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Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province of China

DEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT

Mapping the Energy Use in Xinjiang

Province of China

Lu Tang

February 2009

Master’s Thesis in Energy System

~ 1 ~

ProgrammeExaminer Alemayehu Gebremedhin

Supervisor Alemayehu Gebremedhin


~ 2 ~

Acknowledgement

This master thesis was written at Gavle University. After several

months’ work, I have some important acknowledgements to make to

people who helped me substantially in the writing of the study.

First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Alemayehu

Gebremedhin for his patience and support throughout my writing. I

really appreciate his constructive criticism and advice as well as his

positive attitude towards me. It encouraged me to keep working hard

when times were tough.

Further, I would like to thank my opponents Xin Li and Yu Deng.

Finally, I would like to thank some people who helped me translate

the websites and provide me with their valuable opinions. And

according to related information from my thesis, I promise that there

are no copies in my thesis.

Lu Tang

February, 2009


~ 3 ~

Abstract

Energy plays an important role in Xinjiang’s development. In this

thesis, the author’s purpose is to map the energy use in Xinjiang

Province.

The author collected all kinds of information to introduce the

background about Xinjiang, then, use some pictures and data to

prove that Xinjiang is rich in energy, such as coal, natural gas,

petroleum, and some renewable energy, for example solar, wind

power and biomass. In addition, the author introduces Xinjiang in the

forms of hydro electricity, wind power and thermal power, electricity

generation and the situation of electricity market in Xinjiang. At last,

the author introduces the situation of waste treatments in Xinjiang.

In this thesis, the author makes a conclusion. Although, Xinjiang is

rich in energy, it still should save energy, develop energy, strengthen

the cooperation with other developed countries and the

environmental protection.


~ 4 ~

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement .........................................................................................................2

Abstract..........................................................................................................................3

Table of Contents...........................................................................................................4

1. Introduction...............................................................................................................6

2. Background of Xinjiang ...........................................................................................7

2.1 Geography ...................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Population....................................................................................................................... 8

3. Energy Use in Xinjiang.............................................................................................9

3.1 The Situation of Energy Use in Xinjiang ..................................................................... 9

3.1.1 Energy Production and Consumption ...................................................................... 9

3.1.2 Problems .................................................................................................................... 17

3.2 Non-productive consumption...................................................................................... 17

3.3 Coal in Xinjiang ........................................................................................................... 20

3.4 The Petroleum in Xinjiang....................................................................................... 20

4. Electricity.................................................................................................................23

4.1 Electricity Generation ................................................................................................. 23

4.2 Electricity Balance....................................................................................................... 24

4.3 Electricity Cost............................................................................................................. 26

5. Renewable Energy...................................................................................................27

5.1 Solar Energy in Xinjiang............................................................................................. 27

5.1.1 Plan for Solar-energy Use ........................................................................................ 28

5.1.2 Economy .................................................................................................................... 29

5.1.3 Problems .................................................................................................................... 29

5.2 Biomass Energy in Xinjiang ....................................................................................... 30

5.2.1 Plan for biomass Use ................................................................................................ 31

5.2.2 Benefits and problems .............................................................................................. 31

5.3 Natural Gas in Xinjiang .............................................................................................. 32

6. Municipal Waste......................................................................................................34

6.1 Treatment ..................................................................................................................... 34


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6.1.1 Landfill ...................................................................................................................... 34

6.1.2 Incineration ............................................................................................................... 34

6.2 Problems ....................................................................................................................... 34

6.3 Suggestions ................................................................................................................... 35

7. Conclusion and discussion .....................................................................................36

Reference .....................................................................................................................38


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1. Introduction

Energy is significant to our life. We use it in our daily life. We can not

live without it.

Energy is used directly and converted to supply light, heat and power

for human beings. With the high-speed economy and technology

development, more and more types of energy appear. Meanwhile,

energy is used in more and more areas of society.

Energy plays an important role in Xinjiang’s development. Xinjiang is

rich in energy resources such as solar, wind power, petroleum, natural

gas and coal. Besides, Xinjiang also has many mineral resources, such

as, iron, copper, nickel and jade (stone for ornaments).

In this thesis, the author first introduces the background of Xinjiang

and then the situation of energy use in Xinjiang, such as coal, oil and

some renewable energy. At last, the situation about municipal waste

in Xinjiang is introduced.


2. Back njiang ground of Xi

2.1 Geography

Xinjiang is located in the northwest of China. Its area is 1.66 million

square kilometers, accounting for one-sixth of the total area of

China.

Xinjiang is the largest provincial-level administrative region in China.

Meanwhile, Xinjiang is located in the hinter land of Eurasian

continent and bordering with Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,

Tajikistan, Pakistan, Mongolia, India and Afghanistan. [5]

Figure 1 the Map of China

Some data on climate, forest and water is given below . [1]

~ 7 ~


Table 1 Climate, forest and water information of Xinjiang

Item Unit 2006

Annual average

temperature ℃

12.7

Annual sunshine hours hour 2500-3500

Annual precipitation mm 150

The highest temperature ℃

40

Climate

The lowest temperature ℃

-20

Woodland Area 10000hectares 180.73 Forest

Resource Forest-coverage Rate % 2.94

Surface water volume 100 million m3 793 Water Resource Groundwater volume 100 million m3 572

Note: Xinjiang is characterized by arid climate, substantial sunlight

and heat but scarce rainfall. Generally, the highest temperature is in

July and the lowest temperature is in January.

2.2 Population

The following table shows the population of Xinjiang in 2005 and

2006 [1 . ]

Table 2 Population Information of Xinjiang [1 ]

(10000 persons) Item 2005-2006

Total population at the year-end 200.5194

Urban 690.11

Rural 1373

sex 1008.05

Female 950.9

Birth rate (‰) 16.02

Death rate (‰) 5.1

Natural growth rate(‰) 10.8

~ 8 ~


3. Energy Use in Xinjiang

3.1 The Situation of Energy Use in Xinjiang

3.1.1 Energy Production and Consumption

The following tables show some important data of energy use in

Xinjiang . According to the tables we can find some information

about how the energy is used in Xinjiang.

[1]

Table 3 Total production of energy and its composition in Xinjiang

(1978 -- 2005)

Percentage of Total Energy Production (%) Year Total Energy

Production

(10000 tons

of SCE)

Coal Crude Oil Natural Gas Hydropower

and

Wind power

1978 1410.75 60 35.8 2.4 1.8

1980 1527.72 58.4 36.5 3.1 2

1985 2092.47 60 34.1 3.5 2.4

1990 2801.57 58.8 35.8 2.4 3

1995 4266.06 50.1 43.5 3.6 2.8

1996 4755.5 49.3 44.1 3.9 2.7

1997 5130.6 46.2 45.4 5.5 2.9

1998 5095.18 45.1 45.7 6.2 3

1999 5246.28 41.8 47.4 7.9 2.9

2000 5419.77 40.6 48.7 7.9 2.8

2001 5720.04 38.7 48.6 9.7 3

2002 6156.05 39.5 47.3 10.5 2.7

2003 6657.43 41.1 46 10.2 2.7

2004 7112.95 41.4 45.3 10.7 2.6

2005 8175.74 37.9 42.1 17.3 2.7

Note: the coefficient for conversion of electric power into SCE

(standard coal equivalent) is calculated on the base of the data of

average coal consumption in generating electric power in the same

year. The same is with the following tables.

~ 9 ~

From table 3 we can find that the total production of energy increases


year by year, but the percentage of natural gas, hydropower and wind

power is small, which is due to relatively immature technology and

limited natural source. And from 1980 to 2005 the coal’s percentage

of total energy production decreased because natural gas is rich in

Xinjiang and its reserves ranked first in the country. In recent years,

Xinjiang increases the efforts to develop and widely use natural gas.

Additionally, the price is lower than coal, therefore, because of the

promotion of natural gas, the coal’s percentage in total energy

production decreased accordingly at that time.

Table 4 Total consumption of energy and its composition in Xinjiang

Percentage of Total Energy

Consumption (%)

Year

Total Energy

Consumption

(10000 tons

of SCE)

Coal Crude

Oil

Nature

Gas

Hydropower

and

Wind power

1978 979.27 72.5 21.5 3.4 2.6

1980 1026.45 71.3 21.1 4.6 3

1985 1410.89 72 19.3 5.1 3.6

1990 1924.45 69.6 22.5 3.5 4.4

1995 2733.01 66.2 23.8 5.6 4.4

1996 3045.16 65.1 24.8 6 4.1

1997 3208.24 63.3 24.3 7.8 4.6

1998 3279.75 62.2 24.9 8.2 4.7

1999 3215.02 62.9 23.1 9.2 4.8

2000 3316.03 63.9 23.3 8.6 4.5

2001 3496.44 60.4 21.6 13.2 4.8

2002 3622.4 62.2 20.5 12.7 4.6

2003 4064.43 60.3 21.7 13.1 4.9

2004 4784.83 61 20.1 15 3.9

2005 5506.49 56.1 26.2 13.7 4

~ 10 ~

From Table 4 , we can see that from 1978 to 2005 the total energy

consumption also increased year by year, since coal could be used in

many places. It occupies a big percentage, because the population in

[1]


~ 11 ~

Xinjiang is not very big, so the percentage of crude oil, natural gas,

hydropower and wind power are not so big.

The above two tables show us from 1978 to 2005, the total energy

productions are higher than the total energy consumption because

Xinjiang’s energy reserve area is the biggest in China, and the

energy resources are sold to the neighboring provinces and the

developed provinces in East China.


Table 5 Overall Energy Balance [1]

(10000 tons of SCE)

Item 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Total Energy Available for

Consumption

1470.48 2045.32 2883.61 3430.05 5349.17

Primary Energy Output 2092.47 2801.57 4266.06 5419.77 8175.74

Inflow from other Provinces

(Autonomous Regions and

Municipalities)

2.54 2.26

8.29

25.59

58.17

Outflow 583.47 694.89 1414.05

2144.79

3172.41

Stock Changes in the Year -40.99

-58.78

24.35

53.99

95.71

Total Energy Consumption 1410.89

1924.45

2733.01

3316.03

5506.49

Consumption by Sector

Farming, Forestry, Animal Husbandry,

Fishery and Water Conservancy

127.3

134.91

189.13

274.97

314.25

Industry 679.58 1095.22 1571.88 1860.26 3440.83

Construction 41.16 41.16 63.01 81.73 43.22

Transportation, Post and

Telecommunications Services

89.24

99.72

152.77

189.76

413.77

Commerce, Catering Services,

Materials Supply, Marketing and

Storage

12.98

26.28

51.37

93.83

138.39

Others 104.98 99.12 205.04 164.57 177.51

Residential Consumption 355.65

428.04

499.84

650.91

978.54

Consumption by Usage

Final Consumption 1337.2 1825.44 2587.35 3148.77 5086.96

Industry 605.94 996.27 1426.22 1692.96 3021.27

Losses in Processing and

Transformation

26.76

27.9

62.06

91.25

228.26

Coking 13.86 13 27.56 72.05 77.6

Petroleum Refining Other Losses 7.41 13.16 33.49 75.99 62.18

Other Losses 46.68 71.05 83.6 76.05 191.27

Balance 59.59 120.87 150.6 114.02 -157.32

Note: a) Industry data includes the data of village-run industry. (The

same is with the following tables).

~ 12 ~

b) Electric power and heat are converted on the basis of equal


caloric value. Therefore, losses in processing and

transformation exclude losses in power generation and

heating.

c) Data on imports include the petroleum consumed by the

Xinjiang airplanes in refueling abroad. Data on exports

include the petroleum consumed by the foreign airplanes in

refueling in Xinjiang

Some explanation in Table 5:

Final energy consumption: it refers to the total energy

consumption by material production sector, non material

production sector and households in the province in a given

period, but excludes the consumption in conversion of the

primary energy into the secondary energy and the loss in the

process of energy conversion [1 . ]

Loss during the process of energy conversion: it refers to the

total input of various kinds of energy for conversion, minus

the total output of various kinds of energy in the province in a

given period. It is an indicator to show the loss that occurs

during the process of energy conversion . [1]

Loss: it refers to the total loss of energy during the course of

energy transport, distribution and storage, and the loss

caused by any objective reason in a given period. The loss of

various kinds of gas due to gas discharges stocktaking is

excluded [1 . ]

~ 13 ~


The following table shows some important data about the energy use

in Xinjiang [1]

Table 6 Elasticity Ration of Energy Production [1 ]

Year Growth Rate of

Energy

Production Over

Preceding Year

(%)

Growth Rate

of

Electricity

Production

Over

Preceding

Year (%)

Growth Rate of

Gross Domestic

Production(GDP)

Over Preceding

Year (%)

Elasticity

Coefficient Of

Energy

Production

Year (%)

Elasticity

Ratio

of

Electricity

Production

1980 7.8 3.6 7.2 1.08 0.5

1985 11.6 11.5 16.9 0.69 0.68

1990 5.8 10.8 11.7 0.5 0.92

1995 7.8 13.4 9 0.87 1.49

1996 11.5 12.9 6.4 1.8 2.02

1997 7.9 10.7 11 0.72 0.97

1998 -0.7 4.8 7.3 0.66

1999 3 7.3 7.1 0.42 1.03

2000 3.3 8.1 8.2 0.4 0.99

2001 5.5 8 8.1 0.68 0.99

2002 7.6 7.4 8.1 0.94 0.91

2003 8.1 10.5 10.8 0.75 0.97

2004 6.8 13.3 11.1 0.61 1.2

2005 14.9 16.6 10.9 1.37 1.52

Note: The Gross Production Value is calculated at comparable

prices and the same is with the following tables.

~ 14 ~


Table 7Elasticity Ration of Energy Consumption [1]

Year Growth Rate of

Energy

Consumption

Over Preceding

Year (%)

Growth Rate of

Electricity

Consumption

Over Preceding

Year (%)

Growth Rate

Of Gross

Domestic

Product

(GDP)

Over

Preceding

Year (%)

Elasticity

Coefficient Of

Energy

Consumption

Year (%)

Elasticity

Ratio

of Electricity

Consumption

1980 4.5 3.6 0.6 0.63 0.5

1985 13.6 11.5 16.9 0.8 0.68

1990 9.3 10.8 11.7 0.79 0.92

1995 4.9 13.4 9 0.54 1.49

1996 11.4 12.9 6.4 1.78 2.02

1997 5.4 10.7 11 0.49 0.97

1998 2.2 4.8 7.3 0.3 0.66

1999 -2 7.3 7.1 1.03

2000 3.1 8.1 8.2 0.38 0.99

2001 5.4 8 8.1 0.67 0.99

2002 3.6 7.4 8.1 0.44 0.91

2003 12.2 10.5 10.8 1.13 0.97

2004 17.7 13.3 11.1 1.59 1.2

2005 15.1 16.6 10.9 1.39 1.52

Here is some explanation about elasticity ratio of energy [1 , ]

Elasticity ratio of energy production is an indicator to show the

relationship between the growth rate of energy production and the

growth rate of national economy. The formula is:

The average growth rate of national economy can be shown by the

gross national product, gross domestic product and other indicators,

depending upon the purposes or needs. The gross domestic product is

used in calculation of the ratio.

~ 15 ~


Elasticity ratio of energy consumption is an indicator to show the

relationships between the growth rate of energy consumption and the

growth rate of national economy. The formula is:

Elasticity ratio of electricity production is an indicator to show the

relationship between the growth rate of electricity production and the

growth rate of national economy. Generally speaking, the growth rate

of electricity production should be higher than that of national

economy. The formula is:

Elasticity ratio of electricity consumption is an indicator to show

the relationship between the growth rate of electricity consumption

and the growth rate of national economy. The formula is:

According to the tables above, we can have some basic ideas of the

situation of energy in Xinjiang. From the tables and figure we can find

the total energy production is growing year by year.

~ 16 ~

Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang

Province of China

3.1.2 Problems

(1) The impact of coal’s high consumption

Because coal is a unique advantageous resources of Xinjiang, it is

still the main energy consumption, and the industries are still the

major groups of coal consumers. Then, the pollution from coal

combustion is serious in Xinjiang.

(2) The development of oil and gas is restricted in Xinjiang

The natural gas is limited demand for market in Xinjiang. The

reasons include nature, history and society, and Xinjiang’s

economic development is slow, existing facilities can not meet the

demand of Sinotrans (China National Heavy Machinery Corp).

3.2 Non‐productive consumption

Non-productive consumption means the energy consumption used by

residence, commerce, and other sectors which are not producer.

The consumptions of each resource are shown in the following

tables [1 . ]

~ 17 ~


~ 18 ~

Table 8 The average annual energy consumption for non-production purposes by variety

Year

Total

(10000

tons of

SCE)

Coal

(10000

tons of

SCE)

Kerosene

(10000

tons of

SCE)

Liquefied

petroleum

Gas(10000

tons of

SCE)

Nature

Gas

(100

million

cu. m)

Heat

(10

billion

Kio-joule

)

Electricity

(100

million

KWh)

1980 330.44 404.1 1.7

1985 355.65 421.72 0.71 3 2.38

1990 428.04 479.37 0.58 5.35 160.02 4.22

1995 499.84 527 0.5 8.94 177.29 10.22

1996 522.59 537.33 0.56 9.59 180.55 12.35

1997 594.82 549 0.5 8.66 1000 14.06

1998 617.55 570 0.65 98.2 0.05 1000 15.98

1999 609.22 580 0.75 10.1 0.11 864 16.83

2000 650.91 590 0.75 10.89 0.13 1611.81 17.6

2001 703.97 600 0.67 12.31 0.46 2209.66 19.5

2002 752.1 610 0.1 14.22 0.32 3112.58 19.2

2003 782.21 625.04 16.62 0.6 3191.14 20.37

2004 901.88 605 17 1 3363.45 24.26

2005 978.54 500.79 0.55 12.96 1.92 6219 27.1


~ 19 ~

Table 9 Annual average per-capital energy consumption for Non-Production Purpose

Year

Annual Per Capita

Consumption for

Non-production

Purpose

(Kg of SCE/person)

Coal

(Kg)

Electricity

(KW /h)

Kerosene

(kg)

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gas

(kg)

Nature

Gas

(cu.m)

1980 258 315 13.25

1985 261 310 17.49 0.52 2.2

1990 268 313 27.6 0.38 3.5

1995 301 317 65.6 0.3 5.33

1996 299 318 73.1 0.33 5.67

1997 330 331 81.8 0.29 5.04

1998 353 326 91.45 0.37 5.61 0.03

1999 343 327 94.82 0.42 5.69 0.62

2000 353 320 95.33 0.41 5.9 0.7

2001 375 320 103.93 0.36 6.56 2.45

2002 395 320 100.78 0.05 7.46 1.68

2003 404 323 105.33 8.59 3.1 2004 459 308 123.58 8.66 5.09

2005 487 249 134.8 0.27 6.45 9.55

From the above tables, we can find that compared with other

consumptions, the consumptions of coal, electricity, and natural gas

are so similar, the coal used in Xinjiang has large proportion in the

total non-productive consumptions as in the total energy

consumption.

Secondly, we can find that coal use in non-productive ways was

increasing in the period from1985 to 2004, but it decreased in 2005.

That is because of energy saving policy and increased efficiency of

energy use in China. All the users should decrease the energy

consumption as much as they can.

Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Pro

vince of China

3.3 Coal in Xinjiang

Xinjiang’s coal reserves are the richest in China, according to the

survey, the estimated coal reserves are 1.82 to 2.19 trillion tons [2 in

2006. Xinjiang is one of the important mining area and the coal

reserves can reach 40.5% of the forecast of the whole country

reserves. The resource distribution is shown in the following

figure .

]

[2]

[19 ]

：Coal resource

Figure 2 the coal resource distribution in Xinjiang

3.4 The Petroleum in Xinjiang

Petroleum

~ 20 ~

Petroleum is a nonrenewable resource that takes millions of years to

form. Nonrenewable resources will run out, and can not be replaced.

Petroleum and natural gas are fossil fuel because they are found in

deposits of the earth and the fuels are burned and release the


chemical energy that is stored within this resource. All fossil fuels are

nonrenewable resources.

Xinjiang is a province with rich Petroleum resource. 1/3 of China’s

Petroleum is here. The main areas of petroleum in Xinjiang are

Karama and Zepce (Southwest). Recently, in Tarim and Turpan -

Hami Basin have been found many oil fields and Junggar Basin also

has been found to have new oil fields. Xinjiang has become a county

of oil and natural gas reserve base. The figure below shows the areas

with petroleum resources [2 . 0]

Figure 3 the petroleum distribution in Xinjiang [20]

Some advantages of Petroleum

~ 21 ~

• Petroleum is the most versatile fossil fuel. Yielding a vast

quantity of other products is from its further processing.


• Petroleum is relatively easier to be stored and transported

between source and end users. The fact that it is liquid form

means it can be pumped through pipelines where possible and

containerized where it is not possible.

• Petroleum is cleaner and easier to burn than coal.

• Electricity produced from Petroleum is reliable.

Some disadvantages of petroleum

• Petroleum is a carbon-based fuel and the primary way it is

used is to burn it, releasing more than its weight in CO2

because of the added oxygen. CO2 is a greenhouse gas and is

expected by most scientists to be a cause of global warming [2 1]

• Some petroleum is now being strip mined in the form of tar

sands. This cause the area very hard to restore. [2 1]

~ 22 ~


4. Electricity

4.1 Electricity Generation

The total capacity of the power stations in Xinjiang reached 47.74

million kW in 2007. Specifically, Dabancheng Wind Power Station is

one of the biggest stations in the China, and also is the biggest wind

power station in Asia. Xinjiang is fully using wind power resources,

and wind power generation in Xinjiang will become an important

alternative energy in the future. The following table shows some

power station and electricity generation capacity in Xinjiang .

[6]

[1]

Table 10 Some Power Stations in Xinjiang(10,000kW) [1 ]

Item Capacity year

Dabancheng Wind power station 40 2005

Hami hydroelectric power station 25 2005

Hami Thermal power station 67.8 2005

Figure 4 Dabancheng Wind Power Station [1 3]

~ 23 ~


Figure 5 Hami Hydroelectric Power Station [1 4]

Figure 6 Hami Thermal Power Station [15]

4.2 Electricity Balance

Electricity is the important energy in our daily life in almost any

industry, agriculture, or any other areas. The following table shows

the electricity balance in Xinjiang.

~ 24 ~


Table 11 Electricity Balance Sheet (100 million kWh) [1]

Item 1985 1990 1995 2000 20005

Total Energy Available for

Consumption

38.11 69.79 120.43 182.98 310.14

Output 38.11 69.79 120.43 182.98 310.14

Hydropower 8.64 14.25 22.82 30.54 46.49

Wind Power 0.08 0.34 1.73 2.32

Thermal Power 29.47 55.46 97.27 150.71 261.33

Total Energy Consumption 38.11 69.79 120.37 182.98 310.14


Farming, Forestry, Animal

Husbandry, Fishery and Water

Conservancy

5.25 9.16 11.5 22.3 28.72

Industry 25.68 48.86 83.53 118.85 221.67

Construction 1.64 1.18 3.2 3.5 1.44

Transportation, Post And

Telecommunications Services

0.4 1.48 2.73 4 4.74

Commerce, Catering Services,

Materials Supply, Marketing and

Storage

0.16 0.81 2.3 6.9 11.09

Others 2.6 4.08 7 9.83 15.38

Residential Consumption 2.38 4.22 10.11 17.6 27.1


Final Consumption 35.58 65.74 112.87 170.86 282.42

Industry 23.15 44.81 76.03 106.73 193.95

Losses in Transmission 2.53 4.05 7.5 12.12 27.72

~ 25 ~

Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Pro

vince of China

4.3 Electricity Cost

There are different prices of electricity for different users in Xinjiang.

The following table shows the different prices

Table 12 the Price of Electricity [7]

Sector Electricity price

(Yuan/ kwh)

Resident 0.469

Industry 0.348

Agriculture 0.224

Commerce 0.672

Non-industrial 0.457

Non-resident 0.524

1. 0.1Yuan=0.1126 SEK

2. Different parts have different prices, which are determined by the

development of China's national conditions and the development of

China’s electric bureau.

~ 26 ~


5. Renewable Energy

Renewable energy refers to energy resources that occur naturally

and can repeat in the environment and have benefits to human

beings. Examples of renewable energies include solar energy, wind

power, biomass and geothermal energy (getting energy from the

heat in the earth).

Renewable energy encompasses many different types of

technologies at different stages of development and

commercialization, from the burning of wood for heat in the

residential sector (traditional and low-technology) to

wind-generated electricity (widespread and technically practical) to

processes such as biomass gasification for electricity generation (still

under development although some plants are operating). Xinjiang is

the place with abundant renewable energy. [22 ]

5.1 Solar Energy in Xinjiang

~ 27 ~

Xinjiang is characterized by arid climate. The sunshine hours are

2550 [8 to 3500 hours in the whole year and sunshine percentage

is 60% [8 to 80% . The radiation in total is 5430 ~ 6670 MJ/㎡ ,

the annual total radiant illumination is 10%-15% higher than

same-attitude areas in China and 15%-25% higher than

lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Secondly, the days of

sunshine are more than six hours, and reach 250~325days [8 ; the

total number of days with temperatures higher than 10℃ are

almost more than 150 [8 days.

] [8]

] [8] [8]

[8]

[8]

]

[8]

]

Mapping the energy use in Xinjiang Province

of China

5.1.1 Plan for Solar‐energy Use

Since Xinjiang is rich in sunshine resource the use of solar energy

such as, solar water heaters, solar building (use of solar energy to the

building heating, air conditioning, hot water, electricity), solar thermal

power generation technology, solar energy smelting, solar drying,

solar greenhouses are some interesting application area. The

government has made series of plans for solar energy. The following

is the situation of solar use in Xinjiang.

(1) The promotion of photovoltaic power systems use. This system

mainly uses photovoltaic cells and is used in communications

systems and remote counties, villages, and other remote

islands without electricity. The use of solar photovoltaic began

in the 1970s, and rapidly developed in the 1980s. So far, the

installed capacity of solar photovoltaic is rising. In Xinjiang,

some large scale and small scale Photovoltaic power stations

are being built. [23 ]

(2) Solar heating. Use the local rich solar resource to provide the

energy for local people’s life. It can solve the problem of heating

in winter and improve the living conditions of local people;

moreover, it promotes local economic prosperity and social

stability also the ecological environment. In addition, it saves

much energy and fuel cost of the nation. [23 ]

~ 28 ~

(3) Solar biogas. This kind of technology uses the solar energy and

can be used in many areas such as the use of solar biogas for

cooking, illumination and shower in the daily life. Then, in the

area of agriculture, it could be used for greenhouse aquaculture

and feed cattle and it can also be used for the fertilizer cultivation

of various crops. Not in the least, in the area of environment, the


solar biogas fermentation technology is a pollution-free

treatment of cattle’s excretion and reduces the density of

mosquito and pests and the spread of various diseases and

morbidity. Finally, in the area of ecology, it replaces the

traditional energy and changes the rural area’s energy structure.

It reduces the use of wood fuel and thereby protects forest and

prevents water loss, soil erosion and water pollution. [23 ]

5.1.2 Economy

Table 13 Economy Benefit of Solar Energy [9 ]

Item Solar water

heaters

Electricity heaters Fuel heaters

Energy Solar 0.56yuan/degree 80 Yuan/kettle

Investment(Yuan) 4200 2800 1400

Longevity(year) 60 5 8

Use day 365 365 365

The fuel fee of per

family, per year

0 945 Yuan 846.8 Yuan

The fee of 15

years(Yuan)

4200 945(Yuan)*15(year)+

2800(Yuan)

=16975 Yuan

846.8(Yuan)*15(year)+

1400(Yuan)=14102 Yuan

Environment

pollution

nought nought exist

From this table, we can see that solar energy not only saves money,

but also saves energy and it is a clear energy and does not pollute the

environment.

5.1.3 Problems

There are some problems in the development of solar-energy use in

Xinjiang.

~ 29 ~

(1) Some problems about photovoltaic power systems use.


● Few people grasp the photovoltaic technology

● Photovoltaic products’ system and manufacture are hampered,

and the creativity is also poor.

● Photovoltaic power generation products have no technical

standards.

● There are lot of raw materials, components that depend on

imports and mainland, so the cost of production equipment is

high.

(2) Some problems of solar heat use.

● The ability of research is weak and there is a lack of

professional technology teams.

● Xinjiang has not set up the supervision of product quality and

detection system yet.

5.2 Biomass Energy in Xinjiang

Biomass means "natural material." When biomass is burned, it

releases heat – just like the wood logs in the campfire. [17]

Biomass energy uses natural materials like trees and plants to make

electricity. It can also mean waste products like trash. [17]

Biomass is the second common form of renewable energy in the

United States, providing enough electricity to power more than two

million homes. [17]

~ 30 ~


5.2.1 Plan for biomass Use

Stalk is a green renewable energy. Xinjiang has largest-proportion of

cotton production in the whole country of China. Therefore the stalks

of cotton are richest there. Stalk is one kind of biomass energy and

people use stalk for burning, even for generating electricity. So it is

called green electricity.

Figure 7 stalk

Xinjiang has setup a power plant which uses the stalk to burn in 2008.

The generated electrical energy will reach 150,000,000 [1 kWh. This

project promotes environmental protection and develops Xinjiang’s

economy.

8]

5.2.2 Benefits and problems

Benefit

1. Ecological benefit

It has advantages to improve environment and reduce the air

pollution.

2. Economical benefit

It has advantages to increase people’s income

3. Social benefit

~ 31 ~

It could better improve energy structure in the whole country.


Problem

1. High cost

2. Immature technology

5.3 Natural Gas in Xinjiang

Natural Gas is a vital component of the world's energy supply. It is

one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful energy in all the energy

sources.

There are some advantages of natural gas:

● Environment will be clean

● It is economical and efficient

~ 32 ~

Figure 8 the natural gas distribution in Xinjiang


~ 33 ~

‘West-East natural gas transmission’ project

West China is rich in natural gas, but the people in the west of China

use the natural gas rarely in their life and the industry there is not

developed. On the other hand, in the east of the China there is a

shortage of natural gas and the people there have high demand for

natural gas and the industries are very developed. Therefore, the

government drafts the policy “West-East Natural Gas Transmission

Project”. This project not only promotes the economy of Xinjiang, but

also makes the best use of national resources.


6. Municipal Waste

With China’s urban development, the amount of city waste will

rapidly increase. Hence, waste has become the focus of the current

environmental issues.

6. t 1 Treatmen

6.1.1 Landfill

The amount of waste is rapidly increasing and there is a lack of place

to landfill, but landfill is the main way of waste treatment in Xinjiang.

The garbage emission in Xinjiang is about 1700 tons [1 everyday, but

the capacity of landfill is just about 400 tons [1 .

0]

0]

6.1.2 Incineration

Beside landfill, incineration is another way of waste treatment.

According to information available, in 2002 Xinjiang had waster of

about 3200 tons per day but the capacity of incineration wastes

was just about 600 tons per day .

[11]

[11]

On the other hand, China has a plan to use the waste incineration for

generation electricity in the future. This project, not only saves the

land resource and reduces the environment pollution, but also uses

the resource rational and change the traditional way of waste

treatment.

6.2 Problems

(1) There is low effect of landfill treatment and secondary pollution is

evident. At first, the process of landfill could make many kinds of

harmful gases, and pollute the air and people’s health. Secondly, it

seriously pollutes the surrounding environment and underground

water sources. Finally, it occupies great amount land resource.

~ 34 ~

(2) Low efficiency of the comprehensive landfill utilization.


~ 35 ~

(3) Many garbage plants still have some safety problems. For

instance, some discarded chemicals or inflammable liquids will

cause explosion

6.3 Suggestions

(1) Reinforce supervision to manage the garbage plants.

(2) Reinforce the technical expert’s training to improve the business

management level and ensure the healthy development of

efficient safety; moreover, to ensure that municipal waste really

achieve safe disposal standards.

(3)Introduce advanced technologies and methods from other

developed countries, to reduce the environment pollution and

improve the municipal waste treatment system.

(4) Educate the people to be conscious of environmental protection.


~ 36 ~

7. Conclusion and discussion

From the analysis above, we can see that Xinjiang is a province with

rich resources and great potential for development. At present, coal,

natural gas, oil, solar and wind power are important recourses, and

they play a positive role for Xinjiang’s economy and society

development.

Firstly, coal is an important energy resource in Xinjiang. And as an

important energy, the development of coal in Xinjiang also influences

Xinjiang’s economy development.

Secondly, Wind power is also developed. In Xinjiang the wind power

is abundant, and wind energy is a renewable energy. Dabancheng

wind power station is one of the biggest wind powers in China.

Accordingly, it brings high economy benefits to China.

Finally, According to the tables, we can find that energy consumption

in industry is the biggest part which is more than the total

consumption of the other sectors in Xinjiang. It means that industry

take such important role in the economy. Since the energy use in

Xinjiang develops at a high speed, problems related with energy use

and energy efficiency and many other questions needs to be resolved.

So here are some suggestions to resolve the problems in the

development of energy use in Xinjiang

(1) Strengthening the environment protection

At present, the problem of environment protection becomes

more and more important in Xinjiang, which also has some

environmental problems, such as, air pollution, water resource


~ 37 ~

pollution, and the green house effect. Using the cleaning energy,

limiting the amount of emission, recycling materials which can

be recycled are some good choices to protect the environment.

(2) Using the new technologies

Xinjiang still uses the traditional technologies in some process

of energy production. The technologies cause a big amount of

waste of energy. Hence, new technologies should be used to

save energy and to promote the efficiency of energy utilization.

(3) Developing more source of energy

There different types of energy resources in Xinjiang, for

example, wind power, natural gas, oil, solar energy. But

Xinjiang also need to develop other energy sources, such as,

bio-fuel, geothermal and nuclear energy.

(4) Strengthening the cooperation and communication with other

provinces and other developed countries. Some developed

countries have many developed methods and advanced

technologies.

(5) Reduce the total consumption of energy

From the table in the third part, we can see that the consumption

of coal is the biggest of all other energies in Xinjiang, and it is a

main sources of energy used in Xinjiang, and it is a

non-renewable energy. For the sustainable development of the

source, the consumption of energy must decrease. There should

be consciousness about saving energy. It is important for saving

our lives, the whole society and the whole country.


~ 38 ~

Reference

[1] Provincial Statistical Bureau, Xinjiang 2007 Statistical Year book,

China Statistics Press, Beijing, 2007

[2] http://news.qq.com/a/20071221/002770.htm

[3] http://www.17you8.com/area/31_0_2001_0_0.aspx

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[5] http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/9779765.html?si=1 [6] http://number.cnki.net/cyfd/MetaShow.aspx?year=2007&areacode=xj3100&zhibiao=%e5%8f%91%e7%94%b5%e9%87%8f&pn=%e6%96%b0%e7%96%86%e7%bb%b4%e5%90%be%e5%b0%94%e8%87%aa%e6%b2%bb%e5%8c%ba%e5%85%a8%e8%87%aa%e6%b2%bb%e5%8c%ba%e8%8c%83%e5%9b%b4&No= [7] http://www.xjpi.gov.cn/zfdj/new.php?lx=new&id=8822 [8] http://www.shineblog.com/user6/Eltekin/archives/2008/923891.shtml [9] http://www.bgtyn.cn/NewsView.asp?NewsID=1603 [10] http://unn.people.com.cn/GB/14801/21808/5525425.html [11] http://news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2002-09/02/content_546426.htm [12] http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/200805/15/t20080515_15482810.shtml

[13]http://photos.nphoto.net/photos/2004-07/24/ff80808107fde3810107fe05aaa53523.shtml

http://news.qq.com/a/20071221/002770.htm

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http://number.cnki.net/cyfd/MetaShow.aspx?year=2007&areacode=xj3100&zhibiao=%e5%8f%91%e7%94%b5%e9%87%8f&pn=%e6%96%b0%e7%96%86%e7%bb%b4%e5%90%be%e5%b0%94%e8%87%aa%e6%b2%bb%e5%8c%ba%e5%85%a8%e8%87%aa%e6%b2%bb%e5%8c%ba%e8%8c%83%e5%9b%b4&No





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http://photos.nphoto.net/photos/2004-07/24/ff80808107fde3810107fe05aaa53523.shtml


~ 39 ~

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4

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http://ads.xjts.cn/zt/energy_map/

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http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006020305594

http://www.chinavalue.net/wiki/showcontent.aspx?titleid=19702&cid=7067

http://www.chinavalue.net/wiki/showcontent.aspx?titleid=19702&cid=7067

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