mangroves of the mesoamerica reef ecoregion · mangroves of the mesoamerica reef ecoregion steve...
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Mangroves of the Mesoamerica Reef Ecoregion
Steve Canty
Smithsonian Marine Station, Marine Conservation Program
Conservation Commons, Working Land and Seascapes
SmithsonianConservation Commons
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Mesoamerican Mangrove and Seagrass Network
• For those that would like to subscribe:[email protected]
• Extension of the Healthy Reef for Healthy People Initiative
• Connecting managers, government agencies, civil society, researchers and scientists
• Increasing knowledge sharing and learning experiences
• Building a map of previous, current and future projects and collaborations
Over 90 individuals
Over 35 institutions
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What are mangroves
Diverse group of halophytic (salt-tolerant) plants that exhibit:
1. Complete fidelity to the mangrove environment
2. Contribute a major structural role
and can form monospecific stands
3. Exhibit morphological adaptions
4. Have the ability to exclude or exude
salt through physiological mechanisms
5. Taxonomic isolation from terrestrial relatives
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Mangrove species of the MAR
• Species found in the MAR• Rhizophora mangle
• Avicennia germanins
• Laguncularia racemosa
• Pelliciera rhizophorae (rare)
• Associate species• Conocarpus erectus
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Mangrove zonation
• Similar zonation patterns seen throughout the MAR• Generally forming single species stands
Rhizophora mangle
Avicennia germinans Laguncularia racemosaTropical mixed forest,
may include Conocarpus erectus
Sea LandwardIntertidal zone
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Mangrove distribution
• Total mangrove area (2010 estimates)• MAR – 239,176 ha
• Distribution of mangroves by country• Mexico – 128,049 ha (53.5%)• Belize – 74,684 ha (31.3%) • Guatemala – 1,170 ha (0.5%)• Honduras – 35,273 ha (14.7%)
(Canty et al., 2018)
• Mapping efforts at the global scale• https://data.unep-wcmc.org/datasets/4• Resolution is low and underestimates distribution
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Review of Mangrove management
• Management frameworks
• Identification of key threats
• Disconnection between managers and researchers
• Status of mangroves
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Governance
• Stringent legislation• Legally protected in all four countries• 42 Protected areas
• National governance frameworks are complex
• Countries not aligned on regional and international agreements
• Lack of resources - the major cause of protected area failure (Gill et al., 2017)
(Canty et al., 2018)
239,176 ha total cover
111,396 ha in protected
areas
37 threats characterized
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Threats to mangroves in the MAR
Managers
(Canty et al., 2018)
Researchers
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Stakeholder disconnect
• Differences in perceptions and focus of key threats to mangroves
• Managers – localized anthropogenic disturbances
• Researchers – global climate change
• How do we ensure science-based management?
(Canty et al., 2018)
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Status of MAR mangroves
• 30% loss in cover regionally from 1990 to 2010
• Regional mean loss rate:
5,292 hectares per year
• Why do we want to address this decline?
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400
1990 2010
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Honduras
Guatemala
Belize
Mexico
(Canty et al., 2018)
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Mangrove importance
Biodiversity – mangrove ecosystem complex• Canopy• Benthos• Root system• Tidal waters• Connectivity with other ecosystems• Genetic diversity
Ecosystem services• Supporting
• Provisioning
• Regulatory
• Cultural
Human well-being – high quality of life• Health
• Food security
• Security
• Economic base
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Biodiversity
• Canopy• e.g. Birds, reptiles, insects, mammals
• Benthos• e.g. Crabs, molluscs, gastropods
• Root systems• e.g. Algae, corals, tunicates, molluscs
• Tidal waters• e.g. Fin fish, crustaceans, marine mammals
• Connectivity to other ecosystems• e.g. Coral reefs and seagrasses, terrestrial forests
• Genetic diversity
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All of these fish species spend part of their lifecycle within a mangrove forest
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Biodiversity
• Canopy• e.g. Birds, reptiles, insects, mammals
• Benthos• e.g. Crabs, molluscs, gastropods
• Root systems• e.g. Algae, corals, tunicates, molluscs
• Tidal waters• e.g. Fin fish, crustaceans, marine mammals
• Connectivity to other ecosystems• e.g. Coral reefs and seagrasses, terrestrial forests
• Genetic diversity
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Mangrove connectivity
• How genetically diverse are the mangroves in the MAR?
• Have results from Mexico (Cisneros‐de la Cruz et al., 2018)
• Regional study in progress (Canty et al.,)
• Spatial scales for management• Do ecological and management units
match?(Cisneros‐de la Cruz et al., 2018)
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Biodiversity plays an important role in the function of ecosystem services
Valued at US$ 193,843 per hectare per year (Constanza et al., 2014)
Ecosystem services
SupportingNutrient cycling
Sediment accretionPrimary production
ProvisioningFisheries
HoneyMedicines
RegulatingCoastal protection
Carbon sequestrationWater purification
CulturalSacred sitesRecreationInspiration
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Not all mangroves are equal
• Dwarf mangroves are prevalent within the region
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Human well-being
• Extractive activities appear dominant in promoting human well-being• e.g. fishing, lumber
• Non-extractive benefits are critical but more difficult to quantify• e.g. hurricane and storm protection,
coastal protection
• Highly dependent upon biodiversity and functioning of ecosystem services
Food security
Economic base
Health Security
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Mangrove importance
Biodiversity• Complex food webs and trophic interactions• Regulation of ecosystem processes and function• Genetic diversity an important factor
Ecosystem services• Important in resilience and adaptation to climate change
• Direct and in-direct benefits – attempts to value all services
• Local and global scales
• DEPENDENT ON BIODIVERSITY, BUT NOT ALL MANGROVES ARE EQUAL
Human well-being• Extractive and non-extractive benefits are equally important
• Difficult to quantify and identify with intangible benefits
• DEPENDENT ON BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
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Thank you
Steve Canty
Smithsonian Marine Station, Marine Conservation Program
Conservation Commons, Working Land and Seascapes
SmithsonianConservation Commons