MapsMaps

“Humans must rise above the Earth… to the

top of the atmosphere and beyond. For only thus

will we understand the world in which

we live.”

Socrates, 400 BC

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What is the relevance?What is the relevance?““The study of geography should particularly aim at The study of geography should particularly aim at

leading pupils to…acquire a framework of knowledge leading pupils to…acquire a framework of knowledge about locations and places that will help them set about locations and places that will help them set

local, national and international events within context, local, national and international events within context, and that will support their development of and that will support their development of

Geographical understanding.” (DfES)Geographical understanding.” (DfES)

Maps, maps and more maps…Maps, maps and more maps… What are maps?What are maps?

““A A mapmap is a symbolized representation of a space/place is a symbolized representation of a space/place which highlights relations between features.” (Wikipedia)which highlights relations between features.” (Wikipedia)

““A map is the world expressed through the medium of A map is the world expressed through the medium of

cartography…maps re-describe the world. What we read cartography…maps re-describe the world. What we read on a map is as much related to an invisible world and to on a map is as much related to an invisible world and to ideology as it is to phenomena seen and measured in the ideology as it is to phenomena seen and measured in the landscape. (Stanfords)landscape. (Stanfords)

““Maps are description of the way things are. It is a Maps are description of the way things are. It is a purposeful selection from everything that is known, bent purposeful selection from everything that is known, bent to the map maker’s ends. Every map serves a purpose. to the map maker’s ends. Every map serves a purpose. Every map advances an interest.” (Wood et al)Every map advances an interest.” (Wood et al)

Maps, maps and even more maps…Maps, maps and even more maps… What do we put on them?What do we put on them?

Physical and human features Physical and human features Place namesPlace names Scale – large/medium/small (see appendix)Scale – large/medium/small (see appendix) DirectionDirection Legend/keyLegend/key TitleTitle ??????

How are they constructed?How are they constructed? In your own way!In your own way! Compass/telescope/sextant Compass/telescope/sextant SatellitesSatellites Radar/infraredRadar/infrared By air/boatBy air/boat GIS/GPSGIS/GPS

Who is the audience?

Reality?!

Some examples of different types of maps…Some examples of different types of maps…

The World Map – different projections; politicalThe World Map – different projections; political

Chloropleth mapsChloropleth maps

Cartogram – proportionalCartogram – proportional

What is this a map of?What is this a map of?

"We are preparing ourselves for up to 1,000 dead bodies from this flood alone …” Insp Daniel Gezahenge, 2006www.worldmapper.org

Territory size shows the proportion of all deaths caused by disasters, which overwhelm local resources, that died there 1975-2004.

Ordnance SurveyOrdnance Survey

Topographical Topographical (Large scale detail/relief/physical and human features)(Large scale detail/relief/physical and human features)

Topographical – street maps!Topographical – street maps!

PlansPlans

Global DILEMMAGlobal DILEMMA

You can’t show accurate…You can’t show accurate…

at the same time…at the same time…

Consequently… meet the Flat Map Flap…Consequently… meet the Flat Map Flap…

Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude

Latitude (parallels)Latitude (parallels) Each degree – approx 69m (111km) apart.Each degree – approx 69m (111km) apart. Numbered 0Numbered 0º - 90º N and Sº - 90º N and S 0º = the Equator, dividing N and S hemispheres0º = the Equator, dividing N and S hemispheres The poles = 90º N/SThe poles = 90º N/S

Longitude (meridians)

Each degree – approx 69m (111km) apart.

Numbered 0º - 180º E and W

Where they meet (180) – International date line

0º = Greenwich, London (Prime Meridian) , dividing E and W hemispheres

The poles = 90º N/S

Degrees longitude and latitude have been divided into minutes Degrees longitude and latitude have been divided into minutes

(') and seconds (").(') and seconds ("). 60 minutes in each degree - each minute 60 minutes in each degree - each minute is divided into 60 seconds. is divided into 60 seconds. For example, the Washington For example, the Washington D.C is located at 38°53'23"N , 77°00'27"W.D.C is located at 38°53'23"N , 77°00'27"W.

Latitude and Longitude cont…Latitude and Longitude cont…

NATONATO

The North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationThe North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Alliance – 26 countries (N/America/Europe)Alliance – 26 countries (N/America/Europe) Aims… to safeguard the freedom, heritage and civilisation of their Aims… to safeguard the freedom, heritage and civilisation of their

peoples…to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic peoples…to promote stability and well-being in the North Atlantic

area… to unite efforts for defence and for preservation of peace.area… to unite efforts for defence and for preservation of peace.

OPECOPEC

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Organization of the Petroleum Exporting CountriesCountries ( (OPECOPEC) )

Members - Iraq, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Angola, Members - Iraq, Indonesia, Iran, Kuwait, Libya, Angola, Algeria, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Algeria, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.Emirates, and Venezuela.

Aims to protect producers on the world Aims to protect producers on the world petroleum market.petroleum market.

North South DivideNorth South Divide

Maps and SustainabilityMaps and Sustainability

"Now during high tides, the water comes right across the ground, where the "Now during high tides, the water comes right across the ground, where the houses are, and it never happened before ..." houses are, and it never happened before ..." Elia Tauita, 2002Elia Tauita, 2002

The territories that emit the most The territories that emit the most greenhouse gasesgreenhouse gases are the United are the United States, China, the Russian Federation and Japan. However, the States, China, the Russian Federation and Japan. However, the most emissions per person are in Qatar: equivalent to 86 tonnes of most emissions per person are in Qatar: equivalent to 86 tonnes of carbon dioxide per year. Qatar has significant oil and gas reserves, carbon dioxide per year. Qatar has significant oil and gas reserves, and in 2002 was populated by 600,000 people.and in 2002 was populated by 600,000 people.

The world at night…The world at night…

Earth’s Vital StatisticsEarth’s Vital Statistics

Circumference at the equator: Circumference at the equator: 40,031 km40,031 km

Diameter through N-S poles: Diameter through N-S poles: 12,712 km12,712 km

Diameter at the equator: Diameter at the equator: 12,755km12,755km (bulging is due to centrifugal force of Earth’s rotation)(bulging is due to centrifugal force of Earth’s rotation)

Surface area: Surface area: 509,917,488 km509,917,488 km²²

Volume: Volume: 2,019,609 km³2,019,609 km³ Average temperature: Average temperature: Night 32°F (0°C); Day 72°F (22°C)Night 32°F (0°C); Day 72°F (22°C)

Fact: any given moment: 2,200 thunderstorms occur Fact: any given moment: 2,200 thunderstorms occur on the earth’s surfaceon the earth’s surface

Number of languages:Number of languages: 5,800 5,800

Ocean volume:Ocean volume: 2.4 billion km³ 2.4 billion km³

Deepest part of the ocean:Deepest part of the ocean:

Mariana trench, Pacific oceanMariana trench, Pacific ocean

Oldest living species: Oldest living species:

Bristlecone Pines (5,000 yrs old)Bristlecone Pines (5,000 yrs old)

Known/Catalogued species:Known/Catalogued species: 1.7 million 1.7 million

Unknown species:Unknown species: 5-30 million 5-30 million

Atmosphere height from sea level:Atmosphere height from sea level: 18,000 miles 18,000 miles

Fact: 99% of the atmosphere is in the lowest 50 Fact: 99% of the atmosphere is in the lowest 50 miles (80km) with weather limited to first 5-10 miles.miles (80km) with weather limited to first 5-10 miles.

Statistics cont…

Stats cont…Stats cont…

Largest to smallest continent….Largest to smallest continent….

Asia…Africa…North America…South Asia…Africa…North America…South America… Antarctica…Europe…OceaniaAmerica… Antarctica…Europe…Oceania

Number of countries: 194 (ish)Number of countries: 194 (ish)FACT: remember the territories/colonies which often refer FACT: remember the territories/colonies which often refer themselves to being countries such as Puerto Rico and themselves to being countries such as Puerto Rico and even the components of the UK (Scotland/England/Wales) even the components of the UK (Scotland/England/Wales) but they are not fully independent countries, states, or but they are not fully independent countries, states, or nation-states! nation-states!

If the earth were only a few feet in diameter,

floating a few feet above a field somewhere, people would come from everywhere to marvel at it. People would walk around it marvelling at its big pools of water, its little pools and the water flowing between. People would marvel at the bumps on it

and the holes in it. They would marvel at the very thin layer of gas

surrounding it and the water suspended in the gas. The people would marvel at all the creatures walking around the surface of the ball and at the creatures in the water. The people would declare it as

sacred because it was the only one, and they would protect it so that it would not be hurt. The ball would be the greatest wonder known, and people would come and pray to it, to be healed, to gain knowledge, to know beauty and to wonder

how it could be. People would love it, and defend it with their lives because they would somehow know that their lives would be nothing without it. If the Earth were only

a few feet in diameter.

Joe Miller

ENJOY IT!