manually operated weight lifter.doc

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid. In which,

Mineral oil is used as a medium. The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in

which a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth.

The barrel is closed on each end by the cylinder bottom (also called the cap end)

and by the cylinder head where the piston rod comes out of the cylinder. The piston has

sliding rings and seals.

The piston divides the inside of the cylinder in two chambers, the bottom chamber

(cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end). The hydraulic pressure acts on the

piston to do linear work and motion

1.1 CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

1.1.1 Hydraulic Cylinder Designs:

Tie rod Cylinders

Welded Body Cylinders

1.1.2 Piston Rod Construction:

Metallic Coatings

Ceramic Coatings

Lengths

1.1.3. Special Hydraulic Cylinders

Telescopic Cylinder

Plunger Cylinder

Differential Cylinder

Rephrasing Cylinder

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1.2 PARTS OF A HYDRAULIC CYLINDER:

Cylinder Barrel

Cylinder Bottom or Cap

Cylinder Head

Piston

Piston Rod

Rod Gland

Other Parts

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

JOHN SHAW & SONS, WOLVERHAMPTON, LTD, John Shaw of Wolverhampton,factor and merchant, was born in Penn in 1782. The first reference to the date of the

establishment of the business appears in a publication called "The Hardware man" of

1895, which states that "the earliest surviving records of the business are of the year

1795, though, to be exact, its origin may have been a little earlier".

The Hydraulic Weight Lifter Equipment was first implemented by;

John Shaw and Sons, Wolverhampton, Ltd; and Jenks Brothers Ltd, First

implemented the hydraulic weight lifter equipment to lift the heavy load application in the

British Tool and Engineering Co Ltd (Britool Ltd), Established in 1849.

Later, T E Thomson and Co Ltd (Calcutta) also followed this type of equipment to

carry the heavy load application, established in the year 1860.

On the same article, reference is made to "a very old order book", implied to

belong to John Shaw, (and uniquely identifiable by having a riddle penned on its inside

cover), which covers the period 1790 to 1820. In actual fact, it is an order book belonging

to the Wilkinson family of Colne, Lancashire. (John Shaw married Elizabeth Wilkinson in

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1813.) The first authenticable documentary evidence of the establishment of the business

does not appear until 1805 (Stock book, ref. 401).

John Shaw was the sole proprietor of his wholesale hardware, or factoring

business, which was chiefly confined to the home trade, until 1815, when he went into

partnership with Henry Crane. During the period of the partnership, the Calcutta

House of T E Thomson & Co was established (1834) in India, and John Shaw brought his

sons into the business. The partnership continued for 33 years, but eventually ended in

1848. Mr. Crane continued in business in Darlington Street, Wolverhampton, on his own

account after the dissolution of Shaw & Crane.

The business now became known as John Shaw & Sons, and around 1852,

moved from George Street to 64 Church Lane. With the death of John Shaw in 1858

(aged 76), two of his sons, Thomas Wilkinson Shaw and Edward Dethick Shaw became

proprietors (John Shaw junior having died in India in 1839). The home and export trades

were extended, and branches or connections were established in Canada, Australia, the

East and West Indies, amongst others. Edward Shaw died in 1886 (aged 65) and

Thomas Shaw in 1887 (aged 69), creating a problem for the future of the Company.

Taking advantage of the Limited Liability Acts, two companies were registered in 1887,

one to take over the East Indian establishment (T E Thomson & Co Ltd), and one to

acquire the Wolverhampton business (John Shaw & Sons, Wolverhampton, Ltd). All

shares were strictly private, and were taken by the families of the late partners and

brothers.

In 1896, John Shaw & Sons Ltd took over J & W Hawkes of Birmingham (est.

1831), and incorporated William & Henry Bate (est. 1849) and Owen & Fendelow (est.

1770) into the group in 1899. The incorporation of Owen &

Fendelow included Windle & Blyth, Walsall (inc. 1853), Henry Stuart & Company (inc.

1877) and Plimley & Company (inc. 1888). 1899 saw John Shaw & Sons Ltd move to

Fryer Street, because the company could not expand any further at their Church Lanepremises. In 1906, the group incorporated Onions & Company of Birmingham.

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John Shaw & Sons Ltd became a public company in 1919. By 1937, John Shaw &

Sons Ltd had outgrown their Fryer Street premises, and moved to what was known as the

Bushbury Works (formerly occupied by Clyno Engineering) on Fourth Avenue, Bushbury,

taking with them Jenks Brothers Ltd, and the British Tool & Engineering Company Ltd,

who had been incorporated that year.

CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 PARTS OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER

A hydraulic cylinder consists of the following parts:

3.1.1 Cylinder base or cap

In most hydraulic cylinders, the barrel and the bottom portion are welded

together. This can damage the inside of the barrel if done poorly. Therefore, some

cylinder designs have a screwed or flanged connection from the cylinder end cap to the

barrel. (See "Tie rod cylinder", below) In this type the barrel can be disassembled and

repaired.

3.1.2 Cylinder head

The cylinder head is sometimes connected to the barrel with a sort of a

simple lock (for simple cylinders). In general, however, the connection is screwed or

flanged. Flange connections are the best, but also the most expensive. A flange has to be

welded to the pipe before machining. The advantage is that the connection is bolted and

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always simple to remove. For larger cylinder sizes, the disconnection of a screw with a

diameter of 300 to 600 mm is a huge problem as well as the alignment during mounting.

3.1.3 Piston

The piston is a short, cylindrical metal component that separates the twoparts of the cylinder barrel internally. The piston is usually machined with grooves to fit

elastomeric or metal seals. These seals are often O-rings, U-cups or cast iron rings. They

prevent the pressurized hydraulic oil from passing by the piston to the chamber on the

opposite side.

This difference in pressure between the two sides of the piston causes the cylinder to

extend and retract.

Piston seals vary in design and material according to the pressure and

temperature requirements that the cylinder will see in service. Generally speaking,

elastomeric seals made from nitrile rubber or other materials are best in lower

temperature environments, while seals made of Viton are better for higher temperatures.

The best seals for high temperature are cast iron piston rings.

Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic fluid, which is

typically oil.

Fig. 3.1 Hydraulic Cylinder

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The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which a piston

connected to a piston rod moves back and forth. The barrel is closed on each end by the

cylinder bottom (also called the cap end) and by the cylinder head where the piston rod

comes out of the cylinder. The piston has sliding rings and seals.

3.1.4 Piston rod

The piston rod is typically a hard chrome-plated piece of cold-rolled steel

which attaches to the piston and extends from the cylinder through the rod-end head. In

double rod-end cylinders, the actuator has a rod extending from both sides of the piston

and out both ends of the barrel. The piston rod connects the hydraulic actuator to the

machine component doing the work. This connection can be in the form of a machine

thread or a mounting attachment, such as a rod-clevis or rod-eye. These mountingattachments can be threaded or welded to the piston rod or, in some cases; they are a

machined part of the rod-end.

The Hydraulic Reservoir storing the Hydraulic Oil (Oil is used as the medium

to transmit force and motion-such fluids are called Hydraulic Oils) should be thoroughly

clean, whether integrally built-in or used as a separate tank Cylinder barrel

The cylinder barrel is mostly a seamless thick walled forged pipe that mustbe machined internally. The cylinder barrel is ground and/or honed internally.

Pump, either of the integral or the remote control type, comprises of highly

precision engineered pump plunger, cylinder, and suction and delivery valves, safety

valves with conical or steel balls matched with micron tolerances.

3.1.5 Rod gland

The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the pressurized oil from

leaking past the interface between the rod and the head. This area is called the rod gland.

It often has another seal called a rod wiper which prevents contaminants from entering

the cylinder when the extended rod retracts back into the cylinder. The rod gland also has

a rod wear ring.

This wear ring acts as a linear bearing to support the weight of the piston

rod and guides it as it passes back and forth through the rod gland. In some cases,

especially in small hydraulic cylinders, the rod gland and the rod wear ring are made from

a single integral machined part.

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3.2 OTHER PARTS

Cylinder base connection

Seals

Cushions.

A hydraulic cylinder should be used for pushing and pulling only. No bending

moments or side loads should be transmitted to the piston rod or the cylinder to prevent

rapid failure of the rod seals. For this reason, the ideal connection of a hydraulic cylinder

is a single clevis with a spherical ball bearing. This allows the hydraulic actuator to move

and allow for any misalignment between the actuator and the load it is pushing.

3.3 HYDRAULIC CYLINDER DESIGNS

There are primarily two styles of hydraulic cylinder construction used in

industry: Tie rod style cylinders and welded body style cylinders.

3.3.1 Tie rod cylinders:

Tie rod style hydraulic cylinders use high strength threaded steel rods to

hold the two end caps to the cylinder barrel. This method of construction is most often

seen in industrial factory applications.

Small bore cylinders usually have 4 tie rods, while large bore cylinders

may require as many as 16 or 20 tie rods in order to retain the end caps under the

tremendous forces produced.

Tie rod style cylinders can be completely disassembled for service and

repair.

The National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) has standardized the

dimensions of hydraulic tie rod cylinders.

This enables cylinders from different manufacturers to interchange within

the same mountings.

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3.3.2 Welded body cylinders:

Welded body cylinders have no tie rods. The barrel is welded directly to the

end caps. The ports are welded to the barrel. The front rod gland is usually threaded into

or bolted to the cylinder barrel. This allows the piston rod assembly and the rod seals to

be removed for service.

The welded design also lends itself to customization. Special features are

easily added to the cylinder body. These may include special ports, custom mounts, valve

manifolds, and so on.

They are also used in heavy industry such as cranes, oil rigs, and large

off-road vehicles in above-ground mining.

Fig. 3.2 A Cut Away of a Welded Body Hydraulic Cylinder

showing the internal components

Welded body cylinders have a number of advantages over tie rod style

cylinders. Welded cylinders have a narrower body and often a shorter overall length

enabling them to fit better into the tight confines of machinery. Welded cylinders do not

suffer from failure due to tie rod stretch at high pressures and long strokes.

The smooth outer body of welded cylinders also enables the design of

multi-stage telescopic cylinders.

Welded body hydraulic cylinders dominate the mobile hydraulic

equipment market such as construction equipment (excavators, bulldozers, and road

graders) and material handling equipment (forklift trucks, telehandlers, and lift-gates).

3.3.3 Piston rod construction:

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The piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder operates both inside and outside the

barrel, and consequently both in and out of the hydraulic fluid and surrounding

atmosphere.

3.3.4 Coatings:

Wear and corrosion resistant surface are desirable on the outer diameter of

the piston rod. The surfaces are often applied using coating techniques such as Chrome

Plating, Laser Cladding, PTA welding and Thermal Spraying. These coatings can be

finished to the desirable surface roughness (Ra, Rz) where the seals show optimum

performance.

All these coating methods have their specific advantages and

disadvantages. It is for this reason that coating experts play a crucial role in selecting the

optimum surface treatment procedure for protecting Hydraulic Cylinders.

Cylinders are used in different operational conditions and that makes it a

challenge finding the right coating solution.

In dredging there might be impact from stones or other parts, in salt water

environment there is extreme corrosion attack, in off-shore cylinders facing bending and

impact in combination with salt water, steel industry there are high temperatures involved,

etc..

It is important to understand that currently there is no single coating

solution which successfully combats all the specific operational wear conditions. Every

single technique has its own benefits and disadvantages.

3.3.5 Length:

Piston rods are generally available in lengths which are cut to suit the

application. As the common rods have a soft or mild steel core, their ends can be welded

or machined for a screw thread.

Telescopic cylinder:

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Fig 3.3.5 (Telescopic cylinder (ISO 1219 Symbol)

The length of an hydraulic cylinder is the total of the stroke, the thickness

of the piston, the thickness of bottom and head and the length of the connections.

Often this length does not fit in the machine. In that case the piston rod is

also used as a piston barrel and a second piston rod is used. These kinds of cylinders are

called telescopic cylinders.

If we call a normal rod cylinder single stage, telescopic cylinders are multi-

stage units of two, three, four, five or more stages. In general telescopic cylinders are

much more expensive than normal cylinders. Most telescopic cylinders are single acting

(push).

Double acting telescopic cylinders must be specially designed and

manufactured. Often this length does not fit in the machine. In that case the piston rod is

also used as a piston barrel and a second piston rod is used

Plunger cylinder

A hydraulic cylinder without a piston or with a piston without seals is called a

plunger cylinder. A plunger cylinder can only be used as a pushing cylinder; the maximum

force is piston rod area multiplied by pressure. This means that a plunger cylinder in

general has a relatively thick piston rod.

Differential cylinder

A differential cylinder acts like a normal cylinder when pulling.

Fig. 3.3.6 Differential Cylinder (ISO 1219 Symbol)

If the cylinder however has to push, the oil from the piston

rod side of the cylinder is not returned to the reservoir, but goes to the bottom side of the

cylinder. In such a way, the cylinder goes much faster, but the maximum force the

cylinder can give is like a plunger cylinder. A differential cylinder can be manufactured like

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Rephrasing cylinder:

Rephrasing cylinders are two or more cylinders plumbed in series or

parallel, with the bores and rods sized such that all rods extend and/or retract equally

when flow is directed to the first, or last, cylinder within the system.

In "parallel" applications, the bore and rod sizes are always the same,

and the cylinders are always used in pairs. In "series" applications, the bore and rod sizes

are always different, and two or more cylinders may be used. In these applications, the

bores and rods are sized such that all rods extend or retract equally when flow is applied

to the first or last cylinder within the system.

This hydraulic synchronization of rod positions eliminates the need for a

flow divider in the hydraulic system, or any type of mechanical connection between the

cylinder rods to achieve synchronization

Hydraulic Piston Cylinder

A hydraulic cylinder is an accomplished mechanical trick for moving power by

the utilization of high pressure oil acting against the surface area of the plunger within the

cylinder.

A hydraulic cylinder offers linear force within a axis in either a couple

directions (known as a single or dual acting cylinder respectively).

In a typical hydraulic cylinder with a piston oil is provided in at either end via

some type of port plus the plunger is certain to the pipe by a double acting seal and also

betwixt the rod plus the gland by a unmarried acting seal.

In addition, youll typically find a wiper seal can be used in the gland to keep

dirt out. This example is referred to as a double acting cylinder.

Application of hydraulic stress through the port to one side associated with the plunger

causes it to move in one direction, and application of pressure through the port to the

opposite side of the plunger will cause it to move in the opposite way.

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Fig 3.3 Schematic view of Hydraulic Cylinder

The cylinder is typically made different components:

They are given below:

Cylinder base or cap

Cylinder head

Piston

Piston rod

Rod gland

It is the stress acting upon the piston surface which causes a the hydraulic

cylinder to create a linear movement. Because the rod is fixed to the piston, it moves too.

In a single acting cylinder, oil only acts on one side associated with the plunger so it can

only be automatically moved within a direction.

An external force (gravity, or occasionally a spring or another hydraulic cylinder) offers

force within the opposite direction.

Single acting cylinders can also be of the displacement type where the oil

pressure works directly in the end associated with the rod, and there is no piston. In this

cylinder design the force is limited by the surface region of the rod, while in a cylinder

through a piston, the rod can be of every size plus the force can be measured or

controlled by the plunger design.

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Usually one end associated with the tube is fixed and on the end associated

with the rod is attached the object to be moved, although it is potential to fix the end

associated with the rod, and attach the object being moved to the finish of the pipe.

In a double acting cylinder the closing energy is obviously less than the

opening energy due on to a decreased surface area of the piston for the oil to act upon.

This reduced surface region is absolutely the surface community of the end of the rod.

The size of a hydraulic cylinder can be virtually limitless, usually from limited

centimeters in duration to many meters, although in theory there are few limitations.

Position sensing "smart" hydraulic cylinder

Position sensing hydraulic cylinders eliminate the need for a hollowcylinder rod. Instead, an external sensing bar using Hall-Effect technology senses the

position of the cylinders piston. This is accomplished by the placement of a permanent

magnet within the piston. The magnet propagates a magnetic field through the steel wall

of the cylinder, providing a locating signal to the sensor.

Common hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil or water. Examples of

equipment that might use hydraulic fluids include excavators and backhoes, brakes,

power steering systems, transmissions, garbage trucks, aircraft flight control systems,

lifts, and industrial machinery.

A note about popular terminology

At least in the USA, Popular usage sometimes refers to the whole assembly of cylinder,

Piston and Piston rod (or more) collectively as a piston, which is in correct.

3.4 HYDRAULIC FLUID

Hydraulic fluids, also called hydraulic liquids, are the medium by which

power is transferred in hydraulic machinery.





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Hydraulic systems like the ones mentioned above will work most

efficiently if the hydraulic fluid used has low compressibility.

Position sensing hydraulic cylinders eliminate the need for a hollow

cylinder rod. Instead, an external sensing bar using Hall-Effect technology senses the

position of the cylinders piston. This is accomplished by the placement of a permanent

magnet within the piston. The magnet propagates a magnetic field through the steel wall

of the cylinder, providing a locating signal to the sensor.





Common hydraulic fluids are based on mineral oil or water. Examples of equipment that

might use hydraulic fluids include excavators and backhoes, brakes, power steering

systems, transmissions, garbage trucks, aircraft flight control systems, lifts, and industrial

machinery.

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Fig 3.4 Hydraulic Pump

Trade Name

Some of the trade names for hydraulic fluids include: Arnica, Tellus, Durad, Fyrquel,

Houghto-Safe, Hydraunycoil, Lubritherm Enviro-Safe, Pydraul, Quintolubric, Reofos,

Reolube, Valvoline Ultramax and Skydrol.

3.5 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The release valve is closed tightly to ensure flow of oil from the pump to the

cylinder only.

As soon as the pump is operated oil is sucked in from the reservoir. As the Pump

Plunger is raised up oil passes from the reservoir into the pump cylinder with the

Suction Valve opening up to allow oil from reservoir to enter into pump cylinder.

When the Pump Plunger is pressed down the Delivery Valve opens up to allow the

passage of oil from the pump into the cylinder, at the same time the suction valve

automatically closes to prevent oil returning to the reservoir.

By repeating the above two operations successively more and more oil is pumped

into the cylinder resulting in the generation of pressure by the action of the load

being lifted.

When the load is desired to be lowered the pressure within the cylinder is

released by operating the Release Valve.

Due to neglect or other causes pressure within the system may continue to

increase beyond the predetermined safe working limit. To prevent damage to the

system a safety relief valve is located between the cylinder and the reservoir

excessive pressure by the opening up of the safety valve and discharge of oil into

the reservoir (very often the safety overload preventive relief valve is located in

between the reservoir and the pump the pump automatically cuts off without

delivery of oil to the cylinder due to generation of excessive pressure within the

pump)

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Very often O Rings and special seals are used, made from specially treated

leather or synthetic nitrile rubber or Teflon or other modern substitutes for greater

resistance to wear and sealing ower.

It is imperative that these must function at peak efficiency by regular cleaning and

flushing of foreign particles which enter into the hydraulic system and may clog the

delicate valves, damage the seals and affect the functioning of other elements in

the hydraulic circuit.

A pump by itself would be useless without a system of VALVES to govern the flow

of hydraulic oil to perform the desired function.

It is of the utmost importance that the circuit is always leak proof as well as free

from obstacles.

Each joint or coupling must be securely tightened or replaced forthwith. No air lock

or foreign particles should be allowed to interrupt or block the free flow of hydraulic

oil.

Hydraulic Oil is pumped into the cylinder and as more and more oil is forced into

the cylinder pressure builds up and when enough oil is forced into the cylinder the

resultant pressure will cause the ram, plunger or piston to move and consequently

lift, press, push, pull or bend any object any object as the case may be.

The Ram and Cylinder are also precision engineered and mostly fitted with high

quality seals which give it the necessary compression holding capacity and prevent

leakages

The five fundamental components already illustrated and described combined

together perform the specified job by a synchronous follow through of their

individual functions

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Fig 3.5 Working principle of hydraulic system

The transmission of hydraulic oil from the reservoir by the pump through the valves

to Ram & Cylinder which converts the hydraulic pressure into a mechanical force is

by means of a Hydraulic Circuit which is nothing but a network of passages in

hydraulic systems. These passages are formed with the help of Steel Tubes,

Flexible Hydraulic Hoses or through internal holes or cavities in metal blocks.

All hydraulic cylinders consists of two basic elements the outer housing is called

the Cylinder body and the inner sliding elements is called the Ram (or piston or

plunger) which actually converts the hydraulic pressure into mechanical force and

transmits to the desired point for performing the function. The movement of Ram

is always in line with cylinder under pressure.

The piston divides the inside of the cylinder in two chambers, the bottom chamber

(cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end). The hydraulic pressure acts

on the piston to do linear work and motion.

Flanges, trunnions, and/or clevisses are mounted to the cylinder body. The piston

rod also has mounting attachments to connect the cylinder to the object or

machine component that it is pushing.

A hydraulic cylinder is the actuator or "motor" side of this system. The "generator"

side of the hydraulic system is the hydraulic pump which brings in a fixed or

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regulated flow of oil to the bottom side of the hydraulic cylinder, to move the piston

rod upwards.

The piston pushes the oil in the other chamber back to the reservoir. If we assume

that the oil pressure in the piston rod chamber is approximately zero, the force F

on the piston rod equals the pressure P in the cylinder times the piston area A.

F = P x A

The piston moves instead downwards if oil is pumped into the piston rod side

chamber and the oil from the piston area flows back to the reservoir without

pressure. The fluid pressure in the piston rod area chamber is

I.e.; (Pull Force) / (piston area - piston rod area):

Where P is the fluid pressure, Fp is the pulling force, Ap is the piston face area and

Ar is the rod cross-section area.

3.6 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

3.6.1 Hydraulic Cylinder:

1. Bore diameter of the Cylinder

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2. Piston rod diameter

3. Stroke length of the Cylinder

4. Mounting details of cylinder

5. Working pressure of cylinder

6. Test pressure of the cylinder

7. Cushioning of the cylinder.

3.6.2 Specification:

Body Material: Steel

Structure: Piston Cylinder

Work pressure (Max): 16MPa -26Mpa

Power: Hydraulic

Material: Ring: ZG35

Connecting screws 2-M18 1.5

63 rod bore diameter: 30.

3.6.3 Hydraulic Pump:

Model: HL-b1107 (0015532505),

HL-b1115 [0005537901(A)]

Operating medium is No.20 or No.30

Machinery oil-YH-10 air hydraulic oil used in -10 environment.

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CHAPTER 4

CALCULATION

Formulas:

Quick Return of a Hydraulic Cylinder:

The Annulus Area = Full Bore Area Piston rod area

= A Piston rod Area

Where;

A Full bore area

a Annulus area

Q Flow of the pump

Speed of movement during the forward stroke, vm/min = Q/A

Speed of movement during the return stroke, u m/min = Q/a

Force = Pressure x area

Example:

P = 100kg/cm2

A = 3.025 cm2

Therefore;

F = P x a = 100 x 3.025kg.

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CHAPTER 7

COST ANALYSIS

7.1 BILL OF MATERIAL

S.NO PARTS MATERIAL QTY

1. Hydraulic Cylinder C.I 1

2. Pump Aluminum 1

3. Frame M.S 1

4. Hook M.S 1

5. Wheel Plastic 4

Table 7.1 Shows the Bill of material

7.2 COST ESTIMATION

Table 7.2 Shows the cost estimation

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S.NO Name of the Material Cost

1. Hydraulic Cylinder & Pump 2700

2. Connecting Materials 3800

3. Hook 100

4. Wheels (4) 400

5. Other Cost 150

Total 7250


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CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

We have carried much confidence in doing this project successfully. We have

learn about analysis of a problem, how to solve it, design of the trolley, design of parts

,fabrication of parts, material purchase, assembling of parts and successful testing

trolley.

This project has some advantages which are:-

The project is economical and easy to install.

It requires less space.

Maintenance cost is low.

Installation cost is low.

Too much technical skill is not needed to operate it.

This project can be implemented on small scale industries and can be used to move the

component (up to 2 ton) from one place to another.

The development of a manually operated weight lifting machine is much cheaper than the

other mobile equipments.

One great advantage to be derived from the use of this machine is that the cost of

running it is minimal compared to what it takes to run a full plant. The simplicity of

operation of this machine ensures that no too much technical skill is needed to operate it.

So the work is easy. Arrangement of whole setup is easier.

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MATRIX ANALYSIS of FRAMED STRUCTURES, 3-rd Edition, by Weaver And

Gere Publishe, Chapman & Hall, New York, New York, 1990

manually operated weight lifter.doc

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