march 3, 2010
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March 3, 2010. Introduction to development Gene expression. What cellular functions are needed to carry out development?. What cellular functions are needed to carry out development?. Divide Grow Differentiate Die Move Adhere Secrete Signal. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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March 3, 2010
Introduction to developmentGene expression
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What cellular functions are needed to carry out development?
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What cellular functions are needed to carry out development?
DivideGrowDifferentiateDieMoveAdhereSecreteSignal
Cell biological properties need to be coordinated in space and time
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Where is the “program” for development encoded?
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Where is the “program” for development encoded?
In the genes
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Why do different cells behave differently?
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Why do different cells behave differently?
Have different genes?Have different histories?Experience different environments?Chance?Have different gene expression states?
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Why do different cells behave differently?
Have different genes?Have different histories?Experience different environments?Chance?Have different gene expression states?
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05_02_DNA.jpg
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05_10_Genes_info.jpgGenes
Carry out functions
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07_37_Protein.produc.jpgSteps in gene expression
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08_03_control.steps.jpg
mRNA localization control(tether mRNA to localized proteins)
mRNA turnover control(microRNAs)
Protein turnover control(ubiquitylation and proteasome digestion)
Protein localization control
Regulation of gene expression
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08_03_control.steps.jpg
mRNA localization control(tether mRNA to localized proteins)
mRNA turnover control(microRNAs)
Protein turnover control(ubiquitylation and proteasome digestion)
Protein localization control
Regulation of gene expression
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coding strand
Regulation of transcription:Parts of a gene
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08_13_gene.activation.jpgRegulation of transcription
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Transcription factors
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05_24_Chromatin pack.jpgNucleosomes (histones) package DNA
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05_30_histone tails.jpgHistone modifications affect gene expression
Can affect recruitment of transcription factors to promoter
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08_14_chromatin.struc.jpgSome transcription factors affect histones
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08_15_Reg. proteins.jpgMultiple transcription factors regulate most genes
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08_18_reporter.gene.jpgModularity of the Drosophila even-skipped promoter
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Coordinated regulation of multiple genes
Developmental functions
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Signals can regulate activity of transcription factors
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08_23_cell.memory.jpgMaintaining gene expression states
(a positive feedback loop)
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08_24_chromatin.state.jpgMaintaining gene expression states
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The histone code also needs to be maintained in daughter cells
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Maintaining gene expression states – DNA methylation
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How does one monitor which genes a particular cell expresses?
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10_14_1_Southrn.blotting.jpgSouthern blot
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10_14_2_Southrn.blotting.jpgSouthern blot – DNA on blotNorthern blot – RNA on blot
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Northern blot hybridization
(tests one gene at a time)
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In situ hybridization of developing flowers with ARF6 probe
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From Wildwater et al., Cell 123: 1337-1349 (2005)
Rb-Related expression in Arabidopsis embryosby in situ hybridization
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08_18_reporter.gene.jpgPromoter:reporter fusion gene in a transgenic fly embryo
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PARF6::ARF6::GUS fusion expression in flowers and ovules
Promoter:protein:reporter fusion gene – reveals protein location
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Kosman et al., Science 254: 118-122 (1991)
anti-Snailanti-Twist
Immunolocalization of Snail and Twist proteins in Drosophila embryos
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Utility of looking at expression of single genes at a time:
Markers of cell type, differentiation
Visualization of regulatory events
Utility of looking at expression of many genes at once:
Global view of tissue identity
Comparing different tissues or states
Global view of regulatory events