at this time the integrity of the resource remains in question.

The preservation of this potential resource only arises if the site is considered to be of such significance to warrant its long term maintenance, which is not the case, or if an active long term plan of investigation and interpretation is planned for the site. This is also not a consideration at present.

Ideally any works that are required within the site should be located in areas away from the known resource. In this case the work would require an Excavation Permit and would still need monitoring during the course of the ground disturbance. This would be for the purpose of acting as a fail-safe in the case of significant and undocumented sites being revealed during the course of that work.

It is more appropriate in these circumstances to manage a known rather than an unknown resource. To this end it is recommended that in those portions of the study area which may be identified with a past building or feature some preliminary archaeological testing be carried out to determine the nature and integrity of the resource.

The results of this work should be used to formulate more specific strategies for the management of the resource. For example, it may be necessary to fully uncover and record the extent of the evidence prior to its disturbance. However, if the initial testing reveals that the sites have been significantly disturbed the work is likely to require only monitoring. The investigative testing will need to be carried out within the provisions of and with an Excavation Permit.

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I I


SECTION 7.0 I SUBSIDIARY DOCUMENTATION


7.1 Endnotes to the Text

Section 3.1

1. LTO Book 41 No. 329

2. The Australian 28 January 1841

3. SMH 2 May 1842

4. LTO Books 41 No. 329

5. SMH 13 December 1855., 7

Section 3.2

1. NT flOld St Marys - As It Was in the Fiftiesfl

2. LTO Book 41, No.527

3. LTO Book 97, No.242

4. The Industrial Progress of NSW Being a Report of the Intercolonial Exhibition of 1870 at Sydney., 455

5. CTVolume 178 Folio 39

6. NT May 1888

7. CT Volume 536 Folio 125

8. NT 23 August 1884.,2


1O.lbid

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11 1 I 1 1 1 I· 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1


11. ML St Marys Subdivision Box Map 811.11281/1883/2

12. NT 12 January 1884

13. NT 23 August 1884

14. NT26 February 1887


16. CT Volume 905 Folio 75

17. NT 1 September 1894

18. Reported in Green and Thorp St Marys Industrial Heritage., 31

Section 3.3

1. NT 1 September 1894

2. The Australian Leather Journal 15 June 1903.,146

3. NT 24 April 1897

4. NT 21 August 1897

5. The Australian Leather Journal 15 June 1903.,146

6. NT 24 August 1901

7. Ct Volume 905 Folio 75

Section 3.4

1. The Australasian Leather Trades Review 1 June 1905., 17

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. The Australasian Leather Trades Review 2 December 1907.,21

5. Ct Volume 905 Folio 75

Section 3.6

1. NT 12 January 1884

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I 1I



2. Green and Thorp., St Marys Industrial Heritage., 11

3. Ibid., 12

4. Sands Commercial Directories; St Marys

5. Green and Thorp., Op Cit 12

6. NT 21 and 28 October 1882

7. NT 26 February 1887

Section 4.1

1. Birmingham, J. et al Australian Pioneer Technology., 146 ff

Section 5.1

1. Birmingham, J. et al Australian Pioneer Technology., 1492. Ibid,

Section 5.4

1. Green and Thorp., St Marys Industrial Heritage.,11

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7.2 Bibliography

Books, Reports and Theses

Birmingham, J., Jeans, D. and Jack, 1. Australian "?ioneer Technology Heinemann. 1979.

Freame, W. On Old South Creek 1916

Green, A. and Thorp, W. St Marys Industrial Heritage Study Pemith City Council. 1987.

Murray, R. and White, K. The History ofPenrith and St Marys to 1860 Dharug and Dungaree Hargreen Publishing Company. 1988.

Proudfoot, H. Thematic Development History City ofPenrith Heritage Study Pemith City Council. 1986.

Stapleton, E. South Creek St Marys From Village to City St Marys Historical Society. ND.

The Industrial Progress of NSW being a Report of the Intercolonial Exhibition of 1870

News and Journal Articles

The Australian 28 January 1841

The Australasian Leather Trades Review 1 June 1905 2 December 1907

Nepean Times 21 October 1882 28 October 1882 12 January 1884 23 August 1884 26 February 1887 24 April 1897 1 September 1894

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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

The Sydney Morning Herald 2 May 1842 13 December 1855

Miscellaneous

LTO Book 41 No. 527 Book 97 No. 242 CT Volume 178 Folio 39 CT Volume 536 Folio 125 CT Volume 905 Folio 75

Plans and Maps

St Marys Subdivision Box ML Map 811.1128/1883/2

Reuss and Browne Survey Plan of Farms and Allotments at St Marys South Creek ML M2 811.11271/1856/1

Map of the Parish of Melville SAONSW AO Map 248

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