mapping opportunity for advocacy and social justice
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Mapping OpportunityMapping Opportunityfor Advocacy and Social Justicefor Advocacy and Social Justice
Samir GambhirSenior Research Associate (GIS)[email protected]
Matthew MartinResearch [email protected]
Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and EthnicityThe Ohio State University
Pre-Conference WorkshopMarch 11, 2010
OverviewOverview
• Use of mapping in our work• Opportunity mapping:
• Assumptions • Methodology • Examples
• Applications and Impact
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Space and Social EquitySpace and Social Equity
Racial and social inequity often manifest as spatial inequity
Local issues tend have a regional scope and variation e.g. school performance, housing vacancy◦Maps are naturally the best tools to display this
spatial phenomena◦Maps give us the opportunity to look at our entire
regions or states Informing people about an issue at a scale they may
not usually think of linking communities sharing similar problems
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Why use maps?Why use maps?
Maps are incredibly efficient
compacting volumes of data
ability to convey information in seconds
tell a story or solve a problem
Provide spatial reference
Shared sense of value Builds mutual trust
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Columbus Neighborhoods: 2006 Foreclosures
About Our WorkAbout Our Work
Emphasis on how systems work to produce inequity◦ How do multiple issues interact to either depress or uplift
certain populations or communities?◦ What can we do to “strategically intervene” and improve
outcomes for marginalized communities
Extensive use of GIS/mapping in our work◦ Inequity has a geographic footprint◦ Leverage points sometimes geographic in scope◦ Maps powerful for tools for
Research Designing policy/programming Communicating research/issues to the public and other
stakeholders
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Using Maps for AdvocacyUsing Maps for Advocacy
In our work we see mapping as serving these primary advocacy goals◦AnalysisExisting conditions, spatial trends, scenarios, optimization etc.
◦StorytellingA narrative
◦Combination
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Analytical ExamplesAnalytical Examples
Are hospital investments benefiting communities of color? (Columbus)
Are job growth areas connected to transit? (Baltimore)
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Hospital Investments and African American
neighborhoods
Columbus
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Health EquityHealth EquityResearchResearch
Franklin County, OH Health Investment Disparity
Spatial Spatial MismatchMismatch
Percent Change in Jobs
30 - 66.6
15 - 30
5 - 15
0 - 5
Job Loss
Recent Job Growth 98-02 and Public Transitin the Baltimore Region
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Job Growth & PublicTransit in Baltimore
Narratives ExamplesNarratives Examples
Foreclosures in African American neighborhoods are due to subprime lending patterns (Cleveland)
What if Montclair, NJ schools returned to neighborhood school system?
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Race and ForeclosureRace and Foreclosure
Maps: Produced and adapted from Charles Bromley, SAGES Presidential
Fellow, Case Western University
Cleveland MSA Foreclosures: 2006
Race and Subprime LendingRace and Subprime Lending12
Maps: Produced and adapted from Charles Bromley, SAGES Presidential Fellow, Case Western University
Cleveland MSA Subprime Loans: 2005
Montclair School District, NJMontclair School District, NJ
Opportunity Mapping:Opportunity Mapping:Combining Analysis with a Strong Combining Analysis with a Strong NarrativeNarrative
Research tool to◦understand the dynamics of “opportunity” within metropolitan areas
◦illustrate where opportunity rich communities exist (and assess who has access to these communities)
◦understand what needs to be remedied in opportunity poor communities
Based on Kirwan Institute’s “Communities of Opportunity” framework
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The Communities of Opportunity The Communities of Opportunity ApproachApproach
Everyone should have fair access to the critical opportunity structures needed to succeed in life.
Low Opportunity neighborhoods limit the development of human capital.
A Community of Opportunity approach can develop pathways that result in increased social and economic health, benefiting everyone.
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Communities of Opportunity PrimerCommunities of Opportunity Primer
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Opportunity Matters: Opportunity Matters: Space, Place, and Life OutcomesSpace, Place, and Life Outcomes
“Opportunity” is a situation or condition that places individuals in a position to be more likely to succeed or excel.
Opportunity structures are critical to opening pathways to success:
◦ High-quality education◦ Healthy and safe environment◦ Stable housing◦ Sustainable employment◦ Political empowerment◦ Outlets for wealth-building◦ Positive social networks
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Space and OpportunitySpace and Opportunity
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Redlining maps (Hartford, CT)Redlining maps (Hartford, CT)19
Some people ride the “Up” escalator to reach opportunity.
Others have to run up the “Down” escalator to
get there.20
Mapping Opportunity:Mapping Opportunity:Why and HowWhy and How
The Communities of Opportunity framework is inherently spatial ◦ Inequality has a geographic footprint
◦ Maps can visually track the history and presence of discriminatory and exclusionary policies that spatially segregate people
◦ Identifying places with gaps in opportunity can help direct future investment and identify structures which impede access to opportunity
The model uses state-of-the-art GIS and extensive data sets to analyze the distribution of opportunity in our metro regions
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Opportunity Mapping ModelOpportunity Mapping Model
A refined model to depict spatial pattern of opportunity◦ Identifying indicators as proxy for opportunity◦ Supported by social science literature◦ Data easily available◦ Index based approach compresses multi-factors to an index
Model is a good communications tool to work with communities
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The Geography of OpportunityThe Geography of Opportunity
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Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Methods and IndicatorsMethods and Indicators
How do you map opportunity? ◦ Data representing community conditions is gathered for
neighborhood (census tracts) across the state or region Aggregated to the Census Tract level Analyzed to create a comprehensive opportunity index for the region
◦ The opportunity index is then mapped and census tracts are broken into quintiles based on their opportunity score
Very Low, Low, Moderate, High, Very High
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Massachusetts Opportunity Mapping, Massachusetts Opportunity Mapping, Boston areaBoston area
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Opportunity AnalysisOpportunity Analysis
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Redlining: 1937 to 2009Redlining: 1937 to 2009
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African American men are isolated from neighborhoods of
opportunity in Detroit
Detroit Opportunity and Detroit Opportunity and RaceRace 29
Low opportunity neighborhoods
have higher number of
linguistically isolated
households
Austin Austin Opportunity and Opportunity and Linguistic Linguistic IsolationIsolation
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ApplicationsApplications
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Building A Fair FloridaBuilding A Fair FloridaA Study of Opportunity and RecoveryA Study of Opportunity and Recovery
Pre-Conference WorkshopMarch 11, 2010
Recession and RecoveryRecession and Recovery
What does Florida’s opportunity landscape look like?
What communities in Florida have been impacted the most by the recession?
What’s happening with the resources from The Recovery Act (ARRA)?
Are jobs being created in Florida’s hard-hit communities?
What’s being done about the housing crisis?
Build A Fair FloridaBuild A Fair Florida
Phase 1: A call for transparency, tracking, and accountability (September 2009)
Phase 2: Analysis of the opportunity landscape and the effects of the recession (October 2009)
Phase 3: A study of ARRA contract procurement and job creation (January 2010)
Phase 4: Reviewing the neighborhood stabilization program and the Federal response to the housing crisis (May 2010)
Opportunity MappingOpportunity Mapping
A study of the opportunity status of key regions in Florida◦ Miami◦ Tampa ◦ Orlando◦ Jacksonville
Preparatory analysis for ARRA resource allocation research and advocacy efforts◦ What places and have the
greatest need for investment?◦ What people and have the
greatest need for investment?◦ What elements of success need
the most investment? Education, Housing,
Transportation, Employment, etc.?
Phase 2 Report
Mapping OpportunityMapping Opportunity
Education◦ Math & Reading Scores◦ Graduation Rates◦ Student Poverty◦ Teacher Qualifications◦ Educational Attainment
Economics & Mobility◦ Jobs & Job Change◦ % on Public Assistance◦ Unemployment Rates◦ Mean Commute Time◦ Business Vacancy Rates
Housing & Neighborhoods◦ Home Ownership Rates◦ Residential Vacancy Rates◦ Median Home Values◦ Poverty Rates◦ Proximity to Hazardous Sites
Layers of OpportunityLayers of Opportunity
Economics & Mobility
Education
Housing & Neighborhoods
Comprehensive
Visualizing the Opportunity Visualizing the Opportunity ModelModel
Opportunity & Subsidized Opportunity & Subsidized Housing Housing
Jacksonville
Miami
Opportunity & ForeclosureOpportunity & Foreclosure
Jacksonville
Orlando
Opportunity & RaceOpportunity & Race
Tampa-St. Petersburg
Orlando
Race and Low Opportunity Race and Low Opportunity
Low Opportunity and Race
Housing and Low OpportunityHousing and Low Opportunity
Percentage of Subprime Loans per Opportunity Area by Region
Phase 2 ConclusionsPhase 2 Conclusions
Assuring a Fair and Equitable Recovery◦ Data Collection, Tracking, and Transparency◦ Targeted, Equitable Reinvestment for Hard-Hit Communities◦ Assuring Jobs Reach Those in Greatest Need
Creating Pathways to Opportunity◦ Community of Opportunity Model: Opening the “Levers” of
Opportunity◦ People, Places, and Linkages
Equitable and Sustainable Fiscal and Economic Policy◦ Reforming the State Tax Structure◦ High Road Economic Development: Not a continuation of
policies that encourage unsustainable growth and low-wage job creation
ARRA Jobs & ContractingARRA Jobs & Contracting
Measuring the Employment Impact of ARRA◦ Who has been most impacted by
rising unemployment?◦ Is ARRA creating jobs in hard-hit
communities?◦ What industries or programs are
experiencing success?
Is ARRA Contract Procurement Equitable?◦ Are minority-owned firms receiving
Federal and State contracts?◦ Are procurement goals being met?
Phase 3 Report
Race and UnemploymentRace and Unemployment
Change in Florida Unemployment Rate by Race
Jobless Recovery?Jobless Recovery?
Marginal Overall Impact
Saved Over 20,000 Education Jobs
Transportation Projects Maintain Employment Status Quo
Potential Weatherization Job Growth
Florida 2009 Employment by Month
ARRA Investment & JobsARRA Investment & Jobs
Miami
Tampa-St. Petersburg
ARRA Contract ProcurementARRA Contract Procurement
Share of Federal Contracts by Type of Firm
FDOT Projects: DBE Participation by District
FDOT ARRA Construction Projects
Opportunity & ARRA ProjectsOpportunity & ARRA Projects
Phase 3 ConclusionsPhase 3 Conclusions
Improve Tracking of ARRA Spending◦ Track recipients of jobs created with ARRA funding by
demographics and job quality◦ Require reporting by all sub-contractors down to end-user◦ Report the percent of state and local transportation contracts
that go to Black, Latino, and Women-owned enterprises Increase Small & Minority Business Participation
◦ Unbundle large contracts for small businesses◦ Set specific DBE participation goals for the construction
industry, and actively recruit African American-owned businesses into this sector
Ensure That Disadvantaged Communities Get Jobs◦ Use first source hiring to make sure local communities get jobs◦ Require recipients of ARRA funding to use apprentices or on-
the-job trainees◦ Utilize bonding to increase employment opportunities for ex-
offenders
Phase 4 ResearchPhase 4 Research
Are Federal programs helping to alleviate Florida’s housing crisis?
How are NSP funds being used to alleviate Florida’s housing crisis?
Is NSP helping to stabilize Florida’s rental housing markets?
Is NSP helping to create jobs in Florida’s hard-hit communities?
ImpactImpact
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Thompson v. HUDThompson v. HUD
Opportunity mapping in the Baltimore region was conducted as part of the Thompson v. HUD fair housing litigation◦Plaintiffs used opportunity mapping to frame their
remedial proposal, in response to a liability ruling that found the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in violation of the Fair Housing Act
◦The plaintiffs have proposed establishing 7,000 affordable housing units in the region’s high- opportunity communities, available to volunteers who wish to relocate out of the City of Baltimore’s public housing
Thompson v. HUDThompson v. HUD
Fair housing Litigation in Baltimore◦brought on behalf of 14,000 African-American
residents of public housing◦in response to history of racial segregation of
public housing ◦Represented by Maryland ACLU and NAACP Legal
Defense FundUS District Court of Maryland, Judge
Marvin Garbis◦Began in 1995…judge issued liability ruling in
2005 found HUD liable for violating the federal Fair Housing
Act
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Opportunity Mapping in Opportunity Mapping in Baltimore Baltimore
Use of 14 indicators of neighborhood opportunity to designate high and low opportunity neighborhoods in the Baltimore region
Indicators of Opportunity (General)◦ Neighborhood Quality/Health
Poverty, Crime, Vacancy, Property Values, Population Trends
◦ Economic Opportunity Proximity to Jobs and Job Changes,
Public Transit◦ Educational Opportunity
School Poverty, School Test Scores, Teacher Qualifications
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Opportunity and HousingOpportunity and Housing
Subsidized housing opportunities in Baltimore are generally clustered in the region’s lowest opportunity neighborhoods
Subsidized housing as a way of connecting people to opportunity
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ImpactsImpacts
Outside of the litigation, the opportunity maps have been used in a variety of ways◦Program evaluation and planning
Monitoring partial consent decree program◦ Identifying Opportunities/Challenges
Assessing opportunities/challenges related to the foreclosure crisis◦Regional housing advocacy
Baltimore Regional Housing Coalition◦Research
Tracking outcomes for families who move to high opportunity areas (John Hopkins)
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Initial Moves and Secondary Moves by Thompson Consent Decree Program Participants
MA Legal Services and Opportunity MA Legal Services and Opportunity CommunitiesCommunities
Background on this project◦ Originated from effort to incorporate
mapping analysis into legal servicesPartners
◦ Massachusetts Law Reform Institute, MA Legal Assistance Corp (foundation) and other Legal Services Entities
◦ Year long process of meeting with stakeholders to understand mapping needs and issues
◦ Training with service providers & agencies (using mapping for programming)
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Mapping Communities of Opportunity: Mapping Communities of Opportunity:
Methods and IndicatorsMethods and Indicators
Three areas of opportunity were analyzed using GIS mapping capability:◦ Education Quality and
Opportunity◦ Economic Health and
Transportation◦ Neighborhood
Stability and Health
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ImpactImpact
Program design and use within the legal services◦New programming – proposed “Adopt A Zip Code” program◦Use in exploring client concerns/challenges◦Use in litigation (National Consumer Law Center)◦ Internal use by funder (MLAC)
Direct advocacy◦State opportunity impact assessment (proposed)◦Dissemination among state agencies
State level program design (public sector)◦New $5 million state affordable housing program, targeted to
high opportunity communities◦ Implementation still unfolding
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Work in progressWork in progress
National Opportunity MappingWeb-based Opportunity mapping
ComparisonComparison
Orlando: National Opportunity Context
Orlando: Florida Opportunity Context
Web-based mappingWeb-based mapping
Online interactive maps ◦ArcGIS Server
Baltimore Foreclosures (http://www.kirwaninstitute.org/connect/baltimore.html)
◦Open source Austin Opportunity Mapping
(http://www.gis.osu.edu/webgis-projects/opportunity/index.html)
Concluding ThoughtsConcluding Thoughts
What is this information/approach useful for?◦ Diagnostics and targeted investments◦ Identifying areas of opportunity and challenges
Opportunities◦Opportunities for investment
Targeting services better, targeting programs Challenges
◦E.g. Foreclosure patterns◦ Looking at broader policy issues and concern◦ Communications – using maps to illustrate areas of
concern, areas of opportunity, broader community discussions
Thank you!Thank you!For questions, comments or for more information: For questions, comments or for more information: www.kirwaninstitute.orgor e-mail us at or e-mail us at [email protected] oror [email protected]
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