manualece1201 engineering iium

8/20/2019 ManualECE1201 Engineering IIUM

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ENGINEERING LAB II

ECE 1201

ELECTRONICS LAB MANUAL

SEMESTER _________

1

NAME:

MATRIC NO:


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TABLE OF CONTENT

Dress Codes and Ethics............................................................................................................- 3 -

Safety.......................................................................................................................................- 4 -

Acqaint yorse!f "ith the !ocation of the fo!!o"in# safety ite$s "ithin the !a%...............- 4 -

E!ectric shoc&.......................................................................................................................- 4 -Eqi'$ent #rondin#...........................................................................................................- ( -

)recationary Ste's %efore Startin# an E*'eri$ent............................................................- + -

INTROD,CTION TO ENINEERIN A/ II 0ECE 121 - EECTRONICS..................- 5 -1. /asic ide!ines..............................................................................................................- 5 -

2. a% Instrctions................................................................................................................- 5 -

3. radin#...........................................................................................................................- 1 -4. a% Re'orts....................................................................................................................- 1 -

a. Re'ort for$at and E6a!ation:...................................................................................- 1 -

%. )resentation of a% Re'orts:......................................................................................- 12 -(. Sched!e 7 E*'eri$ent No. 0Tit!e...............................................................................- 13 -

)re-a% 8estions for E*'eri$ent 1 7 2..............................................................................- 14 -E9)ERIMENT 1: Diode Characteristics............................................................................- 1( -

E9)ERIMENT 2: ener Diode Characteristics..................................................................- 1; -)re-a% 8estions for E*'eri$ent 3.....................................................................................- 21 -

E9)ERIMENT 3: .......................................................................................- 4+ -

E9)ERIMENT >: MOS?ET @ Co$$on-Sorce A$'!ifier...............................................- 4; -

)re-!a% 8estions for E*'eri$ent +.......................................................................................- (1 -E9)ERIMENT +: In6ertin# and Non-in6ertin# O'-A$'..................................................- (2 -

2


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Dress Codes and Ethics

24:31 And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze andguard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments

except what (must ordinarily appear thereo!; that they should draw their veils

over their bosoms and not display their beauty except to their husbands" their

!athers" their husband#s !athers" their sons" their husbands# sons" their brothers ortheir brothers# sons" or their sisters# sons" or their women" or the slaves whom

their right hands possess" or male servants !ree o! physical needs" or small

children who have no sense o! the shame o! sex; and that they should not stri$e

their !eet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments% And & ye'elievers turn ye all together towards Allah" that ye may attain 'liss%

3


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Safety

Safety in the e!ectrica! !a%oratory as e6ery"here e!se is a $atter of the &no"!ed#e of 'otentia!

haBards fo!!o"in# safety 'recations and co$$on sense. O%ser6in# safety 'recations are

i$'ortant de to 'rononced haBards in any e!ectrica!co$'ter en#ineerin# !a%oratory. Deathis sa!!y certain "hen .1 a$'ere or $ore f!o"s thro#h the head or ''er thora* and ha6e

%een fata! to 'ersons "ith coronary conditions. The crrent de'ends on %ody resistance the

resistance %et"een %ody and #rond and the 6o!ta#e sorce. If the s&in is "et the heart is"ea& the %ody contact "ith #rond is !ar#e and direct then 4 6o!ts co!d %e fata!. Therefore

ne6er ta&e a chance on !o" 6o!ta#e.


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A!"ays o%ser6e the fo!!o"in# safety 'recations "hen "or&in# in the !a%oratory:

1. Do not "or& a!one "hi!e "or&in# "ith hi#h 6o!ta#es or on ener#iBed e!ectrica!eqi'$ent or e!ectrica!!y o'erated $achinery !i&e a dri!!.

2. )o"er $st %e s"itched off "hene6er an e*'eri$ent or 'roect is %ein#asse$%!ed disasse$%!ed or $odified. Discharge any high #oltage points to groundswith a well$insulated %umper. &emember that capacitors can store dangerous

quantities of energy.

3. Ma&e $easre$ents on !i6e circits or dischar#e ca'acitors "ith "e!! ins!ated 'ro%es

&ee'in# one hand %ehind yor %ac& or in yor 'oc&et. Do not a!!o" any 'art of yor %odyto contact any 'art of the circit or eqi'$ent connected to the circit.

4. After s"itchin# 'o"er off dischar#e any ca'acitors that "ere in the circit. Do not trst

s''osed!y dischar#ed ca'acitors. Certain ty'es of ca'acitors can %i!d ' a resida!char#e after %ein# dischar#ed. ,se a shortin# %ar across the ca'acitor and &ee' it

connected nti! ready for se. If yo se e!ectro!ytic ca'acitors do not :

• 't e*cessi6e 6o!ta#e across the$

• 't ac across the$

• connect the$ in re6erse 'o!arity

(. Ta&e e*tre$e care "hen sin# too!s that can case short circits if accidenta! contact is$ade to other circit e!e$ents. On!y too!s "ith ins!ated hand!es sho!d %e sed.

>. If a 'erson co$es in contact "ith a hi#h 6o!ta#e i$$ediate!y sht off 'o"er. Do notatte$'t to re$o6e a 'erson in contact "ith a hi#h 6o!ta#e n!ess yo are ins!ated fro$

the$. If the 6icti$ is not %reathin# a''!y C)R i$$ediate!y continin# nti! heshe is

re6i6ed and ha6e so$eone dia! e$er#ency n$%ers for assistance.

+. Chec& "ire crrent carryin# ca'acity if yo "i!! %e sin# hi#h crrents. A!so $a&e sre

yor !eads are rated to "ithstand the 6o!ta#es yo are sin#. This inc!des instr$ent !eads.

;. A6oid si$!taneos tochin# of any $eta! chassis sed as an enc!osre for yor circits

and any 'i'es in the !a%oratory that $ay $a&e contact "ith the earth sch as a "ater 'i'e.

,se a f!oatin# 6o!t$eter to $easre the 6o!ta#e fro$ #rond to the chassis to see if ahaBardos 'otentia! difference e*ists.

5. Ma&e sre that the !a% instr$ents are at #rond 'otentia! %y sin# the #rond ter$ina!

s''!ied on the instr$ent. Ne6er hand!e "et da$' or n#ronded e!ectrica! eqi'$ent.

1. Ne6er toch e!ectrica! eqi'$ent "hi!e standin# on a da$' or $eta! f!oor.

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11.


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• )o"er s''!y is "or&in# 'ro'er!y ie I$a* 0$a*i$$ crrent ED indicator is

disa%!e. Ma*i$$ crrent "i!! retard the dia! $o6e$ent and e6enta!!y da$a#e the

eqi'$ent. T"o factors that "i!! !i#ht ' the red ED indicator are short circit andinsfficient s''!y of crrent %y the eqi'$ent itse!f. To $onitor and $aintain a

constant 'o"er s''!y the eqi'$ent $st %e connected to circit drin# 6o!ta#e

$easre$ent. DMM are not to %e sed si$!taneos!y "ith osci!!osco'e to a6ert"ron# res!ts.

• Di#ita! $!ti$eter 0DMM "ith !o" %attery indicated is not to %e sed. /y 'ro'er connection chec& fses fnctiona!ity 0es'ecia!!y i$'ortant for crrent

$easre$ent. Co$'rehend the se of DMM for 6arios fnctions. erify$easre$ents o%tained "ith theoretica! 6a!es ca!c!ated as it is qite often "here

2 deci$a! 'oint readin# and 3 deci$a! 'oint readin# are 6ery $ch de6iated.

• The fnctiona!ity of 6o!ta#e "a6efor$ #enerators are to %e nderstood. Ma&e sre

that freqency desired is dis'!ayed %y se!ectin# a''ro'riate $!ti'!ier &no%.I$'ro'er settin#s 0ie se!ected &no% is not set at $ini$$ 0in direction of CA @

ca!i%rate at the %otto$ of &no% $i#ht res!t in $is!eadin# 6a!es and hence

incorrect res!ts. A6oid connectin# osci!!osco'e to#ether "ith DMM as this "i!!!ead to erroneos res!t.

• Ma&e sre %oth ana!o# and di#ita! osci!!osco'es are 'ro'er!y ca!i%rated %y 'ositionin# s"ee' 6aria%!es for OT DI in direction of CA. Ca!i%ration can

a!so %e achie6ed %y stand-a!one o'eration "here coa*ia! ca%!e connects CG1 to %otto$ !eft hand ter$ina! of osci!!osco'e. This 'rocedre a!so 6erifies coa*ia! ca%!e

continity.

c Interna! circitry confi#ration of %read%oard or ero %oard sho!d %e at stdentsL

fin#erti's 0ie ho!es are connected horiBonta!!y not 6ertica!!y for the $ain 'art "ith

en#ra6in#s disconnectin# in-!ine ho!es.

d Stdents sho!d %e rest assred that $easred 6a!es 0theoretica! 6a!es of discreteco$'onents retrie6ed ie resistor ca'acitor and indctor are in accordance the reqired

ones.

e Continity chec& of connecter or "ire sin# DMM sho!d %e 'erfor$ed 'rior to

'roceedin# an e*'eri$ent. Mini$iBe "ires sa#e to a6ert $ista&es.

f It is nethica! and nis!a$ic for stdents to fa!sify res!ts as to $a&e the$ a''ear

e*act!y consistent "ith theoretica! ca!c!ations.

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I)/&+DC/I+) /+ E)0I)EE&I)0 'A( II 1ECE 2,324 $

E'EC/&+)ICS

1. /asic ide!ines

2. a% Instrctions

3. radin#4. a% Re'orts

(. Sched!e and E*'eri$ent No. 0Tit!e

2. (asic 0uidelines

A!! e*'eri$ents in this $ana! ha6e %een tried and 'ro6en and sho!d #i6e yo !itt!e tro%!e in

nor$a! !a%oratory circ$stances. Go"e6er a fe" #ide!ines "i!! he!' yo condct thee*'eri$ents qic&!y and sccessf!!y.

i. Each e*'eri$ent has %een "ritten so that yo fo!!o" a strctred !o#ica! seqence

$eant to !ead yo to a s'ecific set of conc!sions. /e sre to fo!!o" the 'rocedra!

ste's in the order "hich they are "ritten.ii. Read the entire e*'eri$ent and research any reqired theory %eforehand. Many ti$es

an e*'eri$ent ta&es !on#er that one c!ass 'eriod si$'!y %ecase a stdent is not "e!! 're'ared.

iii. Once the circit is connected if it a''ears deadLL s'end fe" $o$ents chec&in# for

o%6ios fa!ts. So$e co$$on si$'!e errors are: 'o"er not a''!ied s"itch off fa!ty

co$'onents !ose connection etc. enera!!y the 'ro%!e$s are "ith the o'erator and not

the eqi'$ent.i6.


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i6. A 'er$anent record in in& of o%ser6ations as "e!! as res!ts sho!d %e $aintained %y

each stdent and enc!osed "ith the re'ort.

6. The recorded data and obser#ations fro$ the !a% $ana! need to %e appro#ed and

signed %y the lab instructor 'on co$'!etion of each e*'eri$ent.

6i. /efore %e#innin# connectin# ' it is essentia! to chec& that a!! sorces of s''!y at the

%ench are s"itched off.6ii. Start connectin# ' the e*'eri$ent circit %y "irin# ' the $ain circit 'ath then add

the 'ara!!e! %ranches as indicated in the circit dia#ra$.6iii. After the circit has %een connected correct!y re$o6e a!! nsed !eads fro$ thee*'eri$ent area set the 6o!ta#e s''!ies at the $ini$$ 6a!e and chec& the $eters

are set for the intended $ode of o'eration.

i*. The stdents $ay as& the !a% instrctor to chec& the correctness of their circit %efore

s"itchin# on.*.


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>Discssion and

Conc!sion>

/+/A' ,3

E#aluation Criteria

&ange of scores 0rade

>.( ?

oor+ +.( E

; ;.( D-

5 5.( D

1 1.( C:air11 11.( C

12 12.( /-

0ood13 13.( /

14 14.( /

1( 1>.( A- @ery 0ood

1+ 2 A E-cellent

Of those !isted a%o6e each section inc!ded in a re'ort sho!d %e c!ear!y no$inated "ith the

a''ro'riate headin#. The infor$ation to %e #i6en in each section is set ot %e!o":

(i) Objective

This sho!d state c!ear!y the o%ecti6e of the e*'eri$ent. It $ay %e the 6erification of !a" atheory or the o%ser6ation of 'artic!ar 'heno$ena.


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Once the ana!ysis of the res!ts is co$'!ete the stdent $st for$s so$e dedctions on the

res!ts of his ana!ysis. ,sa!!y this in6o!6es dedcin# "hether the fina! res!ts sho" that the

ai$ of the e*'eri$ent has %een achie6ed or not and if they #erify some law or theory

presented to the student during the lectures. /his is where some brief theory can be

included. Comments and comparison as"ed in the lab manual must be discussed in this

section.

The stdent sho!d #i6e considera%!e tho#ht to the $ateria! that he intends to s%$it in this

section. It is here that he is a%!e to e*'ress his o"n ideas on the e*'eri$ent res!ts and ho"

they "ere o%tained. It is the %est indication to his teacher of "hether he has nderstood the

e*'eri$ent and of ho" "e!! he has %een a%!e to ana!yBe the res!ts and $a&e dedctions fro$the$.

It is reco$$ended that the conc!sion sho!d %e ta&en ' %y the stdentLs c!ear and concisee*'!anation of his reasonin# %ased on the e*'eri$enta! res!ts "hich !ed to the dedctions.

It is 6ery rare for an e*'eri$ent to ha6e res!ts "hich are entire!y "ithot so$e discre'ancy.The stdent sho!d e*'!ain "hat factors in his o'inion $ay %e the 'ossi%!e cases of these

discre'ancies. Si$i!ar!y res!ts of an ne*'ected natre sho!d for$ the %asis for a discssion

of their 'ossi%!e natre and case.

The stdent sho!d not %e re!ctant to #i6e his o'inions e6en tho#h they $ay not %e correct.Ge sho!d re#ard his discssion as an o''ortnity to de$onstrate his reasonin# a%i!ity.

Sho!d the res!ts o%tained %e inco$'ati%!e "ith the ai$ or "ith the theory nder!yin# thee*'eri$ent then an acce'ta%!e re'ort $ay %e "ritten s##estin# reasons for the nsatisfactory

res!ts. It is e*'ected that the stdent sho!d $a&e so$e s##estions as to ho" si$i!ar

erroneos res!ts for this e*'eri$ent $i#ht %e a6oided in the ftre. The stdent $st not for$

the o'inion that an nsatisfactory set of res!ts $a&es a re'ort nacce'ta%!e.

b. resentation of 'ab &eports9

A!! stdents are reqired to 'resent their re'orts in accordance "ith the fo!!o"in# instrctions.

i. Re'orts ha6e to %e handwritten for s%$ission. The re'ort "ritin# sho!d %e rotated

%et"een $e$%ers of the #ro'.

ii.


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i6. A!! sections sch as o%ecti6e e*'eri$ent set-' and so on sho!d %e tit!ed on the !eft

hand side of the "or&in# s'ace of the 'a#e.

6. Ta&e note on these res!ts for$attin#:

• Each ty'e of ca!c!ation 'ertainin# to the e*'eri$ent sho!d %e 'receded %y a %rief

state$ent indicatin# its o%ecti6e.

• A!! ca!c!ations are to %e sho"n in sfficient detai!s to ena%!e the reader to fo!!o"

their 'rocedre.• A!! for$!as sed are to %e "ritten in correct sy$%o!s 'rior to the s%stittion of the

&no"n qantities.6i. A!! #ra'hs are to %e dra"n on #ra'h 'a'er in %!e or %!ac& in&. Other co!ors $ay %e

sed for identification. The a%scissa and ordinate are to %e dra"n in a!! ti$es and sca!ed

"ith the 6a!e c!ear!y indicated at each $aor di6ision. The qantity at each a*is

re'resents and the nit in "hich it is ca!i%rated sho!d %e c!ear!y indicated. Each #ra'his to %e tit!ed so as to indicate c!ear!y "hat it re'resents.

6ii. The re'ort s%$itted %y each stdent sho!d contain a Discssion and Conc!sionsection that has $ore than 3 "ords.

>. Schedule E-periment )o. 1/itle4

Tentati6e

0MOS?ET - Co$$on Sorce A$'!ifier


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A!! !a% re'ort sho!d %e s%$itted upon starting the lab session of the fo!!o"in# "ee& to the

!ectrerde$onstrators on dty for yor section. ate s%$ission of the !a% re'ort "i!! not %e

entertained and "i!! %e #i6en )il for the re'ort. Strict!y no ma"e up lab due to absenteeism is

allowed "ithot sond reason.

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EBE&I!E)/ 29 Diode Characteristics

+b%ecti#e9

• To stdy the characteristics of a si!icon 0Si diode and a #er$ani$ 0e diode.

Equipment9

Instr$ents

aria%!e DC 'o"er s''!y

2 Di#ita! M!ti$eters 0DMM

Co$'onents

Si!icon Diode 0D1N42 er$ani$ Diode 0D1N414;Resistors: 1&P

rocedure9

)art A : ?or"ard-%ias Diode Characteristics

1. Constrct the circit as is sho"n in Fig. 1.1 sin# a Si diode.

Fig. 1.1

1. /y 6aryin# thr DC S''!y 6o!ta#e set the diode 6o!ta#e D Q and

$easre diode crrent ID and record the res!t in Table 1.12. No" set the diode 6o!ta#e D Q .1. Measre the corres'ondin# diode

crrent ID and record the res!t in Table 1.1

3. Re'eat ste' 2 for the re$ainin# settin#s of D sho"n in the Table 1.1.

4. Re'!ace the Si diode %y a e diode and co$'!ete Table 1.2.(. )!ot ID 6erss D characteristics cr6es on a #ra'h 'a'er for %oth si!icon and

#er$ani$ diodes.

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)art / : Re6erse-%ias Diode Characteristics

1. Constrct the circit as is sho"n in Fig. 1.2 sin# Si diode.

Fig. 1.2

1. /y 6aryin# the DC S''!y 6o!ta#e set the diode 6o!ta#e D Q and

$easre diode crrent IS and record the res!t in Table 1.32. Set the diode 6o!ta#e D Q -( %y chan#in# the DC s''!y. Measre the

corres'ondin# diode crrent ID and record the res!t in Table 1.3

3. Re'eat ste' 2 for the re$ainin# settin#s of D sho"n in the Table 1.3.

4. Re'!ace the Si diode %y a e diode and co$'!ete Table 1.4.(. )!ot ID 6erss D characteristics cr6es on a #ra'h 'a'er for the si!icon and

#er$ani$ diodes.

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&esults9

art A 1:orward (ias4

Ta%!e 1.1 0Si!icon Diode

D 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .( .> .+ .+(

ID 0$A

Ta%!e 1.2 0er$ani$ Diode

D 0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .( .> .+ .+(

ID 0$A

art ( 1&e#erse (ias4

Ta%!e 1.3 0Si!icon Diode

D 0 -( -1 -1( -2

IS 0A

Ta%!e 1.4 0er$ani$ Diode

D 0 -( -1 -1( -2

IS 0A

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EBE&I!E)/ ,9 ener Diode Characteristics

+b%ecti#es9

• To stdy the characteristics of a ener diode.

• To stdy the 6o!ta#e re#!ation of a ener diode re#!ator circit.

Equipment9

Instr$ents

aria%!e DC 'o"er s''!y2 Di#ita! M!ti$eter 0DMM

)roect /oard

Co$'onents1 ener Diode 0


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)art / : Re6erse-%ias Characteristics

1. Constrct the circit as is sho"n in Fig. 2.2.

Fig. 2.2

2. Set the DC s''!y to the 6a!es a''earin# in Table 2.2 and $easre %oth and I.

3. )!ot I 6erss sin# the data in Table 2.2 on a #ra'h 'a'er.

4. )!ot 6erss DC s''!y sin# the data in Table 2.2 on a #ra'h 'a'er.

)art C : ener Diode Re#!ator Circit ,sin# )S)ICE On!y:

Instructions9

1. Constrct the circit as is sho"n in Fig. 2.3 sin# )S)ICE.

Fig. 2.3

2. ?ind the 6a!es of I I and IR "hen R Q 1 &.

3. Re'eat ste' 2 to find ne" 6a!es of I I and IR "hen R Q 1 &.

4. )ro6e that IR Q I I is 6a!id for %oth ste' 2 and ste' 3.

(. Ca!c!ate the !oad re#!ation factor sin# the fo!!o"in# for$!a:

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&esults9

)art A: ?or"ard-%ias

Ta%!e 2.1

0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .( .> .+ .;I 0$A

)art /: Re6erse-%ias

Ta%!e 2.2

DC S''!y 0 1 3 ( + 5 11 13 1(

0

I 0$A

20


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EBE&I!E)/ 79 a#e &ectifier and Clipper Circuits

+b%ecti#es9

• To ca!c!ate and dra" the DC ot't 6o!ta#es of ha!f-"a6e and f!!-"a6e rectifiers.

• To ca!c!ate and $easre the ot't 6o!ta#es of c!i''er circits.

Equipment9

Instr$ents

DC 'o"er s''!y

AC 'o"er s''!y - 0 Mode! : )S,-35+ 12AC UU 12AC .Di#ita! M!ti$eter 0DMM

?nction enerator

Osci!!osco'e

Co$'onents

Diode : Si!icon 0 D1N42

Resistors: 2.2&P 3.3&P

rocedure9

)art A : Ga!f


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)art / : ?!!-. Go" do the "a6efor$s differH


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)art D : Series C!i''ers

1. Constrct the circit in Fig. 3.4. The in't si#na! is an ; '-' sqare "a6eat freqency of 2 &GB. Record the $easred resistance 6a!e.

2. Set the osci!!osco'e in DC $ode.

3. )t the osci!!osco'e 'ro%es at fnction #enerator and s&etch the in't"a6efor$ o%tained.

Fig. 3.44. S&etch the ot't "a6efor$ o%tained fro$ the osci!!osco'e.

(. Re6erse the %attery of the circit and s&etch the ot't "a6efor$.

>. Chan#e the in't si#na! of the circit of Fig. 3.4 to an ; '-' sinsoida!si#na! "ith the sa$e freqency of 2 &GB. Re'eat ste' 3 and 4 for this circit.

+. Go" does the series c!i''er differ fro$ the 'ara!!e! c!i''erH

SICE Instructions9

et the e*'ected ot't "a6efor$ for circits in Fig. 3.1 0)art A 7 Fig. 3.3 0)art C sin#)S)ICE Si$!ation.

&esults and Calculations9

23

Functin!"n"#$t#

C Su''()


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)art A

1. In't "a6efor$ i :

2. Ot't "a6efor$ o :

DC !e6e! of o 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVV

)art A 0re6ersed diode



)art /

24

*+/(t-

Ti" +-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-


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1. In't "a6efor$ i :



)art C 06in sqare-"a6e

25

*+/(t-

Ti"+-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-


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1. R 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

2. In't "a6efor$ :

3. Ot't "a6efor$ :

)art C 06in sqare-"a6e %attery re6ersed

4. Ot't "a6efor$ :

)art C 06in sine-"a6e

26

*+/(t-

Ti"+-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-


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(. In't "a6efor$ :

>. Ot't "a6efor$ :

)art C 06in sine-"a6e %attery re6ersed

+. Ot't "a6efor$ :

)art D 06in sqare-"a6e

27

*+/(t-

Ti"+-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-


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1. R 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

2. In't "a6efor$ :

3. Ot't "a6efor$ :

)art D 06in sqare-"a6e %attery re6ersed

4. Ot't "a6efor$ :

)art D 06in sine-"a6e

28

*+/(t-

Ti"+-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-


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(. In't "a6efor$ :

>. Ot't "a6efor$ :

)art D 06in sine-"a6e %attery re6ersed

+. Ot't "a6efor$ :

29

*+/(t-

Ti"+-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-

*+/(t-

Ti"+-


30/50

EBE&I!E)/ ?9 (/ Characteristics Common$Emitter

/ransistor Amplifier

+b%ecti#es9

• To 'ro6ide the characteristics of a transistor sin# e*'eri$enta! $ethods.

• To $easre AC and DC 6o!ta#es in a co$$on-e$itter a$'!ifier.

Equipment9

Instr$ents

1 DC )o"er S''!y3 Di#ita! M!ti$eter 0DMM

1 ?nction enerator

1 Osci!!osco'e

Co$'onents

Ca'acitors: 1( W? 1 W?Resistors: 1 & Ω 3 & Ω 1 & Ω 33 & Ω 33 & Ω 1 & Ω 'otentio$eter 1MΩ

'otentio$eter

Transistors: 2N354

rocedure9

)art A : The Co!!ector Characteristics 0/=TXsing two potentiometersX

1. Constrct the circit of Fig. 4.1. ary the 1MΩ 'otentio$eter to set

I/ Q 1 µA as in Table 4.1.

Fig. 4.1

2. Set the CE to 2 %y 6aryin# the 1 & Ω 'otentio$eter as reqired %y the

first !ine of Table 4.1.3. Record the RC and /E 6a!es in Table 4.1.

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4. ary the 1 & Ω 'otentio$eter to increase CE fro$ 2 to the 6a!es

a''earin# in Table 4.1. 0Note: I/ sho!d %e $aintained at 1 µA for the

ran#e of CE !e6e!s.

(. Record RC and /E 6a!es for each of the $easred CE 6a!es. ,se the $ran#e for /E.

>. Re'eat ste' 2 thro#h ( for a!! 6a!es of I/ indicated in Table 4.1.

+. Co$'te the 6a!es of IC 0fro$ IC Q RCR C and IE 0fro$ IE Q I/IC. ,se

$easred resistor 6a!e for R C.;. ,sin# the data of Table 4.1 '!ot the co!!ector characteristics of the transistor

on a #ra'h 'a'er. 0)!ot IC 6erss CE for the 6arios 6a!es of I/. Choose ana''ro'riate sca!e for IC and !a%e! each I/ cr6e.

)art / : Co$$on-E$itter DC /ias

1. Measre a!! resistor 6a!es 0R 1 R 2 R C and R E fro$ circit in Fig. 4.2 sin#

DMM.2. Ca!c!ate DC /ias 6a!es 0/ E C and IE and record the$.

3. Ca!c!ate AC dyna$ic resistance r e.4. Constrct circit as of Fig. 4.2 and set CC Q 1 .(. Measre the DC %ias 6a!es 0/ E C and IE and record the$.

>. Ca!c!ate IE sin# 6a!es o%tained in Ste' (.

+. Ca!c!ate r e sin# the 6a!e of IE fro$ Ste' >.;. Co$'are 6a!e of r e o%tained %oth fro$ Ste' 3 7 +.

Fig. 4.2

SICE Instructions9

,sin# )S)ICE Si$!ation find the DC /ias 6a!es 0 / E C and IE for the circit in Fig.4.2. Co$'are the 6a!es o%tained fro$ )S)ICE "ith the e*'eri$enta! ones.

31


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>. IE 0ca!c!ated sin# $easred 6a!es of E and R E Q VVVVVVVVVV

E E E RV I C=

+. r e 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVV sin# $easred IE fro$ Ste' >.

;. ra'h IC 6erss CE for each 6a!e of I/ 0se #ra'h 'a'er.

33


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EBE&I!E)/ >9 (/ (iasing Circuits

+b%ecti#es9

To deter$ine the qiescent o'eratin# conditions of the fi*ed- and 6o!ta#e-di6ider-%ias

/=T confi#rations.

Equipment9

Instr$ents1 DC )o"er S''!y

3 Di#ita! M!ti$eter 0DMM

Co$'onents

Resistors: >; Ω 1.; & Ω 2.+ & Ω >.; & Ω 33 & Ω 1 MΩ

Transistors: 2N354 2N441

rocedure9

)art A : ?i*ed-/ias Confi#ration

1. Measre a!! resistor 6a!es 0R / and R C fro$ circit in Fig. 5.1 sin# DMM.Record the$.

2. Constrct circit as of Fig. 5.1 sin# 2N354 transistor and set CC Q 2 .

3. Measre the 6o!ta#es /E and RC. Record the$.4. Ca!c!ate the res!tin# %ase crrent I/ and co!!ector crrent IC. ,sin# the 6a!es

o%tained find Y.

(. /y sin# the 6a!es o%tained in Ste' 4 ca!c!ate the 6a!es of / C E and CE.

>. Measre / C E and CE.+. Go" do the $easred 6a!es 0Ste' > co$'are to the ca!c!ated 6a!es 0Ste' (H

;. Si$'!y re$o6e the 2N354 transistor and re'!ace "ith 2N441 transistor.

5. Then $easre the 6o!ta#es /E and RC. ,sin# the sa$e eqations ca!c!ate the6a!es of I/ and IC. ?ro$ the 6a!es o%tained deter$ine the Y 6a!e for 2N441

transistor.

1. Co$'i!e a!! the data needed for %oth transistors in Table 5.1.

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Fig. 5.1

1. Ca!c!ate the $a#nitde 0i#nore the si#n of the 'ercent chan#e in each qantity

de to a chan#e in transistors.2. )!ace the res!ts of yor ca!c!ations in Table 5.2.

)art / : o!ta#e-Di6ider-/ias Confi#ration

1. Measre a!! resistor 6a!es 0R 1 R 2 R E and R C fro$ circit in Fig. 5.2 sin#

DMM. Record the$.2. ,sin# the β deter$ined for 2N354 transistor in )art A ca!c!ate the theoretica!

6a!es of / E IE IC C CE and I/ for the net"or& sho"n in Fig. 5.2. Record

the$ in Table 5.3.

3. Constrct the net"or& of Fig. 5.2 and $easre / E C and CE. Record the$in Table 5.3.

Fig. 5.2

4. Measre the 6o!ta#es R1 and R2. Ca!c!ate the crrents IE and IC and the crrents

I1 and I2. ,sin# KirchoffLs crrent !a" ca!c!ate the crrent I/. Record IE IC and I/6a!es in Table 5.3.

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(. Go" do the ca!c!ated and $easred 6a!es of Table 5.3 co$'areH

>. Co$'i!e the $easred 6a!es of CE 0Ste' 3 IC and I/ 0Ste' 4 a!on# "ith the$a#nitde of β in Table 5.4.

+. Si$'!y re$o6e the 2N354 transistor and re'!ace "ith 2N441 transistor.

;. Then $easre the 6o!ta#es CE a!so $easre the 6o!ta#es R1 and R2 0ta&ereadin#s to the hndredth or thosandth '!ace. Ca!c!ate the crrent I C and the

crrents I1 and I2. ,sin# KirchoffLs crrent !a" ca!c!ate the crrent I/.5. Co$'!ete Ta%!e (.4 "ith the 6a!es of CE IC I/ and Y.1. Ca!c!ate the $a#nitde 0i#nore the si#n of the 'ercent chan#e in each qantity

de to chan#e in transistors

11. )!ace the res!ts of yor ca!c!ations in Table 5.5.

SICE Instructions9

,sin# )S)ICE Si$!ation find the 6a!es of / E C CE IC I/ and IE for the circit

in Fig. 5.2. Co$'are the 6a!es o%tained fro$ )S)ICE "ith the e*'eri$enta! ones.

36


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)art A

1. R / 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVV R C 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

3. /E 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVV RC 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVV

4. I/ Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV IC Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV Y Q VVVVVVVVVVVVV

=−

==

B

BE CC

B

RB

B

R

V V

R

V I

==

C

RC

C

R

V I

==

B

C

I

I β

(. / 0ca!c!ated Q VVVVVVVVVVVVV C 0ca!c!ated Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

E 0ca!c!ated Q VVVVVVVVVVVVV CE 0ca!c!ated Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVV

Sho" yor "or&in#sZ

>. / 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVV C 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

E 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVV CE 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVV

+. Co$'arison of res!ts fro$ Ste' ( 7 Ste' > :

37


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5. /E 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVV RC 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVV

I/ Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV IC Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV Y Q VVVVVVVVVVVVV

=−==

B

BE CC

B

RB

B

R

V V

R

V I

==

C

RC

C

R

V I ==

B

C

I

I β

1.

Trans. Ty'e CE 0 IC 0$A I/ 0WA Y2N354

2N441

Ta%!e (.1

11.( ) ( )

( )

=

−

=∆ N1N

354

354441

x

β

β β β

38


39/50

( ) ( )

( )

=

−

=∆ N133N

354

354441

x

I

I I

I

C

C C

C

( ) ( )

( )

=

−

=∆ N1N

354

354441

x

V

V V

V

CE

CE CE

CE

( ) ( )

( )

=

−

=∆ N133N

354

354441

x

I

I I

I

B

B B

B

12.

Ta%!e (.2

[Y [IC [CE [I/

39


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41/50

I1 Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV I2 Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

==

1

1

1

R

V I

R

==2

2

2 R

V

I R

,sin# KC I/ Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

0Crrents ca!c!ated fro$ $easred 6a!esJ considered as $easred IE IC 7 I/

(. Co$'arison of ca!c!ated and $easred 6a!es of Ta%!e (.3:

>.

Trans. Ty'e CE 0 IC 0$A I/ 0WA Y

2N354

2N441

Ta%!e (.4

;. CE 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

=+

−=

E C

CE CC

C

R R

V V I

I1 Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV I2 Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

==

1

1

1

R

V I

R

==

2

2

2 R

V I

R

,sin# KC I/ Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

5. Co$'!ete Ta%!e (.4 0Ste' > "ith the 6a!es o%tained in Ste' ; and Y 6a!e

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o%tained for 2N441 transistor.

1.

( ) ( )

( )

=

−

=∆ N1N

354

354441

x

β

β β β

( ) ( )

( )

=

−

=∆ N133N

354

354441

x

I

I I

I

C

C C

C

( ) ( )

( )

=

−

=∆ N1N

354

354441

x

V

V V

V

CE

CE CE

CE

( ) ( )

( )

=

−

=∆ N133N

354

354441

x

I

I I

I

B

B B

B

11.

Ta%!e (.4

[Y [IC [CE [I/

42


43/50

EBE&I!E)/ F9 !+S:E/ G Common$Source Amplifier

+b%ecti#e9

• To 'erfor$ the DC and AC ana!yses of a co$$on sorce a$'!ifier sin# an

n-channe! MOS?ET.

Equipment9

Instr$ents

DC 'o"er s''!y?nction enerator

Di#ita! M!ti$eter 0DMM

Osci!!osco'e

Co$'onents

NMOS: 2N +

Resistors: >.; &P 33 &P 1 P 3.3 &P 2.+ &PCa'acitors: 1 ?

rocedure9

)art A : MOS?ET DC Ana!ysis

1. Constrct the circit of ?i#. >.1 %t DO NOT CONNECT the ca'acitor

yet and record the $easred 6a!es of the resistors.

Fig. 6.1

43


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2. ,sin# the DMM $easre the 6a!es of V GS V DS and I D.

3. ,sin# the thresho!d 6o!ta#e V TN = 2.1 V, '!ease confir$ that thetransistor is in satration. 0V DS \ V DSsa and V DSsa = V GS ! V TN "

4. ?ro$ the $easred 6a!e of I D dedce the 6a!e of the condction

'ara$eter # $ sin# the drain crrent in satration for$!a

)art / : Co$$on Sorce A$'!ifier 0AC Ana!ysis

1. /y sin# the sa$e circit confi#ration @ connectin# the ca'acitor this

ti$e set the fnction #enerator to 1 $ a$'!itde 2 &GB

sinsoida! "a6e. Connect it to %i$.

2. Connect Channe! 1 of the osci!!osco'e to %i$ and Channe! 2 of theosci!!osco'e to %&' .

3. Measre the 'ea&-to-'ea& 6a!e for %oth in't and ot't 6o!ta#es on

Channe! 2 of the osci!!osco'e.

4. Ca!c!ate the 6a!e of the #ain 6o 6i

SICE Instructions9

1. Constrct the circit in ?i#re >.1 sin# )S)ICE.2. ?ro$ )S)ICE si$!ation o%tain the DC 6o!ta#es at a!! ter$ina!s of

MOS?ET S and DS.

)+/E9

,nfortnate!y this transistor $ode! is not in the defa!t !i%rary. Gence yo ha6e to add

the 2N+ $ode! if yo "o!d !i&e to se it in )S)ICE.

o to the /rea&ot i%rary Choose M/rea&N3 )!aced it in yor circit

Se!ect the transistor o to Edit )S'ice Mode!A Mode! Editor "indo" "i!! a''ear. )aste the TE9T fi!e %e!o" and c!ic& Sa6e.

/he /e-t :ile

.MODE 2N+ NMOS 0EEQ3 RSQ.2( NS,/Q1.E1( DETAQ.1KA))AQ.(> T)Q1 CDOQ3.1+1>E-5 RDQ.235 TOQ2.1 MA9Q1.E+

ETAQ.223;5 N?SQ>.>E1 TO9Q1.E-+ DQ1.>5;E-5 ,OQ;>2.42(

9=Q>.4>>>E-+ TGETAQ1.E-( CSOQ5.5E-5 Q2.(E->


45/50


art A 1!+S:E/ $ DC Analysis4

1. R1 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

R ( 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

R B 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

R D 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

R s 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

2. V GS 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV V DS 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVV and

I D 0$easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

3. Confir$ation that the transistor is in satration:

4. Condction 'ara$eter # $ = )))))))))))

art ( 1!+S:E/$AC Analysis4

%i$ *+ea!& +ea" Q VVVVVVVVVV

%&' *+ea!& +ea" Q VVVVVVVVVVV

ain Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

45


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EBE&I!E)/ H9 In#erting and )on$in#erting +p$Amp

+b%ecti#es9

• To o%ser6e the %asic O'-a$' circits characteristic as in6ertin# and non-

in6ertin# a$'!ifiers.

• To %i!d and test O'-a$' a''!ication circits - in6ertin# and non-in6ertin#

a$'!ifier

• To o%ser6e the 6irta! #rond and the in't resistance of the a$'!ifiers

Equipment9

Instr$ents

• DC 'o"er s''!ies @ ]o need t"o 'o"er s''!ies. One for 1( and

another one for the -1(

• Di#ita! M!ti$eter 0DMM

• ?nction enerator

• Osci!!osco'e

Co$'onents• O' A$' : M +41

• Resistors: 1 & Ω 2 & Ω 3 & Ω 1 & Ω 1 & Ω

• Ca'acitor: .1 µ?

rocedure9

)art A: In6ertin# A$'

1. Set ' the osci!!osco'e to sho" a da! trace one for the in't of the o'-a$' andone for the ot't. ,se DC in't co'!in#. Set ' the fnction #enerator to

'rodce a sine "a6e "ith an a$'!itde of 1 'ea&-to-'ea& and freqency 2 &GB.

Ma&e sre that the #ronds of the fnction #enerator osci!!osco'e and 'rototy'in# %oard are so$eho" connected.

2. Measre the 6a!es of the resistors then sin# the %read%oard set ' the in6ertin#

a$'!ifier sho"n in ?i#. +.1 "here R1 Q 1 & Ω and R F Q 1 & Ω

3. Measre the 6o!ta#e %et"een 'in 2 and #rond. This is &no"n as 6irta! #rond.

Record the 6o!ta#e and co$$ent on yor o%ser6ation.4. ?ro$ the ot't "a6efor$ dedce the #ain of the a$'!ifier and 6erify that the

a$'!ifier in6erts.(. Ne*t re'eat ste' 4 %y re'!acin# R1 "ith the 3 & Ω and 2 & Ω resistors

>. ,sin# the $easred 6a!es of the resistors ca!c!ate the ratio of R F -R1 andco$'are "hether the $a#nitdes are eqa! to the $a#nitde of the #ain that ha6e

%een dedced fro$ ste' 4.

+. ,sin# R1 as 2 & Ω no" '!ace a !oad resistor R Q 1 & Ω %et"een 'in > and the #rond.Re'eat ste' 4. Co$$ent on yor o%ser6ation. Is there any chan#e in the 6a!e of the

#ainH

46


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Fig. /.1 0 I$%ei$g (+liie

)art /: Non-In6ertin# A$'

1. Constrct the non-in6ertin# a$'!ifier as sho"n in ?i#. +.2. ,se R F Q 1 & Ω and

R1Q 1 & Ω

2. A''!y a 2 &GB sinsoida! in't si#na! "ith 1 'ea&-to-'ea& a$'!itde to the

a$'!ifier. Dis'!ay %i$ and %&' at the sa$e ti$e. 0They need to %e dis'!ayedsi$!taneos!y so that yo can see the 'hase shift %et"een the$.

3. S&etch the in't and ot't "a6efor$s on the sa$e ti$e sca!e.

4. Re'ort the 'hase shift and dedce the #ain of the a$'!ifier (. ,sin# the $easred 6a!es of the resistors ca!c!ate the 6a!e of 01 R F -R1 and

co$'are "hether the $a#nitde is eqa! to the $a#nitde of the #ain that ha6e

%een dedced fro$ ste' 4.

>. Measre the 6o!ta#e %et"een 'in 2 and #rond. Discss yor o%ser6ation "ithres'ect to ste' 3 fro$ )art A 0in6ertin#.

+. No" '!ace a resistor R Q 2 & Ω %et"een 'in %i$ and 'in 3. Re'eat ste' 4.

Co$$ent on yor o%ser6ation. Is there any chan#e in the 6a!e of the #ainH

47


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Fig. /.2 0 N&$!I$%ei$g (+liie

SICE instruction9

$ Constrct %oth circits and o%tain the in't-ot't "a6efor$ for %oth of the

in6ertin# and non-in6ertin# o'-a$'.

48


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&esults and Discussions9

)art A 0In6ertin# A$'!ifier :

1. a R1 Ω 0 $easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

% R1 Ω 0 $easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

c R2 Ω 0 $easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

d R3 Ω 0 $easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

e R1 Ω 0 $easred Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

2. o!ta#e $easre$ent %et"een 'in 2 and #rond Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

3. ain of the a$'!ifier Q 6o 0'ea& 6i 0'ea& Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

4. a


50/50

)art / 0Non-In6ertin# A$'!ifier :

1. In't and Ot't "a6efor$ on the sa$e ti$e sca!e

2. a )hase shift Q VVVVVVVVVVV

% ain of the a$'!ifier Q 6o 0'ea& 6i 0'ea& Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

3. a!e of 01 R F -R1 Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

Co$$ent of the co$'arison %et"een the $a#nitdes:

4. o!ta#e $easre$ent %et"een 'in 2 and #rond Q VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV

Co$$ent in co$'arison "ith ste' 3 fro$ )art A

(.

manualece1201 engineering iium

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