mangroves & oil spills...mangrove tree snake (naples, fl) forest floor fauna fiddler crabs ......
TRANSCRIPT
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Mangroves & Oil SpillsNiger, Africa 1988 spill (dead mangroves):source SciencePhotoLibrary
Increased mutation rates in red mangroves caused by oil and other chemicals that affect chromosome structure:Proffitt, C.E. and S. Travis. 2005. Albino mutation rates in red
mangroves as a bioassay of contamination history in Tampa Bay,
Florida. Wetlands 25:326-334.
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Mangroves: Many important uses, functions, and services
Image from The Nature Foundation
• Habitat (above & below water)• Productivity• Protection from storm surge• Reducing erosion of “land”• Sequester pollutants in woody
biomass and indirectly by producing organic soils via root decomposition
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World Distribution of Mangroves
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Mangrove aerial fauna
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Mangrove tree snake (Naples, FL)
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Forest floor fauna
Fiddler crabs (Uca spp)
Coffee bean snails (Melampus coffeus)
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Prop root and associated aquatics
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Subtropical & tropical prop root fauna
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More of that
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Mangrove tidal creeks
• Important conduits for fauna, productivity export, etc
• But, also avenues for oil and other pollutants to enter deeper into a mangrove forest system
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Humans interact with and use mangroves
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Some uses more sustainable for the habitat than others(Mangroves converted to shrimp farming)
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Mangroves face many problems (habitat loss, pollution, etc)
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Today: Oil Spill Focus
Effects
LethalPlant & faunal
mortality
Non-Lethal (slower growth,
reduced production,
MUTATIONS)
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Associated Topics
•Clean-up: won’t cover much here
•Restoration: We do a lot of studies on that, but also not covering today
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Cleanup of oil in mangroves is difficult
And virtually impossible if it gets into organic sediments (see Burns et al. 2000. Marine Pollution Bulletin 26(5):239-248)
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Various techniques have been tried
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On to Effects of Oil Spills
Oil coming ashore in mangroves in Panama: 1990s
(some data from this spill later)
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Panama: Dead mangrove shoreline following the Galeata spill in the 1980s
Tidal Channel
Live ‘fringe’
Dead strip
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Caribbean Panama: Bahia las Minas spill
• About 50,000 barrels of medium-weight crude oil spilled into the Caribbean coast of Panama in the area known as Bahía Las Minas on April 27, 1986.
• the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute’s Galeta Marine Laboratory received some of the oil. • Fortunately, 15 years of extensive monitoring data and experimental studies,
provided a metric for comparison of effects.
• $4.4M Grant from Minerals Mgmt. Service fueled studies until 1991 (some continued until 1993). PI Jeremy Jackson et al.
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Panama: oiled prop roots
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Panama: Oiled prop root fauna
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Experience Oil in Mangroves !
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Panama
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TABLE FROM commissionoceanindien.org/fileadmin/resources/Autoroute%20maritime%20IPIECA/IPIECA%20Biological%20impacts%20of%20oil%20pollution%20mangroves%20Vol%204%20IPIECA.pdf
Proceedings 1989 Oil Spill Conference, No. 4479, American Petroleum Institute 447-454.
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Florida• The 2010 BP spill: Florida mangroves dodge the bullet
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But -- 2012: Cuba begins offshore oil exploration
A big potential problem for south Florida ecosystems –who can say???
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Proceedings 1985 Oil Spill Conference, API Publication No. 4385, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, DC, 539-546
Marine Pollution Bulletin 18, 122-124
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End of Abstract “
et al.
http://images.library.wisc.edu/EcoNatRes/EFacs/Wetlands/Wetlands16/reference/econatres.wetlands16.hteas.pdf
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Some Florida spills & lab experiments
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Tampa Bay spill 1993 (oiled shoreline AFTER a cleanup….on the next high tide!)
A collision of three ships in Tampa Bay, Florida, spills 336,000 gallons of fuel oil in 1993.
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Tampa Bay: No. 6 fuel oil spill
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Tampa Bay (Boca Ciega Bay, War Veterans Park)
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Tampa Bay: Oiled Spartina alterniflora just seaward of mangrove fringe -- note Littoraria
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Red mangrove seedlings from Tampa Bay Spill: No. 6 fuel oil
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Survival of oiled red mangrove propagules collected during No. 6 oil spill in Tampa Bay
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Crude Oil effects on mangrove seedlings from Tampa Bay
• Experiment conducted by Donna Devlin & myself while at the Louisiana Environmental Research Center at McNeese State Univ.
• Citation: Devlin, D.J. & C.E. Proffitt 1994. Experimental analysis of the effects of oil on mangrove seedlings and saplings and the mangrove gastropod Melampus coffeus L. pp 3-23. In, C.E. Proffitt & P. Roscigno, eds. Symposium proceedings: Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean oil spills in coastal ecosystems: Assessing effects, natural recovery, and progress in remediation research. MMS 95-0063. Not peer reviewed.
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Effects of crude oil in the sediment on red mangrove seedlings: (Proffitt & Devlin)
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Red mangrove seedling survival: Crude Oil
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Red mangrove: Effects of crude oil on seedlings
Vertical white lines indicate no sig. diff. among means
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Summaries of some other studies
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http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/159877/
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Lab experiment with a SPJC student eventually published in 1995: one-time vs weekly oiling
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About 9 weeks
Oiled WeeklyUnoiled Controls (note 2 black mangroves amongst the reds)
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Lab Experiment Proffitt et al. 1995. Marine Pollution Bull. 30: 788-793
One time addition of saturation-level oil to sediment VsWeekly addition of small amountsAndNo oil control
STEM GROWTH of Red Mangrove Seedlings
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Experimental addition of oil1995. Marine Pollution Bulletin 30: 788-793.
One-time saturation oiling accompanied with hot, outdoor environmental conditions (Florida summer) had greater adverse effects than oil alone (one-time soil saturation or small amounts of oil added weekly)
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I’m sure you’re all thinking “When are you going to get to the MUTANTS”?
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Mutant Rhizophora
R. apiculata from Palau
R. stylosa (from Yap)
R. mangle (from Florida)
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The albino mutation is lethal
• Chlorophyll deficient seedlings can’t photosynthesize
• Seedlings can live up to a year (more usually 6 mo.) on nutritional reserves provided by the maternal tree
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Parent trees are heterozygotic
• One allele (a) for albinism, one for ‘normal green’ A, and the normal allele is DOMINANT• AA = normal homozygotic (lives, of course)
• aa = albino mutant (lethal)…BUT you can see and count them on trees because the mother tree is nourishing them!!!!!!!!!!!
• Aa = the heterozygotic condition lives because of the dominant A allele but “carries” & passes on to the next generation the recessive “a” allele.
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Recall some basic reproductive biology of the red mangrove
• Viviparous (propagules hanging from trees are germinated seedlings…NOT seed pods!)
Propagules hang on maternal tree for up to 6 + months nourished by the tree (ie., not conducting much if any of their own photosynthesis)
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Most Rhizophora mangle self-fertilize• By the time the flower bud opens, the anthers (male parts) have released
pollen and fallen off. Thus, greater chance to self-fertilize than to out-cross
• Remember your high school Mendelian genetics about crosses of a gene that has two alleles. The Punnett Square (below)
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
Male
Female
Albino propagules (yellow or pink on the tree)
Heterozygotic propagules, carriers but look normal green AND CAN SURVIVE to become new trees
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Most Rhizophora mangle self-fertilize• By the time the flower bud opens, the anthers (male parts) have released
pollen and fallen off. Thus, greater chance to self-fertilize than to out-cross
• Remember your high school Mendelian genetics about crosses of a gene that has two alleles. The Punnett Square (below)
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
Male
Female
Because of this, a heterozygotic TREE that is 100% selfing will produce GREEN and ALBINO propagules in a 3:1 ratio
Thus (an aside for the biologists out there) deviations from a 3:1 ratio can be used as an estimate of outcrossing
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That’s a single tree. For the POPULATION of trees you can count the number of trees producing albino propagules relative to the TOTAL number of reproducing trees.
• Albino mutations occur at some background rate (as in ALL species)
• Oil spills and other “xenobiotic” chemicals that cause chromosomes to break can INCREASE the mutation rate.• Handler & Teas first noticed albinism in red mangroves. 1983. Tasks for
vegetation science Vol. 8: 117-121
• Ed Klekowski and students first used albinism as a bioassay. Klekowski et al. 1994. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28: 346–350.
• Steve Travis and I surveyed albinism statewide in Florida. Proffitt, C.E. and S. Travis. 2005. Albino mutation rates in red mangroves as a bioassay of contamination history in Tampa Bay, Florida. Wetlands 25:326-334.
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As part of the USGS Tampa Bay project we found
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Mutation rates were higher at most contaminated sites
Not oil in Bishop Harbor,Instead: Phosphate Sludge Pond effluent (repeated spills & releases over many years)
Not all oil spills cause measurable increases in mutation rates:a) Weathered oil may
lose some of the “worse” chemicals because they’re volatile
b) Old spills (one was >25 yrs) may have seen the mutation rate degrade back to near background levels.
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That’s about it! Questions?
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END
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