manual of structural kinesiologymuscular analysis of trunk & lower extremity exercises13-1...

Manual of Manual of Structural Structural KinesiologyKinesiology Muscular Analysis of Trunk & Lower Extremity ExercisesMuscular Analysis of Trunk & Lower Extremity Exercises 13-13-11

Chapter 13Chapter 13Muscular Analysis of Trunk Muscular Analysis of Trunk

and Lower Extremity and Lower Extremity ExercisesExercises

Manual of Structural KinesiologyManual of Structural KinesiologyR.T. Floyd, EdD, ATC, CSCSR.T. Floyd, EdD, ATC, CSCS


Muscular Analysis of Trunk & Muscular Analysis of Trunk & Lower Extremity ExercisesLower Extremity Exercises

• Strength, endurance, & flexibility of the Strength, endurance, & flexibility of the lower extremity, trunk, & abdominal lower extremity, trunk, & abdominal muscles are very important in skillful muscles are very important in skillful physical performance & body maintenancephysical performance & body maintenance

• Whether the muscle is lengthening or Whether the muscle is lengthening or shortening during movement determines shortening during movement determines contraction typecontraction type– Muscles may shorten or lengthen in the Muscles may shorten or lengthen in the

absence of a contraction through passive absence of a contraction through passive movement caused by other contracting movement caused by other contracting muscles, momentum, gravity, or external muscles, momentum, gravity, or external forces such as manual assistance machinesforces such as manual assistance machines



• Concentric contractionsConcentric contractions– shortening contraction of muscles shortening contraction of muscles

against gravity or resistanceagainst gravity or resistance

• Eccentric contractionEccentric contraction– muscle lengthens under tension to muscle lengthens under tension to

control the joints moving with gravity control the joints moving with gravity or resistanceor resistance



• Quadriceps contracts eccentrically Quadriceps contracts eccentrically when the body slowly lowers in a when the body slowly lowers in a weight-bearing movement through weight-bearing movement through lower extremity actionlower extremity action– functions as a decelerator to knee joint functions as a decelerator to knee joint

flexion in weight-bearing movements flexion in weight-bearing movements by contracting eccentrically to prevent by contracting eccentrically to prevent too rapid of a downward movementtoo rapid of a downward movement• slow descent is eccentric & ascent from slow descent is eccentric & ascent from

the squatted position is concentricthe squatted position is concentric



• Quadriceps function in squattingQuadriceps function in squatting– descent at the same speed as gravity, descent at the same speed as gravity,

essentially under no muscular control, essentially under no muscular control, the muscle lengthening would be the muscle lengthening would be passivepassive• movement & change in muscle length movement & change in muscle length

would be caused by gravity, not by active would be caused by gravity, not by active muscular contractionmuscular contraction


Conditioning ConsiderationsConditioning Considerations

• Overload principleOverload principle– Within appropriate parameters, a muscle or Within appropriate parameters, a muscle or

muscle group increases in strength in direct muscle group increases in strength in direct proportion to the overload placed on itproportion to the overload placed on it

– The amount of overload applied varies The amount of overload applied varies significantly based on several factorssignificantly based on several factors• An untrained person beginning a strength An untrained person beginning a strength

training program will make significant gains training program will make significant gains in the amount of weight he/she is able to lift in the amount of weight he/she is able to lift in the first few weeksin the first few weeks

• Mostly due to a refinement of Mostly due to a refinement of neuromuscular function, rather than an neuromuscular function, rather than an actual increase in muscle tissue strengthactual increase in muscle tissue strength



• Overload principleOverload principle• A well trained person will see relatively minor A well trained person will see relatively minor

improvements in the amount of weight that can improvements in the amount of weight that can be lifted over a much longer period of timebe lifted over a much longer period of time

– Amount & rate of progressive overload is Amount & rate of progressive overload is extremely variable and must be adjusted to extremely variable and must be adjusted to match the specific needs of the individual’s match the specific needs of the individual’s exercise objectivesexercise objectives

– Overload is not always progressively increasedOverload is not always progressively increased– In certain periods of conditioning, the overload In certain periods of conditioning, the overload

should actually be prescriptively reduced or should actually be prescriptively reduced or increased to improve the total results of the entire increased to improve the total results of the entire programprogram



• Overload principleOverload principle– Overload may be modified by Overload may be modified by

changing any one or a combination of changing any one or a combination of 3 different exercise variables - 3 different exercise variables - frequency, intensity,frequency, intensity, or or duration duration

– Increasing the speed of doing the Increasing the speed of doing the exercise, the number of repetitions, exercise, the number of repetitions, the weight, & more bouts of exercise the weight, & more bouts of exercise are all ways to modify these variables are all ways to modify these variables in applying this principle in applying this principle



SAID PrincipleSAID Principle• SSpecific pecific AAdaptations to daptations to IImposed mposed DDemandsemands– the body will gradually, over time, the body will gradually, over time,

adapt very specifically to the various adapt very specifically to the various stresses & overloads to which it is stresses & overloads to which it is subjectedsubjected• applicable in every form of muscle applicable in every form of muscle

training, as well as to the other systems of training, as well as to the other systems of bodybody

Manual of Manual of Structural Structural KinesiologyKinesiology Muscular Analysis of Trunk & Lower Extremity ExercisesMuscular Analysis of Trunk & Lower Extremity Exercises

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SAID PrincipleSAID Principle– Example: if an individual were to undergo several Example: if an individual were to undergo several

weeks of strength training exercises for a particular weeks of strength training exercises for a particular joint through a limited range of motion, the specific joint through a limited range of motion, the specific muscles involved in performing the strengthening muscles involved in performing the strengthening exercises would improve primarily in the ability to exercises would improve primarily in the ability to move against increased resistance through the move against increased resistance through the specific range of motion utilizedspecific range of motion utilized

– Minimal strength gains beyond the range of motion Minimal strength gains beyond the range of motion utilized in the training would occur usuallyutilized in the training would occur usually

– Other physical fitness components such as Other physical fitness components such as flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance or muscular flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance or muscular endurance would be enhanced minimally, if anyendurance would be enhanced minimally, if any


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SAID PrincipleSAID Principle– To achieve specific benefits, exercise programs To achieve specific benefits, exercise programs

must be specifically designed for the desired must be specifically designed for the desired adaptionadaption

• Adaptation may be positive or negative, Adaptation may be positive or negative, depending on whether or not correct depending on whether or not correct techniques are used and stressed in techniques are used and stressed in conditioning program design & administrationconditioning program design & administration– Inappropriate or excessive demands placed on the Inappropriate or excessive demands placed on the

body in too short of a time span can result in injurybody in too short of a time span can result in injury


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SAID PrincipleSAID Principle• Adaptation may be positive or negativeAdaptation may be positive or negative

– If demands are too minimal or administered If demands are too minimal or administered too infrequently over too long a time period, too infrequently over too long a time period, less than desired improvement will occurless than desired improvement will occur

• Conditioning programs & the exercises Conditioning programs & the exercises included should be analyzed to included should be analyzed to determine if they are using the specific determine if they are using the specific muscles for which they were intended in muscles for which they were intended in the correct mannerthe correct manner


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SpecificitySpecificity• Muscular strength, muscular endurance, & Muscular strength, muscular endurance, &

flexibility are not general body characteristicsflexibility are not general body characteristics– They are specific to each body area & muscle groupThey are specific to each body area & muscle group

• Specific needs of the individual must be Specific needs of the individual must be specifically addressed when designing an specifically addressed when designing an exercise programexercise program– Often it is necessary to analyze an individual's Often it is necessary to analyze an individual's

exercise & skill technique to specifically design an exercise & skill technique to specifically design an exercise program to meet his/her needsexercise program to meet his/her needs


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SpecificitySpecificity• Addressing specific needs in designing an Addressing specific needs in designing an

exercise programexercise program– Exercises for use in conditioning programs must be Exercises for use in conditioning programs must be

analyzed to determine their appropriateness for the analyzed to determine their appropriateness for the individual's specific needsindividual's specific needs

– Exercise program goals should be determined Exercise program goals should be determined regarding specific areas of the body, preferred time regarding specific areas of the body, preferred time to physically peak, & physical fitness needs such as to physically peak, & physical fitness needs such as strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition, etc.cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition, etc.


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SpecificitySpecificity• Addressing specific needs in designing an Addressing specific needs in designing an

exercise programexercise program– After establishing goals a regimen incorporating the After establishing goals a regimen incorporating the

overload variables of frequency, intensity, & duration overload variables of frequency, intensity, & duration may be prescribed to include the entire body or may be prescribed to include the entire body or specific areas in a manner to address the specific areas in a manner to address the improvement of the preferred physical fitness improvement of the preferred physical fitness componentscomponents

– Regular observation & follow-up exercise analysis is Regular observation & follow-up exercise analysis is necessary to ensure proper adherence to correct necessary to ensure proper adherence to correct techniquetechnique


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Muscular DevelopmentMuscular Development

• One does not necessarily develop adequate One does not necessarily develop adequate muscular strength, endurance, & flexibility muscular strength, endurance, & flexibility through participation in sport activitiesthrough participation in sport activities

• One needs to develop muscular strength, One needs to develop muscular strength, endurance, & flexibility in order to be able to endurance, & flexibility in order to be able to participate safely & effectively in sport activitiesparticipate safely & effectively in sport activities

• Adequate muscular strength, endurance, & Adequate muscular strength, endurance, & flexibility of the entire body from head to toe flexibility of the entire body from head to toe should be developed through correctly should be developed through correctly employing the appropriate exercise principlesemploying the appropriate exercise principles


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Muscular DevelopmentMuscular Development

• Development should start at an early age & Development should start at an early age & continue throughout the school yearscontinue throughout the school years

• Fitness tests results indicate there is need for Fitness tests results indicate there is need for considerable improvement in this areaconsiderable improvement in this area

• Adequate muscular strength & endurance are Adequate muscular strength & endurance are important in the adult years for the activities of important in the adult years for the activities of daily living, as well as job-related requirements daily living, as well as job-related requirements and recreational needsand recreational needs

• Many back pains and other physical ailments Many back pains and other physical ailments could be avoided through proper maintenance could be avoided through proper maintenance of the musculoskeletal systemof the musculoskeletal system


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Free Weight-Training ExercisesFree Weight-Training Exercises

• Exercise with weights is a commonly used Exercise with weights is a commonly used means of developing & maintaining muscular means of developing & maintaining muscular strength in young people & adultsstrength in young people & adults

• When using free weights it is important to When using free weights it is important to ensure that one group of muscles is not ensure that one group of muscles is not overdeveloped and another is underdevelopedoverdeveloped and another is underdeveloped– Thorough knowledge of muscles being used is Thorough knowledge of muscles being used is

essentialessential


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Sit-up, bent kneeSit-up, bent knee

• Participant lies on back, forearms Participant lies on back, forearms crossed and lying across chest, with crossed and lying across chest, with knees flexed 90 degrees & feet about knees flexed 90 degrees & feet about hip-width aparthip-width apart

• Hips & knees are flexed in this manner Hips & knees are flexed in this manner to reduce hip flexor length, thereby to reduce hip flexor length, thereby reducing their contribution to sit-up & reducing their contribution to sit-up & allow more emphasis on abdominalsallow more emphasis on abdominals

• Participant curls up to a sitting Participant curls up to a sitting position, rotates trunk to right, touches position, rotates trunk to right, touches left elbow to right kneeleft elbow to right knee

• Returns to starting positionReturns to starting position• Rotate to left on next repetitionRotate to left on next repetition


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JointJoint

Curling phase to sitting-up positionCurling phase to sitting-up position Rotating to left phaseRotating to left phase

ActionAction AgonistsAgonists ActionAction AgonistsAgonists

Cervical Cervical spinespine

FlexionFlexion Cervical spine flexorsCervical spine flexors

SternocleidomastoidSternocleidomastoidMaintenance Maintenance of cervical of cervical flexionflexion

Cervical spine flexors Cervical spine flexors (isometric contraction)(isometric contraction)

SternocleidomastoidSternocleidomastoid

TrunkTrunk FlexionFlexion Trunk flexorsTrunk flexors

Rectus abdominisRectus abdominis

External oblique External oblique abdominalabdominal

Internal oblique Internal oblique abdominalabdominal

Right lumbar Right lumbar rotationrotation

Right lumbar rotatorsRight lumbar rotators

R) Rectus abdominisR) Rectus abdominis

L) External oblique L) External oblique abdominalabdominal

R) Internal oblique R) Internal oblique abdominalabdominal

R) Erector spinaeR) Erector spinae

HipHip FlexionFlexion Hip flexorsHip flexors

IliopsoasIliopsoas

Rectus femorisRectus femoris

PectineusPectineus

Maintenance Maintenance of hip flexionof hip flexion

Hip flexors (isometric Hip flexors (isometric contraction)contraction)

IliopsoasIliopsoas


PectineusPectineus


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JointJoint

Return phase to sitting-up positionReturn phase to sitting-up position Return phase to starting positionReturn phase to starting position

ActionAction AgonistsAgonists ActionAction AgonistsAgonists

Cervical Cervical spinespine

Maintenance Maintenance of cervical of cervical flexionflexion

Cervical spine flexors Cervical spine flexors (isometric contraction)(isometric contraction)


ExtensionExtension Cervical spine flexors Cervical spine flexors (eccentric contraction)(eccentric contraction)


TrunkTrunk Left lumbar Left lumbar rotation to rotation to neutral neutral position position

Right lumbar rotators Right lumbar rotators (eccentric contraction)(eccentric contraction)

R) Rectus abdominisR) Rectus abdominis

L) External oblique L) External oblique abdominalabdominal

R) Internal oblique R) Internal oblique abdominalabdominal

R) Erector spinaeR) Erector spinae

ExtensionExtension Trunk flexors (eccentric Trunk flexors (eccentric contraction)contraction)


External oblique External oblique abdominalabdominal

Internal oblique Internal oblique abdominalabdominal

HipHip Maintenance Maintenance of hip flexionof hip flexion

Hip flexorsHip flexors

IliopsoasIliopsoas


PectineusPectineus

ExtensionExtension Hip flexors (eccentric Hip flexors (eccentric contraction)contraction)

IliopsoasIliopsoas


PectineusPectineus


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Alternating Prone ExtensionsAlternating Prone Extensions

• Participant lies prone position, Participant lies prone position, with the shoulders fully flexed with the shoulders fully flexed in a relaxed position lying in in a relaxed position lying in front of the bodyfront of the body

• Participant raises head, upper Participant raises head, upper trunk, & thighs from the floortrunk, & thighs from the floor

• Knees are kept in full Knees are kept in full extensionextension

• Then return to starting Then return to starting position position


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Alternating Prone ExtensionsAlternating Prone ExtensionsJointJoint ActionAction Agonists in LiftingAgonists in Lifting ActionAction Agonists in LoweringAgonists in Lowering

ShoulderShoulder FlexionFlexion Shoulder joint flexorsShoulder joint flexors

Pectoralis major Pectoralis major (clavicular head or upper (clavicular head or upper fibers)fibers)

DeltoidDeltoid

CoracobrachialisCoracobrachialis

Biceps brachiiBiceps brachii

ExtensionExtension Shoulder joint flexors (eccentric Shoulder joint flexors (eccentric contraction)contraction)

Pectoralis major (clavicular head Pectoralis major (clavicular head or upper fibers)or upper fibers)

DeltoidDeltoid

CoracobrachialisCoracobrachialis


Shoulder Shoulder girdlegirdle

AdductionAdduction Shoulder girdle adductorsShoulder girdle adductors

TrapeziusTrapezius

RhomboidsRhomboids

AbductionAbduction Shoulder girdle adductors (eccentric Shoulder girdle adductors (eccentric contraction)contraction)

TrapeziusTrapezius

RhomboidsRhomboids

TrunkTrunk ExtensionExtension Trunk extensorsTrunk extensors

Erector spinaeErector spinae

SpleniusSplenius

Quadratus lumborumQuadratus lumborum

Flexion Flexion (return to (return to neutral neutral relaxed relaxed position)position)

Trunk & cervical spine extensors Trunk & cervical spine extensors (eccentric contraction)(eccentric contraction)


SpleniusSplenius


HipHip ExtensionExtension Hip extensorsHip extensors

Gluteus maximusGluteus maximus

SemitendinosusSemitendinosus

SemimembranosusSemimembranosus

Biceps femorisBiceps femoris

Flexion Flexion (return to (return to neutral neutral relaxed relaxed position)position)

Hip extensors (eccentric contraction)Hip extensors (eccentric contraction)






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SquatSquat

• Participant places a barbell Participant places a barbell on the shoulders behind on the shoulders behind the neck and grasps it with the neck and grasps it with palms-forward position of palms-forward position of handshands

• Participant squats down Participant squats down until thighs are parallel to until thighs are parallel to floor, keeping back straightfloor, keeping back straight

• Return to starting positionReturn to starting position• Ensure that the shins Ensure that the shins

remain as verticalremain as vertical


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SquatSquatJointJoint ActionAction Agonists in LoweringAgonists in Lowering ActionAction Agonists in LiftingAgonists in Lifting

HipHip FlexionFlexion Hip extensors (eccentric Hip extensors (eccentric contraction)contraction)





ExtensionExtension Hip extensorsHip extensors





KneeKnee FlexionFlexion Knee extensors Knee extensors (eccentric contraction)(eccentric contraction)


Vastus medialisVastus medialis

Vastus intermediusVastus intermedius

Vastus lateralisVastus lateralis

ExtensionExtension Knee extensorsKnee extensors





AnkleAnkle DorsiflexionDorsiflexion Plantar flexors (eccentric Plantar flexors (eccentric contraction)contraction)

GastrocnemiusGastrocnemius

SoleusSoleus

Plantar Plantar flexionflexion

Plantar flexorsPlantar flexors


SoleusSoleus


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Dead LiftDead Lift

• Participant begins in hip Participant begins in hip flexed position, keeping arms, flexed position, keeping arms, legs, & back straight, and legs, & back straight, and grasps the barbell on the floorgrasps the barbell on the floor

• Move to standing position is Move to standing position is made by extending the hipsmade by extending the hips

• Lumbar extensors must be Lumbar extensors must be utilized as isometric utilized as isometric stabilizers of the low back stabilizers of the low back while the hip extensors while the hip extensors perform the majority of the perform the majority of the lift in this exercise lift in this exercise


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Dead LiftDead LiftJointJoint ActionAction Agonists in LiftingAgonists in Lifting

Wrist & handWrist & hand FlexionFlexion Wrist & hand flexors (isometric contraction)Wrist & hand flexors (isometric contraction)

Flexor carpi radialisFlexor carpi radialis

Flexor carpi ulnarisFlexor carpi ulnaris

Palmaris longusPalmaris longus

Flexor digitorum profundusFlexor digitorum profundus

Flexor digitorum superficialisFlexor digitorum superficialis

Flexor pollicis longusFlexor pollicis longus

TrunkTrunk Maintenance of Maintenance of extensionextension

Trunk extensors (isometric contraction)Trunk extensors (isometric contraction)

Erector spinae (sacrospinalis)Erector spinae (sacrospinalis)







KneeKnee ExtensionExtension Knee extensors (quadriceps)Knee extensors (quadriceps)






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Dead LiftDead LiftJointJoint ActionAction Agonists in LoweringAgonists in Lowering

Wrist & handWrist & hand FlexionFlexion Wrist & hand flexors (isometric contraction)Wrist & hand flexors (isometric contraction)







TrunkTrunk Maintenance of Maintenance of extensionextension

Trunk extensors (isometric contraction)Trunk extensors (isometric contraction)

Erector spinae (sacrospinalis)Erector spinae (sacrospinalis)


HipHip FlexionFlexion Hip extensors (eccentric contraction)Hip extensors (eccentric contraction)





KneeKnee FlexionFlexion Knee extensors (quadriceps) (eccentric contraction)Knee extensors (quadriceps) (eccentric contraction)






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Isometric ExercisesIsometric Exercises

• An exercise technique in which there An exercise technique in which there is contraction of muscle groups with is contraction of muscle groups with no appreciable muscle shorteningno appreciable muscle shortening– not as productive in terms of overall not as productive in terms of overall

strength gains as isotonicsstrength gains as isotonics– an effective way to build & maintain an effective way to build & maintain

muscular strength in a limited range of muscular strength in a limited range of motionmotion

• Contractions should be held approximately Contractions should be held approximately 7-10 seconds for a training effect7-10 seconds for a training effect


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Abdominal ContractionAbdominal Contraction

• Participant contracts Participant contracts anterior abdominal region anterior abdominal region muscles as strongly as muscles as strongly as possible without moving possible without moving the trunk or hipsthe trunk or hips– Rectus abdominisRectus abdominis– External oblique abdominalExternal oblique abdominal– Internal oblique abdominalInternal oblique abdominal– Transversus abdominisTransversus abdominis


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Leg LifterLeg Lifter

• Participant sits on Participant sits on a bench or chair a bench or chair with the knees with the knees slightly bent & slightly bent & with left leg over with left leg over right right

• Attempt to raise Attempt to raise right leg while right leg while resisting it with resisting it with left legleft leg


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Leg LifterLeg LifterJointJoint ActionAction Agonists in Right – Agonists in Right –

Attempting UpwardAttempting UpwardActionAction Agonists in Left – Resisting Agonists in Left – Resisting

UpwardUpward

AnkleAnkle DorsiflexionDorsiflexion Ankle dorsiflexorsAnkle dorsiflexors

Tibialis anteriorTibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longusExtensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum Extensor digitorum longuslongus

Peroneus tertiusPeroneus tertius

Plantar Plantar FlexionFlexion

Plantar flexorsPlantar flexors

GastrocenemiusGastrocenemius

SoleusSoleus

KneeKnee ExtensionExtension Knee extensors Knee extensors (quadriceps)(quadriceps)





FlexionFlexion Knee flexors (hamstrings)Knee flexors (hamstrings)



SemimbranosusSemimbranosus

HipHip FlexionFlexion Hip flexorsHip flexors

IliopsoasIliopsoas


PectineusPectineus

SartoriusSartorius

Tensor fasciae lataeTensor fasciae latae

ExtensionExtension Hip extensorsHip extensors




SemimbranosusSemimbranosus


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Hip SledHip Sled

• Participant lies supine with Participant lies supine with the knees & hips flexed in the knees & hips flexed in a position close to chesta position close to chest

• Feet are placed on the Feet are placed on the apparatus plateapparatus plate

• Knees & hips are extended Knees & hips are extended completely to move the completely to move the plate upwardplate upward

• Return to the starting Return to the starting position position


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Hip SledHip SledJointJoint ActionAction Agonists in PushingAgonists in Pushing ActionAction Agonists in LoweringAgonists in Lowering

AnkleAnkle Plantar Plantar flexionflexion

Ankle plantar flexorsAnkle plantar flexors


SoleusSoleus

DorsiflexionDorsiflexion Ankle plantar flexors Ankle plantar flexors (eccentric contraction)(eccentric contraction)


SoleusSoleus

KneeKnee ExtensionExtension Knee extensors Knee extensors (quadriceps)(quadriceps)





FlexionFlexion Knee extensors Knee extensors (quadriceps) (eccentric (quadriceps) (eccentric contraction)contraction)










FlexionFlexion Hip extensors (eccentric Hip extensors (eccentric contraction)contraction)






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Rowing ExerciseRowing Exercise

• Participant sits on a Participant sits on a movable seat with knees & movable seat with knees & hips flexed close to the hips flexed close to the chestchest

• Arms are reaching forward Arms are reaching forward to grasp a horizontal barto grasp a horizontal bar

• Legs are extended forcibly Legs are extended forcibly as arms are pulled toward as arms are pulled toward chestchest

• Return to starting position Return to starting position


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Rowing ExerciseRowing ExerciseJointJoint ActionAction Agonists in arm pull/leg pushAgonists in arm pull/leg push ActionAction Agonists in return to startingAgonists in return to starting

Foot Foot & & ankleankle

Plantar Plantar flexionflexion

Ankle plantarflexorsAnkle plantarflexors


SoleusSoleus

DorsiflexionDorsiflexion Ankle dorsiflexorsAnkle dorsiflexors

Tibialis anteriorTibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longusExtensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longusExtensor digitorum longus

Peroneus tertiusPeroneus tertius

KneeKnee ExtensionExtension Quadriceps (knee extensors)Quadriceps (knee extensors)





FlexionFlexion Knee flexors (hamstrings)Knee flexors (hamstrings)









FlexionFlexion Hip flexorsHip flexors

IliopsoasIliopsoas


PectineusPectineus

TrunkTrunk ExtensionExtension Trunk extensorsTrunk extensors


FlexionFlexion Trunk flexorsTrunk flexors


Internal oblique abdominalInternal oblique abdominal

External oblique abdominalExternal oblique abdominal


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Rowing ExerciseRowing ExerciseJointJoint ActionAction Agonists in arm pull/leg pushAgonists in arm pull/leg push ActionAction Agonists in return to startingAgonists in return to starting

Shoulder Shoulder girdlegirdle

Adduction, Adduction, downward downward rotation, & rotation, & depressiondepression

Shoulder girdle adductors, downward Shoulder girdle adductors, downward rotators, & depressorsrotators, & depressors

Trapezius (lower)Trapezius (lower)

RhomboidRhomboid

Pectoralis minorPectoralis minor

Abduction, Abduction, upward upward rotation, & rotation, & elevationelevation

Shoulder girdle adductors, downward Shoulder girdle adductors, downward rotators, & depressors (eccentric rotators, & depressors (eccentric contraction)contraction)

Trapezius (lower)Trapezius (lower)

RhomboidRhomboid

Pectoralis minorPectoralis minor

Shoulder Shoulder jointjoint

ExtensionExtension Shoulder joint extensorsShoulder joint extensors

Latissimus dorsiLatissimus dorsi

Teres majorTeres major

Posterior deltoidPosterior deltoid

Teres minorTeres minor

InfraspinatusInfraspinatus

FlexionFlexion Shoulder joint extensors (eccentric Shoulder joint extensors (eccentric contraction)contraction)

Latissimus dorsiLatissimus dorsi

Teres majorTeres major

Posterior deltoidPosterior deltoid

Teres minorTeres minor

InfraspinatusInfraspinatus

Elbow Elbow jointjoint

FlexionFlexion Elbow joint flexorsElbow joint flexors


BrachialisBrachialis

BrachioradialisBrachioradialis

ExtensionExtension Elbow joint flexors (eccentric contraction)Elbow joint flexors (eccentric contraction)


BrachialisBrachialis

BrachioradialisBrachioradialis

Wrist & Wrist & handhand

FlexionFlexion Wrist & hand flexors (isometric Wrist & hand flexors (isometric contraction)contraction)







FlexionFlexion Wrist & hand flexors (isometric Wrist & hand flexors (isometric contraction)contraction)








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Web SitesWeb SitesAmerican College of Sports MedicineAmerican College of Sports Medicine

www.acsm.orgwww.acsm.org – Scientific research, education, and practical applications of Scientific research, education, and practical applications of

sports medicine and exercise science to maintain and sports medicine and exercise science to maintain and enhance physical performance, fitness, health, and quality of enhance physical performance, fitness, health, and quality of lifelife

Concept IIConcept IIwww.concept2.com/index.htmlwww.concept2.com/index.html– Information on the technique of rowing and the muscles used. Information on the technique of rowing and the muscles used.

Fitness WorldFitness Worldwww.fitnessworld.comwww.fitnessworld.com– The information at this site is about fitness in general and The information at this site is about fitness in general and

includes access to Fitness Management magazine.includes access to Fitness Management magazine.

http://www.acsm.org/

http://www.concept2.com/index.html

http://www.fitnessworld.com/


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Web SitesWeb SitesNational Council of Strength & FitnessNational Council of Strength & Fitness

www.ncsf.orgwww.ncsf.org– Personal Training Certification & Continuing Education for the Personal Training Certification & Continuing Education for the

Fitness ProfessionalFitness ProfessionalNational Strength and Conditioning AssociationNational Strength and Conditioning Association

www.nsca-lift.orgwww.nsca-lift.org– Information on the profession of strength and conditioning Information on the profession of strength and conditioning

specialists and personal trainersspecialists and personal trainersNSCA Certification CommissionNSCA Certification Commission

www.nsca-cc.orgwww.nsca-cc.org– The certifying body for the National Strength and Conditioning The certifying body for the National Strength and Conditioning

AssociationAssociationPresidents Council on Physical Fitness and SportsPresidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports

www.fitness.www.fitness.govgov– Information and links from the U.S. government on fitnessInformation and links from the U.S. government on fitness

http://www.ncsf.org/

http://www.nsca-lift.org/

http://www.nsca-cc.org/

http://www.fitness.gov/

http://www.fitness.gov/

manual of structural kinesiologymuscular analysis of trunk & lower extremity exercises13-1...

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muscle lengthening

muscle group

form of muscle training

weight heshe

contracting muscles

bouts of exercise

muscular control

abdominal muscles