maneuver control 1955

8/17/2019 Maneuver Control 1955

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/maneuver-control-1955 1/192

D E P

A R TM E N T

O F T H E A R M Y F I E LD

MA

NUA L

M N U V R

DE

GR DED

B Y

A U T H O R I T Y

1 5 1

U N L S S I R E

D

DEPARTME

NT O F THE

ARMY • A U G U S T

9 5 5



CHANGE S

DEP RTME

NT OF THE RMY

N o. 1 WASH

INGTON 25,

D. C ., 6 une

956

FM

105-5,18

ugus

t

1955,

is

ch

anged

as

follows:

3

Umpire Miss io n s

6. The primary

missions of an umpire

re

3)

To create realism by depictin

g

those hostile

gr

ound

sea,

and

air

a

ctivities

whic

h should

compel

the individual

soldier

and

the

unit

comm

ander from the

squa

d

up

to

take

action ma

ke

d

ecisions,

during a tac

tical

ex

ercise jus

t as they would

be compelled

to do in com

bat.

*

65 C

apture of Person

nel

*

. Prisoners of wa

r mu

st be

g

uarded properly

to

prevent

escape

as

they

would

be

in

an

actual

si

tuation



/.

Added)

Capturing force

s

or

units should

sub

ject

maneuver

prisoners

to

interrogation,

indoctrina

tion in Aggres

sor

forces

concepts and

expl

oitation in

res

pect to questionnaires,

broadcasts and written

stat

ements,

but

will not subject them

to

in

dignities

or

physical pressur

e. Captors w

ill remain responsible

f

or

the he

alth and welfa

re of

prison

ers

and

will not

endeavor by

undue

means

to

force

prisoners

to

violate

th

e Co

de of

Conduc

t. Commanders

a

nd

umpires wil

l

ensure that realism is kept

within reasonable

bounds.

In

consideri

ng the circumstances

o

f

capture,

proper

re

cognition w

ill be given

surprise, aggressiveness

stea

lth,

am

bush and mo

bility so th

at these factors are

tactically

rewarded in the play

of the

exercise.

When

appropri

ate umpires will

incl

ude in

their daily re

po

rts

the

following additio

nal

item

s:

1) Acti

ons of prisoners

while under con

trol of

opposi

ng

force.

2) Treatment accorded

pris

oners by their

captors.

3) Prisoner knowledge o

f provis

ions of

the

Code

of Con

duct

and

Geneva

C

onventions

of

12

August

1949.

igu

res and 9

So

much of

figures

and

9 as

reads AN

/GRC-10 is chang

ed to read



P

P

E

N

D

IX

R

EF

E

R

E

N

CE

S

A

d

d

t

he

f

ol

lo

w

i

ng

re

fe

r

en

c

es

i

n

p

ro

p

e

r s

e

qu

e

n

ce

:

D

A

P

a

m

2

1

7

1

T

h

e

U

. S

.

Fi

g

h

ti

ng

M

a

n

's

C

o

de

T

O

2

1

1

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

C

od

e

o

f

C

o

n

du

c

t

P

P

E

N

D

IX

I I

I

U

M

P

IR

E

T

R

IN

I

N

G

P

R

O

G

R

M

T

h

e

fo

ll

o

w

in

g

t

ra

in

i

n

g

th

e

se

sp

e

c

ia

l

o

pe

r

a

ti

on

s

.

B

y

O

r

d

er

o

f

W

i

lb

e

r

M

.

B

ru

c

ke

r

Se

c

re

ta

r

y

of

t

he

A

r

m

y

:

M

A

X

W

E

L

L

D

.

T

A

Y

L

O

E

G

e

ne

r

al

U

n

ite

d

S

ta

te

s

A

r

m

y

O

ffi

ci

al

C

h

ie

f

o

f

St

a

ff

.

J

O

H

N

A

.

K

L

E

I

N

M

a

jo

r

G

e

n

er

a

l

U

ni

te

d

S

ta

te

s

A

rm

y

The

Adjutant

General.



O

t f

L Y

D

is

tr

ib

u

ti

o

n

:

Active

Army

T

ec

S

v

c

, D

A

(

1

)

B

r

ig

(

2

)

A

d

m

i

n

T

e

c

Sv

c

B

d

E

e

g

t

2

)

(

1)

B

n

(2

)

H

q

C

O

N

A

R

C

(

6

0)

C

o

(

1)

A

rm

y

A

A

C

o

m

d

(5

)

F

t

C

p

(2

)

O

S

M

a

j

C

o

m

d

5

)

G

e

n

B

r

S

v

c

S

c

h

OS

ase

Comd

3)

5

)

L

o

g

C

o

m

d

3

)

A

R

W

C

(1

0

)

M

D

W

(

5

)

N

W

C

(

1

0

)

A

rm

i

e

s

5)

IC

A

F

(1

0

)

C

o

r

ps

3

)

P

M

S

T

1

)

D

i

v

3

)

M

i

lD

is

t

3

)

N

Q

S

ta

te

A

G

(6

)

u

n

it

s

s

am

e

a

s

A

c

ti

ve

A

r

m

y

e

x

ce

p

t

a

ll

ow

an

c

e

i

s

o

n

e

c

o

p

y

to

e

a

ch

u

n

i

t.

U

S

A

R

Same

as

Activ e Army

except

allowance

s

one

c

o

p

y

t

o

e

ac

h

u

n

it

.

F

o

r

ex

p

l

an

a

ti

o

n

o

f

a

b

b

re

v

i

at

io

n

s

u

se

d

, s

e

e

S

E

3

20

-

50

-

1

.

T

A

G

O

74

6

1C

O R

O F



FM

1

05

-5

,F

IE

LD

M

AN

U

A

L

D

EP

A

R

T

M

E

N

T

O

F

T

H

E

A

R

M

Y

No.

105-5

WASH INGTON

25,

D.

C.

8

ugust

9

M

A

N

E

U

V

E

R

O

N

T

R

O

P

ar

a

gra

ph

s

P

ag

e

CH

A

P

TE

R

1

IN

T

R

O

D

U

C

T

I

O

N

.

__

_

_

_

__

1

-8

3

2.

UMPIRE

ORGANIZATION

S

e

ct

io

n

I.

O

r

ga

ni

za

ti

on

a

nd

fu

n

ct

io

n

s o

f

th

e

um

p

ir

e

g

ro

u

p_

_

_

__

_

_

_

9

-1

2

1

1

I

I.

P

er

so

n

ne

l.

_

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

13

-2

3

17

I

II

.

U

m

pi

re

tr

ai

n

in

g_

_

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

2

4

-2

6

2

2

IV

.

Id

en

t

if

ic

at

io

n

s._

_

_

__

_

_

,._

_

._

2

7-

30

2

4

C

H

AP

T

ER

3

. U

M

PI

R

E

C

O

N

T

R

O

L

, M

ET

H

O

D

S

PR

O

C

E

D

U

R

E

S

S

ec

tio

n

I.

U

m

p

ire

c

on

t

ro

l

__

_

__

__

_

__

_

__

_

31

-3

6

27

I

I.

I

nf

a

nt

ry

a

ct

io

n_

_

__

_

_

_

_

__

_

_

3

7

-3

8

3

2

II

I.

A

r

m

or

ed

a

c

tio

n

_-

__

_

_

__

_

__

__

3

9-

4

1

3

9

I

V

.

A

r

til

le

ry

. __

__

_

__

_

_

_

__

_

_

__

_

4

2-

4

6

41

V

.

S

p

ec

ia

l o

pe

ra

ti

on

a

nd

st

af

f

um

p

ir

es

.

_

__

_

__

_

__

__

_

__

_

__

__

_

47

-5

2

4

8

V

I

. R

e

co

rd

s

a

nd

re

p

or

ts

_

_

__

_

__

__

_

53

-5

5

55

CHAPTER

4. FIRE

POWER

AND

LOSS

A

SS

E

S

S

M

E

N

T

Se

ct

io

n

I

. F

ir

e

po

w

e

r._

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

__

__

_

_

5

6-

64

5

8

t

er

ie

l-_

_

_

__

-_

-_

_

__

_

__

_

__

_

_

6

5

-6

6

75

II

I.

C

a

su

a

lty

a

nd

d

am

a

ge

a

ss

es

s-

m

en

t

__

_

__

_

__

-

__

_

--

__

_

_-

_

.

6

7-

77

7

8

IV.

Obstacles

and delay

s.

_

_

__

_

__

_

78

,7

9

95

C

H

AP

T

ER

5.

C

O

M

M

U

N

I

C

A

T

IO

N

S

A

N

D

T

R

A

N

SP

O

R

T

A

T

IO

N

-..

__

_

8

0-

89

1

03



ara

graphs

age

APPENDIX I. RE

FERENCE

S.. _

______

112

If.

UMPIR

E PLAN

NING

GUID

E— — — —

..—

----

- 11

4

III. UMP

IRE

TRAIN

ING PRO

GRAM

-.-..---..-_

_______

__

--_

141

IV.

SAFETY

PREC

AUTION

S-__ -__-_ 1

44

V . T

HE

FI

RE POWER C

OM

PUTER

-———

-----------

148

VI.

THE CHEMI

CAL

CA

SUAL

TY

C O M P

UTER. .— —. .

157

VII.

PREPARING

AND

USING

i

THE ATO

MIC W E APO

NS

EFFEC

TS

O

VERLAY

S..—

167



C H A P T E R

IN T RO D U CT IO N

1 Purpose

This

manual

is

designed as

a guide

for

use

in um

piring

tactical

exercises.

2 Application

and

S c o p e

This manual is specifically applicable to

umpiring

tactical exercises

in

which

Aggressor,

the maneuver

enemy,

is used

to furnish logical and realistic opposi

tion for United

States

troops. It contains the mis

sions

of

the umpire, the

organization

and functions

of an umpire group, methods of umpiring, umpire

training, umpire communications, and

transporta

tion. It also sets forth methods and procedures for

controlling the operations

of

one

or

both of the

op

posing forces

in order

to accomplish

the purpose or

objectives

of

the

exercise.

In

any

tactical

exercise,

regardless

of

the size

or

type of participating units

or

whether

or not an actual Aggressor enemy

is

em

ployed, the principles set forth herein should be ad

hered to

and the

procedures

modified only when the

scale and type

of

the

exercise

and

facilities

available

so

dictate.

3 Umpire Missions

a The umpire system is designated to provide

a

media through which the exercise director can in-



fluence

the op

erations of th

e o

pposing forces.

The

re

for

e, the u

mpire syste

m

must provid

e the exe

rcise

d

irector w

ith curre

nt infor

mation

on the d

isposi

ti

ons,

oper

ations, plans,

and other

activ

ities of all

parti

cipating

units.

6 .

The prima

ry

m

issions o

f an umpir

e are—

(1)

To report,

as directe

d, all curren

t a

nd

pla

nned activ

ities of the

unit

s to which

assigned

.

(2)

To

determin

e and

por

tray th

e

effects of

movem

ent, dis

position,

and fire p

ower on

the de

velopmen

t

o

f a ta

ctical s

ituation by

th

e assessm

ent of lo

gical los

ses in

personn

el

a

nd

mat

erial

and

the

anno

uncement

of the

resu

lting

dec

isions affecting

,the

immedia

te

op

erations of

either or both

of the

opposing

forces.

(3)

To cr

eate realism

by depict

ing tho

se hosti

le

gro

und, sea,

and

air

acti

vities whic

h .should

compel

the i

ndividua

l soldi

er

a

nd the un

it

com

mander from

the squ

ad

up, to ta

ke

ac

tion

or

mak

e decis

ions du

ring a

tactic

al ex

ercise

just

as

they

would

be

compelled

to

do

in

combat.

(4) Wh

en direct

ed by the off

icer

responsi

ble for

t

he

preparati

on and

conduct

of

the

exe

rcise,

t

o

critiq

ue the

ope

rations, and

to repor

t

o

n

t

he pro

ficiency of

the unit

for

which he

is

umpire.

4 Objective

of

Any Ta

ctical Exerc i

se

The objecti

ve of a

ny ta

ctical exerci

se is

to

t

rain

tro

ops, staffs

and

co

mmander

s, and

to prepar

e them



for com

bat operations.

For

effect

iveness, each

t

acti

cal

exercise m

ust have specific and

well-defined train

ing objectives.

5. Aggres sor th

e Maneuver

En e m y

a Ag

gressor, th

e

maneuver

enemy, with an

imagi

nary and fictiti

ous

n

ational backg

round

a

nd

history,

or

der

of bat

tle, uniform and insignia, lang

uage, cus

to

ms, basic philosophy, and

a soun

d

but decidedly

different

tactical doctr

ine, has been dev

eloped to

provide

a

real,

liv

e maneuver enemy to opp

ose

Un

ited

States

For

ces

in

all tactical exercises.

The detailed

organizatio

n,

doctrine a

nd

character

o

f aggr

essor

will provide

information on whi

ch

to base

intelli

gence

estim

ates for in

clusion

in the

exercise.

The

use of Ag

gressor

as

th

e

maneuver enem

y will leave

little

to

the imagination

of

the individual

soldier

and

will

make

it

possible to acquain

t him with

th

e immediate and

overall

situation concerning

a

real

istic

ene

my (FM's

30-101, 30-102, 30-103, and

30-104).

Aggressor will be em

ployed in all

tac

tical exercises

h

eld in the

zone of

interior. Else

where,

theater

commanders will

determine

whether

or

not Aggressor

will be

use

d.

b The Aggressor

Cadre provides

a permanent

agency to d

evelop the

doctrine and

techniques to

b

e

em

ployed

by A

ggressor, t

he

maneuver ene

my. When

directed

by competent

authority, elements of

the

Aggress

or Cadre

will be made available

to

th

e

c

om

mander

res

ponsible for the prepa

ration and

conduct

of

designated tactical ex

ercises for

the

purpose

of

ren

dering advice and

assistance on Aggressor

repre

sentation in

such

e

xercises (FM

30-104).



6 Employment

of

Aggr

essor in Tactical E

x erc ises

a General

Aggresso

r

m

ay be e

mployed

in

any

type

tactical exercise. T

he Aggressor Forc

e may be

represented, outlined, or

imaginary,

and

its

opera

tions

may be controlled

by

the exercise dire

ctor or it

may

be free

to

react to

the

o

perations

of the opposing

United S

tates Force within

established limitations

as

to

mission, area, and

time availab

le, which are

appli

cable to both

sides. Th

e

mann

er in w

hich

Aggressor

is

employed

in

a

tactical

exercise

is

de

pende

nt upon the purpose a

nd type o

f

the exerc

ise

and is

normally determin

ed

b

y the exercise

director.

It is em

phasized

th

at, in any tactica

l

exercise

, suffi

c

ient

Ag

gressor

strength must be

present in order

to

develop logical and reali

stic

situ

ations; therefore,

United

States troop

units

of

the

size

and type

re

quired must be provi

ded. These

United

Sta

tes troop

units

must be

made avai

lable

to the Aggress

or Force

Com

mander

e

arly

in the preexercise training

phase

so that

they can be

organized, uniformed,

equipped,

and

trained as p

rescribed in

appropriate

Aggr

essor

field

manuals

(FM's

30-101,

30-102, 30-103, 30-104)

prior

to the start of

the tactical

phase

of

the exercise.

The training time

required

will vary with each

exer

cise. In t

he controlled exercise,

additio

nal

time mus

t

be

provided so that the

Aggr

essor Force ca

n rehearse

th

e preplanned

tactical operations on t

he actual ter

rain

and

prepare

neces

sary tactical pos

itions and

installa

tions. For

larger exercises the

time required

for such

training and rehearsals

will

approximate

month.



1

)

I

n

th

o

se

t

ac

t

ic

a

l

ex

e

rc

is

e

s

in

w

h

i

ch

th

e

o

p

e

ra

ti

o

ns

o

f

t

he

A

g

g

re

s

so

r

F

o

rc

e

a

r

e

c

o

n

trolled

b

y

t

he

E

xe

r

ci

se

D

i

re

c

to

r,

a

nd

t

he

U

n

it

e

d

S

ta

te

s

F

o

rc

e

is

p

e

rm

it

te

d

fr

e

ed

o

m

o

f

op

e

ra

t

io

n

s

w

i

th

in

p

re

s

cr

ib

e

d

li

m

it

at

io

n

s

e

st

ab

l

is

h

ed

b

y

th

e

E

x

e

rc

i

se

D

ir

ec

t

or

,

u

m

p

i

re

s

fo

r

th

e

U

n

ite

d

St

a

te

s

F

o

r

ce

m

u

s

t

be

p

ro

v

id

e

d

.

I

n

th

is

ty

p

e

ex

e

rc

is

e

th

e

p

l

an

s

a

nd

ac

t

io

n

s o

f

th

e

U

n

ite

d

S

ta

t

es

Fo

r

ce

C

om

m

a

nd

e

r

ar

e

in

fl

u

en

c

ed

by

th

e

Exercise

Di

re

c

to

r

b

y

p

l

ac

in

g

A

gg

r

e

ss

o

r

o

p

p

o

si

tio

n

a

ga

i

n

st

U

n

ite

d

S

t

at

e

s

un

i

ts

in

a

s

er

ie

s

o

f

s

it

u

at

io

n

s

d

es

ig

n

e

d

to

a

c

co

m

p

l

is

h

t

he

ob

j

ec

ti

v

es

o

f

t

h

e

ex

e

rc

is

e

.

U

m

p

ir

e

l

ia

is

o

n

te

am

s,

fir

e

m

a

rk

e

r

te

a

m

s

, a

n

d

s

u

ch

a

d

di

tional

umpires

as

are

required

for the

real

is

ti

c

p

l

ay

o

f t

he

ex

e

rc

is

e

s

h

ou

l

d b

e

p

r

o

vi

d

ed

fo

r

t

h

e

A

g

g

re

s

so

r

F

o

rc

e

.

(2

)

T

h

e

A

g

g

re

s

so

r

F

o

r

ce

C

o

m

m

a

n

de

r

i

s

fu

r

n

is

h

ed

co

m

p

l

et

e

in

f

or

m

a

ti

o

n

o

n

t

he

U

n

it

e

d

S

t

a

te

s

F

o

rc

e

d

i

sp

o

si

ti

o

ns

a

n

d

p

la

n

s

in

o

r

de

r

to

more

effectively

present planned

situa

t

io

n

s

t

o

t

he

U

n

i

te

d

S

ta

t

es

Fo

r

c

e.

3

)

A

d

e

ta

il

e

d s

c

he

d

u

le

of

e

v

e

nt

s,

o

r

c

on

t

ro

l

p

la

n

,

is

p

u

bl

is

h

ed

b

y

th

e

ex

e

rc

i

se

d

ir

ec

t

or

a

s

a

g

u

id

e

f

o

r

th

e

A

g

g

re

s

so

r

F

or

c

e C

om

m

an

d

e

r

a

n

d

t

h

e

c

h

ie

f

u

m

p

ir

e

.

T

h

e

c

o

n

tr

ol

p

l

an

contains a

series

of

situations

designed

to

a

cc

o

m

p

li

sh

th

e

ob

j

ec

t

iv

es

of

t

h

e

e

x

e

rc

is

e

a

n

d

th

e

s

p

ec

if

ic

r

ol

e

o

f

th

e

A

g

g

re

ss

o

r

F

or

c

e

in

e

a

ch

,

i

n

cl

u

di

n

g

in

t

el

li

ge

n

c

e

ac

ti

v

it

ie

s,

a

n

d

pr

e

p

la

n

ne

d

s

pe

c

ia

l

o

p

er

a

ti

on

s

.

C

o

n

t

ro

l



pla

ns mu

st be

flexibl

e and

capabl

e

of being

a

djuste

d to meet

c

hangin

g con

dition

s en

count

ered

durin

g th

e

de

velopm

ent

o

f the

tac

tical situ

ation.

The

um

pires

and

the

Ag

gres

sor Fo

rce

shoul

d rehea

rse th

e

p

re

pla

nned

tactic

al ope

rations

conta

ined

in the

cont

rol

plan on

the a

ctual te

rrain

pr

ior to

t

he

star

t o

f th

e

ex

ercise

.

(1)

In

th

ose tac

tical exe

rcises

in

which

both

th

e

A

ggress

or Fo

rce an

d t

he

U

nited

States

Forc

e

are

per

mitted

freedo

m

of ope

ration

s

withi

n p

rescrib

ed

lim

itatio

ns

esta

blishe

d

by

the exer

cise

directo

r,

umpir

es are

requir

ed

for

b

oth

si

des.

(2

) T

he umpire

orga

nizatio

n should

pr

ovide fo

r

u

nit

umpire

s, liaison

tea

ms, fire m

arke

r

t

eams, a

nd

special

um

pires

as

req

uired

for

bo

th the A

ggres

sor F

orce an

d th

e Unit

ed

Sta

tes Force

.

The deci

sion

as to

the effect

of the

oppo

sition

on

the

imme

diate tac

tical

oper

ation

of eith

er o

r

b

otn

of the

opp

osing

fo

rces

is n

ormal

ly

m ade by

t

he

se

nior

Uni

ted

States F

orce

un

it umpi

re inv

olved.

In

a

s

pecific

ally

desig

nated

situa

tion,

howev

er,

the chi

ef um

pire

may re

lieve

the un

it um

p

ire

of this

aut

hority

an

d d

elegat

e

it

to

one

or

m ore

u

mpire

lia

ison tea

ms

for

the

specifi

c situ

ation

only.

(3) T

he

e

xercis

e

direc

tor ass

igns mi

ssions

to

both

the A

ggres

sor F

orce an

d th

e Unite

d

Sta

tes Fo

rce.



(

4) Bo

th Ag

gresso

r Forces

and

Un

ited States

F

orces

collect

and

p

rocess

infor

mation

and

devel

op th

eir own co

mbat in

telligen

ce

just

as the

y wou

ld

be

compel

led

to

d

o

in

combat.

The

exe

rcise

direc

tor furnish

es both

f

orces

w

ith the in

forma

tion

and

intellig

ence

of the

ene

my that no

rmally

w

ould be

furnish

ed by

a hig

her hea

dquarte

rs.

7 R

ealism

in

Tac

t ical Exerc ise

s

Tactical

exercises

must

be

carried

out

under

c

onditio

ns

resemb

ling batt

le as n

early

as pos

sible.

Unreal

istic tra

ining in

tactica

l

exe

rcises

lead

s to

exces

sive los

ses on the

ba

ttlefield

.

.

C

ontrol

durin

g a tactic

al exerci

se is

of

utmos

t

import

ance.

This con

trol

is

e

xercise

d b

y

m

eans

of

ump

ires

assi

gned to

the vario

us

units

and sp

ecial

activit

ies. E

very eff

ort

will

be

mad

e

to h

old

to a

m

inimum

th

e

emplo

yment of

flags

and oth

er prac

tice

s w

hich

tend to

prod

uce artif

iciality

. Inste

ad,

the

umpire

must

ve

rbally

paint th

e

battle pictur

e,

a

ssess casu

alties

and

damage

s, and

an

nounce

de

c

isions in

a m

anner

tha

t

will

provi

de the

realis

tic

war

situation

that

is

lacking due to

the

absence

of

li

ve a

mmuni

tion. B

y playi

ng the

ga

me the u

mpire

c

an ass

ist in

in

stilling

combat

real

ism into

any

train

ing exerci

se.

A

tomic

play

will

be

includ

ed in

all

tactica

l

ex

ercises

when

app

ropria

te. Ever

y e

ffort will

be

mad

e to pe

rmit an

ato

mic

attack

to have

its

full

imp

act

o

n th

e exerc

ise in

ord

er

t

o i

mpress

on

com

man

ders and

troops

the

m

agnitud

e

of its

eff

ects

on

all asp

ects

o

f

plan

ning a

nd

op

eration

s. Thi

s requir

es



pa

rticu

larly

for

ceful

ac

tion o

n t

he p

art of

um

pires

in r

equir

ing

unit

s an

d com

man

ders

to

p

lay

the

gam

e

w

hen

they

h

ave b

een a

ssess

ed he

avy

casu

altie

s

and

equ

ipme

nt dama

ge.

8 n

tellig

ence

Aspe

c t o f Ta

ct ica l

E

xerc i

ses

A

ll tacti

cal

exerc

ises

shou

ld req

uire

the

u

se of

ev

ery

as

pect of

c

omba

t

i

ntelli

genc

e from

the

col

lec

ting

an

d

rep

ortin

g of i

nform

atio

n by the

in

di

vidu

al

so

ldier

to

th

e

co

llecti

ng

and

proc

essin

g

o

f

information and

intelligence

by specialized

military

intel

ligen

ce agenc

ies

and

per

sonne

l, and th

e di

ssemi

natio

n an

d use

of

the

r

esult

ing

intell

igenc

e.

6.

T

he Ag

gres

sor

Forc

e, par

ticul

arly in

th

e con

tro

lled

exerc

ise,

by

cond

uctin

g a

ctivi

ties

on

the

gr

ound

and

by

pr

ovidi

ng prep

ared p

riso

ners

of

wa

r,

documents,

propaganda

leaflets, traffic

for

radio

in

te

rcep

t, and s

imul

ated

de

ad, mak

es a

vaila

ble

e

noug

h

detai

led

i

nform

atio

n to reali

stical

ly

pres

ent

an ov

er

all

pictu

re o

f

the Ag

gress

or sit

uatio

n

to th

e Uni

ted

State

s F

orce

inte

llige

nce

offic

ers, whe

n t

hey su

ccess

f

ully

u

tilize

th

e

a

genc

ies

avai

lable

to them

.

The res

pons

ibilit

y o

f th

e indiv

idua

l

sold

ier t

o

col

lect

and

r

eport

m

ilita

ry infor

mati

on m

ust

be e

m

p

hasiz

ed th

roug

hou

t eac

h

ta

ctica

l

exer

cise.

A

ggre

ssor

d

octri

ne

emp

hasiz

es the

u

tiliz

ation

of clan

dest

ine in

telli

gence

, inclu

ding

e

spio

nage,

sab

otage

, an

d othe

r

sub

versi

ve ac

tions

. Secu

rity

con

sc

iousn

ess

of

the in

divid

ual

so

ldier

and

the

inte

gra

tion of

counterintelligence activities

into

the

man

euve

r plan

shou

ld also

be

stres

sed

in p

lanni

ng

and

oper

ation

al phase

s.



CHAPTER 2

UMPIRE ORGA

NIZATION

Sect ion I ORGAN

IZATION

AND

FUNCT

IONS

OF

THE

UM P

IRE GROUP

9

Exerc ise

Direc to r

The

e

xercise dire

ctor

p

lans and

conducts

the exer

ci

se.

A

lthough he does not

particip

ate

in

the

opera

tion

s of the op

posing forces,

he ac

ts as

the superior

commander

of

the

United

St

ates

Forces, and,

through

the Control Command,

as

Commander of the Aggr

es

sor

Forces and of

the

Umpire

Group.

He

presents

the

situation,

initiates

and co

ordinates the planning

f

or and executi

on of the t

actical

phase,

an

d

finally

terminates

the exercise. He conducts

the final

cri

tique. In small tacti

cal exercis

es the exercise director

an

d chief umpire may

be

one

and the same person.

10

Organization

or

C o n t r o l

The exercise dire

ctor may con

trol the ma

neuver

by

eith

er

of

the following methods:

When t

he

maneuver

is

con

ducted as

outlined in

paragraph 6b,

use

of

a Con

trol

Command

is

d

esirable.

The Control C

ommand is

a maneuv

er

managem

ent

agency

for

the

exercise

director.

The

Aggressor

Forces and

the Um

pire

Grou

p are under

the

Contr

ol

Command. This co

mmand

ha

s

in addition

an Op-



e

rat

ion

s Sec

tion

an

d a

sm

all

A

dm

ini

stra

tiv

e S

ec

tion

t

o su

ppo

rt t

he Ag

gre

sso

r F

orc

es

an

d

U

mp

ire

G

ro

up

A

,

fig

. 1).

Th

e f

unc

tio

ns

of

the

C

on

tro

l Co

mm

an

d

are

as

follows:

1)

Det

aile

d

p

lan

nin

g in

acc

ord

an

ce

wi

th

th

e

sce

nar

io

and

w

ith

ex

erc

ise

dir

ect

ive

s.

2) C

on

duc

t

of

th

e

Um

pir

e

S

ch

ool.

3

) C

oo

rdin

ati

on o

f A

gg

ress

or

F

orc

es a

nd

th

e

Um

pi

re Gro

up

wit

h th

e g

ene

ral

pla

n of

th

e

exercise.

4)

Co

nd

uct

o

f r

equ

ired

r

ehe

ars

als

of

Um

pi

re

G

rou

p

wit

h

A

gg

res

sor

F

orc

es

pri

or

to

the

st

art of

th

e

e

xer

cise

.

5

) C

olle

cti

on o

f i

nfo

rma

tio

n a

nd

d

ata

n

ee

ded

f

or

t

he

com

ple

tio

n of

the

exe

rci

se

fina

l

re

por

t.

W

he

n

th

e man

eu

ver

is co

ndu

cte

d

as

ou

tlin

ed

in

pa

rag

rap

h 6c

, a

bov

e,

and

frie

nd

ly

Ag

gre

sso

r

F

or

ces

ar

e

app

ro

xim

ate

ly

eq

ua

l in

str

eng

th,

the

or

ga

niz

atio

n sh

ow

n

in B,

fi

gur

e

1,

i

s

m

ore

e

ffec

tive

.

f

this

organization

is

used,

the

functions outlined

in a, ab

ov

e,

bec

om

e

the

r

esp

ons

ibi

lity

of

th

e e

xer

cise

di

rec

tor a

nd

th

e ch

ief

um

pi

re.

1

1

Um

pire

G

rou

p

Th

e

org

ani

zat

ion

of

t

he

um

pire

g

ro

up sh

own

in

fig

ure

1

is

in

ten

ded

as

a

gui

de a

nd

ma

y b

e m

od

ifie

d t

o

m

ee

t th

e req

uire

me

nts

o

f a

p

art

icu

lar

exe

rcis

e.

T

he

c

hai

n of

c

om

ma

nd fo

r u

nit u

mp

ire

s

par

alle

ls

tha

t

o

f

th

e un

its

o

r h

ea

dqu

art

ers

to

wh

ich

th

ey

are

as

sig

ned

.



12. Umpire Group Headqua

rters

Commands

all

umpire

person

nel

.

Responsible for a

ll

umpire training

and

for

the

umpiring

of the

tactical

exercise.

Principal

assistant and advisor

to

t

he Chief Umpire. D

irects and co

ordinates the

work

of

the

various s

taff

s

ections.

Respo

nsible to

the C

hief

Umpire for

umpiring

the army

phase of

the

exercise

and

for

army

umpire

training.

Respo

nsible to the Chief

Um

pire for

umpiring the air ph

ase of the exercise

an

d for air umpire

trainin

g.

Responsible to the Chief

Um

pire

f

or umpirin

g

the n

aval phase

of

the exercise

and

fo

r nav

y umpire training.

/.

This

sectio

n

p

erforms administrative

and p

ersonnel

duties

fo

r

the

umpire group

and

pr

ovides such assist

ance as

req

uired to the opera

tions and trainin

g

se

ction for

supervising the

umpiring

of

adm

inistrative activitie

s.

This

section, in conjun

c

tion

with the Operations and

Training

Section,

su

pervises the umpir

ing of intelligenc

e

and co

unterin-

telligence

act

ivities and the

intelligence

training

of

umpire

staff and unit

umpires. In addition

,

th

is

section su

pervises intel

ligence and counter

intelli-

gence

funct

ions p

ertaining to the umpire

gro

up,

coordinates

the

security

policy

for

the umpire group,

and arra

nges

for p

ersonnel

and

equi

pment to provide

int

elligence

support for the umpire

group.

T

his sectio

n

plans,

coordinat

es, and superv

ises

the tra

ining and

13



D

M

Y

B

E

I

N

U

O

C

E

N

U

M

P

I

R

E

W

L

B

E

I

N

U

N

J

O

N

A

N

A

R

F

O

E

S

F

e

A

e

o

F

c

C

n



operations of unit

umpires

a

nd ump

ire liaison teams.

During the tactica

l phas

e

of the

exercise

thi

s section

reviews

and analyzes

daily the various umpire

re

ports

and

comp

iles data

on errors and

deficiencies

noted

for the

inform

ation of the

chief

umpire. It

pr

epares the final u

mpire

repor

t and

the

histor

ical

sum

mary of umpire

activitie

s. It

gathers and

an

alyzes data with

reference to atomic

play in th

e

exer

cise.

This

sec

tion

supervises the procurement and

issue

of

umpire

supplies and e

quipment, and the

operation

of

the

umpire

motor

pool.

This section

al

so

provides as

sistan

ce as

required to

the operation

s

and tra

ining

section

for supervis

ing

the umpi

ring

of

supply

and

tr

ansportation activities

.

This

section

plans, di

rects and s

upervises

the in

stallation an

d operation

of the umpire communications sy

stem, and

provides

instructors

in

th

e

operation of commu

nication equip

ment

for

the um

pire

school.

This section

also pro

vid

es assistance

as requ

ired to

the

operations and

trainin

g

section

for supervising

the

umpiring

of

communications activities.

(1) Umpire

liaison teams,

a part

of the

opera

tion

s

and tr

aining

sectio

n,

are

organ

ized,

equipped, a

nd

prepared

to serve

in the

field

as

sta

ff

representatives of

t

he

Chief Um

pire, to reinforce

unit

umpires,

to

umpire

special

situations,

an

d in

emergenc

ies

to

take action in

the

name

of

th

e

Ch

ief Umpire.

In large scale

exercises umpire

liaison teams

16



may be

assigned

to

the

senior

ump

ire of

participating

corps or Fiel

d

Arm

y in lieu

of

the Umpire

Group.

(2)

The

umpire

liaison

teams must

be

in direct

communication with the operations an

d

training

section

at

Umpire Headqu

arters,

or w

ith

a sp

ecified

su

bordinate fie

ld agency

of that headquarters.

Admin

istrative, supply,

sig

na

l,

an

d maintenance supp

ort

m

ust be pr

ovided the

umpire group

.

For

large exercises

,

se

lected TOE

units

capable of providing

this support should be

assigned

the

u

mpire group

to

w

ork under the sup

er

visi

on of

appropriate staff sections (app.

Sect ion

II.

PERSONNEL

13. As s i gn

m ent of Umpi r

es

Care

should be exerci

sed

in

the assign

ment

of

umpires.

Ever

y effort

should be made

to

obtain

personnel w

ith previous umpire exp

erience

for

key

st

aff and sp

ecialist

p

ositions.

Officers assi

gned as

unit

umpires

should

have

served

in

the

same

branch

of

service as the unit to

which as

signed. Combat

experience is esp

ecially

desirab

le. Personnel

should,

so

fa

r as

possibl

e, be from units

other than

those

participating

in

t

he

ex

ercise to

minimize a te

ndency

to become a p

art

of

the

unit

and to

facilitat

e

main

taining strict

neutrality in attitude

an

d actions.

5.

To

assis

t the

Exercise

D

irector and the Chief

Umpire

in carryin

g out

th

eir respons

ibilities with

respe

ct

to

atomic

play,

officers

trained especially

in

thi

s aspect of

the m

aneuver should be integrate

d

355734

O—55—— — 2

17



(1

)

(2)

it Bn

(b) . _ _

_ _

om

pany

2

on

_

„

1

v

Hq._

_

1

• t

Coo

rdinat

ion

1

1

2

l a)

0(

d)

2 (a

) 1

l a)

2

(a

) 0

(d)

2

2(a

)

i S

Tank

Batta

lion

Ta

nk

Com]

T

ank P

latoo

n

D

ivisio

n Artil

lery

Fire Sup

pi

Cent

er.

Artillery

Bn

(Including

1

l(a)

3

3

(a)

AA

).

Artill

ery

B

try (Incl

uding

1

1

0(d

)

_____

AA).

Medic

al Bat

talion

.____

____

__ 1

1

1

1

Cle

aring

Co

mpan

y___

___

1

1 0

(c)

_____

A

mbula

nce

Com

pany_

___ 1

0 0

___

__

6 .

Reg

iment

al Head

quarte

rs _

2 l a)

2

2 (a

)

Ser

vice Co

mpan

y_

_____

_ 1

0(c)

_____

Heav

y Mor

tar C

o. ___

__

l

a)

0(c)

_

____

Ta

nk C

o (se

e a

ab

ove):

_

_

M

edic

al Comp

any._

____

____

1

0(c)

1

I

nfant

ry

Bn

Hq_ ___

_____

___

2

2

(a

) 1

l

a)

Rif

le

Co.

.

l

a)

2

2(a

)

Rifle

Platoon___________

1

0(d)

W

eapo

ns

PIat

oon__

____

_

0(d)

_

____

H

eavy

W

eapon

s

Co_

_;__

__

(a) 2

2(a)

Ma

chine

gun Pl

atoon

____

0(d)

_

____

Mo

rtar

Pla

toon

.

____

___

1

0(d)

_____

An

titank

PI

atoon

_____

__

1

0(d)

__

___

Inte

lligen

ce

Re

conna

issan

ce

11

1

1

Plat

oon.

(a

) Also

ope

rates ra

dio.

(

b) Ump

ires assi

gned t

o Eng

in eer units

on same bas

is as

infantry

if

to

act as

infantr

y.

(c) C

omman

ders

of units

a

lso

a

ct as

unit

um

pires.

(d) Comm

anders

of unit

s ac

t

as

unit umpire

s

in abse

nce of d

esignat

ed

umpire

s

of

thei

r paren

t

unit

an

d

in spe

cific inst

ances a

ssist

un

it

um

pires a

s req

uested,

viz .

,

diss

emina

tion o

f inform

ation,

des

ig

n

ating cas

ualties,

etc.



16. Uni t

Umpires Armored

Div is ion

Umpires a

re

assigned

to comparable

units of

the

armore

d

division

on the same

basis

as

to

units of

the

infantry

division

(par.

15 ).

Additional

umpires

are

assi

gned

to

other

units of the arm

ored division

as

follows:

Combat

Command

Hq__________

2

2(a)

2

2(a)

Di

vision Trains Hq_____,__

________ 1

l(a)

1 l(a)

Q

uartermaster Bn Hq_ ______

______

1 l(a) 1 1 (a)

Ordnance

Bn Hq_

______.__________ 1 l a)

1 l a)

Reconn

aissance Bn Hq_ ___________

1

l(a) 1 l(a)

Mortar

Pl

atoon...____________

____

11

(a) Also operates

radio.

17.

Un it Umpi res

Airborne

Div is ion

Umpires

are

assigned to co

mparable units

of

th

e

airborne

division

on

the

same

basis as to

units of the

infantry division (pa

r. 15). Umpire

s are

assigned

to o

ther units of

the airborne division as

follows:

Parachute Maintenance,Co

_________

11

0

Antitank Plat

oon. _____

___________ 11

0

Support

Company Hq______

_______ 11

1

1

18. Uni t Umpi res

Armored C

avalry Regiment

Umpires

are assigned

to

the

howit

zer

company

of

the

arm

ored cavalry regiment on

the

same b

asis

a

s

to a tank

com

pany (par.

15). Assignm

ent of um

pires

to other u

nits of the armor

ed cavalry reg

iment

is on the

basis of assignment

to units of the

infantry

divisio

n and the

armored

divisi

on (p

ars. 15 and

16).

70



19

Umpire iai

son Teams

Umpire

lia

ison te

ams re

quire one

officer an

d

two

radio

operator-

drivers.

20

Fire

Marker

Tea

ms

Each

groun

d

fire

marke

r

tea

m con

sists o

f one

o

fficer and

one r

adio

operator-

driver. Each

aerial

fire

marker team

co

nsists o

f one o

fficer (pilot-r

adio

operato

r) and

one

assistant

. A

fire

marking

team

with th

e capab

ility of a

tomic

fire

marking

is

consid

ered essential

to

realistic

training

in atomic

play.

21

M

iscellane

ous

Umpir

es are

assigned to all

operativ

e sp

ecial

uni

ts

suc

h as

military in

telligenc

e servic

e

unit

s, p

sy

cholog

ical

warfare

units

, e

lectronic warfare u

nits,

A

rmy Se

curity

Ag

ency units,

Counter Intelligence

Corps

u

nits

and

others

as require

d.

ft. One of

ficer ump

ire

should

be

prov

ided

for each

of

the followi

ng:

(

1)

Ag

ent m

ission.

(2) Guerrilla

mission.

(3)

Raid

or

infiltration

mission.

(Unit

um

pire

may be used.)

(4) Pa

trol. (Uni

t um

pire may be

used.)

(5

)

Priso

ner-of-wa

r

installa

tion at

d

ivisional

or high

er

le

vel

(to ump

ire ha

ndling,

proc

essing, an

d exch

ange of p

risoners

of

w

ar).

Headqu

arters, depo

ts,

ho

spitals,

and

units of a

log

istical

command

are

assigned um

pires on

the sam

e

basis as

comparab

le

headquar

ters

an

d

units lis

ted

in par

agraph 15.

Um

pire

requ

irements

will

be

le

ss

2



f

or

t

hose

units

whose m

ission

s mak

e

them

comp

ara

tive

ly stabl

e.

Local

ump

ires

will m

ake the

dec

ision

regard

ing

chemical

casualty

assessment.

These decisions plus

a

ny qu

estions

regar

ding th

e sa

me should

be

in

cluded

in the

re

marks

of

t

he

da

ily

report.

To in

sure

adequ

ate

CBR

um

pirin

g, it

is advis

able to prov

ide one

o

r two s

pecial C

BR

ump

ire te

ams

at c

ritical

po

ints of

C

BR play to

supple

ment

re

gular

unit

um

pires.

22 onc

ommis

sioned

O

ff icers

Qu

alified

nonco

m m iss

ioned

officer

s may be

used as

as

sistant

um

pires

.

23

R

eporti

ng to

Un its

U

mpires

sh

ould join

the

unit

or

he

adquar

ters to

whic

h assig

ned a

minim

um

of 1 d

ay

a

nd p

refera

bly

2

d

ys

prior

to the sta

rt

of

the exer

cise in o

rder

to

perm

it

them

to

bec

ome fam

iliar

with

the

unit,

its

statu

s, and

its m

issions

. The u

nit to

wh

ich a

ssigned

p

rovide

s clas

s I and

III

su

pport

for th

e ump

ire.

Sec t i on

III

UMPIRE

TRAINING

24

Gene

ral

Rega

rdless

of

how

well

train

ed t

roops

ma

y be,

tacti

cal ex

ercises

are succes

sful

only

w

hen e

ffectiv

ely

ump

ired by

tra

ined um

pires.

Eve

ry troo

p

unit

sh

ould main

tain

a n

ucleus

of train

ed u

mpire p

er

son

nel to be

used

in tac

tical exe

rcises.

2

5 h

e

Um

pire S

choo l

The u

mpire sc

hool is

the key

to

the succe

ssful

um

piring

of

any tactic

al exerc

ise.

The

refore

, it is



essential that

planning

for the umpire school be

initiated at

the earliest

practicable date. Qualified

personnel must be

assembled early

in the planning

phase

to

prepare

the

umpire

training

program

and

necessary instructional

material.

Previously quali

fied

instructors should

be

made

available for the

umpire school.

26 Program

of

Umpire

Training

The

time

required for umpire training

depends

upon

the status

of

training

of

the umpire personnel

and the type

of

tactical exercise to be

conducted.

This may vary from a few

hours

for

a

squad

or

platoon

problem

to as much as three weeks for

a

joint Army-Navy-Air Force

exercise.

The training

should include

classroom

conferences

and demon

strations

pf

umpiring

followed

by

reconnaissance

of the exercise

area and actual practice in umpire

control methods with troops.

Particular

attention

should be

paid

to schooling umpires in atomic and

CBR aspects

of the

exercise and their duties incident

thereto. Umpire checklists should

be provided.

Communications

should

be

thoroughly

tested

during

the practical training in

the

field.

Practical

exer

cises

conducted

during the

umpire

training

phase

afford the chief umpire a means of

testing

the um

pires.

The exercises should be varied so that

umpires

develop confidence in their ability to handle

all

situations

likely to

be

encountered.

Where

cir

cumstances permit, umpires should work

with

units

in the field, to

afford them an

opportunity to apply

and practice

the

methods and techniques taught in

the classroom. Small

unit exercises are

particularly

23



va

luable,

not

only

fo

r th

is

p

urpose

, b

ut

al

so to

ori

ent

troo

ps in u

mpire

me

thods

and

proced

ures. Thi

s

ty

pe

of

tr

aining

is es

pecial

ly suita

ble

for the tr

ain

ing

of

large groups

since

those

not

engaged in

ump

iring may

ob

serve

and

lat

er critiq

ue the

per

f

orman

ce

of

the

others

.

f t One

or mor

e

pra

ctical

ex

ercises

sh

ould

be

con

du

cted for u

mpires

prio

r to any

larg

e t

actical

exer

cise. Si

mulate

d a

tomic bur

sts, ca

sualty

an

d damag

e

assessments,

and

reporting

procedures

incident

to

the

use o

f at

omic w

eapon

s s

hould

b

e r

ehears

ed by

the

um

pire

group

of each

re

gimen

tal

si

ze un

it

prior to

the

co

nduct

of

the

field

exerc

ise.

ec

t ion IV IDEN

TIFICA

TIONS

27

Identification of

Personnel

Regu

lation

uni

fo

rm

of the

Arm

ed Fo

rces of th

e

Uni

ted State

s.

Aggr

essor un

iforms

and insig

nia

a

s

presc

ribed

in FM

3

0-101.

A whit

e clot

h

loop

on

the

left

side

under

the

arm and

over

the

s

houlde

r.

A r

ed c

loth loop

on

the left

side und

er t

he arm

and

ov

er the

s

houlde

r.

A

red

and

white clo

th loop

on

the

left

side und

er the

arm

and over

the

shoulder.

/.

A

green

c

loth

loo

p o

n the

left side

u

nder th

e

a

rm

and

ov

er th

e should

er.



28

Identi

fication of

Vehicles

As

p

rescribed in AR

85

0-5 .

.

A

s

prescribed

in

FM

30-1

01.

A white

flag appro

ximately 1

foot

squ

are on

a 4

foot

staff fastene

d to the right

f

ront bu

mper

o

f the

vehicle.

A red

and

white

flag approxima

tely

1 f

oot square o

n a

4

foot

staff

fastened

to

the

right

front

bumper

of the

ve

hicle. Upper half

of

t

he flag is

to

b

e

whit

e and the

lower half is

to

be

red.

A

g

reen flag

approxi

mate

ly

1

foot square

on

a

4

foot sta

ff

fas

tened

to the

right

fron

t bumper of

the vehicle.

29 Identification

of Aircr

aft

Umpire

and Exercise

Director air

craft

are

marked with fou

r twel

ve-inch

ba

nds alternating

white and

green around each win

g. Similar mark

ing

s

are

placed around t

he fuselage

of helicopters.

Aggressor

aircraft

bear

the

Aggressor

mark

ing

as

pr

escribed

in

2M30-1

01.

30 Identif

ication of

Me

dical Vehicles

and Installations

Red

Cross

m

arkings

are usually u

sed

o

n medi

cal v

ehicles and

inst

allations.

On

oc

casion their

use

may b

e

curtail

ed by the commander

for tact

ical rea

son

s.

Medical

unit

s

and

person

nel participating

in

tacti

cal exercises are

cons

idered

unde

r

t

he protective

provisions

of the

Geneva Conve

ntion.

25



Actual casu

alties and emergency medical

sup

plies

are

transported

in

vehicles displaying

a Red

Cross Flag

. Such

ve

hicles

are

per

mitted

complete

freedom of

action

by

all personnel.

26



CHAPT

ER 3

UMPIRE CONT R OL METHO

DS AND

PROCEDURE

S

Sec t ion I.

UMPIRE CO

NTROL

31 Control

Control during a

tactica

l exercise

is

of

the ut

most

i

mportance. Th

is

control

is exercised

by means

of u

mpires assigned to units a

nd

act

ivities.

The

combat respo

nses

or a

ctions

o

f participating

troops

will

be

guided

by

the

unit

umpire

by

means

of

de

cisions and

direct announ

cements.

Overa

ll control

will be

exercised

b

y

the

chief um

pire

th

rough umpi

re

channel

s.

It

is essential

that const

ant

communica

tions be

maintained betwee

n

the

various operat

ing

elements

o

f

the

umpire group.

Th

e unit umpi

re

must d

etermine and portray

to the unit the

effect of mov

ements, dispositions, fi

re

power,

a

tomic bursts, su

rprise, and maneuver on

the

tactical situa

tion. He describ

es existing

battlefield

conditions

to

cause

proper

reacti

ons b

y troops and

commanders. Failure

to react

properly

should

r

e

sult in losses being assessed

against

the

unit.

The

small

unit

umpire

will

exercise

control by

announ

cements

to

ind

ividuals and

units

as appropr

i

ate.

These

announceme

nts should

makeeach soldier

aware of th

e situation and

the

natur

e

of

hos

tile op-

2

7



position

. When makin

g annou

ncements

, the umpire

must

consi

der whe

ther, in actu

al

b

attle,

the in

for

mation

w

ould

be

secure

d b

y

a

n individ

ual, a portion

of

the

unit,

or

the

entire

unit. These announcements

m

ust be

realistic and

so phr

ased and

delivered

tha

t

th

e words and

tone

of voice

carry t

he pro

per im

p

ression. Th

e

effects of atomic p

lay

must be

por

traye

d

i

n a

rea

listic manner

and

the

announc

ement

must

be

deliv

ered

to

the

troops

in suc

h

a

ma

nner as

to emphasize realism.

In

gene

ral, unit

ump

ires comply

with

ins

truc

tions pertaini

ng to cover,

concealm

ent, an

d use

of

lights

, that

are appli

cable to

the

unit to w

hich

ass

igned.

The

movem

ent,

ho

wever,

of

unit

um

pires

is not

r

estricted

to any

partic

ular

a

rea

as they

must

be allowed

such

freedom

of

moveme

nt as to

best

per

fo

rm their

duties. U

mpires are

not

requir

ed to

con

form to

the radio sile

nce im

posed u

pon the u

nits.

32 De

cisions

The

umpi

re m

ust

ren

der

a pro

mpt

a

nd l

ogical

decis

ion in an

y

situ

ation whic

h

arises during

the ex

ercise.

When

contact

is

made

between

the opposing

force

s, the umpire

s

should allo

w the situa

tion to

develop

unt

il

a tac

tical d

ecision is

indic

ated or re

qu

ired. Decisi

ons ar

e

bas

ed

on relative firep

ower,

tactical

e

mployme

nt, disp

ositions, cover,

concea

l

ment, terra

in, fields

of fire,

surpris

e,

a

nd

maneuv

er.

Careful

consideration must

be

given to these

tactical

factor

s, so that

um

piring is not

merel

y a mathem

at

ica

l

co

mputatio

n of relativ

e fir

epower. The

ump

ire

wil

l take

necessa

ry precau

tions to

pre

vent bo

dily

conta

ct

a

nd injury

or damage

to m

ateriel. He

makes

28



on-the-spot decisions based

upon the

current local

situation,

determines and assesses losses to personnel

and

materiel.

His rulings must be impartial in every

case. He

must

refrain from making

tactical

deci

sions

which are the responsibility

of the

unit com

manders.

Decisions

must be

prompt. Unit

umpires

will

assess

damage and casualties caused by a simu

lated atomic burst by

referring

to

an

"effects

over

lay" (app. VII).

These

effects overlays" will have

been distributed to

all

unit umpires prior

to

the start

of

the maneuver.

Unit

umpires

are not

required

to

compute

casualty or damage effects. On receipt of

the code number of

the

overlay

to be

used, ground

zero

and time of burst, unit

umpires

note

the

disposi

tion of personnel and

equipment

of their assigned

unit

with relation to

ground

zero

and the damage

areas

indicated

on

the

effects

overlay."

The

platoon

umpire decides whether either

force

should

be able to advance and

portrays

the

situ

ation accordingly.

If, for example,

the situation

is such

that the unit

would

be

unable to advance in

actual combat, the umpire "paints the battle

picture"

by

voice

or

over

a

loudspeaker

to

indicate

intense

and

accurate hostile

fire. If

the

unit should be able

to

advance,

the umpire might depict light enemy fire.

This affords the

platoon commander

information

which should lead to a decision to advance. If a

position

is

overrun, the umpire prevents

hand-to-

hand

fighting and

decides

the

number

of

prisoners

to be assessed.

Umpires may

be

called

upon for decisions when

needed

for clarification of a decision previously made.

Troops

must abide

by

umpire

decisions without

hesi-

29



tat

ion o

r argu

men

t.

Uni

t ump

ires m

ay

be use

d to

ori

ent

tro

ops on

umpi

re

pr

oced

ures p

resc

ribed

for

the exe

rcise

.

Umpire

decisions

and operation

of

troops are

n

orma

lly

b

ased

o

n actu

al

w

eath

er co

nditi

ons.

In

ex

cepti

onal

c

ases a

ssum

ed

w

eath

er co

nditi

ons af

fect

ing

vis

ibilit

y

or

air op

erat

ions

ar

e

a

utho

rized

if

n

eces

sary

to ac

comp

lish

t

he objec

tives

of the

exe

rcise

.

33

Liai

son

Unit

um

pire

s

sho

uld

be

furnished

cop

ies

of

the

oper

ation

s and ad

min

istra

tive

o

rders

of th

e uni

ts to

whic

h a

ssign

ed as

s

oon

a

s

issu

ed

s

o th

at the

y

hav

e op

po

rtun

ity to s

tudy

th

e

pl

an

an

d sc

heme

of m

aneu

ver

and

rep

ort

the info

rma

tion

thr

ough

um

pire ch

anne

ls.

Inf

orm

ation

of

str

engt

h,

d

ispos

ition

s,

a

nd pla

ns

of

action

are

furnished

the

battalion

umpires

of

the

opp

osing

for

ces b

y

the

assis

tant

batt

alion

ump

ires

o

f the U

nite

d State

s

For

ce. W

hen

con

tact

is

im

m

inen

t th

e

a

ssist

ant b

attal

ion u

mpir

e

at e

ach U

nited

Sta

tes

batt

alion

in

volv

ed,

joins

t

he a

ppro

pria

te A

g

gres

sor

unit

co

mma

nder

, or

u

mpir

e,

to e

ffect

the

necessary exchange

of

information.

Since

the United

Sta

tes

Fo

rce

uni

t

um

pire

in

cont

act

mus

t an

noun

ce

the

d

ecis

ions

res

ultin

g from

an

y actio

n be

twee

n A

g

gre

ssor and

th

e Un

ited

Stat

es u

nit to

w

hich

he is

ass

igned

(p

ar. 6)

, this

proc

edure

is ap

plic

able

to

b

oth t

he A

ggre

ssor

Forc

e—F

ree a

nd t

he Ag

gres

sor

Force—Controlled

type

exercises.

34

Flag

s and

Sign

als

(1

)

W

hite

fl

ag d

urin

g

the

d

ay a

nd

ye

llow

star

c

luste

r at n

ight

.

30



(2) Blue flag

during the

day and green sj;ar

cluster

at night.

(3)

Red star cluster.

(Only

regimental

umpire or

higher authority

di

rects the use of the

red

star cluster and

authorizes action resumed.)

Orange

flag.

Black flag at each end

of

obstacle.

Red

smoke

grenades

(par. 44/).

Aggressor: Yellow smoke gren

ades.

United

States: White smoke

grenade.

/.

When

no

other

means

of representing fire is

available,

a

red

flag will

be

waved

from

the tank

or gun

position.

To be

indicated by

appropriate

simulators;

augmented

by use of announcements

over

a public address

system

on a

vehicular

mount

or

army

aircraft

cruising

over

the

area. Other mass

destruction weapons will be the subject

of special

instructions

for

each

exercise.

1) Cerise panels.

(2) Yellow

panels.

35 Air Landings

and

Air D r o p s

Use

of

colored

smoke

in

the

area

of

a

scheduled

air landing

or

air drop is reserved for the unit

mak

ing

the

landing

or drop for

a period

of

H minus

30

minutes

to H

plus

1 hour.



3

6

E

me

rge

nc

y Me

asu

re

s

If

c

on

tro

l is

los

t,

th

e

u

nit

um

pi

re

ma

y h

alt

th

e

ac

tio

n of

th

e u

ni

t or

un

it

s inv

ol

ved

pa

r. 3

3).

I

n

that

case

h

e

should immediately

report

the

facts

tog

et

her

w

ith

th

e

act

ion

h

e h

as

tak

en

to

th

e n

ex

t

hi

gh

er

un

it

um

pi

re,

w

ho

w

ill

in

ve

sti

gat

e

th

e sit

ua

ti

on

, a

nd

a

do

pt

on

e o

f

t

he

f

oll

ow

ing

co

urs

es

of

a

cti

on

:

1)

An

no

un

ce

h

is

de

cis

ion

t

o

th

e u

ni

t um

p

ire

concerned.

2)

D

ire

ct o

th

er

s

ub

or

din

at

e

un

it

um

pir

es

to

ha

lt th

e

ac

tio

n o

f th

ei

r

un

its

if

w

arr

an

ted

b

y

th

e si

tua

tio

n.

3) D

ir

ec

t a

ll

s

ubo

rd

ina

te

un

it um

p

ire

s to

ha

lt

the

ac

tio

n

of

th

ei

r u

ni

ts.

H

e

th

en

im

me

diately reports

the

situation

to

the next

h

igh

er

u

nit

u

m

pir

e.

A

cti

on

si

mi

lar

to t

ha

t d

esc

rib

ed

in

ab

ov

e w

il

l

be

ta

ken

wh

en

an

y

of

the

fo

llo

w

ing

co

nd

itio

ns

e

xi

st:

1)

S

afe

ty

re

gu

lat

ion

s

ar

e v

io

late

d.

2)

E

xis

tin

g c

on

dit

ion

s e

nda

ng

er

li

fe

or

p

ro

p

erty.

3)

Ex

erc

ise

bo

un

da

rie

s o

r

off

-li

mi

ts

are

as

ar

e

vio

lat

ed

.

4

) E

an

ge

fir

es

m

ust

be

br

oug

ht

u

nd

er

con

tro

l.

e

c t i

on

II

I

NF

AN

TR

Y A

CT

IO

N

37 General

Th

e

s

ucc

es

s

o

f

a

ny

tac

tic

al e

xe

rci

se

is

dir

ect

ly

d

ep

en

den

t

up

on t

he

effi

cie

ncy

an

d e

ffe

cti

ven

es

s o

f

th

e

u

mp

ire

.

In

fa

ntr

y

en

ga

ge

me

nts

a

re

ch

ara

cte

riz

ed

by

cl

ose

ac

tio

n,

m

ane

uv

er

, an

d t

he

us

e

o

f

su

pp

or

tin

g



weapons

.

The

infantry umpire

not only

must ke

ep

abreas

t of the

tactical situati

on but

through his

knowledge

of

infantry

tactics and the

use of support

ing

weapons,

must

be

able

to

estimate the capabilities

of

the u

nit and the courses

of action

it

may ado

pt.

5. Infa

ntry action is primari

ly controll

ed at

t

he

platoon

level in accordan

ce with

the provisions of

p

aragraphs

31

through 36.

T

o ass

ist

platoon

um

pires

in the

per

formance

o

f

their

duties,

each

umpire

should b

e equipped with

a

megaphone. Umpires

with un

its hig

her

th

an company level perform

super

visory duties

and report on th

e functioning

of

th

e

unit as a whole

including

its staff

.

The

employment

of su

pporting tires by

compa

ny,

battalion,

and

regi

mental comman

ders during all

phases of an action,

m

ust be carefully

considered when evalua

ting the

comparative

fire

power.

For

example,

the fact

that

an attack

er, during the

approach

to contact, is sub

j

ected to

the

fires

of

the

supporti

ng

w

eapons of

the

defender

must be considered i

n

computing

the

com

parative fire

power, especially

in those cas

es

w

here

such

fires are not normally

marked.

In suc

h cases

the assistant

battalion

umpire of the

United

States

ba

ttalion mu

st

obtain and

transmit to

appropriate

unit ump

ires

timely information

of

the

supporting

fires

employ

ed (par.

33)

. Based on

this informa

tio

n,

unit ump

ires may

assess

ca

sualties an

d delays

as approp

riate,

when unit

commanders

fail to take

proper

action

to

reduce

the

effect

of

these

fires.

A

ll units in the exercise

area,

re

gardless

of thei

r

type, mission

,

or

location,

are

su

bject to

attack. D

is

mounted attacks against

any unit wil

l

be umpire

d in

a ma

nner similar

to

that

prescribed

f

or

infantry

ac-

355734

O— 5 5 — — — 3

33



(10) Be prepared to critique the

performance

of the unit to

which

assigned. Particularly

observe action taken by Commanders to

exploit the use of atomic

weapons by ma

neuver,

and if

attacked

by atomic weapons,

reorganization procedures

used.

(11) Prevent physical contact between troops

of the opposing forces

to

avoid injury

to

personnel.

(12) Prevent damage to

materiel.

(13)

Instruct

personnel

of

the

unit

to

which

assigned in

umpire

methods.

6.

The

umpire must PAINT

THE

PICTUKE.

The

snap of

live

ammunition and the

burst

of shells

in battle warn the soldier of the presence of hostile

fire.

Since

these

sounds are not

present in training

exercises,

announcements are

made by

the

umpire

to

supplement the use

of

blank ammunition and

repre

sented

shell

bursts. Examples of

correct

announce

ments are—

(1)

"Bridge

to right

front—400

yards—four

shells explode close

together—four

more

shell

explosions—another

four."

(Fire

Marker

Team

marking artillery

tire.)

(2)

"A shell just

exploded 300 yards

in

front

of you.''

Two minutes later—'"shell

com

ing;

impact 100

yards

behind you."

(3)

"Fire from

a

machinegun in the vicinity of

that

large

house

(pointing)

is

searching this

area."

(4) "Machinegun fire

sweeping

directly over

you;

that rifleman

(designating) nicked

in

shoulder by

ricochet;

that rifleman (desig-

35



natin

g) dis

abled fo

r 15

m

inutes by

rico

chet

off

helme

t.

(5)

B

ursts

from a

light

ma

chineg

un striki

ng

in

yonr

imm

ediate

vic

inity

(a

nnoun

ce a

designated

place);

fire

apparently

coming

f

rom di

rection

of that

cornf

ield. M

achine

-

gu

n fire

h

as ce

ased.

(fi)

A shell

fragme

nt has

smash

ed

the

longi

t

udinal

spir

it-leve

l. (Afte

r a

n

artille

ry

con

centra

tion.)

(7)

(Aside

to squad

leader

during

hostile

ma

chin

egun

fire)

Y

ou have

been

hi

t;

y

ou

are wou

nded in

left leg

.

(8)

Sm

all arm

s fir

e from

that

(poin

ting) hil

l

•

strikin

g in

you

r imm

ediat

e

fro

nt.

(9)

Fou

r shells,

ex

plode

d 50

yard

s upwin

d o

f

you—Odor

in

air

of

fresh

corn —10

seconds

l

ater

Fo

ur

more

sh

ells

just upw

ind.

(10)

A

n at

omic

we

apon

has j

ust exp

loded

1,200 ya

rds

to yo

ur righ

t. Yo

u

are seri

ous

ly burne

d a

nd your

leg

is

broke

n by

fl

y

ing

debris

. Y

our radio

is

dam

aged;

yo

u

can

not u

se

it.

(Ass

ess othe

r ca

sualtie

s

and

dam

age

in the

uni

t

as

ap

propri

ate.)

T

he follo

wing

sho

uld

be

avo

ided:

(1)

Being

igno

rant of

the

situ

ation,

of th

e

pr

ojecte

d cour

se

of the exe

rcise,

and

of um

pi

re du

ties.

2)

Faili

ng

t

o

give an

em

phatic

an

d

clear

de

scr

iption

of the

situation and the

hostile

fire.

(3)

Calli

ng

out: You

c

an't adva

nce b

eyond

this p

oint.

36



(4) Reve

aling the projected

course

of

the

exer

cise.

(5) Permittin

g

a long

exchange o

f

fire

withou

t

announcing

a

decision.

(6) Giving hostile fire data

to the leader

only

instea

d of announ

cing it

so

that

all can hear.

(7) Failing to report an

y independent act

ions

of

the unit.

(8)

Sho

uting Enemy with

drawing'' or

N

o.

1

rifleman,

you

see

a

hostile soldier

running

towar

d the rear.

(9

)

Permitting an

attack

to

s

ucceed w

ithout

proper

fire

s

upport, without individual

soldiers working

their

w

ay fo

rward, or be

fore the

ene

my

with

draws

o

r suffers

severe

losses.

(10) F

ailing

to

listen

to

t

he or

der of

the

plat

oon

command

er.

(11)

Failing to o

bserve

the actio

n of

troops

constant

ly.

Shouting

: Take

shelter or Sho

ot,

when an enemy

machinegun

fires

with

blank

cartrigdes.

A remark

such

as

Bullets are

whistlin

g

around

you

sho

uld

be made.

(13

) Divulgin

g knowled

ge

of the

terrain,

or

showing

a map to the tro

ops when they h

ave

no

maps on

hand, or

are

forbidd

en to use

them.

(14) Failing

to

observe

safety prec

autions (app.

IV).

(15)

Pe

rmitting troops unde

r

fire

to

expose

themselves

without

imposin

g penalties.

37



(Ifi)

S

hou

ting

:

"M

ac

hine

gun

fi

ve

wit

hou

t

clar

ific

atio

n

i

nste

ad

of a

nno

unc

ing

"B

urst

s

fro

m

two

(th

ree)

mac

hin

egu

ns

are

strik

ing

here

(pointing)

;

the bursts

are

getting

cl

ose

r.

(1

7) P

erm

itt

ing

un

it co

mm

and

ers

to

u

se

um

pir

e

rad

ios w

hen

t

heir

s

are

out of

a

ctio

n

inst

ead o

f re

qui

ring

the

m t

o

so

lve th

eir

own

com

mu

nic

atio

ns

pro

ble

ms.

(

18)

Becoming

friendly

with

the

unit

com

ma

nde

r and,

a

s

a resu

lt,

hav

ing a

te

nden

cy

t

o f

avo

r th

e unit

whi

ch h

e is

um

pirin

g.

(

19)

H

old

ing up

th

e pro

gre

ss

of t

he ex

erc

ise

to

d

iscu

ss th

e

situ

atio

n

inst

ead

o

f

pain

tin

g

a

r

eas

onab

le p

ictu

re

a

nd ma

inta

inin

g re

alism

.

(20)

B

eco

min

g inv

olve

d in

a

rgu

men

ts or

b

eing

und

uly

i

nflu

enc

ed b

y the

u

nit

com

ma

nde

r.

(T

he

ump

ire

m

ust

re

nde

r a

n i

mpa

rtia

l de

ci

sion

, w

hich

is f

inal

, ba

sed

on s

oun

d a

nd

ac

cep

ted

prac

tice

s.)

(21

) F

aili

ng to

be

pr

esen

t

whe

n

u

nit c

omm

an

d

ers

issu

e o

rde

rs,

send

me

ssa

ges,

hol

d

bri

ef

ing

sessions,

or

make

plans.

(22)

F

aili

ng

to

subm

it co

mpl

ete

and ac

cur

ate

rep

ort

s a

t pre

scr

ibed

ti

mes

.

(2

3)

P

erm

itti

ng e

nem

y s

abot

age

an

d

pen

etra

tio

n

t

eam

s to

acco

mp

any

him

to

com

ma

nd

po

sts

afte

r

co

mpl

etio

n

or

ter

min

atio

n

of

their

missions.

This

permits

agents

to

ob

se

rve

the c

omm

and

po

sts a

nd giv

es t

hem

an

un

due

adv

ant

age

f

or

l

ater

m

issio

ns.

(24

)

Fai

lure

t

o

cons

ide

r fie

lds o

f fir

e, la

yin

g of

g

un, e

tc.,

dur

ing

fire

d

uels

.

38



(25) Your

platoon is

receiving a do

se rate of

350 roentgens per

hour.

This inform

ation

should only be r

evealed

to

radiological de

fense

monitors

possessing the

proper

survey

instruments

to determine

dose

rate levels.

Sect ion

III

ARM

ORED ACTION

39 General

Th

e

pro

cedures for

umpiring arm

ored action

are

similar

to

those prescribed

for

infantry

action.

Techniques

are influenced

by

th

e

mobility

,

sh

ock

ac

t

ion, and fire

power

characte

ristic of armor.

6. Megaphones

cannot be used b

y tank

pla

toon

u

m

pires due to

the

noise

created by tanks

in motion.

The tank

platoon umpire

should ride in

the tank

of

the

platoon

commander and

use

the

tank

unit's tacti

cal

radio

net to make

his announcements.

The um

pire

m

ust

be

skilled in

th

e use

of

t

ank ra

dios and

should

n

ot be

hasty

about

expected realistic

reactions

unless

he is

assured that his messages

were received

and understoo

d. He must also reali

ze that his use

of

the platoon

commander's

radio

interferes

with

com

mand control. Tanks

that fail to rea

ct realistically

to enemy

fire

are

decla

red out of a

ction

by

the platoon

u

mpire.

Damage

cau

sed by enemy

action may vary

from a broke

n t

rack

to complete

destruction

of

the

tan

k and c

rew,

howev

er complete de

struction of a

tank

and crew is seldom warranted.

Fire

duels between tanks,

self-propelled

guns,

and/o

r antitank

guns are

jud

ged

on the basis

of

cov

er,

conc

ealment,

position, firs

t

aim

ed shot, caliber

of

w

eapons,

and whether

the

tank

s are

st

ationary or

mo

ving. There is no

fixed method

of

determin

ing

39



the victo

r.

Each

a

ction m

ust

be d

eterm

ined o

n

its

merit.

Speed in m

aking

a de

cision b

ased

on

e

xperi

ence

an

d co

mmon

sen

se is ne

cessar

y.

R

ealism

mu

st

b

e mainta

ined.

Blue flags

or

green

star

clus

ters ha

lt

all

tank

action and

allow

proper

evaluation

of

all

fa

ctors

in mak

ing a

decisi

on (

par. 34

).

40 Mov

ement

of

Armor

All

ump

ires

m

ust ex

ercise ju

dgme

nt in

any

ar

mored

a

ction.

W

here

the liv

es

of

p

erson

nel on

the

ground

are

endangered,

the

umpire

must

slow

dow

n

or stop

a

ll

arm

ored

actio

n.

6

. For

th

e

s

afety

of

p

ersonn

el

on the gr

ound, n

o

tank

will b

e move

d unles

s t

he

tank comm

ander

o

r

crew

memb

er is

in

the open

turr

et

hatch

. f th

e

interp

hone

system

is ope

rating

, the othe

r

hatc

hes

may

be closed.

f

the

interphone

system is

not

op

eratin

g,

all hat

ches

will b

e open s

o t

hat the

tan

k

co

mman

der, drive

r, an

d a

ssistan

t

dr

iver,

if a

pplica

ble,

can

cons

tantly

obse

rve t

he groun

d over

w

hich

the

tank

is

movin

g.

T

he

posit

ion o

f

fr

iendly

and A

ggress

or For

ces

and the

density of civilian

population

will

deter

mine wh

at sa

fety me

asures

shou

ld be follo

wed.

Ordi

narily

,

dur

ing

the perio

d f

rom

sunse

t

to

sun

r

ise,

movem

ent by

armor

cros

s coun

try will

be

made

only wh

en eac

h tan

k

or tracke

d

v

ehicle

is

pr

eceded

by

a dism

ounte

d

m

an.

(This

inclu

des

the

mar

sha

lling,

asemb

ly,

or with

draw

al o

f

arm

or

wit

hin

the

pr

escrib

ed li

mits

of the e

xercis

e area

du

ring the

hou

rs

o

f dark

ness.)

W

hen spe

cial illu

minat

ion

de

vices

are use

d du

ring

night op

eration

s,

speci

al

um

p

ire p

roced

ures sho

uld

be

an

nounc

ed.

40



Armor operating on

roads at nigh

t will con

form

t

o instructi

ons

issued

by the

Exercise

Direc

tor's Headquarters.

Personnel

on

the ground

will

stand

when ap

proa

ched

by a

rmored vehicl

es.

41 Armored Reconnaissanc

e

Un i

ts

Re

connaissance

units

operating

from vehicles

are

con

trolled

by

umpires in a manner

similar

to

ta

nk

control. All t

actical vehicles

in reconnaissance units

do

not have radios; therefore,

the

ump

ire cannot

dir

ectly

control individual vehicles

. If the r

econ-

naisa

nce

units operate

on foot, they

are umpire

d

as

infantry.

Sec t ion

IV

. A RT I

L L E R Y

42 General

Art

illery umpires

o

bserve the te

chnical func

tioning and

tactical e

mployment of

artillery units,

assess

casualties and damages,

and mark the ground

zero

of

at

omic bursts and

the impact

of

ar

tillery and

heavy

mortar

fires

in target area

s.

J. Artillery um

pires

are or

ganized into

two

major

groups as

follows:

1)

Unit um

pires

(pa

r.

43).

(2)

F

ire marke

r umpire

s

(pa

rs. 44 and

45).

43 Artillery Unit Umpires

Artillery

umpires

observe

the

functioning

of

the particu

lar unit to

which

a

ssigned. They super

vi

se

subordi

nate u

nit

u

mpires

and fire

m

arker teams,

authorizing the marking

o

f fire missions (inclu

ding

atom

ic

bursts) w

hen proper

artiller

y

techn

iques hav

e

41



b

ee

n

em

p

lo

ye

d.

T

h

ey

as

se

ss

c

as

ua

lti

es

an

d

da

m

ag

es

re

su

lt

in

g

f

ro

m

ho

sti

le

a

ct

io

n a

ga

in

st

th

e

un

it

to

w

h

ic

h

as

sig

n

ed

.

6

A

mo

n

g

th

e

fu

nc

ti

on

s ob

se

rv

ed

an

d

c

he

ck

ed

ar

e

the

following:

1

)

T

he

p

la

nn

in

g

an

d

c

oo

rd

in

at

io

n o

f f

ir

e

s

up

p

or

t t

o d

et

er

m

in

e

i

f

ire

s

up

p

or

t

is u

ti

liz

e

d

to

it

s m

a

x

i

m

u

m

,

th

e a

tt

ac

k

of

ta

rg

et

s

is

t

im

el

y

an

d

th

e

p

lan

o

f fir

e

su

p

po

rt

is

in

a

cc

or

da

nc

e

w

ith

t

he

m

a

ne

uv

er

o

f th

e

su

pp

o

rte

d

u

ni

t.

(2

)

Th

e

co

or

di

na

ti

on

o

f

o

bs

er

va

t

io

n,

c

ou

n

ter

b

att

er

y,

a

nd

co

u

nt

er

m

or

tar

fu

nc

ti

on

s,

an

d w

h

et

he

r

ta

rg

e

t i

nf

or

m

at

io

n

is

a

gg

re

ss

iv

el

y

c

o

lle

ct

ed

fr

om

a

ll a

v

ail

ab

le

s

ou

rc

es

,

ev

al

ua

te

d

an

d

in

te

rp

re

te

d

in

ti

m

e

to

pe

rm

it

the

e

ff

ec

tiv

e

at

tac

k

o

f th

e t

ar

ge

t.

3

)

Fu

n

c

ti

on

in

g

of

th

e

Fi

re

Su

p

po

rt

C

oo

rd

in

at

io

n

Ce

n

ter

i

n

ca

rr

yi

ng

o

ut i

ts

m

i

ss

ion

o

f

i

ns

ur

in

g

th

e

eff

ic

ien

t

co

or

di

na

tio

n

an

d

m

ax

im

u

m

e

mp

lo

y

m

en

t

o

f av

ai

lab

le

fi

re

p

ow

e

r

to

i

n

c

lu

de

th

e in

te

g

rat

io

n

o

f n

on

at

om

ic

fi

re

su

p

p

or

t w

ith

at

om

i

c

fir

e m

i

ssi

on

s

in

su

pp

o

rt

o

f th

e

co

m

m

an

d

er

s sc

he

m

e o

f

m

an

eu

v

er

.

4)

M

a

in

te

na

nc

e o

f

pr

o

pe

r

fir

in

g

ch

ar

t,

reg

is

tr

at

io

n,

f

re

qu

e

nt

m

et

ro

m

e

ss

ag

es

c

or

re

ct

co

m

pu

ta

tio

n

s, an

d

c

o

rre

ct

fir

e co

m

m

an

ds

t

o t

he

fi

rin

g

b

att

er

ie

s.

5

)

A

de

qu

a

te s

up

pl

y

a

t

t

he

g

un

s t

o e

xe

cu

te

m

is

si

on

s,

re

su

pp

ly

p

la

ns

,

an

d

ac

ti

on

t

ak

e

n t

o e

ff

ec

t

r

es

up

p

ly

.

4



(6)

Adequate

communica

tions

from fire direction

center to observers,

to firing batteries, and to

subordinate

units.

44 Organization

and Operation

of

Fire

Marker

Personnel

Ground

or aerial fire marker teams are

organ

ized

and equipped

to mark simulated

artillery, heavy

mortar

fire, and atomic bursts on United States

and

Aggressor positions during tactical exercises. Um

pire

personnel are

normally

used because

these

teams

must

be neutral.

They

mark fires

of artillery, heavy

mortar and atomic

weapon

units in

the

area of

the

opposing force.

A ground team

normally

consists of an

artillery

officer and a radio operator-driver. Personnel to

operate

sonic

units

must

be

included

if

this

equip

ment

is

available

for assignment to the fire marker

teams. (These sonic units

reproduce

the sound

of

the incoming projectile and its detonation in

the tar

get

area.)

Two

teams per artillery (including

atomic weapon units) or

heavy

mortar battalion

for

marking

fire and one team per

division

artillery or

comparable

headquarters for

control

are

considered

minimum requirements. In

severe

climates or in

rough

terrain additional

fire

marker

teams

may be

necessary.

Each

team requires a vehicle

suitable

for cross

country operations and a

vehicular

mounted radio.

Sonic

equipment normally requires

an

additional

vehicle.

Pyrotechnics and projectors used

in

mark

ing

fires

are carried by the fire

marker

teams.

Pyrotechnics or other appropriate simulators

are used to mark

artillery and

mortar tire at the

43



impact

area.

The signal, flash and sound,

M-74

fired in the

pistol

M-8 or projector

M-9

is used to

simulate air

bursts. The

simulated

hand

grenades,

simulators,

shell burst ground, and other suitable

pyrotechnics

may

also

be used.

The

fire

marker

team

gives shell

report data

to the personnel under

fire.

The fire

of

one 105-mm battery is considered as

effectively

covering

an area

50 yards

in radius. Two

or more batteries are

considered as effectively

cover

ing

an

area 100 yards in

radius.

The above radii

are increased

50

percent for

the

fire

of

155-mm

batteries.

/.

Aerial fire marker teams should be used when

ever possible and may be augmented by ground fire

marker teams. Organization

of

aerial fire marker

teams depends upon

the type

of aircraft,

to be used

(par.

29).

Aerial

fire

marker

teams have

the

advan

tage of

mobility

and are especially desirable for

marking fires deep in enemy territory

or

in

locations

not accessible

to ground teams. These

teams

can in

crease

the

marked

fires

by as much

as

50 percent.

Smoke grenades or other suitable

pyrotechnics are

dropped

in the

target

area from

a

radio

equipped

helicopter or

liaison

type

aircraft.

A

card contain

ing shell

report

data is attached by

wire to the gre

nade (par.

45e(8)).

A

suitable

atomic weapon sim

ulator for maneuvers should

be

used when available.

An airborne public address system, orbiting above

the

affected

area or

a

vehicular mounted

public

ad

dress system, cruising in the affected area after the

explosion,

will

aid

in further impressing upon

the

individual soldier the

results

of

an

atomic explosion.

44



Fires

must

be

marked

promptly and accurately

t

o be effective.

Artillery

commanders must accom

p

lish

th

e constant coor

dination

necessary to

insure

the

effective

marking

of

their

fires.

45 Fire Mar

ker Channels of Comm

unication an

d

Control

A c

ontrol team located

at

the

fire direction cen

ter

of

the

division artil

lery or artillery group co

n

trols

all

teams

marking

fires

for

the subordinate units.

Requests for marking

targets may be

transmitted

to the cont

rol team

from

the

fir

e

direction

centers

over the

artillery communications

system,

or

a sepa

rate rad

io

net

may be

established for

this purpose

if desir

ed. Co

mmunication between

the

co

ntrol

team

and

h

eavy morta

r

units

must

be

provided if

mor

tar fires are

to

b

e mark

ed.

The

control team

should

maintain a chart

or

map

show

ing

the

location

of

al

l

fire marke

r

teams

at

all times.

A separate fire

marker radio

net in

cluding the

c

ontrol team and all

division artillery fire

marker

teams is e

stablished. The AN/GRC-5 or

similar

type

radio

is

recomm

ended

f

or this

net.

The

con

trol

team

should

o

rganize th

e

fire m

arker net and

func

tion as net

control. Upon receip

t

of

fire mis

sions

f

rom

th

e fire direction

centers, the c

ontrol tea

m di

rects

the f

ire m

arker team

ne

arest the target

to mark

the

fire.

An example of

channels

and

procedures

em

ployed in

the

con

duct of

a fire missio

n follows:

(1)

A forward

observe

r

locates a

target

and

report

s

its

locatio

n to

the

b

attalion

fire

di

rection

center.



(2) The fire

direction

ce

nter ale

rts the guns and

the contr

ol

team.

3) The fire

direction ce

nter sends the

firing

data

to

the

guns.

(4) The c

ontrol team contacts

the

fi

re

marker

t

eam

nea

rest

the

target

and dir

ects

it

to

mark

the fire.

In

formation a

s follows

is

give

n th

e

fire marker

teams

:

(a) Locat

ion and

description of target.

(5)

Caliber

of

weapons

firing.

Numb

er

of

rounds.

Azimut

h from

target to

guns.

Type of

fuze or fuz

e setting.

/)

Che

mical

agent,

if us

ed.

(5) T

he fire marker

team

repo

rts to

the

c

ontrol

team

upon

reaching

the

target.

(6) Th

e

control

team

reports ready to

the fire

direction center

and

the guns

are

fire

d.

(7) Th

e control team repor

ts

on the way to

the

fire mar

ker team

when the guns have

fired

.

(8) The

fire marker

team

marks the

target, f

ur

nishes

data

for shel

l

r

eports to the troops

fired upon as

indicated

in

(4)

(Z») to

ab

ove, and reports

mission completed to

the

control

team. The off

icer

with

a gr

ound

f

ire marker team

m

ay

assess casualtie

s and

dama

ges

if

a

unit

umpire is

not present.

Wh

en

planning

to have an atom

ic

bu

rst

marked,

the

control team must

notify

ground and aer

ial fire

marking teams

.

46



4

6.

A

nt

ia

ir

c

ra

ft

m

p

i

r

s

U

m

p

ir

e

s

a

ss

ig

n

e

d

t

o

a

n

ti

ai

rc

r

a

ft

u

n

it

s

p

e

rf

o

rm

t

h

e

fo

l

lo

w

in

g

du

t

ie

s

:

Battalion

umpires supervise

battery

umpires

a

n

d

o

bs

e

rv

e

th

e

o

ve

r

al

l t

a

ct

ic

a

l,

t

ec

h

n

ic

al

, a

n

d

ad

m

i

n

is

tr

a

ti

ve

p

e

rf

o

rm

a

n

c

e

o

f

t

he

b

a

tt

a

li

on

.

A

n

tia

i

rc

r

af

t

a

rt

il

le

r

y

u

m

p

ir

e

s

w

i

th

b

a

tt

er

ie

s

pe

r

fo

r

m

th

e

f

ol

lo

w

i

ng

du

t

ie

s

:

1

)

O

b

se

r

ve

a

n

d

c

r

iti

q

u

e

th

e

ta

ct

ic

a

l

an

d

te

c

h

nical

performance

of

the

antiaircraft

units.

2)

A

ss

e

ss

a

n

d

r

ep

o

r

t

l

os

s

es

in

f

lic

t

ed

on

a

t

ta

c

k

in

g

ai

r

cr

a

ft

by

t

h

e

u

ni

ts

.

(3

)

O

b

se

r

ve

s

e

cu

r

ity

,

re

c

o

nn

a

is

sa

n

c

e,

s

el

ec

ti

o

n,

a

n

d

o

c

cu

p

a

tio

n

o

f

p

o

s

it

io

n

s,

p

re

p

ar

a

ti

o

n

fo

r

a

ct

io

n

, a

n

d

te

ch

n

ic

a

l

a

n

d

t

ac

t

ic

al

e

ff

e

ct

iv

e

ness.

4)

C

h

e

ck

f

o

r u

n

d

e

rs

ta

n

d

in

g

a

nd

ob

s

e

rv

a

nc

e

of

c

o

n

d

iti

o

n

s

of

re

ad

i

ne

s

s,

ru

le

s

o

f

e

n

g

ag

e

m

e

nt

,

f

ir

e

re

st

ri

c

tio

n

s

,

an

d

c

o

m

m

a

n

d

c

o

n

t

ro

l.

(5

)

f

th

e

u

n

it

is

a

t

ta

ck

e

d

e

ff

e

ct

iv

el

y

b

y

ai

r

craft,

the ump

ir

e

m

a

y

ru

le

ou

t

an

ap

p

r

o

p

ri

at

e

n

u

m

b

er

o

f

g

u

n

s f

o

r a

p

e

ri

od

n

ot

to

e

xc

e

ed

4

h

ou

r

s.

6

)

W

h

e

n

a

n

ti

a

ir

cr

a

ft

w

ea

p

o

ns

a

r

e

em

pl

o

ye

d

a

ga

i

ns

t

g

ro

u

n

d

ta

rg

e

ts

in

a

d

ir

ec

t

f

ir

e

r

o

le

,

th

e

ir

f

ir

es

ar

e

m

a

rk

e

d

in

a

cc

o

rd

a

n

ce

w

it

h

th

e

p

r

o

vi

s

io

n

s

o

f

pa

r

a

gr

a

p

hs

44

a

n

d

4

5

.

7

)

W

h

e

n

a

nt

ia

i

rc

ra

f

t

w

ea

p

o

ns

a

re

e

m

p

lo

y

e

d

in

a

d

ir

ec

t

f

ir

e

r

ol

e

, i

n

s

up

p

o

rt

o

f

g

r

ou

n

d

o

p

er

a

ti

on

s

,

a

ss

es

s

an

d

r

e

p

or

t

lo

s

se

s

.

4

7



Se c t i o n

V

SP E

C I A L

OPERATION

AND S T A F F

U M P

I R E S

4

7 T h e Airborne

Umpire

Qualifi

ed airborne

umpires

as

signed

to airborn

e

units

follow

the

procedures contained in

paragraphs

37 and 38. Airborne

um

pires

are

also located

at

departu

re airfields, landing

fields,

and

drop

zones

within the a

irhead to obse

rve and

report

upon

th

e

p

roficiency

of airb

orne

units

in mounting

and con

ducti

ng an

airhead

operation,

an

air landed opera

tion,

or

a

logistical

support

operation

by

aircraft.

48

The Ser v

ic e

Uni

t Umpire

The mission of the

service u

nit

u

mpire is

basically

the sam

e as

t

hat for an um

pire with a combat unit.

The princi

pal duties of a service umpire

are—

To d

etermine

the

effectiveness of

security

,

co

ver,

concealment, dispersion,

camouflage,

black-out,

anti

ai

rcraft defensive mea

sures,

area damage

control

measures,

and

other

practices

that

may

be

necessa

ry

in

actu

al combat.

To require

observance

of r

ealistic

time and

space factors in

performance of the un

it mission.

To

observe

the

location and

operational

effi

ciency of

service installations.

To d

etermine if the unit

effects ti

mely

disp

lace

ment forward

with

advan

ce elements

, and if co

n

t

inuous service

is

ma

intained

during displacement

.

To observe

the adequacy an

d timeliness of in

formation furnished

the

unit

regarding the

opera

tions and

p

lans of supp

orted troop

s.

/. To a

ssess losses in mater

iel and supplies when

installations

or move

ments are subject

ed to enemy

action,

and to follow

up assessments of lo

sses and

48



Th

e um

pire must be

fam

iliar with

the

defensiv

e

f

ire

p

lans,

the

wi

thdrawal

pla

n,

the

terrain, and si

gnals to

be employe

d.

52 Air Ac

tion

Certa

in duties

and

resp

onsibiliti

es o

f air umpire

s are

gen

eral and app

ly

to

any

typ

e

of maneu

ver

in

which USA

F

un

its

may

particip

ate. The

se are—

(1)

Deciding

the

results

of contacts,

taking

into

ac

count

the

prevaili

ng tactica

l facto

rs such

as

control

o

f the

air, rel

ative forc

es and fire

pow

er, surp

rise,

and

unit readines

s for

action.

(2) Det

ermining

th

e

r

esults of

air

at

tacks o

n

ground

targ

ets either by

mean

s

of r

adar

sc

oring unit,

if

avail

able, or by

referenc

e

to

dam

age asse

ssment tables.

o)

K

eeping

the

Chief Air

Umpire

and other

u

nit

a

ir umpire

s inform

ed by

tim

ely report

s

of

t

he

results

of plans

of m

aneuver

unit

comm

anders and move

ments, ac

tions,

and

dispo

sitions of

Air

Force

maneuver

units

and in

stallation

s.

(4) Focusing

the attention

o

f all p

articipati

ng

pe

rsonnel o

n the

training

aspects of

maneu

v

er

p

lay, ra

ther than

the

achieve

ment

o

f a

fictit

ious

victory

or

de

feat —g

uiding,

where necessary,

the development

of situa

tions

so as to avo

id this

latter

tenden

cy.

(1) In

any ma

neuver

involvin

g

b

oth ai

r

and

ground a

ction, many

situati

ons wi

ll arise

in

so



which air a

nd grou

nd op

erations

interact

with

each

othe

r. In these ca

ses the

normal

func

tions of

a

ir umpire

s te

nd to overl

ap

with

those

of ground

umpire

s. Therefor

e,

it become

s necess

ary to

as

sign specif

ic

u

m

pirin

g res

ponsibilit

ies to

air

and

ground

ump

ires.

The follo

wing cons

titutes a gen

eral

guid

e:

Eac

h umpire w

ill

ju

dge

certain ph

ases

of

air

operation

s. Wh

ere damag

e assess

m

ent

is

made

by oth

er than air

ump

ires,

the

air ump

ire

involved

will mak

e

an

evaluat

ion

of

other

a

spects of the

attack

a

nd include

it in the a

ir u

mpire's fin

al

rep

ort.

Where

an a

ir

umpire

is pre

sent

o

n the g

round and

a gr

ound

u

mpire

is

prese

nt,

the

follo

wing system c

an

be

use

d:

A

c

ommon fr

equency

must

be

a

vailable

to ba

ttalion

umpire

s and

air contro

l

team um

pires with

the batta

lion. A

sec

ond freq

uency must

be

availabl

e

be

tween those

air ump

ires w

ho are f

lying

and tho

se wh

o

a

re on the

groun

d

w

ith

a

ir c

ontrol

t

eams.

Wh

en an

immedia

te

or prepla

nned mis

sion

is req

uested, inf

ormation

wil

l

be

rel

ayed to op

posing for

ces thr

ough the

assistant battalion

umpire,

temporarily

l

ocated

with

Aggres

sor. The inform

a

tion will in

clude the

num

ber and t

ype

of

aircraf

t,

a

rmament,

coo

rdinates

of

targ

et, and

time

of

ar

rival at

targ

et.

5



U

p

on

re

ce

ip

t

of

i

nf

or

m

at

io

n f

ro

m

t

he

as

sis

ta

nt

b

at

ta

lio

n

um

p

ir

e

th

e

ba

tta

li

on

u

m

pi

re

w

ill

n

o

tif

y

th

e

u

mp

ir

e

o

f t

he

u

n

it

in

th

e

ta

rg

e

t a

rea

T

hi

s m

ay

be

a

su

bo

rd

in

a

te

u

ni

t

w

i

th

in

th

e b

a

tta

lio

n

o

r

a

h

ig

he

r h

ea

d

qu

ar

te

rs

d

ep

en

d

ing

on

th

e

pr

op

o

se

d

ta

rg

e

t.

A

t

th

e

t

im

e

of

th

e

st

ri

ke

th

e

um

p

ir

e

w

ith

t

he

un

it

m

a

rk

s th

e

s

tr

ik

e wi

th

a

sm

o

ke

grenade.

He

makes

an

estimate

of

ca

su

al

tie

s

an

d

da

m

ag

es

a

nd

fo

rw

a

rd

s

the

m

to

t

he

ba

tt

ali

on

u

m

pir

e.

Th

e a

ir

um

p

ire

f

ly

in

g

w

it

h

th

e s

tr

ik

e

no

tif

ie

s

th

e

a

ir

c

on

tr

ol

te

am

um

p

ir

e

of

his

es

ti

m

ate

s

o

f

c

as

ua

lti

es

an

d

da

m

ages.

The

battalion umpire with the

ad

vi

ce

o

f

th

e

a

ir

c

o

nt

ro

l t

ea

m

um

p

ir

e

w

il

l

co

rr

el

at

e

th

e

c

lai

m

s

an

d

m

a

ke

a

f

in

al

as

se

ss

m

en

t o

f

ca

su

al

tie

s

a

nd

da

m

ag

e

s.

Th

is

in

fo

rm

a

tio

n

w

il

l

be

re

la

ye

d

to

th

e

un

it

t

hr

ou

gh

g

ro

un

d

u

m

pi

re

channels and

to

the

air

unit

through

A

ir

F

o

rc

e c

ha

nn

e

ls

n

th

os

e c

as

es

wh

e

re

t

he

a

ss

is

ta

nt

b

at

ta

li

on

um

p

ir

e

i

s

no

t

lo

ca

te

d

w

ith

t

he

A

g

gr

es

so

r

un

it

a

nd

A

g

gr

es

so

r ca

lls

f

or

an

a

ir

s

tri

ke

in

fo

rm

a

tio

n

in

dic

a

ted

above

will

be

provided

from Aggressor

he

ad

q

ua

rt

er

s

to

um

p

ir

e

he

a

dq

ua

rt

er

s

th

en

ce

d

ow

n

to

th

e b

a

tta

li

on

um

p

ire

inv

o

lv

ed

Z »

)

In

air

bo

r

ne

op

e

ra

tio

n

gr

o

un

d

a

n

d a

ir

u

m

pi

re

s

w

ill

ju

dg

e

th

ei

r r

es

pe

c

tiv

e c

om

po

ne

n

ts

th

ro

ug

ho

u

t

th

e

m

a

ne

uv

er

G

as

5 2



u

a

lt

ie

s

t

o a

ir

cr

af

t

a

nd

cr

ew

s

w

il

l

e

as

s

es

se

d

b

y a

ir

um

p

ir

es

,

a

nd

c

a

su

al

ti

es

to

ai

rb

or

n

e

e

lem

e

n

ts

w

i

ll b

e

a

ss

es

se

d

b

y

g

r

ou

n

d

um

p

i

re

s,

if

a

p

pr

o

pr

ia

te

.

A

n

y

casualties to

airborne

elements

will

be

re

st

or

ed

pr

io

r t

o

re

a

ch

in

g

t

he

dr

o

p

zo

ne

.

C

o

or

di

n

ati

o

n o

f

O

u

t

o

f

A

c

ti

on

w

i

ll

e

p

re

sc

ri

be

d

by

th

e

ch

ie

f

ar

m

y u

m

p

ir

e

f

o

r

g

r

ou

n

d

eq

u

ip

m

en

t

an

d

th

e

c

hi

ef

a

ir

u

m

pi

re

fo

r

a

i

rc

ra

ft

a

n

d r

el

at

ed

A

ir

F

o

rc

e

equipment.

2

)

A

ir

U

m

p

ir

e.

T

he

ai

r

um

p

i

re

w

il

l

um

p

i

re

t

he

f

ol

lo

w

in

g:

A

ll

ai

r-

to

-a

ir

co

n

ta

ct

s.

Da

m

a

ge

w

il

l be

a

ss

es

ed

i

n a

c

co

rd

an

c

e

w

ith

d

am

a

ge

as

se

ss

m

en

t

t

ab

le

s.

All troop carrier

responsibilities

in

the

a

ir

bo

rn

e

as

sa

u

lt

or

l

og

is

ti

c s

u

pp

o

rt

.

?

) E

f

fe

ct

iv

en

es

s

o

f

ea

c

h a

ir

a

tt

ac

k

, b

ot

h

air

-

t

o-

a

ir

an

d

ai

r-

to

-g

ro

u

nd

,

e

xp

re

ss

e

d

i

n

p

er

ce

nt

ag

e

.

W

h

er

e a

ir

-to

-

gr

ou

n

d

t

ar

g

et

s

a

re

in

vo

lv

e

d,

th

e

ai

r u

m

p

ir

e

w

i

th

a

f

lig

h

t

transmits

to umpire operations

through

ai

r u

m

p

ire

c

ha

n

ne

ls

th

e

fo

llo

w

in

g

i

n

fo

r

m

at

io

n

pr

io

r

t

o

ta

ke

o

ff

:

T

im

e o

f

ta

k

eo

ff

.

E

st

im

a

te

d

t

im

e

o

f

a

rr

iv

a

l

a

t t

ar

g

et

.

N

um

b

e

r a

n

d

ty

p

e o

f

a

ir

cr

af

t.

T

yp

e

o

f

a

rm

a

m

e

nt

.

M

i

ss

io

n

a

nd

sp

e

ci

fic

t

ar

g

et

s.

C

he

m

ic

al

a

ge

n

t, i

f

u

se

d

a

nd

d

os

ag

e

—

ar

ea

c

ov

er

ed

.

A

ll

ae

ri

al

re

co

n

na

is

sa

n

ce

m

i

ss

io

n

s, b

ot

h

v

is

ua

l

a

n

d ph

o

to

gr

ap

h

ic

.



(e

)

D

a

m

a

ge

,

b

y

h

os

t

ile

a

tt

ac

k

to

a

ir

b

as

e

s a

nd

a

ir

cr

a

ft

o

n

ai

rb

a

se

s

.

(

/

) O

pe

r

at

io

n

o

f

t

he

ai

r

c

o

n

tr

o

l

c

e

nt

e

r.

Logistic

support

by

aircraft

include:

T

h

e

a

pp

r

o

pr

ia

t

en

e

s

s

o

f

di

re

c

ti

ve

s

is

su

e

d

f

or

b

ri

ng

i

n

g

a

ir

s

up

p

ly

i

te

m

s

to

l

o

ad

in

g

p

o

in

ts

.

P

r

ep

a

r

at

io

n

of

l

o

ad

i

n

g

p

l

an

s

, e

f

fe

ct

iv

e

n

e

ss

o

f

c

o

m

b

at

l

oa

d

in

g

,

a

n

d

ad

e

q

ua

c

y

of

aircraft

provided.

(3

)

A

rm

y

U

m

pi

re

.

T

h

e

G

r

o

un

d

u

m

p

ir

e

w

il

l

u

m

pi

re

t

h

e

fo

ll

o

w

in

g

:

(

a)

I

n

ai

rb

o

rn

e

o

pe

r

at

io

n

s,

th

e

pr

e

p

ar

a

ti

o

n

f

or

e

m

p

l

an

i

ng

a

n

d

t

h

e

e

ffi

c

ie

nc

y

of

l

oa

d

i

n

g

pl

a

n

s

in

su

p

p

o

rt

in

g

ta

c

ti

ca

l

r

e

q

ui

re

ments

of airborne

forces,

the

a

c

tu

a

l

j

u

m

p

, a

n

d

op

e

r

at

io

n

s

o

f

t

h

e

ai

rb

o

r

ne

f

o

rc

e

th

e

re

a

ft

er

.

(

6

)

D

a

m

a

g

e

to

g

r

ou

n

d

t

a

rg

e

ts

b

y

at

ta

c

k

in

g

a

i

rc

ra

f

t

p

r

ov

i

d

ed

s

uc

h

i

n

fo

r

m

a

ti

on

i

s n

o

t

s

up

p

li

e

d

by

t

he

a

ir

u

m

p

ir

e

p

a

r

ti

ci

p

at

in

g

i

n

th

e

a

tt

ac

k

.

c)

D

a

m

a

g

e

to

a

tt

ac

k

in

g

a

i

rc

r

af

t

b

y

g

r

ou

n

d

d

e

fe

n

se

s

.

W

h

e

n

an

a

ir

at

ta

c

k

on

g

ro

u

n

d

ta

r

g

et

s

i

n

cl

u

de

s

t

h

e

u

se

o

f

a

n

a

t

om

ic

w

ea

p

on

,

th

e

ca

s

ua

l

ty

an

d

d

a

m

a

g

e

as

s

es

sm

en

t

s

a

r

e

m

a

d

e

b

y

t

h

e

u

n

i

t

u

m

p

i

re

as

i

n

di

c

at

e

d

i

n

p

a

r

ag

r

a

ph

32a.

Air

Staff

Umpires

will

n

ot

if

y

U

m

p

ir

e

H

ea

d

q

u

ar

te

r

s

o

f

th

e

pl

a

nn

e

d

a

tt

ac

k

.

U

ti

li

z

at

io

n

a

nd

e

f

fic

ie

n

cy

o

f

lo

g

is

ti

ca

l

s

up

p

o

rt

b

y

a

ir

.

54



S e c t i o n VI

R E C O R D S

AND R E P O R T S

53 Troop Location R e p o r t s

Prompt and accurate reports

are the foundation

of umpire

control.

Although

unit

umpires

down

to

and

including

those assigned units of

company

level

submit

periodic

reports

as

prescribed by the Chief

Umpire, important changes in

the situation

or loca

tion

of

units

should

be

submitted

without delay in

the

form of special reports. Such reports should

normally include the unit

designation, location

of the

command

post,

current

mission

or employment, and

any

additional information pertaining to the

current

situation. For example: Company A, 321st In

fantry 98402450, occupying defensive position along

BIG

CKEEK from 98302462

to 98702445.

54 Daily

Report

A daily

report

on

unit

operations

will be prepared

by all unit

umpires

and submitted to

the Chief

Um

pire through umpire channels of command. The

report will cover

a

period of 24

hours.

The

period

to

be

covered, the

time

of

submission

and any

special

comments or recommendations desired will be

pre

scribed

by the

Chief Umpire.

An

example of a

daily

report is shown in figure 2.

55 Artillery Control F o r m s

Fire

marker teams and fire

marker

control teams

will

keep a

record of artillery fires and atomic bursts.

This

record

will

be

kept

on

a

form

similar

to

the

ar

tillery control

log

maintained

at

artillery fire

direc

tion

centers.



H S A M U U t T K R S I MF I B E Q R O U P

HQ5RCISE__________

D U L Y

U t t l R B

R E P O R T

5 M a y 1952

Date

For period: 041200 May

to

051200 M a y

Unit U mpired:

Company

A, 321th Infantry

Location of front line•

at

close of period:

(Pldcoke

sheet, 1:50,000)

F T O B

5^3626 to 5W27

Location of unit

CF

if applicable)

Pldcoke «heet,

1:50,000,516630

Ukplred by Jon«»,

John A. Capt, Infantry

1.

a. What was

the primary

Bission

of the unit during the

period (Give

suaaary

of operation*)

a.

Attack and

selie

high

ground

vicinity Pidcoke (5^2626).

Continue

attack

and

seize

crossing

over

LaBpass

River___

(3^6627) upon order. (Unit attacked 050*00

and

by

O511't5

had seized initial objective.

laaedlate

plana vere made

for

defense againat counterattaelc. Unit nov preparing to

continue attack tovard objective2).

b. What

pertinent

tactical or administrative

problena

arose

which

affected

the amnner in

which

the

unit carried out

Ita BisslonT

b. Hone______________________________________

2. Coavent

on

the

Banner

in which the unit accomplished its

Bis-

sion and

handled concurrent

problem.

Explain

what the

pri-

Bary

factors were which contributed to the

success

or failure

of the Bission,

e.g.,

tactics, cocmand, supply, unit training

to Include

chemical

and

atomic.

Individual

training

to Include

cheBical and atcalc, intelligence

leadership.

1ACTIC3:

Plan

well

prepared, orders

clear and copjpleta,

execution

of maneuver conforaed exactly with plan. Advantage_____

taken

of

covered

routes of approach, use

of cover

and

concealBent

was

excellent,

dispersion

excellent.

Defense

of

objective,

follow

ing capture,

was

well planned and tlaely.__________________



C O

M M M

D s

Uft

it coas

Muad

er

cont

l^uo

MPly

kept

ve

il

f

orwa

rd

c

o

ctro

i

of

s.11

sloM

snts

tJ>r

° gh

s,lJL

p**n

ns of C

O M

•ua

lcatl

oo.

Con

fide

nt «

nd f

irm

in

li

min

g o

rds

rs and

Bati

ng a«cl

-

con

stan

t

c

once

rn

for

w

elfa

re of

»ep

.

SUFF

IX:

Ba

sic

load

s ve

re c

o»p

l«te.

All

co«a

»nfl

«ri to

ok

po»

ltiT

» »ctlo

n

to rep

len

i»h

oth

er «u

pplj

«ho

rt»g

ei.___

__

___

__

UIIT

TRA IH IBO: Coordlnatioa

bgtveen

unit*.

«»ployment

of

»up

por

tlna v

eapo

ui «

nd

»pe

ed

v

lth

vfai

ch

o

rde

ri

c

arrie

d ou

r

i

ndlc

tttd

exc

ellen

t tr

aini

ng.

___

__

___

___

___

__

___

___

__

__

IB

D IV

IDUU

. T

RA1H

IH G

: Ind

ivid

ual

vea

poni

in exc

elle

nt

co

ndi

tion

, pro

per t

igh

t ge

tting

i,

goo

d di

ep«r

»ioa

a

nd

caa

oufla

g*

di.c

ipli

ne._

___

___

__

___

___

__

___

___

___

__

___

___

___

__

U fT

KLL I

GEM

CE: I

ndlv

ldxi

ala

ve

ry

«

ecur

ity

con

»cio

u».

F O W

i

pr

o«pt

ly torc

hed

and

»eg

rega

t«d,

c

aptu

red

doc

uaen

ti

asse

ssed

d

urin

g p

erio

d:

a P

erso

nnel

D ead

. 7 S

eriou

sly

w

oun

ded. 6

sligh

tly_

___

_

vou

nded

___

___

___

____

___

___

___

___

____

__

__

_

b

. M

a.lo

r ite

n» of

eq

uipm

ent:

o

ne

£-t

on

ve

hicl

e

tota

lly

dest

roye

d._

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

____

If.

O

ther r

e_ar

k«:

M y

d

rive

r

Pvt

Doe

in

jure

d

in

fal

l

a

nd

C Tm

e

uated

to 22d

yield

EYBC .

Hosp .

Incident

oceured

1 9 C O

hours

04

M ay at

coo

r.

5U

36

28 _

__

___

___

___

___

___

__

___

___

C

ont

inue

d.

57



C H A P T E R 4

FIRE

P O W E R

AND LOSS

AS S ES S M EN T

S e c t i o n I

FIRE

POWER

56

Fire

Power

A

unit

or element

thereof

should

be

permitted

to

advance

only after the umpire has carefully con

sidered the

tactical

factors involved

(pars

31 and

32).

One of these

factors

is

fire power.

In order

to

establish

a basis for computing fire power

in

a tactical

exercise,

a

numerical

rating

is

assigned

each

weapon.

The

numerical rating, or fire power

score,

for

a

par

ticular weapon is

based

on the type, caliber, range,

and

effectiveness of that

weapon

in comparison

with

other weapons (par.

57).

The fire

power

of a unit

may be computed as shown

in

paragraph 58. In

addition,

fire

power

must

be

associated

with

maneu

ver as

indicated in below. A simple infantry fire

power

computer,

applicable

to

both

United States

and Aggressor

fires, for

use by

unit umpires is

described

in

appendix

V. The

effects of an atomic

burst are calculated by

the staff officers

of the

special

weapons subsection at Umpire Headquarters (app.

II,

par.

A combat

element should

be

permitted to

ad

vance only when

it has decisive superiority of fire.

58



T

his superiority

should seldom be less

than to 1

and ge

nerally should be 3

or 4 to 1 . If

th

e defende

r

has

good cover and fields

of

fire,

there

should be no

hesitation

in

requiring

a

superiority

of 5

to

1

or

even

mo

re.

In

a

surprise flank attack,

the defend

er

m

ay

fail to u

se

his fire

pow

er completely, m

ay be so

dis

posed that

he cann

ot

use

it, or

may be unable

to

con

trol and

coordinate

it properly. In such a

case

the

attacker may

be

pe

rmitted

to advance

with

a

n

ominal or apparent

fi

re

power no greater than th

at

of

the

defender. Appli

ed

fire

power—that is, f

ire

power actually

brought to

bear on the opposing

force—

is the princi

pal basis for the umpire's

de

cis

ions.

In tactical

exercises advan

tages of man

euver

m

ay

be

recognized by award

ing

premiu

ms for

maneu

ver

as

follows:

(1) Th

e fire

power

score,

based

on weap

ons

involved,

to

a

unit

in

a

fr

ontal

attack.

(2)

the actual fire

power score if

the unit

attack

s by

fire

and also

maneuvers a

portio

n

o

f

its

force

to

strike

th

e opposing

force other

than

frontally.

(3)

times

the

a

ctual

fire

power sc

ore

if

a

unit

make

s

a

coordinated

a

ttack

after having

maneuvered

a

por

tion of

its

forc

e

t

o strike

the

flank or rear of

the

opposing

force

.

59



C

ontinued

Weapons

120& 150-mm Mor

ta

rs

.

105-mm

Howitzer_

150& 180-mm How-

75

&

80-mm Pack

Howitzers

106-mm Re

coilless

Rifle______

______

1

05

&

120-mm TK

&

AT Guns___

___

4

0-mm Gun

Dual

Mt

d._._

____

_

M

6 Cal .50 Qua

d

Mtd_.

__________

300

yds

20

20

25

15

20

20

16

40

500

yds

20

20

25

15

20

20

1 6

40

7 0 0

yds

20

20

25

15

20

20

1 f

i

40

9 0 0

yds

20

20

25

15

20

20

16

40

1.100

yds

2

0

20

25

15

20

20

16

40

1,300

yds

20

2

0

25

1 5

20

20

1 6

40

1,500

yds

20

20

25

15

2

0

20

16

40

Over

1,500

yds

20

20

25

15

20

20

1 6

40

58

Fire

Power

of

Uni ts

Be

cause of the

time element

involved,

i

t is often

impra

cticable f

or

an

umpire

to

ta

bulate

the

fire power

of all

weapon

s

individually.

Therefore, it is

more

desirab

le

to

deter

mine the colle

ctive

fire

po

wer of

each unit

p

rior

to

the start of

the ex

ercise

so

that the

umpire

can readily c

ompare the fire power of

o

ppos

ing

uni

ts. Unit ump

ires must mainta

in an

ac

curate

record of effective

fire pow

er

at all

times.

To

ac

complish thi

s, he must

adjust

the in

itial fire power

of the

unit

involved

by

the

percentage

of the

unit's

losses

as well as

its replaceme

nts.

5.

The fire

power score of any

unit

ca

n be d

eter

m

ined by

adding

the f

ire power

score

of

each of the

61



organi

c weapo

ns of

the

unit. I

n order to

simp

lify

initia

l

comp

utatio

ns of fire

pow

er,

the

Exe

rcise

D

i

rec

tor m

ay autho

rize

that

the

co

llectiv

e

fire p

ower

score

of

all

similar

type

units

be

based

on

100

percent

T

OE w

eapon

s or

on the a

verag

e n

umber

of

auth

or

i

zed

weap

ons on

hand

. Ot

herwis

e, th

e

co

llective

f

ire po

wer

score o

f a unit wi

ll be b

ased

o

n

th

e org

anic

weap

ons

actua

lly in

the unit

. Th

e ini

tial fi

re po

wer

scor

es for

pa

rticipa

ting u

nits sho

uld b

e repr

oduce

d

for

us

e of th

e umpi

res.

For sim

plicity

,

uni

t

fir

e

pow

er

scores

shou

ld

be

exp

ressed

in

mu

ltiple

s of 10.

Th

e fire

po

wer sc

ore of attac

hed

or s

uppor

ting unit

s

sho

uld be

added

t

o that

of

the

s

uppor

ted un

it. O

nly

those un

its

actua

lly enga

ged in

th

e fire

fig

ht or in

p

ositio

n

to

sup

port

the attac

k, will

be c

onside

red.

T

he

t

otal

fire po

wer

of a un

it is

redu

ced d

uring

the

op

eration

s

by a

ccumu

lated

losses.

The comp

utation

of

losses is

discus

sed in p

aragra

plis 6

7

throu

gh 77.

T

he

f

ire

powe

r

sc

ores of Un

ited S

tates

infa

ntry

u

nits b

ased o

n 100

per

cent of autho

rized

we

apons

are

as

fol

lows: (A

ctual

c

ompu

tations

are

shown

in

pare

nthese

s). T

his

cha

rt

ill

ustrat

es

the

use of

fire

power

scores

of

individual

weapons

(par.

5 7 )

to

ob

tain uni

t fir

e po

wer s

cores. (See

app. V

for

c

om

pu

ter.)

62



Un

it

57-mm

Recoilless R

ifle

Section.

Heav

y

Weap

on

Company.

Mac

hinegun Platoon......

300

yds

775

(774)

190

(102)

50

10

(12)

t

o

50

(48)

20

|

30

(30 )

200

(198)

4 0

(40 )

110

(110)

(48 )

50 0

yds

775

(7

7 4 )

190

(192)

50

(48 )

(12)

10

(12)

50

(48 )

20

»Q

30

(30 )

20 0

(198)

4 0

( 4 0 )

(110)

50

(48 )

700

y

ds

610

(612)

(13 8 )

3 0

(30)

5

(«)

10

(12)

50

(4 8

)

20

3 0

(30 )

200

(198)

4 0

(40)

110

(110 )

(48)

9 0 0

yds

610

(612)

140

138 )

30

(30)

5

(6)

10

1 2)

50

(48)

20

(18)

30

(30)

200

(198)

4 0

(40 )

110

(110)

(48)

1,100

yds

4 3 0

(432)

80

(78)

10

(12)

(12)

50

(48 )

20

Q

30

(30)

2 0 0

(198)

4 0

(40)

110

(110)

(4 8 )

1,300

yds

390

387)

65

(63)

5

(«)

(6)

(48 )

20

(18)

30

(30)

200

(198 )

4 0

(40 )

110

(110)

50

(48 )

1,500

yds

39 0

(387)

65

(63)

5

(

6)

(6)

50

(48)

20

/

30

(30)

200

(198)

4 0

(40)

110

(110)

(48 )

Over

1 ,500

yds

(286)

30

(30)

30

(30)

30

(30)

20 0

(198

)

4 0

(4 0 )

110

(110)

50

(48)

63



Unit

Headquarters & Service

Reconnaissance

Plat.

300

yds

800

(800)

1 6 0

(152)

9 0

(92)

2 0

(20)

5 0

(50)

1 0

(10)

1 0

(1 2 )

60

(60)

1 6 0

(162)

4 0

(42 )

(10)

1 0

(12 )

35

(3 6 )

500

yds

800

(800)

1 5 0

(152)

9 0

(92)

2 0

(20)

50

(50)

10

(1

0)

10

(12)

60

(60)

16 0

(162)

40

(42)

10

(10)

(12)

35

(36)

700

yds

61 0

(611)

140

(143)

80

(83)

15

(16

)

5 0

(50)

(5 )

10

(12

)

6

0

(60)

10 5

(117

)

30

(27

)

5

(5 )

(12)

35

(36

)

900

yds

6 1 0

(611)

1 4 0

(143)

8 0

(83)

1 5

(Ifi)

50

(50)

(5 )

10

(12)

60

(60)

10 5

(117 )

30

(27)

5

(5)

(

12)

35

(36)

1 ,1 00

yds

420

(422)

135

(134)

70

(74)

10

(12)

5

0

(50)

10

(1

2 )

60

(60)

7 0

(72 )

1 0

(

1 2 )

(12)

35

(36)

1 ,300

yds

3

45

(344

)

130

(1 2

8)

70

(6

8)

5

(6)

5 0

(50)

10

(12)

60

(60)

5 5

(

54)

5

(6 )

(6)

35

(36)

1 ,5 00

yds

345

(344)

1 3 0

(128

)

7 0

(68 )

5

(6 )

50

(50)

1 0

(12)

(60)

5 5

(54)

(6 )

5

(6)

35

.

(

36 )

Over

1 ,500

yds

266

(26 )

1 2 0

(122)

6 0

( 62 )

5 0

(50)

10

( 12 )

60

(60)

35

(36)

35

( 36 )

64



Un

it

B

attali

on

--....

..

Rifl

e

C

ompa

ny....

..

Ride

Plat

oon..

.

Rif

le Squ

ad

.

.

...

Weap

ons

Squa

d... .

Weapons

Platoon

.

60-mm

M

ortar Se

ction

.. . .

5

7-mm

Ro

coille

ss R

ifle

Se

c.

He

avy W

eapo

ns

Com

pany

.

Mac

hineg

un plato

on.

.

.

A

ntitan

k Plat....

.

Mor

tar Pla

toon

300

y

ds

72

0

(720)

1 75

(174)

40

42

)

1 0

10)

1 0

12)

50

(48)

2 0

(1

8)

3 0

(30)

20(1

(

198)

40

(40

)

1 1 0

(1 1

0)

5

0

48)

50 0

y d

s

7

20

(720)

1 75

(1

74 )

4

0

42)

1 0

(1 0

)

1 0

12)

50

(48

)

2

0

18)

3 0

30

)

2 00

1 1

88)

40

40

)

1 1 0

(1 1 0

)

4

8)

700

yds

58

5

(585)

1 30

(

129)

2 5

27)

5

(5

)

1 0

12)

50

(48)

2 0

18

)

3 0

3

0)

2 00

(

1 98)

40

4

0)

1 1 0

(

1 10)

50

48

)

90

0

yds

5 8 5

(585)

1

3 0

129)

25

27)

5

(5 )

1 0

12)

50

48)

2 0

(1

8)

30

30

)

200

(1 98)

40

40)

1 1 0

(1 10)

50

48)

1

,100

yds

Je

n

9

0U

(450)

85

(84)

1 0

(12)

1 0

12

)

50

48)

2 0

(18)

30

(3 0

)

2 00

198

)

40

40

)

1 1 0

(110)

50

48)

1 ,3

00

y

ds

39

5

396)

65

(06)

5

(6 )

5

6)

50

48)

2 0

(1 8

)

3 0

3

0)

2

00

(1

98)

40

4

0)

1 1 0

(

11 0)

50

4

8)

1

,500

yds

395

396)

6

5

66)

5

(«

)

5

6)

50

48)

2 0

18)

30

30

)

200

(1 98)

40

40)

1 1 0

(no

)

50

48)

O

ver

1

,500

y

ds

2 9 0

(2 2 8)

3 0

30

)

30

(30)

3 0

3

0)

2 0

0

(1 88)

40

40)

1 1 0

(110)

50

48)

.

' 557:

4 O —

55

65



Armament o

f Aggresso

r units i

s

listed

in FM

30-

102. In

computing

the fire pow

er scores for

these

units,

only those

weapons

that normall

y engage in

fire

fights a

re considered. As

in

the computation

for

United States

units,

t

he weapons

carried by lea

ders,

he

adquarters pe

rsonnel,

and

individual

weapons ca

r

ried by we

apons crews are

not counted.

The

fire

power

scores

of

Aggresso

r rifle units

based on above

are as i

n

tables

V throu

gh VII.

Unit

MQ

Co

.-..--...-..

MQ Plat ....

......

MG

Sq. .

-------

Mort Fl

at...

..

.....

AT

Co----.-.------

AT

P

lat-..--....-..

1 00

yds

1 5

/iq\

1 5

(13)

30 0

yds

(693)

1 2 0

(120)

30

f )A\

1 0

(10)

90

(90)

3

0

(30)

(10)

110

(108)

35

(36)

135

(135)

(45)

5 0 0

yds

69 5

(693)

(12

0)

30

(30)

1 0

(10)

9 0

(9 0 )

3 0

(3

0)

1 0

(10)

1 1 0

( 10 8 )

35

(36

)

135

(135)

4 5

(45)

700

yds

(5.18)

(75)

(15)

5

(5)

9 0

(90)

30

(30)

10

(10)

(1

08)

35

(36)

135

(135)

(45)

9 0 0

yds

(558)

75

(75)

(IS)

5

(5)

(9 0 )

30

(30)

10

(10)

(108)

35

(36)

13 5

(135)

(45)

1,100

yds

4 2 5

(4 2

3)

30

(30)

9

0

(90)

30

(30)

10

(10)

no

(108)

35

(36)

135

(135)

45

(45)

1,300

yd

s

42 5

(423)

(30)

90

(90)

30

(30)

10

(10)

(108)

35

(3fi)

135

(135)

(45)

1,500

yds

42 5

(423)

/O

A\

9 0

(

90)

30

(30)

10

(10

)

(108

)

35

(36)

13 5

(

135)

(45)

over

1,500

yds

(108)

( 10 8 )

35

(36)

66



Unit

Battalion .

.......

M

O Co _ ..

M U P

lat.

Mort Plat.....

..

AT

Co...........

.... ....

AT

P

lat...........

... ....

300

yd

s

630

(628)

9 0

(30)

10

10)

90

(om

30

r a o

108 )

35

(3

6)

60

6 0)

30

(30

)

500

yds

630

(628)

(90)

30)

1 0

10)

90

f

om

30

30)

(108

)

3 5

(36)

6

0

6 0)

3 0

30)

7

00

yds

395

(393 )

(45)

(15)

5)

9 0

30

(30)

110

IDS)

35

36 )

60

6 0)

30

(30)

900

yds

395

393)

4 5)

15)

5)

90

/Qf»\

30

(30)

108 )

35

(36)

60

(60)

3 0

3 0 1

1,100

yds

260

25S)

9

0

(9

0 )

3 0

(30 )

1 1 0

(108)

3 5

(3 6)

60

(60)

30

(30)

1 ,300

yd

s

2 6 0

(258)

90

Co

m

30

30)

110

(108

)

35

(3

6)

60

6 0)

30

(30

)

1 ,500

yds

260

2 5

8 )

90

(90

)

30

(30)

1 1

0

(1

08 )

3 5

(36)

60

6 0)

30

30)

Ov

er

1,

500

yds

1 1 0

(108 )

1 1 0

(10

8 )

3 5

(36)

This

battalion

is

foun

d in mec

hanized rifle reg

iments and the medium

tan

k

regimen

t of

mechanized

div isions, and

in

the

motorized rifle re

giment and

th e

medium

tank r

egiments of

tank

divi

sions.

59

Eff

ect of Artiller

y on F

ire

Powe

r

Eff

ective c

ounterbat

tery fir

e

n

eutralizes

oppos

ing a

rtillery

units

for the duratio

n of

the concentr

a

tio

n and for

a limited

time

afte

r the fire ha

s

c

eased.

Arti

llery fire neut

ralizes

the fire p

ower o

f in

fantr

y t

roops

w

ithin

the im

pact area (par

.

4 4 ) fo

r

the

duration

of

the

fire.

An

atom

ic

burst

ne

utralizes

the

fire

pow

er,

ar

tillery

or i

nfantry, in accord

ance

with

the

p

ercent

casualt

y and d

amage effects i

ndicated

on

th

e effects

ove

rlay, (app.

VII) and

la

ter

assessed

by the unit

umpire.

67



Un

it

Rifle Plat

...... — .

MO Co—

_____--

---

MO Plat . ..

Mort

Plat.. .. .

.

AT C o. .... —

— — .

AT

Pla

t . -----

----

100

yds

(

19)

300

yds

830

828 )

1 65 )

40

3 9 )

(13

)

(18)

9

(80)

3

(3

0)

no

(108)

(3 6)

13

5

( 135 )

(45)

500

yds

830

828)

1 6 5

1 6 5 )

40

/oq\

(1

3)

20

1Q

\

B O

(90)

3

(30)

110

( 108 )

35

(36)

1

3 5

(135)

(45)

7 0 0

yds

7 9 5

6 9 3 )

120

(122)

25

2 4 )

(8 )

2

(18)

9

(90)

3

(30

)

1 1 0

( 10 8 )

35

(3 6 )

1 3 5

1 35 )

(45)

9 0 0

yd

s

650

648)

1 0 5

. 1 0 5 )

15 )

5

(

5)

IS)

9

(90)

3

(30)

1 1 0

(108)

( 3 6 )

1 3 5

( 135 )

(45)

1 , 100

yd

s

425

423)

3 0

(in i

9

(90)

3

(30)

1 1 0

(108)

35

(3 6)

135

(1 3

5)

(45)

1

,300

yds

3 3 5

3

33 )

90

(90)

3

(30)

1 1 0

(1

0 8 )

(36)

1 3 5

(135)

(45)

1 ,5 0 0

yds

33

5

333 )

9

(90)

3

(30)

1 1 0

(108)

3 6)

1 3

5

(135)

(4

5)

Over

1 ,500

yd

s

1 1 0

(1 0

8)

1 1 0

(108)

(36)

-

-----

60.

f fec t of

T

ank

and

Self Prope

lled Guns

on

In

fantry Fire

Power

O bserv

ed

fire of

tan

k

or se

lf-propell

ed

guns

n

eu

tralizes

the fire

pow

er

of

dismo

unted troops an

d all

o

ther fire

power

not locat

ed

in armored

vehicles

or

complet

ed bu

nkers, f

or

t

he duration

of the

obser

ved

fire. Ne

utralizati

on shou

ld be lim

ited to area

bein

g

f

ired

upon; other

troops sh

ould

contin

ue to

fire

.

61. f fec t

of

Ground Weapo

ns Agains

t Ar

mor

The

following

g

round we

apons

are consi

dered

effectiv

e agai

nst

ar

mored

vehicle

s

a

t rang

es indi

cated

:

68



W eapons and

ammunition

Caliber .50

57-mm, Gun,

AP; 57-mm Re -

coilless

Rifle

HEAT.

40-mm AA Gun

AP.

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

75-mm

or

larger Gun,

Howitzer,

or

R ecoilless

R ifle,

AP, HE,

or

HEAT.

3.5"

Rocket

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

R ifle and

Grenade

Launcher

Antitank

Grenade.

Atomic

Bursts

("See effects

overlay").

M axim u m

effective range

(yds)

Scout

cars

and gun

carriers

500

800

1,000

1,000

200

<75

1,700

L ight tanks,

selt-pro-

pelled

guns,

full

track

armd. inf.

veh.

800

400

1,000

200

• 1 7 5

1,700

Medium

tanks

b

400

n,

o o o

200

1,700

• Hits

at

this

range

will not destroy but may immobilize.

b

Flank

and rear only.

c 75-mm

not effective

against

medium

tanks.

Not effective

against moving

targets

at ranges over 50 yards.

Unarmored

vehicles

are vulnerable to all

weap

ons within effective

range.

Atomic burst effects

on

armor will be

furnished

by the umpire, after referring to his effects overlay."

62 Fire Duels

a. Fire

duels at great

range

are

difficult

to

umpire.

Losses

are

assessed

only

when,

in

the opinion

of

the

umpire,

a fair decision

can be made (par. 39). Guns

of vehicles

in

motion

are effective

only

when

equipped

with

gyrostabilizers

and

then the effectiveness

is

25

percent

of

a stationary gun of the same type.

69



Gun

s

of

comp

arable size are sco

red

on

the basis

of

p

osition as

follows:

(1)

Gr

ound gu

n behind n

atural or

ar

tificial

cover— 3.

(2) Vehicular-mounted

gun (armore

d) behind

natural

or

artificial cover—

4.

3

)

Gro

und gun unprotect

ed by natural or a

rti

ficial

c

over— 2 .

(

4)

Vehicular-mou

nted gun

(armor

ed) unpro

tected by natural or

artificial cover—

3.

< ?

Guns

must be

la

id

accurately

on the tar

gets.

If

blank am

munition is not

available, a red flag m

ust

be

waved

to

simulat

e firing.

A collective

score

method may

b

e used if

the

num

ber of guns

and/or vehic

les

en

gaged in the

fir

e

due

l

is

sufficient to render

the foregoing method

of

scoring impracticable.

The

umpire

determines

the

total

score

of each s

ide and rules all

or a portion of

the

weaker side destroy

ed.

Te

rrain, tactical employ

ment, and

duration of the action

are

considered,

losses to t

he stronger side are asses

sed in the in

verse

ratio o

f the tot

al

scores.

United States

score,

40;

Aggressor

score, 30;

twenty

Aggressor

ve

hicles ru

led destroyed; three-f

ourths of 20,

or 1 5 of

the United States

vehicles

ru

led

destroyed.

When

tanks maneuver

against

t

anks, the loss

es

are co

mputed in the inve

rse ratio of pa

rticipating

tanks of the

oppo

sing forces.

A

medium tank is con

sidered the equivalent of

li/j

light

tanks.

United States,

10

medium and 1 5 light tanks;

Ag

gres

sor, 20 light ta

nks; losses are comp

uted in the

rat

io of two

United States

tanks

to

three Aggressor

Tanks.

7

0



/. W

hen nece

ssary to stop

an a

rmored fire

duel

to make

a de

cision

a

s to the resu

lts,

the um

pire

d

is

plays

a b

lue flag.

63

Mines and

Bo

oby Traps

To r

eceive cr

edit for

c

asualties or

damages re

s

ulting fro

m

the

simul

ated

explosio

n of p

ractice

m

ines

o

r booby

traps,

each such

mine or booby

t

rap

must ha

ve

been

prop

erly e

mplaced

and armed

. This

restrict

ion

may

be obviat

ed if p

ractice min

es are

not

available

for

the

exercise;

however,

any

substitution

th

at

is

used must

be

pl

ayed

logis

tically.

Z > In

addit

ion to

properly empla

cing and

ar

m

ing ind

ividual m

ines, m

ine fiel

ds

must

be

properly

ma

rked, re

corded,

and r

eported be

fore

the umpir

e

c

an give th

e unit credit

fo

r

th

e m

ine field.

If

practice

mines

are

not

available and

substi

tutes are

used, um

pires should b

e

furnish

ed

the

fol

l

owing d

ata by th

e En

gineer S

ection of

Umpire

H

eadquarte

rs

s

o t

hat they can estimat

e the

lo

gistical

requi

rements.

This

dat

a

sh

ould

b

e

f

urnished

for

each

type of min

e

s

upposedly

available

. T

he trans

portation,

manpower, and

time must

be

available

to

me

et the um

pire's

logistic

al

calcula

tion

for the

unit

to

receive

cre

dit for

t

he s

ubstitute min

e field

.

(1)

Numb

er of

mines per p

ackage.

2)

W

eight of i

ndividual

mines and o

f

pack

age

of mi

nes.

(3)

Nu

mber of

m

ines per

21/4-ton truck

with

ll/2-to

n

tr

ailer.

(4) N

umber

of m

ines per 2i/2

-ton dump

tru

ck.

(5)

P

ounds of

explos

ive per m

ine.

(6)

Cap

abilities.

(«

)

AP Mines—E

ffective

causalty

radiu

s.

7



( ) AT

Mi

nes—T

ypes

of vehi

cles

and ex

tent

of

damag

es.

(7) Av

erage

time

to

em

place

.

Casualty

assessm

ents.

(1) Whe

n s

imulat

ed m

ines

with liv

e fuses

are

u

sed, th

e umpire

should

as

sess ca

sualtie

s in

t

he fo

llowin

g

wa

ys:

Fo

r p

ressur

e act

uated AP

m

ines, onl

y the

man

w

ho actua

tes the

mine i

s asse

ssed a

casua

lty.

(

) Fo

r a

t

rip wire

actu

ated

AP min

e wit

hin

a r

adius o

f

10

y

ards,

men a

re asse

ssed

as

cas

ualtie

s an

d mine d

etecto

rs are a

ssessed

as

damag

ed.

For

a

press

ure a

ctuate

d AT

mine,

p

erson

n

el withi

n a ra

dius o

f

15 yar

ds ar

ei

assessed as

casulaties

and all m

ine de

tect

ors

are

destro

yed.

(2) W

hen m

anual

ly breach

ing

a min

e field

con

tain

ing AP

a

nd AT m

ines,

the fo

llowin

g

m

ay be

used:

Ass

ess on

e

casua

lty

per 50

ya

rds of

depth

when

United States

Forces manaully

bre

ach a

t

wo lane

path

8 feet

w

ide, on

e

c

asualty

pe

r

10

0 y

ards of d

epth

w

hen

bre

aching

a

one

l

ane

path

4 fe

et wid

e,

and

two cas

ualties

p

er 50 yards

of

depth

w

hen

breach

ing one

8

yard

vehicl

e lane.

( Z > )

If

mine

field is

covered

with

Aggressor

fire

,

c

asualt

y

asses

sment will

be h

igher.

?

» ) Wh

en

hast

y breac

hing

by

t

ank o

r i

nfantr

y

waves

is

used,

tab

les IX

th

rough

X

I

may

be

used

as

g

uides

in

asse

ssing ca

sualtie

s:

72



A

P

m

ine

den

sit

y

pe

r ya

rd

W

ave

2

3

4

___

___

_

___

___

__

5

6

-_-

-__

___

-__

__

..__

___

__

7_-__-_-_-_-___--_._-_.

8

-_

--_

-__

__

---

_-_

__

.__

24

8

0

70

o

n

5

0

40

3

0

20

1

0

20

70

f iO

50

4

0

30

20

10

16

f i O

50

40

30

2

0

10

12

5

0

40

30

? n

10

8

4 n

30

2

0

10

4

30

20

in

2

2

i n

R

ates

incr

ease

wi

th poo

r vi

sib i

lity a

nd

d

ecre

ase

with

p

oor

cam

onfl

ag e.

AT

min

e

de

nsit

y p

er y

ard

W a

ve

3

4

3

9

0

n

4

n

n

2

s

o

50

30

in

i

f iO

40

n

0

.5

30

10

0

.2

i n

Ra

tes

incr

ease

w

ith

po

or

vis ib

il ity

and

de

crea

se

wi

th poo

r ca

m ou

flag

e.

Ti

me

re

qui

red

to b

re

ach

m

in

efie

ld

s.

1)

W

h

en

th

e

A

gg

re

sso

r m

ine

fie

lds

c

om

pr

ise

p

rac

tic

e

or

s

im

ula

ted

mi

nes

,

th

e

Un

ite

d

States

troops

are

required

to

actually

breach

th

e

m

in

efie

ld

usi

ng

a

pp

ro

ve

d

te

chn

iq

ues

.

2

) W

he

n

th

e

A

gg

res

so

r m

ine

fie

ld

is

a

s

imu

la

ted

fie

ld

the

tim

e req

ui

red

f

or br

eac

hi

ng

ca

n be

ca

lcu

la

ted

fro

m

tab

le

73



A

ctivity

Breach

and

mark

(tracing tape)

a

3 -

5 path

through the entir

e

field,

marking

AT mines

an

d

hand

neutralizing

all AP

mines

encounte

red.

Breac

h

and m

ark (tracing t

ape)

tw o

3 -

5

paths 8 yards o

n

eith

er

side

of and

parallel to cen te

r lin

e,

marking

AT mi

nes

an

d hand

neutral

izing

AP min

es.

Breach and

mark an 8

yard vehic

ular

lane,

m

arking AT

mines

and hand

neutralizing

mines.

Uncove

r

an

d

remove by rope a

ll

AT and

AP mines p

re viously

m

arked by ab

ove

p

arties.

A

verage rate

5 0

yards per

hour

(flat,

open ter

ra in

, so

me tall

grass).

50 yar

ds per

hour

te

rrain

as

above)

.

5 0 ya

rds pe

r

hour

te

rrain as

above)

5

min.

pe

r man

per mine.

Probable

casualtie

s

from m in es

1 per

1 0 0 yards

of

d

epth.

1 per

5 0

yards of de

pth.

2

per

5 0 ya

rds of

depth.

25 of rate

s sh

own

above for breaching

and

marking (

due

mainly

to

undetect

ed

a

nd unmarke

d small

nonmetal

lic mines).

64.

hem

icals

Smoke and

other

nontoxic chemicals may

be

em

ploy

ed for train

ing purp

oses in

tactical

exercise

s.

Smoke

on

either a unit

or a

targ

et

r

educes

the

firepowe

r of

the unit. T

he firep

ower of

an

i

nfantry

unit is re

duced 50

percent if

th

e

un

it itself

is un

der

sm

oke

and

25

percent if

the

tar

get

is co

vered by an

effective

smoke

concentration. The

effect

of

ob

serv

ed artiller

y f

ire

on tar

gets

co

vered by smoke

is

red

uced 2 5 percen

t.

Antita

nk fire is

inef

fective

agains

t targets t

hat are

conceale

d by smoke.

r ? . Pers

onnel in

chemi

cally contam

inated

areas a

re

re

quired

to wear

prote

ctive m asks. F

irepower

o

f

personnel

wearing protective

masks

is

reduced

10

percent

. The

firepowe

r

of

a unit

is n

eutralize

d

durin

g deliv

ery of

a chemical

agen

t upon th

e

un

it.

The diss

emination

of

toxi

c

ch

emical

agents by

ground

w

eapons

or bom

bs

is

repres

ented

by

ig

niting

74



co

lo

red

sm

ok

e

gre

na

de

s

in

th

e

im

pa

ct

are

a

a

s

iu

m

a

rk

ing

a

rti

lle

ry

f

ire

.

(1

)

P

ers

is

ten

t

ch

em

ic

al a

ge

nt

s

wi

ll

be

m

ar

ke

d

in the

impact area by

two colored

smoke

gre

na

de

s

fo

r

eac

h 1

00

y

ar

d

s

qu

are

c

ov

ere

d.

(

2)

N

o

np

er

sis

te

nt

c

he

mi

ca

l

ag

en

ts

w

ill

be

m

a

rke

d

in

th

e im

p

ac

t a

rea

by

tw

o

C

N

te

ar

ga

s)

a

nd

tw

o

c

olo

re

d sm

o

ke

gr

en

ad

es f

or

e

ac

h

10

0 y

ar

d

s

qu

ar

e co

ve

red

.

Different

colored

saioke

grenades

should

h

e

u

se

d fo

r p

ers

ist

en

t a

nd

n

on

pe

rsis

ten

t

a

gen

ts.

In

e

xer

cis

es

in

wh

ich

air

la

nd

ing

s

or ai

r

d

ro

ps

a

re

con

du

cte

d,

som

e

ot

he

r m

ean

s

of

ma

rki

ng

c

he

mi

cal

ag

en

ts

m

ust

be u

se

d.

(S

ee

par

. 35

.

A

ir

pl

an

e

sp

ra

y

wi

ll m

a

rk

ar

ea

s

thr

ou

gh

th

e

c

ha

ra

cte

ri

sti

cs

of

th

e

s

pra

y

w

hi

ch

a

re

a

s f

ol

low

s

:

(1)

P

ers

is

ten

t

ag

en

ts—

a

ct

ua

l s

pr

ay

of

M

R

(m

o

la

ss

es re

sid

iu

m

).

(

2)

No

n

pe

rsi

ste

nt

a

ge

nt

s—

ac

tu

al

sp

ra

y

of

C

N

te

ar

g

as)

so

lut

ion

.

/

.

Ta

ct

ica

l us

e

of

s

mo

ke

w

il

l

be m

a

rke

d b

y

sm

o

ke

p

ro

du

ce

d by

sm

o

ke

p

ot

s o

r m

e

ch

an

ica

l s

mo

ke

ge

ne

ra

t

ors

.

Ef

fec

ti

ven

es

s

of

t

ac

tic

al

s

m

ok

e w

il

l

b

e

a

ss

ess

ed

ac

co

rd

ing

to

th

e

ac

tu

al

are

a

cov

er

ed

.

Se

c t

ion

I

I C

PT

UR

E

O

P

ER

SO

NN

E

L A

N

D

M

T

R

I L

65

C

ap

tu

re

o

f P

ers

on

ne

l

The capture of United States

Force

personnel

p

rov

id

es

a

dd

ed

re

ali

sm

an

d

als

o

i

mp

os

es

a

pe

n

alt

y

o

n

th

e

un

it b

y

r

ed

uc

ing

i

ts

o

pe

ra

tio

na

l e

ff

ect

iv

ene

ss

.

A

l

l A

gg

re

ss

or

tr

oo

ps

a

re

su

bj

ec

t

to

c

ap

tu

re.

S

e

lec

te

d

A

g

gre

ss

or

pe

rso

nn

el

m

ay

be

in

je

cte

d i

nto

th

e



exercise for

capture by the United

States Force

as

a part of the inte

lligence

p

lay an

d

to provide

train

ing in the proper m

ethods of prisoner

-of-war

proc

essing

and

interrogation.

These

prepared

prisoners

are trained

in interrogati

on techniques,

provided

with an

A

ggressor background

story

,

an

d

given

in

form

ation

of

intelligence value

to release when

cap

tured and pro

perly interro

gated

(FM

30-104).

Priso

ners

of

war must

be guarded

properly to

prevent

escape

but

are required to respect

traced

inclosu

res as actual

and to conduct

themselves

as

they would

in

an actual

situation under

g

uards armed

with live ammun

ition.

The Chief

Umpire

sho

uld arra

nge for

frequent

exchanges of

prisoners to

avoid

keeping

too many

men out of

training.

When an

entire

unit

or the

major portion

thereof has been

capt

ured,

the

umpire

ma

y au

thorize

the

retention

of

selected ind

ividuals as prisone

rs

of

war, and

direct

th

at the remainder

of the

captured

personnel

be

moved

to

a

designated location

and

remain

out of action for

a

specified

period of tim

e.

In suc

h

cases

,

Aggressor prepared p

risoners

should

make them

selves known to

the umpire so they

ca

n

be

designated

for retention

as prisoners of wa

r to be

proc

essed.

Prisoners

of war

will

retain

their

personal

prop

erty, individual weapons,

and equipment

during

processing. The capturing

or

holding unit must

provid

e

rations

and

emergency

m

edical care for

prisone

rs

of

war as required.

7

6



66 Ca

pture of Inst

allations

and

M

ateriel

(1) Eva

cuation and sur

gical

hospitals

, clearin

g

stations,

collecting

stations,

and aid

stations

which m

ay be c

aptured by

either

side are

returned

to

parent

units as

soon as

prac

ticabl

e.

2)

Depo

ts,

s

upply p

oints,

r

ailheads,

distribut

ing poi

nts, and

dumps

ca

ptured

by either

side are ruled

out

of

action

for the d

uration

of the exercis

e o

r such other

period

as

de

ter

mined b

y the Chief

Umpire

,

ft

(1) Veh

icles, we

apons,

pne

umatic equ

ipment,

an

d

so

nic

equipme

nt (e

xcept that with

fire

m

arker team

s) are

subj

ect to

c

apture

exc

ept

a

s note

d

in (2)

below a

nd mus

t

be

proces

sed

with

their drivers a

nd crew

s to

avoi

d

loss

or

dam

age to g

overnme

nt p

roperty

a

nd p

re

vent con

fusion. Ve

hicles and

weap

ons ruled

ca

ptured

may be

held in p

lace o

ut

of

ac

tion

for a d

esignated

period of ti

me or they

ma

y

be

dispatched

to

a prisoner-of-war installa

tion and

held there

f

or th

e period of

time

desi

gnated by the

umpire

. At no

time

w

ill

the

driver

or

crew

be separa

ted

from

the

vehic

le.

(2)

Amb

ulances, kitc

hen truck

s, rati

on trucks,

and

mail

trucks

that

may

be

captured are

returne

d to

pa

rent units

without

dela

y.

3)

Cargoe

s

of

vehic

les processe

d

w

ith

prisoners

remai

n with the

vehicles.

Transfer

to othe

r

vehicl

es

is prohibit

ed

except that

gasoline

7

7



and

blank ammunition

may be

taken by the

capturing unit.

Sect ion III

C A S U A L T Y AND

DAMAGE A S S E S S M E N T

67

General

All losses that affect the progress

of

action such

as casualties in combat and service units, and

de

struction or capture of equipment, supplies, and

in

stallations are considered in

umpiring.

Z >

Platoon

and

company

umpires

keep

a

running

record of losses assessed against the units

to

which

they are assigned.

They

periodically inform

the

respective

platoon leader

and company commander

of accumulated

losses.

The fire power

of

a unit is reduced by

the

ac

cumulated

losses

assessed

against

the

unit (par.

58).

The number of assessed personnel casualties

to be

tagged

and evacuated

through

medical chan

nels

as

casualties depends upon

the

strength and

capabilities

of

participating units

and

personnel.

Generally, individuals selected

for

evacuation are

those

who

unduly

expose themselves.

Personal

property,

individual

weapons,

and equipment

are

retained by

the

individual.

The

losses

to be assessed

as

a result of

enemy

action are a matter of judgment. The relative

strength

of

the

opposing

forces is

an important

fac

tor.

Casualties and

damages

assessed as a

result

of an atomic burst may be such as

to

eliminate the

unit, installation, or activity. These losses can be

expected and

must be

played realistically.

Para

graphs 68 through 73 contain data to be

used as

a

guide.

78



68

Assessment of Personnel Casualties

The

assessment

of

casualties imposes

a

penalty

on

combat units

by reducing

their

effective

strength

and

provides

training

for

medical personnel.

Cas

ualties

evacuated to and released

from the

division

clearing station mobile surgical

hospital,

or graves

registration section

are

sent to

the

division replace

ment company and

returned to

their units

through

replacement

channels.

Casualties assessed by unit

umpires are tagged

as

they

are

assessed.

The

tag

should

show the

name,

the status (as "walking

wounded"

or "litter case''), and the specific

nature

of

the wounds (par. 69). Appropriate medical

care

is simulated as the casualty moves

to

the rear

through medical channels.

Z >

In

assessing casualties, the following

ratios of

killed to wounded may be

used as

a guide:

(For

additional information on

casualties,

see chapter 2,

FM

101-10. )

Tank elements----------.--..-------- 2 7

Artillery

elements,__________________ 1 4

Infantry elements.__________________

1

4

All

other ground

force

elements_______ 1 4

In assessing atomic

casualties

involving consid

erable numbers, the unit umpire notifies the

unit

commander

of

the percentage to be evacuated.

The

simulated

casualties

to be

evacuated

should

include

a cross representation

of

the command.

Atomic casualties should

be

processed

through

evacuation

channels:

(1)

To

impress upon

the

commander and his

command the

crippling

effect of an

atomic

detonation upon a

unit.

79



(2)

T

o

give

t

he evacuation

channels

training in

handling larg

e numbers of

casualties

in

a

short

period and to impre

ss

on

them

the

ma

gnitude

of

their task.

69

Casu

alty Tags

A

green card

beari

ng

the

words Walking

Wounded. Proceed

to your unit

aid

station

for evacua

tion.

f t .

A red tag bearing the

words Li

t

ter

Case.

Remain in

plac

e unt

il

picked

up and

evacu

ated by

litter bearers. You

may

call

for

aid

men.

A

white card

bearing

the

words Dead.

The Divisi

on

graves

r

egistration section

will pick you

up, evacuate, and

process

you.

Upon compl

etion of

action

by

graves

registration

section, you

will

be

re

turned to

your unit t

hrough

re

placement

channels.

70 In

fantry Unit Casual

ty A ss es s

men t

Assessment of casua

lties against an

infantr

y unit

(from oth

er than atomic weapons

) in

an

y 1

day of

severe

combat should

seldom

exceed

15

percent.

This

percentage should

be

con

sidered in com

puting the

total

number of

casualties to b

e assessed

against rifl

e

companies. T

he following

percentages

o

f losses may

be

used

as

g

uides in assessing

casualties under each

of

the condition

s described:

fty

One

to three per

cent p

er hou

r. (Consider rela

tive

stre

ngth, positions,

and dispositions of

the op

posing

forces

and whether

a unit is attacking

or defending.)

80



G

RE

EN

COL

OR

W

AL

KIN

G

W

OUN

DE

D

N

ATU

R E

O F

W

OUN

D

PRO

CEE

D

T

O

Y

OUR

UN

IT

ID S

TAT

ION

TO

R

E

V C

U

TIO

N__

___

___

___

___

__

RE

D C

OLO

R)

LIT

TER

C

SE

N

TUR

E

OF

W

OUN

D-

R

EMA

IN

I

N PL

CE U

NT

IL P

ICKE

D UP

ND

E

VAC

UAT

ED

BY

LITT

ER

BE

RER

S

YOU

MAY

C

LL

FO

R

ID

ME

N

W

HI

TE

CO

L O R

DE

AD

T

HE

DIV

ISION

GRA

VES

RE

GIS

TR

TION

SEC

TION

WIL

L

P

ICK

YO

U UP

, EV

ACU

ATE

A

ND

PRO

CES

S YOU

UPO

N

COM

PL

ETIO

N

OF

CTION

BY

GR

VES R

EGIS

TRA

TIO

N

SEC

TION

YOU

WI

LL

B

E

R

ETU

RNE

D TO

Y

OUR

U

NIT

TH

ROU

GH

R

EPL

CE

MEN

T CH

AN

NELS

3557

340—

55—

——

6

81



.

Erect_____

_____________

_

1%

per battery voll

ey.

Running_______

______—___ 1%

per battery

volley.

Prone____

______________

_- %% per battery volle

y.

Entrenched__

______________

. 1

/20%

per battery

volley.

In trucks________

_________ 1% p

er battery volley.

Eight

rounds of

ligh

t

or medi

um

mortar

(60- or 81

-mm)

o

r

6

rounds of heavy

mortar

(4 .2 in.) are cons

idered equiva

lent to a battery

volley

of

artillery

.

(1) Elements wi

thin 100 yards of any tank

or

self-prope

lled

guns

and not entrenc

hed—3

percent

per

ta

nk or

2 percent per self-

pro

pelled g

un per attack.

(2) As

(1)

above,

but

entr

enched or in

fox

holes— 1

percent per

tank

or

self-propelled

gun per attack.

Losses from

chemical and biolo

gical attack

are

ind

icated sepa

rately from

other

losses.

Th

e factors listed below

can

be app

lied to tro

ops with consider

ation

given

th

e

condition

and

status

of

the

troops with

reference

to

degree of

exposure.

(1)

Casualties

are

co

mputed

by mean

s of

the Chem

ical Casu

alty Com

puter (a

pp.

VI).

These casualties may

be

broken

down as

follows:

82



(G)

Surprise,

poor

gas

disci-

Killed 75%, litter

pline; totally unpre- 15%, walking

pared

;

or unprotected.

wounded

10 %.

No

surprise,

good

gas Killed,

10%,

litter

discipline; or surprise, 15%, walking

good gas discipline.

wounded

75%.

Unprotected or gas masks

Litter

75%, walking

only. wounded

25%.

Gas masks and protec- Litter

10%,

walking

tive clothing.

wounded 90%.

The

following

figures

may

be used as

a

guide

for the area

covered

by aircraft

using

chemical

munitions:

Spray Tank

M -1 0_ _ _

Nonpersistent,

persistent, or

smoke.

1

aircraft w/2 tanks ____._....._. 75 yds. in width and

altitude 100 ft. 500-600 yds.

in

length.

3 aircraft w/2 tanks _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 170 yds. in width

each, altitude 100 and 500-600

yds.

ft,

75

ft

between

in

length,

wing tips.

( < ? ) Losses

resulting

from flame thrower ac

tion may be

based

upon

the following:

Impact

areas.

Portable

flame

thrower

______

10x40

yards

Mechanized

flame

thrower ________ 15 x 175 yards

Casualties assessed.

25% of personnel in the

open.

83



Munition

M-10 Spray

T

a n

k s —

2

tanks

per

aircraft

.

Aerosol

Gen

erator

2 lit

ter capacity

).

Aerosol Bomb

12

oz

size).

Special

Dis

seminators

(Vials,

cap

sule

s)

Agent

Anti-per

son

nel,

casu

alty produc

ing.

Anti-pers

on

nel

, casu

alty

produc

ing.

Anti-person

nel, c a s u -

alty produc

ing.

Simulants

used

Yellow dy

e

solution

of

Bacillus

Olobigii

(B G).

cillus

Olobigii

(BG) fluo

rescent par

ticles (FP).

ci

llus

Glob

igii

(BO).

Oil

of cloves

or

more

other

harm

less s

i

m

u

-

lant.

Area covered

3 0 0

yards

in

width 600

-

7 0

0

yds

in

length.

1 0 0 yds in

width

3 ,50

0

yds

in

length.

1 0 0 yds

in

width

3 0 0

yds length.

racer

am

ounts

poured

in

water

to im

port a slight

flavor.

Casualties

10-20 per

sonnel ex

posed.

10-20 per

sonne

l

ex

posed

10-20 per

so

nnel

ex

p

osed.

34-45 per

-

s

o

n n e

consuming.

/.

(1)

Casualties from

an

atomic

burst will be

dictated by the

effects overlays.

2) Units

should be ass

essed casual

ties

if

they

enter

or remain

in

a

contaminated

area.

(3)

R

adiological defense

personnel ass

igned to

combat

elements

can

obtain the amount

of

simu

lated contaminatio

n

in any

area by

ques

tioning

the

unit umpire

.

4) The amount of contam

ination in the are

a

is

shown

on

the

effects

overlay

(app.

V

II .

71 Artil

lery Unit Casualty

Assessmen

t

While war

experience

indicates that

casualties suf

fered

by artillery units

are

co

mparatively

small and

85



n

ot suf

ficient t

o mate

rially i

nterru

pt

firing,

the

loss

data

for

in

fantry

shoul

d be

used w

hen appro

priate

to the a

ction

c

onside

red. Whe

n a batt

ery

in positio

n

is

attacked

the

decision

as

to

capture

or destruction

is

based

upo

n surpr

ise a

chieve

d by

the

atta

ckers

and

on the

rela

tive fire

powe

r, inclu

ding the

artill

ery

p

ieces,

th

at wer

e b

rough

t to

b

ear

on the a

ttackin

g

troop

s.

72

. Reco

nnaiss

ance Uni

t Casua

lty

ss

essme

nt

Per

sonnel

lo

sses

o

f reco

nnaissa

nce u

nits fi

ghting

dismo

unted

ar

e

asses

sed on the

sam

e basis as

inf

an

t

ry

los

ses.

Vehicl

e

los

ses of re

conna

isance

unit

s are

asse

ssed

a

s

indi

cated i

n

par

agraph

s 6

1, 74,

and 7

5.

73

. Casua

lties F

rom

A

ir

c

tion

U

pon

confir

matio

n of

an

ai

r att

ack the

um

pire

marks

th

e tar

get wit

h

appro

priate

colore

d s

moke

(par. 34)

and

asses

s

c

asualt

ies

in acc

ordan

ce with

table

XII

I.

The ta

ble

is b

ased o

n one fligh

t

of

4

aircra

ft.

The a

rea of

covera

ge, da

mage,

and

ca

sualty

as

sess

ments

indicated

are

adjusted

to

the

number of

at

tack

ing airc

raft.

It mus

t be r

ealize

d that

the

lo

ca

tion

of

at

tack as rep

orted

by

the

pilot

from

his

map

will

diff

er

sli

ghtly f

rom

the actu

al stri

ke. T

he

f

act

that

th

e pilo

t

a

ttemp

ts to se

lect

the

m

ost

rem

uner

a

tiv

e tar

get for

his

attack

is

c

onside

red

in

assess

ing

casualties.

This

does

not

mean

that

umpires

should

se

lect k

ey

p

erson

nel, w

eapon

s or

units

,

a

s the

tar

get

unle

ss warr

anted.

Cas

ualties

and

d

amage

s

as

sessed

may

be

r

educe

d as m

uch a

s 50

perc

ent if

t

he u

nit

ha

s ta

ken a

dequa

te

co

ver;

conv

ersely,

if

a

dequa

te

86



(When

troops

a

re

re

ported

a

«

the

targe

t)

Armament

or

aircra

f t

N

apalm w or w

/o

Str

afing.

HE Bombs

w or

w/o Stra

f ing.

Strafing

only.

-- _

__.

Target

Troops.- -.

Troops..

..

T

roops

Area

50 yds by

100

yds.

60

y

ds by

10

0

yds.

50yds by

yds.

Personnel

casualties

w ith in

area

10% ca

su alties.

Fire Pow

er

100%

neutra

lized

for

dur

a

tion

of the

attack plus 2

minu

tes.

5% casu

alties. F

ire

Power

100%

neutraliz

ed for

dura

tion

of

the attack

plus

2

m

inutes.

2

% casua

lties. Fi

re

Po

w er

100% neutraliz

ed

(e

xcept

A A )

for durat

ion of

at

ta c

k.

Atomic

burst

s— See

effects o

verlay (a p

p.

VII).

The

long axis of th

e

are a

p

arallel to

the directio

n of

flight is th

e basis for

measure.

cov

er

is

not

ta

ken

casua

lties m

ay b

e incr

eased 50

p

er

cent.

Dis

persio

n

is

not co

nsider

ed

sinc

e ass

essmen

ts

are b

ased on

the

area of

cove

rage.

If v

ehicle

s are

d

esigna

ted as

the

targ

et, the

percen

tage figu

res i

n

the table applies

to

troops

within

a

10

yard

radius

of

the vehicl

es

c

onside

red

da

maged

(p

ar.

75).

74 M

ateria

l Da

mage Ass

essme

nt

Umpir

es ass

ess ve

hicles

and

othe

r mat

eriel

da

maged

or

de

stroye

d on the

bas

is of a r

easona

ble

loss

expectancy

in

a

similar

combat engagement.

The

ump

ire in

forms

the o

ccupan

ts and

operat

ors o

f

the seve

rity

of the

dama

ge by

co

mpleti

ng a

d

amag

e

card

(pa

r. 7

6).

Dam

ages to

am

bulan

ces, ki

tchen

trucks

, rat

ion

truck

s, or

mail trucks

a

re n

ot

as

sessed

.

87



Cargoes of vehic

les

r

uled out

of action may

be

transferred to

oth

er ve

hicles by t

he

usi

ng unit.

V

ehicles

passing th

rough or

remain

ing

within

an

artillery

or

mortar

concentration

of battalion

size

or larger are assessed

losses as follows:

(1)

Armored

Vehicles___. per bat

tery

volley.

2) Un

armored V

ehicles_. 1

per battery

vol

ley.

Mat

eriel (except class

I supplies) contam

inated

by

persisten

t chemica

l agents is

assessed as slightly

damaged;

class I suppl

ies

are

assessed dam

age

a

c

c

ording to the d

egree of contamination.

Personnel

han

dling contaminated materiel are

required

to wear

protective masks

until simulated deco

ntamination is

accomplished. Vehic

les conta

minated with persi

st

ent

chemical

agents

must be deconta

minated or op

erating p

ersonnel must

continue to wear the pr

otec

tive mask for

a minimum

of six

hours.

Usual time

for decon

tamination

of

a

vehi

cle is 30 minute

s. Ma

terial which has been

contaminated

to

a

military

sig-

ni

ficant

degree as a

resu

lt of

an atomic burs

t

is

ruled

out of

action

until properly

decontaminated.

/. Destroyed artillery

pieces

may

be

allow

ed to

remain in

place, out of

action, for a period o

f

from

4

to

24

hours

, as directe

d by the chief

umpire, or the

crews may be r

equired to

close

out the positions

and

take the destroye

d pieces to

their own prison

er-of-

war

inclosure

and

remain

there

until

released by

the

umpire

a

t

the inclos

ure.

This

provides

for realistic

efforts to

ob

tain

replaceme

nt

weapons.

Crews of

Aggressor

artill

ery

piece

s

ruled

destr

oyed in con

trolle

d

exercises

report to

the

nex

t

higher Agg

ressor

88



Co

mman

der in

stead of

to

the

priso

ner-of

-war in

-

clo

sure if d

irecte

d to close

ou

t their

positio

ns.

Antita

nk guns

ruled

destr

oyed

or cap

tured are

tak

en

by the

crew

s to

t

heir

o

wn

priso

ner-of

-war in-

closure

an

d rem

ain

ther

e

until

retur

ned

to the

ir un

its

b

y a

n

ump

ire.

Crews

of

Aggr

essor anti

tank

gun

s

r

uled

destr

oyed

in contr

olled

exer

cises close

out t

heir

posi

tions a

nd report

to the n

ext h

igher

A

ggress

or

Comm

ander

fo

r in

struct

ions.

Mate

riel

dam

aged by

an

atomic

bur

st w

ill be

assessed

a

percentage

dam

age

as indicated

on the

effe

cts

o

verlay

and

ru

led out of

action

in acc

ord

anc

e with t

hrough

abo

ve, or

as dire

cted

by the

chie

f um

pire.

75. Da

mage

Fro

m Air

c t ion

The following

chart

is applicable

to

assessment

of dam

ages

resulti

ng fro

m air

actio

n:

Arma

ment

Napal

m

Ro

ckets

Str

afing

Targe

t

Armo

red ve

hicles*.

__

Un

armore

d vehi

cles..

Arm

ored

veh

icles.^ _ _

Unarm

ored

vehicle

s.

A

rmored

v

ehicle

s.-..

Unarmored

vehicles.

A

rea

50 yds

by

50 yds

50 y

ds

by 50 yds

5

0 yds

by

50 yds

5

0

yds

b

y 50 yd

s

5

0

y

ds

by

50 yds

50

yds

by

50

yds

Vehic

les

de

stroye

d

(per

centag

e)

10

10

5

5

0

10

Atom

ic Bursts

—

See

ef

fects

overl

ay.

•Armo

red

vehicles with e

xposed c

rews or

those

comp

le tely

im m obil

ized

du

ring

th

e a

ttack.

89



I

f the

veh

icl

es

su

bje

cte

d

to

air

at

tac

k are

m

ixe

d

ar

mo

red

and

una

rm

ore

d the

r

ati

o

o

f e

ach

typ

e i

n

the

gro

up

is

us

ed

in

the

d

am

ag

e ass

ess

men

t.

Th

e t

abl

e

also

may

be

used as

a

guide

in

assessing damage

to

art

ille

ry p

iec

es,

tr

ail

ers,

an

d

oth

er

ma

ter

ial s

ubj

ecte

d

to

air

a

ttac

k.

76

Da

ma

ge T

ags

A

gre

en

tag

bea

rin

g

the

wo

rds Sli

ght

ly

D

am

ag

ed

(fi

g.

4).

(

1) T

he

um

pi

re

as

ses

sing

the

da

ma

ge

fi

lls o

ut

the

fro

nt

of

the

ta

g

giv

ing

tim

e,

d

ate

,

an

d

pla

ce the

ve

hic

ula

r equ

ipm

en

t

wa

s da

mag

ed

.

Th

e

u

nit

a

nd th

e bu

mp

er n

um

be

r

(o

r oth

er

e

qu

iva

lent

num

be

r)

ar

e e

nte

red

i

n

the s

pac

es

pr

ovid

ed

. T

he

nat

ure

o

f th

e

dam

ag

e

is

briefly

described.

The

driver

or NCO

in

ch

arg

e of

th

e ve

hic

le

or equ

ipm

en

t

sig

ns

on

th

e

ba

ck of

the

p

erf

ora

ted

st

ub.

The

um

pir

e

sig

ns th

e tag

a

nd

the

s

tub

. Th

e

stu

b is

r

eta

ined

by

th

e

um

pire

and

the

ta

g

is t

ied

to

t

he equ

ipm

en

t

or

v

eh

icle

. A

ll

stu

bs

a

re

forwarded

to

Umpire

Headquarters

along

wit

h

oth

er r

epo

rts

. A

n

ora

ng

e f

lag

is

dis

pla

ye

d on

th

e v

ehic

le o

r

equ

ipm

en

t.

(2)

The

d

rive

r or

N

CO

in

ch

arg

e m

us

t d

ete

r

m

in

e a c

our

se o

f a

ctio

n to

b

e t

ake

n

to

rep

air

the

ve

hic

le o

r

equ

ipm

en

t.

Th

e

in

div

idu

al

completing

the repairs

fills

out

the

back of

the

ta

g.

An

o

ffic

er

or

N

CO

i

n c

ha

rge

o

f

the

re

pai

rin

g

un

it, o

r t

he

dri

ver

in

c

ase

o

f

firs

t

e

che

lon

re

pa

irs,

sig

ns t

he ta

g.

Th

e

tag

and

the

ora

ng

e

fla

g are

re

mo

ved

fr

om

th

e

ve

h

icle

or e

qui

pm

ent

a

nd

tur

ned

ov

er to

the

90



t

K

n

^

^

¥



a

a

C

D

i

5

D

e

2

E

T

t

E

.

i

T

U

P

a

^

t

T

Q



man

der to

h

ave t

lie eq

uipm

ent

o

r v

ehicl

e

ev

acua

ted

fo

r r

epair

s. T

he

unit

m

akin

g

th

e

r

epai

rs fills

o

ut

that

p

ortio

n

on

the

back

of the

tag

pertaining

to

repairs. An

offi

ce

r

or NC

O o

f

the uni

t ma

king

the

repa

irs

sig

ns

the tag

. If it

i

s

d

ecid

ed to

repl

ace t

he

i

tem,

the

n

tha

t

p

orti

on

of t

he tag pe

rtain

ing

to

rep

lace

men

t is comp

lete

d.

An

o

fficer

or N

CO o

f

the

is

suing

unit

sign

s

the

tag

.

In eit

her

c

ase, the

com

plet

ed

tag

is tu

rned

over

to

the

un

it

umpi

re w

ho for

war

ds it

to

Um

pire

H

eadq

uart

ers. A

he

k

is made

to

se

e

t

hat

all

veh

icles

or

e

quip

ment

wh

ich

hav

e

bee

n tag

ged

as S

eve

rely

Dam

aged

''

h

ave bee

n pro

perl

y ev

acua

ted a

nd

repa

ired

(sim

ulat

ed) or

rep

lace

d and

tha

t

p

rope

r

logistical

factors

have

been

taken into

ac

co

unt.

A

whit

e

tag b

earin

g

the

word

De

stro

yed

(fig .

6

).

(

1)

The

u

mpi

re fill

s o

ut

t

he

tag

as in

pa

ragr

aph

abo

ve.

(2)

The driver or

NCO in

charge

of

the

vehicle

o

r

equ

ipme

nt

re

mai

ns

in plac

e

for o

ne ho

ur

an

d

then

r

epor

ts

t

o

his un

it tha

t th

e ve

hicle

or eq

uipm

ent

is

d

estro

yed.

The

un

it

re

por

ts, thro

ugh

cha

nnel

s, the

com

bat

loss

.

Whe

n th

e repl

acem

ent

item

is ava

ilabl

e at

Regimental

Supply

(or

equivalent

office),

th

e u

nit

is

n

otifi

ed to

com

e and

pic

k up

th

e

re

plac

emen

t. T

he v

ehic

le or

eq

uipm

ent i

s

the

n take

n

to

the

po

int

of del

ivery

whe

re

the

tag

is rem

oved

an

d the

equ

ipme

nt

is p

lace

d

9



To facilitate matching

up tags and

stubs at

Umpire

Headquarters,

they

should

be

numbered

serially

prior to

issue.

77

Aircraft

Destroyed

by Ground

Fire

Antiaircraft

umpires

assess damages to attack

ing aircraft

resulting from ground

fire

and report

the assessment

to

umpire

operations.

Adequate air-

ground

communications

should be available

so that

the

antiaircraft

battalion umpire can report losses

to the

air

umpire with

the

flight.

When determin

ing the losses to be

assessed

against

aircraft

resulting

from ground fire,

consideration

must

be

given to the

type

weapons

which engage the target. For

ex

ample,

when

the target is out of range of automatic

weapons

but within range

of

90-mm

guns, only the

90-mm

guns

will

be

considered

to

be

engaging the

target.

Losses to flights

engaged

by

both guns and auto

matic weapons are the

sum

of the losses

incurred

from each type of

fire.

Aircraft

losses

may be

as

sessed in accordance

with the following formula:

(1)

For

planes,

other

than

jet,

within

15,000

feet altitude and within

7,000

yards

hori

zontal range:

(number of guns) x

(num

ber of planes)

x

.02=LOSS.

(2) For jet aircraft divide the resulting loss

by

5.

Sect i on

IV

O B S T A C L E S

AND

D E L A Y S

78

Obstacles

The

primary purpose of

an obstacle

is to

delay

opposing forces. Obstacles aifect

friendly

as well

95



as enemy

troops. Umpires

enfor

ce appropriate

delays in all c

ases.

Obstacles

may be simulated

but are actually

constructed

if

permissible

on

the

terrain

being

used.

If the

obstacle

is to be

simulated,

materials and

personnel for construc

tion must actu

ally

b

e on hand

and checked

by

the

u

mpire.

Th

e obstacle

is

not

m

arked

until

the

time estimated

to be require

d for

construction

has passed.

The unit

that

executes

a

simulated

obstacle

fur

nishes a gua

rd who is given u

mpire authority and

identification

so

that

he can

enforce com

pliance by

all troops. Guards

remain

on

d

uty at obstacles until

relieved

by

the umpire

or

until the

end of

the

exer

cise. Parent units s

upply the

obstacle guard with

emergenc

y type

ration

s. A

fter

the o

pposing f

orce

has reduced

an

obstacl

e,

the

unit umpire

relieves the

guard who is then

returned administr

atively to his

u

nit.

W

hen

a s

imulated o

bstacle has been

co

mpleted,

the

unit umpire

furnishes

the

guar

d

one cop

y

of

completed

Certificate

of Obstacle

(fig.

7).

If

an

umpire is not present

a unit officer

may sign the

cer

tifica

te but must

advise the unit

umpire

of

h

is action.

The

umpire should ch

eck

the form

as

so

on as

prac

ticable;

however, the

statement on the form

is

val

id

with the

signature

o

f a unit officer.

The unit execut

ing a

simulated

obstacle

also

places

a

black

flag

at

each end

of

the o

bstacle.

Obstacles th

at

resu

lt from air actio

n or chem

ical

attack

are

mark

ed by the

ground umpire who

as

sessed the

damage. H

e comple

tes

the

certificate,



CE

R

T IF

IC

A

TE

O

T O

BB

T

AC

II

(

to

b

e

ex

e

cu

te

d

by

u

n

it

of

fi

ce

r

vh

tn

u

m

pir

e

is

no

t

tr

es

en

t

)

1

.

T

YW

AH

)

U

T

IK

E O

r O

BB

TA

C I

E

EX

:

b

rid

g

e d

em

o

li

tio

n^

b

ri

dg

e

—

—

damaged

by bombs.

road

crater)

____________________

2

.

M

E T H

O

D U S

E D

B

ri

ef

de

sc

ri

pt

io

n

o

f

w

or

k do

n

e,

E

x:

D

e

str

oy

ed

—

ab

ut

me

n

ts

b

y

ta

m

pe

d

c

ha

rg

e*

. e

tc

.)

__

_

_

_

_

__

_

_

_

_

__

_

_

_

_

3.

K

RS

O

nC

L

B

ED

(

Ex

: 1

.

qu

ad

,

2

h

o

ur

.)

1

* .

EQ

U I

IM

E II

T

U S

ED

:—

—

—

(E

x

: 1

e

a

rth

a

ug

er

,

1

h

ou

r;

1

sq

u

ad

__

_

_

_

_

__

_

_

_

_

__

_

_

_

_

__

e

mo

li

tio

n

»

e

t)

?

•

MA

T

ER

IA

L O B

E

X P

LO

S I

V E

U

S E

D

(E

x:

f

or

ab

u

tm

en

ts

, 6

ch

ar

ge

s

2

00

p

ou

ad

a

«

ae

h;

«

t«

«l

,

1

0 eh

ar

g«

»

15

p

o

un

di

ea

ch

)__

_

_

_

__

_

_

_

_

T A

R T

K

D

(D

a

te

an

d

H

ou

r}

CO

M

PU

TE

D

(P

a

te

a

n

d H

o

ur

)

or

HO

IK

B O

M

B B

P

_

_

_

_

_

7

U

M

PI

RE

C

ER

T I

F IC

A

TE

1.

I

H

A V

E

O

B J

EC

TE

D

T H

E

O

B S

T A

C L

E D

C

SC

R IB

ED

A

B O

V E

A

R D

Fl

flD

T

H A

T

IT

W

I L

L )

w

ii

x

KT

)

C B

E A

T B

A I

E

F F

E

T I

V E

M

I L

I T A

R

Y

O

B S

T A

C L

E

2.

A

C

AR

EF

UL

ES

T I

M

AT

E B

AS

B E

E R

M

A

D S

. T

flE

FO

L

UN

IE

G

W

ILL

B E

R

E-

Q

U I

B E

D

TO

R

EST

O

RE

TB

AF

T I

C

A T

I

BI

S

a

.

E

KH

E

ER

PS

R

SO

H

IL

AI

D

TD

B

R E

Q U

I R

E D

:

G

iv

e

tw

o

al

te

rn

a

ti

ve

*

)

e

xa

mp

le

,

o

o«

pl

at

oo

n

6

h

ou

rs

o

r o

ne

cc

ejp

an

y

3

?

h

o

ur

*.

L

a*

t

a

lte

r

na

tl

re

ba

*e

d

o

n

sa

x l

mu

a

n

uv

be

r o

f

uh

o

can

be

effectlrelj

employed on

job.

Tlae

1*

taken

from

tl

ae

o

f

a

rr

iv

al

o

f

M

O

an

d

a

at

er

la

l o

n

th

e

a

lt

e.

b

.

M

A

TE

R I

AL

S:

A

*

Ju

dg

ed

ne

ce

w

ar

y

b

y e

ng

in

ee

r

uB

fl

re

* o

f

un

i

t r

ed

u

cin

g

ob

it

ac

l*

.)

c

.

K

^J

ia

ttt

T:

R

e

du

ce

tlM

g

iv

en

I

n

a

a

bo

ve

b

y

1/3

fo

r

l

ul

ta

bl

*

l

ab

or

-

sa

vi

ng

t

qu

lp

»e

n

t,

s

ui

ta

b

ili

ty

de

te

ra

ln

ed

b

y

e

o

gl

ae

er

u

ei

plr

e

o

f

un

it

r

ed

uc

in

g

o

bs

ta

cl

e.

)

3.

n

ttE

A

ID

H

O U

R

E

X E

C U

T E

D

:

if

n

o

um

p

ire

I

s

pr

es

en

t

at

th

e

ti

e*

of execution,

this

e»y be

completed

by

the

senior

officer

of

th

e

ex

ec

u

tin

g

p

ar

ty

a

ad

b

e

o

ff

ic

ia

l.

A

n

u

ap

ir

e

vl

ll

ve

ri

fy

a

ny

su

ch

v

or

k

e

xe

cu

te

d

b

y h

is

u

ni

t

a

s

so

on

a

s p

r

ac

ti

ca

bl

e.

)

U

K

T

O F

F I

C E

R

C

E

RT

ir

iED

O

B S

T A

C L

E

R E

D U

C E

D A

T

_

_

__

_

_

H

R

S

DA

3X

_

S I

OI

AT

IW

:

Of

U

M

P I

R E

)

(R

A

«J

35

57

34

O

—

55

—

—

—

7

9

7



aSTRUCTIOHS-OBSTACLE

GUARDS

AUTHORITY: S a m e

a s u m p i r e

NUMBER: U n i t e x e c u t i n g

s i m u l a t e d o b s t a c l e s p o s t

tvo g u a r d j a t

e a c h o b

s t a c l e .

EQUIBEM

T Umpire

h e l a e t

l i n e r a n d w h i t e

m l o o p . Flashlig

ht,

v a t c b j p a p e r

and p e n c i l . F o

od

and

vater

f o r r

emainder

o f e x e r c i s e . P

ersonal

e q u i

p o e n t . T h i s c e r t i f i c

a t e .

ACTIONS: A

red f l a g i s placed

a t

e a c h

end o f a simulated obs

ta

c l e b y

t h e u n i t

e x e c u t i n g

t h e o b s t a c l e .

Umpi res post

o b s t a

c l e s resul

ting

f r o m

air act

ions.

ACTI

OBS: Report personnel

who

f a i l

t o o b

s e r v e obstacle

b y

n a m e ,

v e h i c l e n u

n b e r , o r

u n i t

t o

a n y u m p i r e

o r

t o

y o u r com

manding

o f f i c e r

vhen

y o u a r e r e l i e v e d .

When

opposing

t r o o p s

h a v e

c l e a

r e d

a n o b s t a c l

e , have u a p i r e sig

n

t h i s

p a p e r

and r e l i e v e y o u .

T h

e n r e p o r t

t o nearest troop

f o r

p

roce ssing a s

a

p r i s o n e r

and

return t o y o u r u

n i t .

ISSTRU

CTIONS-IMFIKES

ACTIONS: Require o p e r a t i o n s

to b e

actual

wh

enever

p o s s i b l e

.

F i l l i n data o n

r e v e r s e

s

i d e and

g i

v e

t o guard

a t o b

s t a c l e .

Check

t h a t

material

t o e x e c u t e o r reduce

simulat

ed

o b s t a c l e s

i s a t

s i t e

vhen operations

are

c a r r i e d

o u t .

Visit all detachments

s e n t o n

obstacle

v o r k t o c o m p l e t e

t h e

c e r t i f

i c a t e .

SfECIAL M O T E S

Troops may g o around

an

o b s t a c l e p r o v i d e

d

t h e

m o v

e m e n t I s a c t u a l .

The u m p i r e

with a delayed u n i t m

u s t n o t modify t h e p

rovisions

o f

t h e

c e r t i f i c a t e

o f o b s t a c l e

u n d e r a n y

c i r

c u m s t a n c e s .

When

a

defended o b s t a c l e

I s attacke

d b y t h e opposing s

i d e ,

t h e

result

o f t h e

attack

i s

decided

a s i n

any

s i m i l a r a c t i o n .

The

clearing

of an

o b s t a c l e

by t h e attac

ker

c a n c o m m e

n c e

o

n l y after

successful

completion

o f

t h e attack

i s ruled

b y

t h e u m p i r e .

Continued.

places the

flag

s,

and details a

g

uard from th

e near

est

unit.

/. Troops

may

go

around an

obstacle prdvided the

mov

ement is

actual.

The umpire with

a

delayed

unit

must

not

mod

ify the provisions

of the certificate

of

obstacle

u

nder any

circumstances.

98



When

a

defe

nded

obstacle is attacked

by

the

opposing

side, the result

of the

a

ttack is de

cided as

in

any

similar

action.

Th

e clearing of a

n

obstacle

by the attacker

can

com

mence only af

ter suc

cessful

completion of

the

attack is

ru

led by

the

u

mpire.

A

ction to r

educe the obstacle

is

effective

only after

completio

n of

the troop action.

Contaminated areas must

be avoided

by combat

elements

when appropriate

autho

rity so

directs.

Un

its

failing

t

o avoid such

a

reas will be

assesse

d

appropriate

casualties.

79.

De

lays

Air attacks agai

nst bridges and

the

delays

re

sulting

from t

he

damage

inflicted influenc

e the prog

ress of a tactical exerc

ise. Prior

notice of

ai

r attacks

on

bridges should

be

furnished umpire

operations

by

air

umpire

s

in

order that an um

pire may be des

ig

nated t

o be

at

the

bridge

site at

the time of

the

a

ttack.

When

the bridge is defended

by an antiaircra

ft unit,

the antiair

craft unit umpire may be

designated to act

as the

umpire

at the

bridge

site. The

num

ber and

weight

of

bombs

are

given

the

umpire

at

the bridge

site through

ump

ire

channels

as soon

as rece

ived

from the

air

umpire.

(

1)

After

receipt

of thi

s i

nformation the

umpire

at

the bridge

site

will determine

the

number

of hits

on the

target

in accordance with

the

following

percentages:

Div

e or glide

bombing

by

Fight

er-

Bo

mber aircraft—15 p

ercent o

f bombs

dro

pped

by

any

single

flight.

99



(ft) Light

or

medi

um

bombers

in

lev

el

flight,

bombing

by

visua

l methods—

5

percent.

Light or medium bom

bers in le

vel

flight,

bombing

by grou

nd

controll

ed

ra

dar—10

percent.

Heavy bombers

in level flight, bombing

by

visual

m

ethods—8

percent.

Heavy bombers bombing by

grou

nd

con

trolled radar—

5 percent.

H

aving dete

rmined the

number of hi

ts

the

umpire

will

use

the following

as

a

guide

in

asse

ssing

delays

and dam

ages

t

o bridges:

(a) Steel tru

ss and concrete

bridges of sub

stanti

al construction.

Bomb

weight

1001b _____.

_.

300 to

6 00

Ib._-

1,000

to

2

,000

Ib.

Delay (after

arrival of men

and

material)

None_ _

2hrs—--

4

hrs_

__-. . .

Necessary for repair

None.

1 Pla

t

Engineer,

3 trailer loads

t

imber or

equiva

lent.

1 Plat Engineer,

6 trailer loads

timber or equivalent.

( Z > )

Woo

den highway

and railroad bridges.

1

00 pound

bomb or heavier has sam

e

con

ditions as shown in

above

fo

r

300 to

600 pound b

ombs.

Pontoon

bridge.

100

pound

bomb

or

heavier will re

quire

a

one hour d

elay after

materia

l

f

or one-third or 4

spans

of

t

he

br

idge

is

at the site.



Conditions

in a), (6), and

above

are for one

hit;

fo

r more

th

an one

hit,

men, material, and

delay will be i

ncreased

accordingly.

Marc

hing columns

or

con

voys

attacked by air

wil

l be

assessed

casualties

and

damages

as pres

cribed

in

the

tab

les

in

paragraphs 73 a

nd

75.

Marching

column

s or

convoys

attacked

by

arm

or

or

ar

tillery

and fail

to deploy or

take

c

over logicall

y are as

sessed

casualties and

damages

accordingly.

Marching columns

or

conv

oys attacke

d by ai

r,

armor,

or artiller

y and

prevente

d

from reacting

logically,

by administra

tive restrictions, are assessed

delays

e

quivalent

to the time

r

equired to

disperse and

ass

emble.

Under these cond

itions no casualties

or

damages will

be assessed.

Person

nel working

on bridges, roads,

or

other

projects who are

subj

ected to massed morta

r or

artil

lery fire or an air a

ttack are

req

uired

to

cease

work

fo

r

the

duration of the concentration

or

att

ack.

Work may

continue if the

area

is subjected to inter

diction

fire

only

but

no

work can

be

carried

on

in

an

are

a subject to

direct

small arms fire.

Information

on del

ays caused by

atomic

burst

s

will be fur

nished

by the

umpire

in

accordan

ce

with

the

ef

fects

ov

erlay (app.

VII).

/.

Are

as

co

ntaminated with a

persistent

chemical

agent

will

cause

delays

unless

commanders

accept

casualties

(as

determi

ned in par. 7 0

e) consist

ent

with

th

e

degree of protect

ion

a

nd the

t

ime

exposed

wi

thin the

area.

If

the

comm

ander will not

accept

the

casualties assessed from paragra

ph 70e and do

es



not m

ove

aro

und

the

con

tamin

ated

area

, del

ays

are

a

ssess

ed

as

fo

llows

:

1) I

f co

ntam

inat

ed a

rea is n

ot b

ypa

ssed,

d

e

lay

is

equal

to

time

required

to

mov

e

the

d

istan

ce invo

lved

as

spe

cifie

d in

FM

101-

10.

2

) I

f

c

ontam

ina

ted

are

a

is

c

rosse

d

on decon

ta

mina

ted ro

utes,

dela

y

is equa

l to

t

ime re

qu

ired

to

p

rope

rly

deco

ntam

inat

e t

he

ro

utes

.

1 0 ?



CH

APTER 5

CO

MMUNIC

ATIONS

AN

D

T

R A N S P O

R TAT I O

N

80

General

Com

municati

ons f

or the gro

und umpire

gro

up

no

rmally

consis

ts of rad

io, wire,

and

messenge

r.

Wire

and

messeng

er

sh

ould be

used

for ro

utine

m

es

sages

t

o

red

uce

th

e volume

of rad

io

tr

affic. Rad

io

commu

nication is man

datory

fo

r

um

pire

liaison

teams,

fire m

arker tea

ms, and uni

t

ump

ires

at battal

ion

leve

l and bel

ow.

An extensio

n

wire net, wi

th

readily

accessible

leads

to all

key

localities

in

the

exercise

a

rea is es

sential to

insure adeq

uate com

mu

nicati

ons b

etween ump

ire

headqu

arters and

unit

umpires.

81 Free

and Control

led Exerc ise

s

In

free

exercises

identical communication nets

are

pro

vided

for

um

pires

with both

side

s.

O

nly th

e fire

marke

r net

and the um

pire liaiso

n net are

req

uired

for- u

mpires

with the

A

ggressor

Force

in

c

ontrolled

exerci

ses when

unit umpires

are not

ass

igned.

8

2 Umpire

Comm

unication

Cente

r

In

a

la

rge scale

exerc

ise,

in

o

rder

to facilita

te

t

he

review

and

ana

lysis

of ump

ire report

s b

y

the

opera

tions

sect

ion o

f Headqu

arters Ump

ire Group

(p

ar.

12A), it

will be

n

ecessary

to establish

an effecti

ve

103



Um

pir

e Co

mm

uni

cati

ons

Ce

nte

r. The

com

mu

nica

tio

ns

ce

nte

r

m

us

t h

ave

suff

icie

nt s

tatio

ns to

pro

vide

o

ne ra

dio

rece

ive

r

f

or e

ach

thre

e b

atta

lion

s re

por

ting

t

o

the

op

erat

ions

sec

tion

. Ade

qua

te

te

leph

one

fa

cili

ti

es m

us

t also

be pr

ovided.

Teletype

circuits

must

b

e pro

vide

d

bet

wee

n rel

ay

st

atio

ns, u

mp

ire

o

pera

tion

s sec

tion

a

nd

Ex

erc

ise

Dire

cto

r Wa

r Ro

om.

8

3 R

ad io

Nets

U

mp

ire

r

adio

ne

ts

are o

rga

nize

d

gen

eral

ly in

th

e

same

manner

as,

and

parallel

to,

normal

troop radio

net

s (fig

s. 8

-14

).

Rad

ios

o

f the

typ

es in

dic

ated

a

re

sug

ges

ted fo

r t

he f

ollo

win

g

un

it

um

pire

s:

In

fan

try plat

oon

:

AN

/PR

C-

6.

I

nfa

ntry

co

mp

any

: A

N/P

RC

-10

.

Inf

ant

ry batt

alio

n,

regi

men

t a

nd

hig

her

un

it:

AN/VRC-18.

T

ank

pl

atoo

n—

Arm

or

: A

N/

PR

C-8

.

Infa

ntr

y:

A

N/P

RC

-10

.

Tan

k

com

pa

ny—

ba

ttali

on

and

h

igh

er

un

it (

Ar

mou

r)

:

A

N/V

RC

-16

.

In

fan

try

:

AN

/V

RC

-18

.

/.

Artillery

or atomic

burst

fire

marker teams:

AN

/V

RC

-9.

L

iais

on

team

s:

AN

/VR

C-1

6

or

-1

8 de

pen

din

g

o

n

t

ype

o

f un

it to

wh

ich assi

gne

d.

84 U

mp

ire

L

iaiso

n Tea

m s

Um

pi

re

Li

aiso

n Te

am

s,

usi

ng th

e E

xerc

ise

SO

I,

may

operate

in any net

of

the

unit

to which

tempo

r

aril

y

as

sig

ned.

Wh

en

not

pe

rfor

min

g

um

pire

fun

ctio

ns, t

hes

e tea

ms

will

s

tand

by

th

e Ch

ief

Um

pir

e

ne

t

u

nle

ss

oth

erw

ise

ins

truc

ted

by

th

e

Chi

ef

U

mpi

re.

4



COM

PAN

Y UMP

IRE

NET

AN

/PRO-

6

1'AN

/GRC-H

)

BATTA

L ION UM

PIRE

NE

T

8

5. F

ire M

arkin

g

F

ire m

arker tea

ms

mainta

in radio

c

ontac

t

with the

fire

ma

rker

c

ontrol

team

(

pars. 44

and

45).

Only

under

exceptional circumstances will

existing

artil

lery

l

ines

of com

munic

ation be

used

for com

muni

ca

t

ion be

tween

the

contr

ol team

and

the

tire dir

ection

cent

ers.

105



B A TT

A L ION

UMP IR NET

UMPK

LIAISON

T

EA M

MMIMCNTAL WWW

C

NET

86 Umpi re

Relay Center

W

hen distance or mecha

nical diff

iculties preclude

battal

ion

umpires

or liaison

teams from communi

catin

g directly w

ith

the Comm

unications C

enter at

U

mpire Headquarter

s, relay statio

ns will be suitably

located throughout

the exerc

ise area

to

retransmi

t

messages to t

he umpire opera

tions room.

Radio

communications

will

be

augmented

by

telephone and

telet

ype circuits be

tween the relay

stations and

Umpire

C

ommunications

Center

in

suffi

cient num

ber

to handl

e

expected

traffic lo

ads. Operating

106



REG

IMENT

L UMP I

RE

NET

per

sonnel

of

rel

ay stat

ions

may be

aug

mente

d

b

y

um

pire

oper

ations

per

sonnel

to scr

een

or

conso

li

date

messages

and to

maintain

a

limited

operations

m

ap

for the

Chief

Umpi

re and E

xerci

se D

irector

.

87 R

ad io

P roc

edure

St

andar

d

voice r

adio

proce

dure i

s used

. Due

to

the

lar

ge n

umbe

r of

sets on

some

cha

nnels,

extr

eme

caution

must

be

exercised by

umpires

to

insure

that

only nec

essary

m e

ssages

are t

ransm

itted by

r

adio.

Clea

r text is

used

. O fficer

umpir

es may be

expect

ed

to oper

ate

their

ow

n radio

sets

. A

simpl

ified prear

r

anged cod

e sy

stem

sh

ould be u

tilized

to

negate

t

he

effe

cts of mon

itorin

g ump

ire

traff i

c.

10

7



88. Wire

Umpire wire

nets

sh

ould b

e

establish

ed along

the planned

axes of com

munication of the tactical

units

to be

umpired.

Umpire

liaison

teams and

unit

umpires

down

to

battalio

n

level s

hould be equipped

with

por

table

te

le-

DIVISION UMRR

E N

ET

3AN/VRC I8

DIVISIO N U

MPIRE

SUPP

ORT

N ET

UM

PIRE

OPERATIONS

108



D

I

V

I

S

IO

N

U

M

P

I

R

E

S

U

P

P

O

R

T

N

E

T

A

N

V

R

C

1

8

F

I

R

E

M

A

R

K

E

R

N

E

T

M

RS

M

M

K

ft

F

IR

E

M

A

RK

ER

C

O

NT

R

OL

B

A

TT

ER

IE

S

NO

R

MA

L

C

K V

S

H5

X

A

T

H

.L

O

rr

C

OM

M

U

NI

CA

T

IO

N

IF

F

W

C

M

M

M

RA

D

IO

C

H

AN

N

C

L

1

ff

lf

fli

ni

L«

H

r

1

0

9



phones and

a line route map show

ing the

ump

ire

w

ire

system

and the

location

of

all terminals.

Com

pany umpires m

ay be

provided portab

le telephones

if

ava

ilable, and the e

xtent of the

wire

syste

m war

rants.

Umpire

wire and cable shou

ld be identifie

d

by a

ta

g bearing

the

legend

Umpire

Wire Net.

In addition,

su

pporting

p

oles may

be

marked

with

a 6 inch wh

ite band. Regimental and

higher unit

umpires shou

ld be furnished

a

telephon

e and

main

tain a man

on

d

uty

a

t the

phone

24

hours a

day.

As

a

guide

in

planning

an

umpire

wire net,

one

terminal per square mile

of the activ

e

exerc

ise

area

of

opera

tions will insure

that a

unit

u

mpire is a

lways

within one-half

mile of a terminal

to which

he

can

tie in

his

portable

field

p

hone.

89

Transportation

(see

p

ar.

9c,

app. II)

Vehicle

s are assigned

to umpires wh

o are

equ

ipped

with

nonportable

type

radio sets and t

o

others as

required.

This include

s

l

iaison teams, fire

marker teams, and

unit umpires down

tobattal

ion

or

company level depending

upon the type

of units

being

umpired and

the

area

to

be

covered.

5 . Tra

nsportation for umpires not

assigned v

e

h

icles is

provided

b

y

units

to which

umpires are

assig

ned.

Vehicles must be

provided f

or special

activities,

incl

uding prisone

r of war

exchange

and

s

hifting

small

unit

umpires.

Spa

re

vehicles

equipped w

ith suitable radios

must

be

available fo

r replac

ement

and

em

ergency

purposes.

1 1 0



Army aircraft

, equipped with

approp

riate radio

communic

ations, are p

rovided for umpi

re use when

ever necessary

in

order to

provide umpires

with

the

same speed

and

mobility

as

the

forces being

observed

.



A

PPENDIX

REFERENCES

AK 380 5__

_____. Safeg

uarding D

efense

In

formation.

PAM

310—Series___

List

of

Military

Publica

tions.

SR

32

0-5-1_______

Dictionar

y of United

States

Army Terms.

SB 320-50-1___

___ Authorize

d

Abbreviatio

ns.

AR

611-201____

__. Manu

al of Enlisted Mili

tary

Occupational

Spe

cia lties.

FM 3-5_—___

____. Tactic

s and

Techniqu

e of

CBR

Warfare.

FM 21-5 __ .____

_. Military Train

ing.

FM

21 8_

__—___.

Military

Training

Ai

ds.

FM

21

-30________ Milita

ry

Symbols.

FM

21-40________.

Defense

Against CBR

At

tack.

FM

21-41_— — — —

___. Sol

dier s Manual

for De

fense

Again

st CBR At

tack.

FM

30 5__

______

Combat Intelligence.

FM

30-15________.

Examination

of

Personnel

and Docume

nts.

FM

30-101_____

__ The Maneuver

Enemy.

FM 30-102———

—_—. Handbook o

n Aggressor

Milita

ry Forces.

2



FM

30

10

3__

____

_.

A

ggre

ssor

Orde

r

o

f

Battl

e.

FM

30

104_

___

___

Agg

resso

r Kep

rese

ntatio

n.

FM

1

00-

5__

___

__

Fiel

d Se

rvice

Ke

gula

tions

Ope

ratio

ns.

FM

100 31_______

Tactical

Use of Atomic

We

apon

s.

FM

1

01 5

___

___

__. Stai

f

Offi

cers'

Field

M

anua

l,

Staf

f

O

rga

nizat

ion

and

Pro

cedu

re.

FM

101

10_

___

___.

Staf

f Of

ficer

s'Fie

ld Ma

nual

,

Organization,

Technical,

and

L

ogis

tical

Da

ta.

TF

30

154

3__

___

_.

The

Agg

resso

r Fo

rce (Run

ni

ng Ti

me:

26m

in).

T

M

3

216

___

___

__

M

ilita

ry

Biol

ogy and

B

io

lo

gica

l

W

arfar

e Agen

ts.

TM

9 1981_______.

Military

Pyrotechnics.

T

M

2

3 2

00__

___

__.C

apa

bili

ties

o

f

A

tom

ic

W

eap

ons.

P

AM

39

-1__

___

__.

Tac

tical

Us

e

of

At

omic

W

eap

on

s U

nclas

sifie

d

Mili

tary

Effec

ts.



APPENDIX

II

UMPIR

E

PL A

NNING

GUIDE

1

P

urpose and App

lication

To outline

some of the

major consideratio

ns

in

volved

in

planning

the

umpire organization

for

a

large

field exercise

or

ma

neuver involving

several

divisions, or a point

exerci

se

involving

ele

ments

of

two

or more of the Arme

d

Forces

of

th

e

United

Stat

es.

With

necessary modifications,

the consid

erati

ons set forth herein

are

app

licable to

planning

the umpire

organization for

any

exercise.

2

Planning

Plan

ning for

the umpire org

anization should

be

initiated

concu

rrently with that for

the exercise it

self. It is

based upon the

general concept as con

tained

in

the

exercise

directive

and

upon

such

addi

tional instru

ctions and

directive

s as

may be

i

ssued by

the commander

responsible

for the

pre

paration

and

con

duct

of

t

he exercise. The form

ation of an

u

m

p

ire

planning

group

early in the planning

phase,

to

i

nclude

the chief ump

ire

a

nd key personnel,

and a

minimu

m of two

specia

l

weapons employm

ent offi

cers,

will facilitate the

establishm

ent of

definite poli

cies an

d formulation of plans

for

the organization

of

the umpire g

roup. In

a

jo

int exercise, representa

tives

from the participating

Armed

Forces

should

be i

ncluded

in

this pla

nning

g

roup.



3 Umpire

Organization

The

umpire organization

is discu

ssed

in

c

hapter 2

It provide

s

for a headqu

arters contain

ing

a

conventional

general

staff

organization and

such sup

porting

troops

as

may be req

uired. The

strength,

orga

nization,

and

specifi

c duties

to be as

sign

ed

to

each staff se

ction will vary

w

ith the con

cep

t, size and obj

ectives of the exercise

.

These

requirements will vary with

each exer

cise and are frequently

dependent

upon the

fa

cilities

available. Th

e location and

f

acilities selected

should

be accessible

to

the headqu

arters of the

Exercise

D

irector and pr

ovide—

(

1) Adequate space

for the Umpire Headq

uar

ters and

its

acti

vities, to include

appropriate

grouping

of

related

activities.

(2) Facilities for an

operations roo

m with suffi

cient

s

pace

for

necessary

operating

person

nel, operation

of

a

war

map, charts, air

operations

board, air strike board, w

eather

i

nformation,

and operational and

com

mand

conferences.

(8)

A

Communication

Center equippe

d

to re

ceive, transmit,

and

pro

cess messages

and

repo

rts.

4)

Facilities

for

qua

rtering and messing o

f

personnel;

s

torage

and maintenance

of

equipm

ent,

su

pplies, a

nd vehicles; par

king

of vehicles; an

d

a

landing field

for

he

li

copters.

A

service club type

building has

proven satisfactory

for

the

operatio

nal headquarters

of an umpire

g

roup.

1

15



The

pr

inciples

outlined in

FM

101-5

are generally

applicabl

e to the umpire staff.

Certain

speci

fic

func

t

ions of umpire

st

aff

sections pa

rticularly applicable

in planning umpire

o

rganization

are set

f

orth

as

a

guide in

paragraphs 4 through

10

of

this appendix.

4 Personne l

and Administration

The chief of thi

s section

is

respo

nsible

for

p

lan

ning, coordination, and

supervision

of

the following:

(1) The

establishment

of

u

mpire pe

rsonnel

policies.

(2) The formulation

of

an Umpir

e

Table

o

f

Distributio

n

bas

ed on the umpire require

ments

for the

exe

rcise.

(3)

The

requisitioning

of

personnel

based

on

the

approved

T

able of

Distrib

ution.

(4)

The

rec

ommendations for and

the

assign

ment of personnel to

positions

established

by

the

Ta

ble of Distrib

ution.

(5) The reception, processi

ng, and dep

rocessing

of

personnel.

(6)

Establish

a

plan for

the pr

eparation

and

accompli

shment of officers

' efficiency reports.

(7) The proc

urement,

utiliza

tion, and ad

minis

tration

of

civilian p

ersonnel

when

au

thorized.

(8)

The

procurement

and

assignment of

quar

t

ers; the estab

lishment of messes; t

he in

ternal

organizatio

n and arrang

ement of

the

he

adquarters; an

d

alloca

tion

of sh

elter and

other facil

ities to umpire

headquarters

troops.

116



9) Provides

(in

coordination with

the

Finance

Officer) necessary assistance in the prepara

tion of—

Travel vouchers.

( Z > )

Per

diem

vouchers.

Allotments, including letters of trans-

mittal.

Military

pay orders for changes to be

entered

on pay records.

Processing of

umpire

personnel may be facili

tated

through

early

preparation

and

approval

of

detailed plans. These

plans should provide

the

following:

1)

That assignment

orders—

Are

provided in

sufficient

copies, normally

10,

with

one copy furnished to umpire

headquarters

prior

to

the

individual's

re

porting date.

(6) Show adjusted date of rank for

civilian

component

officers.

Include

degree

of clearance for

access

to

classified

material.

2)

That other

necessary records

are

forwarded

with

or

prior

to

the

arrival of the indi

vidual.

(3) That

each officer prepare necessary forms,

including

pay and

mileage vouchers, under

the

supervision of

umpire

headquarters

personnel. 2

117



5

. The Adju tan

t

Genera l

Eeference

figure

1 .

The Adjuta

nt

General's

Section—

(1)

Maintain

files

and publications

for the Um

pire Headqua

rters to

i

nclude—

complete file of

army

regu

lations,

special regula

tions, tables of

organization

and

equip

ment, technical

man

uals and

field

manuals pertine

nt to the

he

ad

quarters.

All directi

ves and

correspondence of um

pire and

higher

head

quarters.

(2)

R

equisitions,

s

tores,

and

distributes publi

cati

ons and Department of

the

Army and

locally

approved blank form

s

a

s

r

equired.

(3)

Disposes of

the

records

of

umpire

head

quarte

rs in ac

cordance

w

ith inst

ructions

iss

ued

by

the Exercise

Director.

(4) Receives,

accounts fo

r, and di

stributes all

classified

material in accordan

ce

with t

he

provisions of AR

38

0-5.

(5)

Operates

the

message

center,

and postal

service.

(6) Provides a locator

system

for

personne

l of

the

headquarters.

(7)

Publishes general

and spe

cial

orders,

daily

bulletins,

and other

directives or pu

blica

tions

as

directed.

(8) Maintains Field

20

1

files

and other records

of umpir

e perso

nnel.

(9) Prepa

res and s

ubmits

pe

rsonnel ro

sters, and

s

trength

returns as requir

ed.

118



(10) R

eproduces

mim

eograph material

for the

various sta

ff

sections

as required

.

6. Headquarters

Commandant

The Umpire Headquarters

Commandant

may

ope

rate

as

an

assistant to

the Exercise Headqua

rters

Commandant or

as the Umpire Hea

dquarters Co

m

ma

ndant only. In

a large

scale exerc

ise the la

tter

will fac

ilitate th

e

in

terior

a

dministration of

the

Umpire Headq

uarters.

The Headquarter

s Comman

dant commands all

troops not assig

ned or attac

hed to subordinate

com

mands;

provides internal

administration

for

the

headquarte

rs; pr

ovides local securit

y

fo

r the head

quarters

and, under

the direction

o

f t

he

Person

nel

and Administrati

on

Sec

tion

prepares plan

s

for

and

m oves

the

headquarters

when

directed.

Th

e

Headq

uarters

Commandant and

his staff

shou

ld

arrive

in

the

exerci

se area prior to

thearrival

of the

C

hief Umpire

and ump

ire

plan

ning group.

This

w

ill permit

the

U

mpire Headquarte

rs Com

manda

nt to—

(1) Prepare plans fo

r the establ

ishment of the

headquart

ers.

(2)

Prepare plans

an

d facilities fo

r the

rec

ep

tion of

incoming

personnel to inclu

de

preparation of

locator

cards

(locator cards

when

completed must

be

forwarded

to the

Umpire

Adju

tant

General)

, quartering,

and messing

of umpire

personnel.

Al

though m e

sses

are no

rmally o

perated

by the

Exerci

se

Headquarters

Comm

andant,

the

9



Um

pire Headquarte

rs Commandant may

be

required to operate

an

Umpire

Mess.

(8)

Make

early arrangeme

nts for—

Drawing

supplies

direct

from

the

issuing

agencies rather

than through the Exer

cise H

eadquarters Commandant.

(6)

Se

tting

up

property books.

De

signation

of

a proper

ty officer

for

eac

h

section

or

othe

r

activit

y.

Obtain

estimates

and

prepare

requisi

tions for equi

pment required by the

vari

ous staff

sections.

P

rovide personnel

for

adm

inistrative

dutie

s,

fo

r

care

and cleaning

of BOQ's,

briefing rooms,

headq

uarters building

,

and gen

eral fatigue.

Establish

a

pool

of

motor vehicl

es

for the

U

m

pire

Headq

uarters.

/.

The

as

signment of an

appropriate

T

OE unit to

the

Umpire

Gr

oup

will

provide

the Headq

uarters

Commandant

with the

operating

perso

nnel and

equip

ment required

by this section

.

Th

is unit should

be

of

b

attalion size for a

divisional exe

rcise

and

correspondingly

larger

when

the

scale

of

the

exer

cise

is larger.

7 Intelligenc

e

Sec t i on

a. The functions of

the

intell

igence section

fall

into two

categories:

in

telligence

aspects of

the exer

cise,

and intelligence

support

of

the

umpire

group.

With

regard to

the

intelligenc

e asp

ects, the

chief of

th

is

s

ection

in coord

ination

with the Ope

ra

tions and

Training Se

ction, plans

and

is responsible

for:

120



(1)

The

super

vising of

umpi

ring of i

ntelligence

and

counter-inte

lligence activities.

2)

Pa

rticipation in

the functioning

of

the

ope

rations

center

at

ump

ire

headqu

arters

to include:

(a) Maintaining

a joint c

urrent

s

ituation

map

in

conjunctio

n with

the Oper

ations

and

Training

Section.

(b) Mai

ntaining

aerial

reco

nnaissance

infor

m

ation

to

include photo

ind

exes and print

files.

(c) Briefi

ngs.

With regard

to the intelligence

support of

the

um

pire

g

roup, the chief o

f this section

plans and

is

resp

onsible for:

1) Provid

ing

the intellige

nce tr

aining

fo

r the

umpire

school.

(2)

Arranging f

or personn

el and eq

uipment to

provide intell

igence support for th

e ump

ire

group.

(3) G

eneral staff supervisio

n of secu

rity

mat

ters pertaining

to

t

he

Umpire

Group.

4) Formulating

early

plans

an

d

recomme

nda

tions

for fulfilling

the security

clearance

require

ments of

Ump

ire Group pe

rsonnel,

and supe

rvising the execution

of

such

plans

prior

to and

during

the exercise pe

riod.

(5

) Cond

ucting secur

ity surveys a

t umpire

in

stalla

tions to include

atomic

se

curity vio

lations.

(6)

Proc

urement and distribution of

maps

and

aerial photographs

to the

Ump

ire

Group.

The

ma

ps a

nd

quanti

ties listed below may



be

used

as a

guide in

estim

ating

the map

req

uirem

ents f

or um

pires

and

U

mpir

e

H

eadq

uarters

in a

lar

ge joint

e

xercis

e i

n

volving an

umpire

group of

approximately

1

,000

um

pires.

1/200,0

00 road

map_

_____

_____

__ 60 sets

1/125,

000

topogra

phical

ma

p____

__ 100 sets

1/50,0

00

t

opograp

hical

map

25 0 set

s

1/25 ,0

00 with

20

' co

ntours,

topo

graphi

cal ma

p an

d photo

pr

inted

back to

back

1,200

sets

The

1/1

25,000

and 1/5

0,000

ma

ps a

re

ge

n

e

rally

use

d by

unit um

pires

of an A

rmor

ed

D

ivisio

n a

nd for

gen

eral p

lannin

g. The

1

/25,00

0 is

the map

gener

ally use

d by

unit

um

pires

of an

Inf

antry or

Airbo

rne

Division.

The

1/25 ,0

00 map

is al

so used

in ma

king

ato

mic

bursts

effe

cts ove

rlays

(App

.

VII).

(7)

Procur

ement

and di

ssemin

ation of

w

eather

fore

casts.

(8)

Establishing

a

TOP

SECKET

control

p

lan for use

withi

n

the Headq

uarter

s.

(9) Issu

e ap

propr

iate di

rective

s to

establ

ish t

he

requi

remen

ts

f

or

partic

ipatin

g

units

to

safe

guard

class

ified

inform

ation

.

8

Op

eration

s a

nd

Tr

aining

ect ion

The

org

anizat

ion

of th

e Opera

tions

and T

rainin

g Sect

ion p

rovide

s—

(1) O

perati

ons Subsec

tion.

2)

S

chools

Subse

ction.

122



3)

Rec

ords an

d Reports Subsection.

4)

Spe

cial Weapons Subsec

tion.

(5)

Umpire Liaison

Teams.

The

wprk load of

these

subsections varies widely

dur

ing each phase of

the exercise. The O

perations

and Training Section

is initially

compo

sed

of

a

small nucleus

of

planners; Records

and Reports and

Special Weap

ons subsec

tions are

very

small, b

ut the

Umpire

School m

ust be fully manne

d and op

erating,

training

the

umpires

for

the

exercise.

The

Special

Wea

pons subsecti

on

must be aug

mented w

ith addi

t

ional special

weapons employ

ment staff officers i

n

pr

oportion to the

number

of

atomic

w

eapons allo

cated to

the comba

t

elem

ents. As the pre-exercise

training phase ends

and the beginning of

the tacti

cal

phase

approaches,

umpire

school

operations

de

cre

ase

and

personnel are redistributed

within

the

Oper

ations a

nd

Training

Section. The

Operatio

ns

s

ubsection

is

materi

ally

expanded

jus

t

prior to the

tact

ical

ph

ase. Altho

ugh

opera

ting on a 24-hour

ba

sis

during

the tactical phase, op

erations taper

off

sharply a

t the en

d

of

the

exercise. Umpire L

iaison

Te

ams are required

only

du

ring t

he tactical phas

e.

The

Reports and Recor

ds subsection

does

not

reach

its

peak

of ope

rations until

th

e tactica

l

phase

actu

ally sta

rts, but its

operations continue

at

full stren

gth

until well after

the exercise is

over.

In

the

pla

nning

and

pre-exercise

training phases this

subsection is

rela

tively small,

but prior to

the beginning

of

the

tacti

cal

phase it must be expan

ded to man

the operations

123



room on a 24-hou

r basis

and

to

establish field

head

quarters as

req

uired.

This su

bsection—

(

1) Assists in t

he coordination of

matters pe

r

taining

to

umpire

operations,

planning,

or

ganization,

and

training.

(2) Coordinates

with—

The Supply

Officer on

transportation

and

individu

al umpire req

uirements.

(&) The Signal Office

r on

communicati

on

fa

cilities.

(3) Prepa

res

a project

chart

for staff p

lanning

p

urposes.

4) Coordin

ates

wit

h the

Schoo

ls sectio

n,

pla

ns

and

imp

lements

um

pire participation with

troops for

training o

f

u

mpires,

to

include

CPX's

and

field

exercises

for training

of

both umpi

res and operations

center per

sonnel.

(

5) Prepares and

publishes an SOP,

Umpire

Rules,

and Instructions.

6) Prepa

res and

submits an

Ump

ire Control

Plan.

(7)

Manages the

ope

rations

center at Umpire

Head

quarters to

include

—

Maintaining a

current

situa

tion map,

planning map,

and air

o

perations board

for US and A

ggressor Forces.

Briefings.

Evalu

ating incoming m

essages,

a

nd dis

patches such

data as required for

the

Exercise Director's Operations

Section.

Maintaining

the

Operation

s

Section

journ

al.

124



8)

Op

era

tes

add

itio

na

l

op

era

tion

cen

ter

s in th

e

fie

ld

as

dir

ecte

d.

9)

Ke

eps

th

e

Chi

ef U

mp

ire

i

nfo

rm

ed o

n pla

ns,

tr

oo

p m

ove

me

nts

, and

spe

cia

l

eve

nts

.

10)

This

subsection

must

be

organized

to

pro

v

ide

thr

ee

ov

erl

app

ing

s

hif

ts t

o ins

ure

co

n

tin

uo

us

op

era

tio

ns a

nd

a

ffo

rd ex

tra

p

er

so

nn

el re

qu

ired

fo

r

crit

ica

l

per

iod

s. Ea

ch

shi

ft m

us

t—

K

ee

p ab

rea

st of

th

e

cu

rre

nt s

itu

atio

n.

(5)

Maintain the

operations

map.

E

val

uat

e i

nco

mi

ng

me

ssa

ges

an

d d

isp

atc

h

pe

rtin

en

t in

for

ma

tion

to

th

e O

pe

rati

ons

S

ect

ion

o

f th

e

Ex

erc

ise

D

ir

ecto

r s

He

ad

qua

rte

rs.

Ma

inta

in

t

he o

pe

rati

on

s jo

urn

al.

S

afe

gua

rd c

lass

ifie

d i

nfo

rm

atio

n

re

cei

ved

an

d i

nsu

re

i

ts

d

iss

emi

nat

ion

on

ly

to

a

uth

ori

zed

per

son

nel

.

(/)

I

nsu

re th

at

r

epo

rts

a

re p

rom

p

tly

a

nd

pro

per

ly

di

ssem

in

ate

d.

(1

1 )

I

n jo

int

ex

erc

ises

ea

ch o

f th

e p

art

icip

ati

ng

A

rme

d

Fo

rce

s s

hou

ld m

ain

tai

n

an

ope

ra

tions

room

organized and

operated in

a

ma

nn

er

sim

ila

r

to

th

at se

t

fo

rth

in

th

is

p

ara

gra

ph

.

1)

Re

fer

enc

e p

ara

gra

ph

s

24

th

rou

gh

26

, an

d

ap

pen

dix

II

I.

2)

The Umpire

School

is

designed

to provide

um

pi

res

wit

h ge

ne

ral

bac

kgr

oun

d in

for

ma

tion

on th

e

exe

rci

se, ta

cti

cal a

nd

lo

gis

tica

l

re

fre

she

r ins

tru

ctio

n,

an

d

a

det

aile

d co

urse

25



in um

piring

technique

s to incl

ude

th

e

duties

of umpi

res, the tech

nique o

f assessmen

t of

casualt

ies,

computat

ion

of

f

ire

pow

er, evalu

ating

effects

of

atomic

bursts,

and

umpiring

contacts be

tween o

pposing

un

its.

(3)

The

Chief

of t

his subsecti

on

m

ay

also serve

as

D

irector

of the

Umpire

S

chool. He

plans,

organizes

, and supe

rvises the

U

mpire

Sc

hool.

(4)

The org

anization

of th

e Ump

ire School

on a departm

ental b

asis perm

its the

de

line

ation o

f defin

ite re

sponsibil

ities to the

depar

tments for

the pre

paration

and pre

s

entat

ion of

instructio

n. A

suitable

d

epart

ment

al or

ganization

i

s outlined be

low:

A

Tactics

Departm

ent responsi

ble for

the preparation

and

presentation

of

tac

tical refre

sher

instruc

tion a

pplicable

to

the

units

part

icipating

in

the

exercise

.

Inc

luded should

be th

e effec

ts of the

atomic we

apons

and CBR

on tactics.

An

Um

piring „Dep

artment re

sponsible

for

the

preparation

and

presentation

of

c

lassroom

instruct

ion t

o

Gro

und

Force

umpires

on

the

techniq

ue of ump

iring

each type

of

u

nit th

at will

particip

ate

in

th

e exer

cise. U

mpires shou

ld be in

struc

ted

as

to

th

e actions

to be

taken wh

en

a

simulated

atomic

and/or

CBR attack

oc

curs in the ar

ea

o

f the unit

to which

t

hey

are a

ssigned.

A Fi

eld T

raining

D

epartmen

t respon

sible

for

the prepar

ation

an

d present

ation

o

f

6



pra

ctical um

piring

instructio

n

for

all

um

pires

. T

his dep

artment will

coordin

ate

with all of

the o

ther d

epartmen

ts to

insure

that co

ordinated

instructio

n is

given

in

practic

al field

w

ork.

Instruc

to

rs from all

de

partments

sh

ould be made

availab

le to assist

th

e Field

Training

Depa

rtment in

the

presentat

ion

of

prac

tica

l

i

nstructio

n.

Th

e Fiel

d Traini

ng

Dep

artment should

presen

t a m

inimum

of

simulated

atomic or

CBE

explosions

to

give the

um

pires

practica

l

w

ork in t

his

type

pro

blem.

A Com

municati

ons

Departm

ent res

pon

si

ble for

the

pre

paration

and presen

ta

t

ion of

cl

assroom

co

mmunica

tion in

struc

tion

assists

the

Field

Training Depart

ment i

n the pr

eparation

an

d

presentat

ion

of

pra

ctical

com

municat

ion i

nstructio

n.

Th

e

Enlisted D

river-Rad

io Opera

tor

Tr

aining

Departme

nt responsib

le for

su

pervision

of driv

er-radio

opera

tor

training.

Umpire

support

units

may

as

sist in

this train

ing.

(/) An A

ir

Fo

rce

Depar

tment respons

ible

for

al

l in

struction presente

d to A

ir Um

pires in

cluding instruct

ing in

Air-G

round

operati

ons

for

G

round Umpires.

An Intelligence

Department

responsible

for the p

reparatio

n and

prese

ntation of

in

struction

to a

ll um

pires on t

he intel

ligenc

e organi

zation

and aspects of

the

ex

ercise

and the

te

chniques

of ump

iring



in

te

lli

ge

n

ce

ac

ti

vi

ti

es

.

A

ss

ist

s

th

e

F

ie

ld

T

ra

in

in

g

D

e

pa

r

tm

e

nt

in

in

je

ct

in

g

in

te

l

l

ig

en

ce

i

n

to

p

ra

ct

ic

al

e

xe

rc

is

es

.

5)

Plans

for

the organization and operation

o

f

t

he

U

m

pi

re

S

c

ho

o

l

sh

o

u

ld

in

cl

ud

e

—

P

r

ov

is

io

n

f

or

p

ro

c

ur

em

e

n

t

an

d

m

a

in

te

na

nc

e

of

c

la

ss

ro

o

m

f

ac

il

it

ie

s a

n

d

tr

a

in

in

g

a

id

s.

C

l

as

sr

oo

m

s

w

i

th

a

n

o

rm

a

l

ca

p

ac

ity

o

f 5

0

s

tu

d

en

ts

sh

ou

ld

b

e

av

a

ila

b

le

f

or

th

e

simultaneous

use

by

the

following

student

g

ro

u

ps

:

D

iv

is

io

n

a

nd

H

ig

h

er

H

ea

dq

u

a

rte

rs

U

m

pi

re

s.

In

f

an

tr

y

R

eg

im

e

n

ta

l

a

n

d

B

a

tt

al

io

n

U

m

p

ir

es

.

Infantry

Company

and

Plat

o

on

U

m

p

ir

es

.

A

r

m

or

ed

C

o

m

b

at

C

o

m

m

a

nd

a

n

d

A

r

m

o

r

ed

B

a

tt

al

io

n

U

m

p

ire

s

.

A

r

m

o

re

d

C

o

m

pa

ny

a

n

d P

la

to

o

n

U

m

p

ir

es

.

D

iv

is

io

n

A

rt

il

le

ry

a

n

d

A

rt

il

le

ry

B

a

t

ta

li

on

U

m

p

ir

es

.

7

M

or

ta

r,

A

rt

ill

e

ry

,

a

nd

A

t

o

m

ic

F

ir

e-

m

ar

ke

rs

.

T

e

ch

n

ic

al

an

d

A

d

m

in

is

tr

at

iv

e

Se

rv

ic

e

U

m

p

ir

e

s.

T

he

fo

ll

ow

i

ng

t

ra

in

in

g

a

id

s

a

re

de

si

ra

b

le

f

o

r

u

m

pi

re

tr

a

in

in

g:

V

u

-G

r

ap

h

w

i

th

Sc

re

e

n

10

2

sq

u

ar

e.

1

6

-m

m

P

ro

jector.

P

u

b

lic

A

d

d

re

ss

S

y

ste

m

(I

nd

o

or

an

d

O

u

t

do

o

r)

.

O

p

aq

u

e P

r

oj

ec

to

r

(S

ig

n

al

C

or

ps

P

ro

je

c

t

or

PH

13

£

—

FM

21

-8

)

.

8



B

l

a

ck

b

o

ar

d

s,

6

x

8

a

n

d

4

x

4

.

C

h

ar

tb

o

a

rd

s

.

L

ig

h

te

d

l

ec

t

er

n

s.

P

o

in

t

er

s

, 1

0

'

a

nd

4

.

B

oy

d

s

ta

n

d

(F

M

2

1

-8

)

.

E

as

e

ls

.

C

o

m

p

a

ss

es

.

R

a

d

io

s

fo

r

d

i

v

is

io

n

u

m

p

ir

e

s

fi

el

d

t

ra

in

in

g

e

x

er

c

is

es

:

N

o

t m

ou

n

te

d

i

n

ve

h

ic

le

s

,

1

2

-

A

N

/

PR

C

6

an

d

5

-A

N

/G

R

C

1

0;

M

o

u

n

te

d

in

v

e

hi

cl

e

s,

4

-A

N

/V

R

C

9

,

4

-S

C

R

1

93

, a

n

d

1

9

-A

N

/P

R

C

8

.

C

o

m

m

u

ni

ca

t

io

n

s

fo

r

a

C

om

m

u

n

ic

at

io

n

s

F

i

e

ld

E

x

e

rc

is

e

;

a

n

o

u

td

o

o

r

P

A

s

y

st

em

a

nd

t

h

e

f

o

ll

ow

i

n

g

r

a

di

o

s:

A

N

/P

R

C

8 ,

A

N

/P

R

C

6 ,

A

N

/

G

R

C

1

0,

A

N

/V

R

C

9

,

SCR193.

A

t

om

ic

s

i

m

u

la

to

r

s

f

or

fi

el

d

tr

a

in

in

g

e

x

er

ci

s

es

.

T

hi

s

s

ub

s

e

ct

io

n

—

1

)

P

ro

v

i

de

s

t

he

c

hi

e

f

u

m

p

ir

e

w

i

th

da

i

ly

a

n

d

p

h

a

se

s

u

m

m

a

r

ie

s o

f t

h

e

m

an

e

u

ve

r

to

in

c

lu

d

e

,

b

u

t n

ot

l

im

ite

d

to

,

s

ta

t

us

o

f

u

n

it

a

nd

in

d

i

v

id

u

a

l

tr

ai

n

in

g

,

ta

c

ti

cs

a

n

d

t

ec

h

ni

q

ue

s

,

a

d

m

i

ni

st

ra

t

io

n

,

lo

g

is

ti

ca

l

su

p

p

or

t,

a

n

d

s

u

p

p

ly

ec

o

n

om

y.

2

)

Evaluates,

compiles,

edits,

and

writes ma

te

r

ia

l

f

or

t

h

e

u

m

p

ir

e

s

ec

ti

o

n

o

f

t

he

f

in

al

re

p

o

rt

a

n

d

hi

st

o

ri

ca

l

r

ep

o

r

ts

.

3

)

Fu

r

n

is

h

es

d

a

ta

t

o t

h

e

C

h

ie

f

U

m

p

i

re

f

o

r

t

he

f

in

a

l

c

ri

tiq

u

e

.

3

5

57

34

O—

55

—

—

—

9

1

29



4)

P

re

p

a

re

s

th

e

fo

ll

o

w

in

g

f

or

m

s

:

sp

o

t

r

ep

o

r

t,

d

a

il

y

an

d

p

h

a

se

s

u

m

m

a

ri

e

s,

s

p

e

ci

al

re

p

o

rt

s,

a

n

d

ch

e

ck

l

is

ts

;

a

nd

p

r

e

pa

r

es

di

re

c

ti

v

es

t

o

guide

personnel in

the

preparation

of

the

a

b

o

ve

fo

r

m

s

.

5

)

C

o

o

rd

in

a

te

s

w

ith

o

th

e

r s

e

ct

io

n

s

in

t

he

p

r

e

p

a

r

at

io

n

o

f

re

p

o

rt

fo

r

m

s

a

nd

ch

e

ck

l

is

ts

.

1)

T

h

is

s

e

ct

io

n

c

o

ns

is

ts

o

f

a

n

o

p

er

a

ti

on

s

o

ffi

cer, an

evaluation group

,

a

nd

a

r

ec

o

rd

e

r

.

T

he

o

pe

r

at

io

n

s

of

fi

ce

r

a

nd

th

e

c

h

ie

f

o

f

t

he

e

v

al

u

at

io

n

gr

o

u

p

sh

o

u

ld

b

e

se

n

io

r

co

m

b

a

t

a

rm

s

of

fi

ce

rs

w

it

h

a

kn

o

w

l

ed

g

e

o

f

a

t

om

ic

a

nd

C

B

R

w

a

rf

ar

e

.

M

e

m

b

e

rs

o

f

th

e

e

v

a

lu

a

tio

n

gr

o

u

p

s

ho

u

ld

b

e

c

o

m

b

at

ar

m

s

o

ff

ic

e

rs

o

f

m

a

tu

r

e

j

u

dg

m

e

n

t

s

p

ec

ia

l

tr

a

in

i

ng

i

n

at

om

ic

w

e

a

po

n

s

e

ff

ec

ts

is

d

e

si

ra

b

le

.

A

t

le

a

st

o

n

e

m

e

m

b

er

s

h

o

ul

d

b

e

fa

m

i

li

ar

w

it

h

a

to

m

i

c

d

e

liv

e

ry

m

e

a

ns

.

A

n

o

t

he

r

m

e

m

b

er

s

h

ou

l

d

b

e

w

e

l

l

q

u

al

if

ie

d

in

C

B

R

a

ct

iv

it

ie

s

.

(

2)

T

h

is

s

e

ct

io

n

—

E

s

ta

blishes

a

system

for umpiring

and

s

u

pe

r

vi

s

es

a

to

m

i

c a

n

d

C

B

R

p

l

ay

.

A

s

s

is

ts

th

e

Sc

h

o

ol

s

S

ub

s

e

ct

io

n

in

m

at

te

r

s

pe

r

ta

in

i

n

g t

o

a

to

m

ic

a

n

d

C

B

R

p

la

y

.

U

m

pi

re

s

th

e

fo

ll

o

w

in

g

ac

t

iv

it

ie

s

:

St

a

ff

p

r

o

ce

d

u

re

s

an

d

o

pe

r

at

io

n

s

f

o

r

e

m

ployment of

these weapons.

A

s

se

ss

m

e

n

t

o

f c

as

u

a

lti

e

s a

n

d

d

a

m

a

g

es

re

su

l

ti

n

g

f

ro

m

at

o

m

ic

a

n

d

C

B

R

a

t

ta

c

k.

P

r

ep

a

r

e re

p

o

rt

s.

(

3

)

T

h

e

O

p

e

ra

t

io

n

s

O

f

fi

ce

r—

3



D

ir

ec

t

s

t

he

fu

n

c

ti

on

i

n

g

of

th

e

S

pe

c

ia

l

W

e

a

p

on

s

s

u

b

se

c

tio

n

.

6)

K

e

e

p

s

th

e

c

hi

ef

u

m

p

i

re

in

fo

r

m

e

d

o

f

th

e

atomic

and

CBR phase

of

the

exercise.

S

u

p

e

rv

is

e

s

t

he

u

m

p

ir

i

ng

re

l

at

in

g

to

at

o

m

ic

an

d

C

B

R

a

ct

iv

i

ti

es

,

c

o

o

rd

in

a

ti

n

g

w

it

h o

th

e

r

um

p

ir

in

g

ac

t

iv

it

ie

s

.

S

up

e

r

vi

se

s

th

e

an

a

ly

s

is

o

f

a

to

m

ic

a

nd

C

B

R

p

l

ay

f

o

r in

c

lu

s

io

n

in

f

in

al

r

ep

o

r

ts

.

(4)

Evaluation

Group—

U

nd

e

r

th

e

s

u

pe

r

v

is

io

n

of

t

he

se

n

io

r

e

v

a

lu

at

io

n

of

fi

ce

r,

th

is

g

r

ou

p

:

P

re

p

a

re

s

a

to

m

i

c

a

nd

C

B

R

ta

b

le

s

,

te

m

p

l

at

e

s,

a

n

d

c

o

m

p

u

te

rs

.

(

6 )

P

re

p

a

re

s

im

pl

e

m

e

nt

in

g

i

ns

tr

u

c

ti

on

s

f

o

r

u

n

it

u

m

p

i

re

s

.

A

s

si

st

s

i

n

d

e

te

rm

in

in

g

ca

s

u

al

ti

es

a

n

d

d

a

m

a

g

es

an

d

in

su

r

e

s

t

h

a

t

c

as

u

a

lty

a

nd

d

am

ag

e

re

p

o

rt

s

a

re

tr

an

s

m

i

tt

ed

t

o

u

m

pi

re

h

ea

d

q

u

ar

te

r

s.

P

re

p

a

re

s

a

fi

na

l

re

p

o

rt

c

o

v

er

in

g

at

o

m

ic

a

n

d

C

B

R

pl

a

y.

(5 )

T

h

e

Recorder

—

M

a

i

nt

a

in

s

a

j

ou

r

n

al

o

f

at

o

m

ic

a

n

d

C

B

R

p

l

an

s

.

A

s

se

m

b

le

s

an

d

fi

le

s u

m

p

i

re

r

e

po

r

ts

a

n

d

p

r

e

pa

r

es

th

e

a

t

om

ic

a

n

d

C

B

R

s

e

ct

io

n

o

f

th

e

d

a

il

y

re

p

o

rt

fo

r

th

e

c

h

ie

f

u

m

p

ir

e

.

9

S

u

p

p l

y

n

d

T

r

an

s

p

o

r ta

t

io

n

I

n

a

d

di

ti

o

n

to

p

la

n

n

in

g

an

d

su

p

e

rv

i

si

n

g

f

u

nc

ti

on

s

,

th

i

s

s

ec

t

io

n

i

s

al

so

an

o

p

er

a

ti

ng

se

c

ti

on

.

S

i

nc

e

th

e

U

m

pi

re

G

ro

u

p

do

e

s n

o

t

h

a

v

e s

p

ec

i

al

st

af

f

se

c

ti

o

ns

131



concer

ned

with

log

istical

ma

tters no

rmally

f

ound o

n

a Divisio

n

Staff, thes

e dut

ies must

be

perfor

med by

this

se

ction.

This

section

is

organ

ized into

two su

b

sections—

1) Sup

ply S

ubsecti

on.

2)

Transp

ortati

on Subse

ction.

The

ch

ief of

t

he S

upply

and T

ransp

ortatio

n S

ection

as

sists and adv

ises

the

chief umpi

re on

sup

ply,

serv

i

ce,

trans

portati

on, miscel

laneou

s

relate

d mat

ters

and supply

economy.

6.

This subse

ction—

1)

D

eterm

ines re

quirem

ents and

proc

ures sup

pl

ies and e

quipm

ent nece

ssary to

supp

ort the

um

pire

grou

p, such

as—

Spec

ial umpi

re sup

plies a

nd

equi

pment

flags,

shoulder

loops,

armbands, casualty

and vehi

cle

dama

ge tags

,

e

tc.).

(i)

B

lank

amm

unition

,

s

imulat

ors, pyro

tech

ni

cs,

and firin

g device

s.

POL

su

pplies.

A

rmy

air

craft, includ

ing

irc

r ft

equipped

with radiological

survey

equip

ment

, loud

spe

akers,

and

(

atomic

bur

st)

simul

ators

for mar

king a

tomic

burst

and

fall-o

ut ar

eas.

E

xpend

able

supp

lies for

admi

nistrat

ion

of the

U

mpire He

adqua

rters.

(/)

I

ndivid

ual an

d orga

nizati

onal

equipm

ent.

Ration

s, w

hen Um

pire Grou

p

operat

es

a

mess

.

2) Pr

ocure

s class

room

facilit

ies a

nd trainin

g

aids

.

32



3)

Dete

rmin

es num

ber

of v

ehicl

es re

quire

d by

t

he Ump

ire

G

roup

.

4)

M

aint

ains

a

nd

r

epai

rs

sup

plies

an

d equi

p

ment.

5

) M

ainta

ins

pr

oper

ty a

ccou

nting

an

d

re

spon

s

ibilit

y.

6)

Sc

hedu

les

and

su

perv

ises

is

sue an

d t

urn-

in

of pr

oper

ty.

C

oord

inate

s

t

his activ

ity

w

ith

the

Pers

onne

l and

A

dmi

nistr

ation

S

ectio

n.

7)

Coordinates with the

Communications

O ffi

ce

r for

th

e rec

eivin

g an

d dis

tribu

tion

of

si

gnal

supp

lies

and

equip

men

t

r

equir

ed b

y

the

Ump

ire G

roup

.

8)

Esta

blis

hes a

nd

o

pera

tes sup

ply and

serv

ice

p

oints

t

o

re

nder

c

lose

logis

tical su

ppo

rt to

u

mpi

res du

ring

the

exercise.

9)

Su

perv

ises

the

prep

arati

on

of Stat

emen

ts

o

f C

harg

es, Sta

tem

ents o

f C

olle

ction

,

and

Rep

orts

of S

urve

y.

1

0)

Arra

nges

fo

r la

undr

y

an

d

d

ry

clea

ning

se

rvice

for

u

mpir

e pers

onne

l.

11) S

uper

vises

lo

gistic

al ad

min

istra

tion

in

clud

ing

p

repa

ratio

n o

f the

final

logis

tical

re

port

as

p

ertai

ns

to

the U

mpi

re

Gro

up.

Thi

s

su

bsec

tion—

1)

Pr

ocur

es

and dis

tribu

tes

a

rmy

ircr

ft and

vehic

les

requ

ired

by

the Um

pire

G

roup

.

2) Op

erate

s

a mot

or po

ol

and pr

ovide

s m

ain

ten

ance

f

or v

ehic

les of

th

e Um

pire

G

roup.

3) R

equ

isitio

ns a

nd di

strib

utes PO

L.

4)

S

upe

rvise

s in

stall

ation

o

f con

versi

on kit

s

for

radio

s

in veh

icles

.

Coor

dina

tes th

is a

c

tiv

ity w

ith

th

e Co

mmu

nica

tions

Sec

tion.



(5)

Coord

inates

with

the

Sc

hools subsectio

n

for

supervising the instruction

of drivers

for

umpire vehicles

.

(6)

Establishes

and operates

necessary

POL

distribution

points

and

maint

enance

pools

i

n

the

field to support umpire

vehicle

re

q

uirements

during

the operationa

l phase of

the exercise.

(7)

Supervises the investigatio

n of motor

acci

dents and

the

submission

of

required

re

ports.

(8) Coord

inates with Su

pply

Officer

and

Com

munication

s

Officer to assure

procureme

nt of

vehicles

with the

pro

per volta

ge system for

radio

installatio

n.

(9

)

In

planning

vehicle req

uii-ements

for

joint

e

xercises the fo

llowing chart is

published as

a

guide.

Trucks

34

38

44

20

30

14

Tru cks

57

6

2

74

10

50

6

2MT

Trucks

40

16

M T

Traile

rs

16

27

32

3 8

The vehicles

listed

above

co

nsist of the

initial

issue to umpir

es.

There

s

hould

be an

addition

al

10

per

cent

bas

ed on

an

initial

issue

of

n

ew vehicles—if

vehicles are old the

figure wi

ll requ

ire

re

vision upwards. Air-

34



cr ft

are

as

sign

ed in

acco

rdan

ce w

ith i

n

str

uctio

ns o

f

the Ch

ief

Um

pire.

T

he n

umb

er o

f veh

icles

iss

ued t

o

sig

nal

support

troops

will

vary, depending

upon

th

e type

si

gnal

troop

s

in su

ppor

t,

how

ex

tens

ive

th

e

w

ire

lay

ing is t

o

be

,

a

nd

oth

er fac

tors.

£ > )

A

t

least

o

ne-h

alf

of the

%

-ton

an

d

%-to

n

tru

cks w

ill

re

quire

r

adio

s.

Con

side

ratio

n

mus

t

be

giv

en

to

the

source

of

mountings

f

or thes

e se

ts—

if t

hey

cann

ot be

pro

cure

d

from

Sign

al

sourc

es, mod

ifica

tion

by

O

rdna

nce

may

be ne

cessa

ry.

10 C

omm

un ic

at ion

s

Th

is

se

ction

—

1

) P

lans an

d sup

ervis

es

al

l

c

omm

unic

ation

fa

ciliti

es fo

r the U

mp

ire

Gro

up to

in

clude

—

«)

Insta

llati

on,

op

erati

on, m

ainte

nanc

e, and

r

epai

r of

th

e

U

mpi

re C

omm

unic

ation

s

S

ystem

.

Z > ) T

ech

nical

in

spec

tions

of per

sonn

el,

in

stallations,

and

equipment.

2) Exe

rcis

es ope

ratio

nal

con

trol

of all

Sign

al

and Co

mm

unica

tion

perso

nnel

an

d

u

nits

as

sign

ed o

r

att

ache

d

to

the U

mpir

e

Gr

oup.

3

)

M

ain

tains

li

aison

w

ith

Com

mu

nicat

ion

Offi

c

er, Ex

ercis

e Dir

ector

Hea

dqua

rters

.

4)

Prepares

and

publishes

the

Umpire

Group

S

OI a

nd

SSI,

ba

sed on

th

e

S

igna

l

Plan

of

th

e M

ane

uver

Dire

ctor.

5)

C

oor

dinat

es and

s

uperv

ises

al

l p

hoto

grap

hic

age

ncie

s

o

f

the

U

mpi

re

G

roup

.

5



(

6) Furnishes

instructo

rs

for

the Umpire

School.

(7)

Operates

schools

for

radio op

erators when

required.

(8)

Procures, receive

s, stores, and

distributes

sig

nal

supplies

and equipment.

The o

rganization of this section will

in general

follow

that

of Cor

ps or Army

communicati

ons sec

tion as

set

forth in

FM 11-22.

The size of this

section

will

be

influenced by

the

size

of

the

participating

units

. In gene

ral, the

com

munications

section should

cons

ist of

a Se

ction Headquar

ters, Administrativ

e-

Personnel Section,

Supply Section, Plans an

d Opera

tion

Secti

on, and a

Photographic

Sectio

n.

(1)

Installation,

operation, and maintenance

of

the umpire communic

ations

syst

em

are

usually

ac

complished by

the attached signal

suppo

rt

uni

ts. These

signal

support

units

should

be grouped

under

the

opera

tional

control of

one communicati

ons officer, pro

vide all personnel

required to establish

com

mun

ications within

the Umpire He

adquar

ters, between

the Ump

ire Headqua

rters

an

d

field

echelons

,

and f

urnish communicatio

ns

support to t

he

indi

vidual

unit

umpires

in

the

field. Where app

ropriate units

are not

available, or

personnel

having th

e

proper

train

ing canno

t be

obtaine

d, extensive r

e

training

of ava

ilable u

nits and personnel

is

necessary. Thi

s factor influences

the

pha

se-

in

time of

s

ignal suppo

rt personnel.



(

2

)

S

i

gn

a

l

s

u

pp

o

r

t

u

n

it

s

s

ho

u

ld

a

rr

iv

e

in

t

h

e

e

x

e

rc

is

e

a

re

a

s

u

ff

ic

ie

n

tl

y

i

n

a

dv

a

n

ce

of

th

e

ex

e

rc

is

e

t

o

re

c

ei

ve

c

om

m

u

ni

c

at

io

n

s

e

q

u

ip

-

m

e

nt

,i

n

st

a

ll v

e

hi

c

ul

a

r,

w

i

re

,

a

n

d

f

ix

e

d-

p

la

n

t

ty

p

es

o

f

e

q

ui

p

m

e

nt

,

test

all wire

and radio

c

ir

cu

i

ts

,

a

n

d

c

o

rr

e

ct

al

l d

e

fi

ci

e

nc

ie

s

i

n

e

q

u

ip

m

e

nt

, s

u

p

p

lie

s

,

a

n

d

s

p

ar

e

p

a

r

ts

p

ri

o

r

to

th

e

sc

h

oo

l

a

n

d

fi

el

d

t

ra

in

i

n

g

f

or

u

m

p

ir

e

s.

T

h

e

p

la

n

n

in

g

st

af

f

fr

o

m

bo

t

h

A

r

m

y

an

d

A

ir

F

o

rc

e

so

u

rc

e

s

sh

o

u

ld

b

e p

r

e

se

n

t

i

n

s

u f

fi

cient

time

to

coordinate

the phasing-in

of

p

e

rs

o

n

ne

l

an

d

e

q

u

ip

m

e

n

t.

1

)

P

r

io

r

t

o e

s

ti

m

a

ti

ng

t

h

e

re

q

u

ir

em

en

t

s

f

o

r

si

g

na

l

su

p

p

o

rt

tr

o

op

s

,

th

e

s

c

op

e

an

d

m

a

g

ni

t

ud

e

o

f

t

h

e

e

xe

r

ci

se

an

d

th

e

de

g

re

e

o

f

u

m

pire

control

to

b e

employed

must

be known.

C

o

o

r

di

n

at

io

n

w

i

th

t

h

e

C

h

ie

f

U

m

p

i

re

a

n

d

th

e

O

p

e

ra

ti

o

n

s

a

n

d

T

ra

i

n

in

g

O

f

fi

ce

r

i

s

e

ss

en

ti

al

i

n t

h

e

p

re

p

a

ra

ti

o

n

o

f

th

e

U

m

p

ir

e

C

om

m

u

ni

c

at

io

n

s

P

l

an

.

T

h

e

U

m

p

i

re

C

o

m

m

u

n

i

c

at

io

n

s

P

la

n

,

i

n

th

e

in

i

ti

al

ph

a

s

es

of

planning, must

b e su fficiently

flexible

to

fit

a

n

y

ch

a

n

ge

s

in

th

e

o

v

er

al

l

p

l

an

fo

r

th

e

e

x

e

rc

is

e

.

L

a

r

ge

-

sc

a

le

e

x

er

ci

s

es

r

eq

u

ir

e

e

x

te

n

si

v

e

c

o

m

m

u

n

ic

a

ti

on

s

f

a

ci

li

ti

es

o

f

a

ll

ty

p

es

.

T

h

e

c

o

m

m

u

n

ic

a

ti

on

s

o

ffi

c

er

s s

h

o

ul

d

p

l

an

t

o

u

ti

li

ze

,

w

h

er

e

ve

r

po

s

si

b

le

,

c

om

m

er

cial

communications

facilities,

utilizing

field

h

ea

d

q

u

ar

te

r

s

an

d

c

o

m

m

u

n

ic

a

ti

o

ns

ce

n

te

r

s

t

o

c

ha

n

n

e

liz

e

o

r

zo

n

e

th

e

re

p

o

rt

m

e

s

sa

g

e

t

r

af

f

ic

f

ro

m

th

e

u

ni

t

u

m

p

i

re

s

.

F

i

el

d

co

m

m

un

i

c

a

ti

o

n

ce

n

te

rs

,

e

q

u

ip

p

ed

w

it

h

a

ll

m

e

a

n

s

o

f



com

municati

on,

accep

t

t

raffic from

the unit

um

pires

and

tra

nsmit

via tel

etype

and radio

to

Umpire

Headqu

arters, utilizing

hig

h

sp

eed

equip

ment

to

s

upport the

la

rge traff

ic

volume. In

additio

n, commun

ications

fa

cilities mu

st be

provid

ed to transmit

A

ir

U

mpire repo

rts fr

om Air Ba

ses, Agg

ressor

Joint

Ope

rations Ce

nter, a

nd the

Un

ited

States J

oint

Operati

ons Cente

r

to O

pera

t

ions, Head

quarters

Umpire

Gr

oup. In

m

ost cases, due

t

o d

istances,

these f

acilities

m

ust be

provi

ded over

leased comm

ercial

circuit

s.

(2

)

W

ire con

struction team

s and

switchb

oard

o

perations

team

s sho

uld

be

p

rovided

at

least

at

divis

ion, divisio

n artille

ry,

and regim

en

tal

levels.

Radio

communications, to

be

most

effectiv

e, should be

es

tablished with

equi

pment having

a frequ

ency range

en

tirely

s

eparate from th

at employe

d

w

ith

the

common

ty

pes

of

tactic

al ra

dio

equi

pment,

othe

rwise,

radio

fre

quencies

may ha

ve to be

withdrawn

from

the

tactical units

and

allocate

d

t

o u

mpire use,

thus depriving

the

tact

ical uni

ts

of som

e of

thei

r com

munica

tions f

acilities an

d

provi

ding

a minim

um

of radi

o

circuit

s

for um

pire use.

Repea

ting

frequen

cies w

ithin t

he Umpire

Gro

up add to

the

interference

on

the Umpire Group

nets.

With

a

ll tactic

al and Um

pire radio

channels

sha

ring

the same p

ortion of the

rad

io fre

quen

cy spectrum

,

care

mu

st be

exercised

to

assign

f

requencie

s whi

ch w

ill provide

ra

dio

138



faciliti

es for

both tac

tical and um

pire co

m

mun

ications.

F

requency

assig

nments

for

Umpi

re Group

are obtained

f

rom

Exercise

Dir

ector Head

quarters.

T

he

type of radi

o

equip

ment availab

le to Um

pire Group

will

di

ctate the

freque

ncies

req

uired.

The

type

o

f radio

equip

ment

will

al

so di

ctate t

he type

and quan

tity of

suppor

t personne

l

re

quired.

1) The typ

es

and quant

ities of

signal

equip

m

ent required

for

the umpire

comm

unica

tions

system s

hould be plan

ned

te

ntatively

at le

ast

th

ree

months prior

to t

he

exerc

ise.

A

dvance

pla

nning perm

its prop

er

phase-

in

of

e

quipment

,

adjus

tments

in requirem

ent

l

ists, vari

ous

changes

required

bec

ause of

nonavailability

of

desired types,

and the

accom

plishmen

t

of

ne

cessary paper w

ork in

connecti

on with supply

activities.

D

irect

commu

nication with

s

upply a

ctivities

of th

e

De

partmen

t

of

the Arm

y and ot

her

agen

cies should

be autho

rized.

Com

municat

ion

equipment requirements

are

predicated

on—

Scope

a

nd nature

of the exercise.

Size a

nd e

quipmen

t

of

partic

ipating

forces.

De

gree

and scope of

Um

pire Contro

l.

Repo

rting cha

nnels to be

employ

ed.

Types

and

frequency

of

reports.

(/

)

Requ

irements for

a

lternate mean

s of

com

municati

on.

D

esires

o

f

Chief

Umpire an

d

Staff.

(2)

Phase-i

n

t

ime of

equipmen

t and

suppo

rt

troop

s

is

p

redicated

on—

139



a)

S

tar

tin

g d

ate

of

th

e

ex

erc

ise

.

6)

L

eng

th

o

f p

rem

a

ne

uve

r

tra

ini

ng

.

c)

Ve

hic

ul

ar

ins

tal

lat

ion

an

d

e

qui

pm

en

t

assem b ly

lead

time.

S

u

pp

ly

sy

ste

m

le

ad

tim

e

.

S

ear

ch

t

im

e

f

or

av

ail

ab

le

eq

ui

pm

en

t.

/)

Av

ai

lab

le

pl

an

nin

g

tim

e.

4



PPEN

DIX III

UMPIRE

T

R INING

PROGR

M

T

he

following

tra

ining

pr

ogram ma

y be

used

as a

guide for the pr

eparation

of umpir

e trainin

g sche

d

ules

If

the

exercise

plan

calls

for

special

opera

tio

ns then

the

schedule mu

st be

modified t

o include

umpi

re

training

in

t

hese special

op

erations.

Subjec

t

Hours

_

Official

W

elcome.

_ __

_

Pur

pose

and

Scope

of

Exercise._

_______

M

aneuver

Area

Rights

and

Restricti

ons.

Partic

ipating

Tr

oops______

__________

___

Umpi

re School Orga

nization an

d Ump

ire Organ

iz

ation _______

_________

__________

_________

Supply

and

Supply

Economy ..

______________

Orienta

tion o

n

Ag

gressor. _

_____ _

__ ___

Aggres

sor Demonst

ration.____

_________

_______

Sa

fety Pre

cautions.

.__. _

__ .__

_ _ ..

Map Read

ing______

__________

_________

______

Utiliza

tion of

Intell

igence.__

_ ____ _

__ __

Rec

onnaissance

of Exercis

e Area._

___ _ __

_.

Maneu

ver

Control

._ .

_ _

_

Landmi

ne Warfar

e.___.____

... _____

_ __

Che

mical

and

Biologi

cal Warfare

__. ___ _

_._

Em

ployment of Pyro

technics

and

Control

Devices.

_______

__________

__________

_______

Orientatio

n on

the

Air G

round System__

_________

2

47

5

2

8

2

2



Su

bjec

t

C

ont

inue

d

Communication Plan with Channels for

the

Exe

rcis

e. --_

_--

_--

-__

_-_

-_--

-_-

___

___

__

__.

Ra

dio-

Tel

eph

one

P

roce

dur

e,__

___

___

___

___

___

_

Op

erat

ion of

Rad

io

Sets

a

nd

C

om

mun

ica

tion

S

ecu

rity

_

___

----

--__

___

___

__

___

___

___

___

_.

Com

mu

nic

atio

n Fi

eld

E

xer

jise

w

ith

Rev

iew

,

Conduct

of

the

Maneuver,

Maneuver

Contro

l,

Ar

ea

Rig

hts

a

nd R

estr

icti

ons

. __

___

___

___

___

Co

mm

and

Po

st Exe

rcis

e___

__

____

___

___

___

___

At

om

ic A

spe

ct of

th

e

Exe

rcis

e. __

___

___

___

___

_

O

rga

niza

tion

and

T

act

ics

(

con

curr

ent

ly b

y

um

pir

e as

sig

nme

nt) __

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

Ar

tille

ry..

_-

--_-

__-

___

___

-__

__.

___

___

An

tiai

rcra

ft A

rti

ller

y...

.

_

___

___

___

___

___

Armored

Units

__________________________

O

rga

niza

tion

o

f

I

nfa

ntry

an

d

Airb

orn

e

Em

plo

ym

ent

o

f

Inf

antr

y

i

n

Off

ensi

ve

a

nd

D

efe

nsiv

e

Op

erat

ion

s.__

___

____

___

___

___

O

rga

niza

tion

an

d

Op

erat

ion of

Ai

rbor

ne

Cor

ps* __

___

___

___

___

___

____

___

___

___

__

Airborne

Assault*_____

_

__________________

T

an

k-I

nfan

try

-Arti

ller

y T

eam

___

___

___

___

___

__

_

_

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

___

____

___

__

U

mpi

ring

D

utie

s,

G

en

eral

__

___

___

___

___

___

___

Tac

tica

l a

nd

O

rga

niz

atio

nal

Fa

cto

r

of

Gr

oun

d

U

mp

irin

g, _

___

___

___

____

___

___

___

___

___

___

C

aptu

re

of

Pe

rso

nne

l and

M

ate

riel

_

___

___

__

Ass

ess

men

t of

Ca

sua

lties

and

D

ama

ges

___

___

___

Umpiring Landmine

Warfare__.________

_______

C

omp

uta

tion

of

Los

ses

D

ue

to C

hem

ica

l

Ag

ent

s_

Cas

ualt

y a

nd

D

ama

ge

As

sess

me

nts

Due

to

C

hem

ica

l a

nd

Bi

olog

ical

A

ttac

k

__

___

___

___

__

•U

sed

only

wh

en

exerc

ise is

p

redo

min

ately

a

n ai

rborn

e o

ne or i

s

requ

ired

for

pr

oper

um

pire

o

rien

tatio

n. Tim

e to

be t

aken

fr

om op

en tim

e.

4

Ho

urs



Subjec

t

Continue

d

Duties of

Umpires

in

the

Atomic

Play of the

Exerci

se- ---_

___-__

___-.__

_--_--_

_____

____

Obstacl

es and De

lays_._

_--___

----___

______

__

U

mpire

Records

and R

eports

__-_-__

____-__

____

Intell

igence (co

ncurren

tly by u

mpire ass

ignmen

t).

Arm

y

Securi

ty

A

gency

Umpi

re Dutie

s. _

__ -„

Fie

ld O

peratio

ns

I

ntellige

nce U

mpire

Du

ties.

CIC

Ump

ire D

uties_

_-_---_

---__-

__--__

.,

G

2 Air

Umpire

Duties

____-_

_--___-

-_-____

IP

W Um

pire

Dutie

s .

.

...._

_

Or

der of

Batt

le

Um

pire

Duti

es,.__

_._.._._

Pho

to In

terpret

er Umpi

re D

uties

.........

.

Te

chnical In

telligen

ce Ump

ire

Duties.

C

ensorsh

ip Umpire

D

uties.

_

..___

.

Docu

ment A

nalysis

Ump

ire Dutie

s......

..

Recording

Teams

Umpire

Duties..........

Inte

rpreter

and

Transla

tor U

mpire Du

ties..

Revie

w

of Ump

ire D

uties_-

------_

_--___

-.|

Ex

aminat

ion. _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _

_._

_ ..

..

.__ ..

Field

De

monstra

tion

of Ump

ire

Meth

ods...

....I

Pr

actical

Feld W

ork to In

clude

Rehea

rsal w

ith

Aggres

sor F

orce._

_.-_-.

--___-

--__---

-.___.

Testing of

Communications.__.._---__-.._____

At

omic

Weap

ons Play

Umpirin

g- — . .

..

Sched

uled T

ime.

Open T

ime__.

..

To

tal.

143



A PPENDIX

IV

SAFET

Y P R EC A

UTIONS

1.

The f

ollowing

rulesapply

to the

han

dling

of

all

explosives

and

pyrotechnics:

E

xplosive

s will be

ha

ndled

only

by

pers

onnel

who

ha

ve

rec

eived

ind

ividual ins

truction

from

a

qualified

instruc

tor.

.

A

ll

person

nel will

b

e instr

ucted

in

s

afety p

re

cautions

of

type

s of amm

unition

and explosiv

es t

o

be used.

person will be

made re

sponsible

f

or

ob

servan

ce of

safety

precautio

ns in all

task

s invo

lving

the

use of explosiv

es.

2.

Each

sim

ulator

conta

ins approxim

ately

poun

d

of expl

osives an

d

is

detonated

by

an electric

blasting

cap.

Smokin

g is

proh

ibited

wh

ile

hand

ling

am

mu

niti

on.

ft . Keep

ammu

nition

away

fr

om heat.

Han

dle am

munition

ca

refully an

d do

not apply

pr

essure o

r

su

dden impact

a

s the

electric blasti

ng

caps

a

re

sensitive.

Primed

ammun

ition should

not be trans

ported.

El

ectric blastin

g caps

should n

ot

be

carri

ed

in

pockets.

/.

The lo

ader must disco

nnect the

cable

from

the

con

trol box

and ta

ke the

control box

forward

with

144



him

to

the simulator

bank.

The

cable must

also be

disconnected from the simulator bank.

Load the simulator

before connecting

the

cable.

Return

to

the

firing

position

with the control

box

and

connect

the

cable to

the control

box.

Make certain

all

personnel are

at

least 150

feet

from the simulator during firing.

Wait

at

least 5 minutes before investigating

mis

fires.

3.

The grenades

are activated by a

pull-type

friction

igniter. The commercial type

grenade

explodes

5

to 8 seconds after the firing device is pulled.

4. The practice

antitank

mine normally contains

no

explosive

in

the

body of

the

mine.

The

fuze

contains

the

charge

and

is

ac

tivated by pi'essure.

Inspect the fuze assembly and the fuze well for

any

damage

or

obstruction

before arming.

6. Screw the

fuze assembly

finger tight.

The

mine

should

be

before

it

is

armed.

Handle the practice mine with the

same

care

given

a

live service mine.

5.

This type

pyro

technic is fired from

a

pyrotechnic pistol

M-8

or

pyrotechnic projector M-9 and bursts at

a

height of

approximately

200

feet.

Fire the

pyrotechnic pistol

or projector at a

vertical angle of at

least

60°.

B e

sure no one is in the

line

of

fire.

D o not

fire directly over

troops.

S55734O—55———10 145



6.

(1)

Do not hand

le

g

renades by the pull

ring.

(2)

When

removing

the

safety

pin,

hold

the

fuze lever

firmly agains

t

the gre

nade bo

dy

until grenade

is thrown.

(1) Keep head w

ell to

one

side

when ignitin

g

sm oke p

ots.

(2)

Eemain

25

feet

away

from

burning

pots.

7.

Do not

insert

foreign objects

in the

car

tridge

case or in the base o

f

the

weapon.

8.

Simulat

or,

g

unflash M-110_______

___________ 150

Booby-trap

,

flash

T-80

_____________

_____

5

Booby-trap

,

illuminating

T-81____

___________ 5

Booby-tra

p, illumina

ting

T-82

______________

_

5

Simu

lator,

h

and-grenade, T-79__

_____________ 30

Grenade

, hand,

simulator

(commer

cial

type

_____

15

Grenade,

smoke,

white

HO

AN-MS-___________

15

Grenade, smoke,

colored

M18——————_

____—__ 15

Po

t,

smok

e,

HO

M

l_____________

__________ 25

Mine, anti

personnel,

M 8

T4)_________

_______

15

Mine, antip

ersonnel T

34

______________

_____ 3

Mine

,

antitank, M 12

(T8E1)

____________

____ 5

Mine, chemi

cal___———____

______________

10 0

Cal .30

ammunition blank-_________

_________

60

Cal

.4 5

ammunition

blank__________________

60

Cal .50

ammunition blank_

______________

___ 60

10 gage shotgun blank________

_____________

60

9 .

Chemical

la

nd

mines

must be

filled with a

harmless simulated

agent before

6



f

iring

,

and

w

hene

ver

p

ossi

ble

sh

ould

be

b

urie

d j

ust

be

neat

h the

sur

face

. If

the

m

ine is bu

ried

,

a

pri

ma-

cord

burs

ter of

6 to

8 fe

et s

hould

be

attac

hed

by

means

of

two wires

on

the back

of

the

mine.

If

the

min

e

i

s not

buri

ed,

2

t

o

fee

t of

prim

acor

d is

used

.

147



AP P E N

DIX

V

THE FIRE

POWER CO

MPUTER

1 A

simple fi

re

po

wer computer,

ap

plicable to

both United Sta

tes and

Aggr

essor forces, for

use

by

unit

umpires

in

computing

fire

power

scores

in

para

graphs 5

7 and 58,

is

descr

ibed in the following

paragr

aphs.

2.

The

c

omputer consists of a

cover (fig.

15) and

four ins

erts (figs. 16-20).

The cov

er

indi

cates

ranges at which the

fire power of indiv

idual wea

pons

(side

A) and

the

fire

power

of

infantry

units

(side

B) may

b

e

effective. Th

e

inserts

contain

the

fir

e

power

for units

f

rom squ

ad to battalion size (side

B).

The fire powe

r

score

s fo

r units

are

based on

all

th

e

weapons

normally

en

gaging in fire figh

ts (par.

58).

When

dam

age of

weapons in

a

unit is assessed

, the

given

fire

power

score

must

be

reduced by

the

scores

of the weapo

ns damaged.

The

re

are four inserts;

one fo

r

United

States w

eapons and the infantry

battalion

(fig.

16),

one

for

United

States

Armored

Infantry

Battalion

and United

Stat

es Airborne In

f

antry

B

attalion

(fig. 18),

one for Aggressor w

ea

pons

and

Aggressor

Rifle

Battalion

(fig.

19),

and

one

f

or

Aggressor Mechan

ized Rifle Battalio

n and

Aggressor

Airborne Rifl

e

Battalion

(fig.

20).

In

for

mation

concerning

fire power

and casualty assess

ment, applicable

to both Unit

ed States a

nd

Agg

ressor

14

8



force

s, has been ex

tracted

a

nd

print

ed on

the

back

of

the i

nserts

f

or read

y referen

ce

(fig. 17). The

same cover

may be used

with

either

insert.

Inserts

for other units

may

be

prepared

and

used

when

the

provision

s

of

an

exercis

e

requir

e it (

for ex

ample,

arctic

or j

ungle e

xercises)

.

3. The

cove

r

is

m

ade

from

a

4 x

11% pie

ce

of

the

100 Ib wei

ght white

index pap

er, or

sim

ilar

ma

te

rial. Whe

n

folde

d an

d glued

(fig. 15),

a

4

x 53,4

cover

envelope

is formed.

4. The

insert

s are ma

de

fro

m

a 5% x 8

piece of

paper of

the same

type

as t

he

co

ver.

When folded

(figs.

16-20), a

4 x

5%

insert

is formed.

When

p

rinted

on

o

ne card,

the positi

on

of A

' and B

s

hould be ca

refully

noted. Th

e ins

erts sh

own

in

figur

es

1

8 and 20

ar

e

used with s

ide

A

of

figu

res

1

6 and 19

,

r

espective

ly. For

con

venience and rea

dy

ident

ification,

it is de

sirable

that inform

ation pe

r

taini

ng

to the

Unit

ed

S

tates

forces be printed

on

paper of

a co

lor

diff

erent from

that p

ertaining

to

the

Aggresso

r

f

orces.

5 . The

fire

power comput

er is assemb

led

by sliding

the ins

ert

in

to the

cover. Slide

A

o

f

insert

m

atches

side

A of co

ver. After

the

insert is pl

aced in t

he

co

ver,

t

he fire p

ower

scores of the

various w

eapons,

for

a give

n range, ma

y be

read throug

h the o

pen slot

of

side

A .

At

a

given

range, the

fire

power

score

of

in

fantry

un

its

fro

m a s

quad to a

nd includ

ing a

battalion

,

can

be determi

ned on

side B

.



FIRE

P O W E R

C O M P U

T E R

REG

IM EN T

A L

W E A P

O N S

Cut o _

ut

W E A P O N

[ ~ 3 ° °

7

5°°

T~ TW ~ T~ w ~ ]' iioor~ i35o Ji5oo ~ n

R A N G E

IN Y

A RD S

R E F E

R E N C E

F M 1 0 5

5

M A N E

U V E R C O N

T R O L

Fo

ld

FIR E

P O W

E R

C O M

P U T E R

IN

F A N T RY

B

A T T A L

IO N

U N IT S

CuF b

ut'~

TY

PI

o 50

0

ove

r

UHT

Eff

ect

15

00|

R A

D G E IH

Y A RD S

— — — —

— — —

— —

• r —

Fo

ld

flap

thl>

r

lu«

to

back

of

A

a

t

left

edge

pow

er

I

SO



FIRE P O W E R O O l f f t f T E R — U S

W E A P O N S

1 5 5

n a ~ 5 5 W

1 0 5

U L

a o w

75 1 0 1 P A C E

H O W

9 0 ui

am

40

Itt G O

T D U A L

105 W

RIFLE

75

1 0 1 RIFLE

57

1 0 1

RIFLE

2.3

6

R O C K E T

3.5 B O O K E T

4.2 tti

M O R T

A R

81

M O R T A R

60

IK

I B R T A R

ID

50

O A L

1 C

50

Q U A D

ID

H V T

30

ID L T

30

B A R

RIFLE

C A R B I N E

^

—

— —

-

— — — — — — — — — — — — —

—

— — — — — — — — — —

— — — — — ^

25

20

15

15

1

6

20

15

10

6

6

15

12

6

10

40

10

6

3

1

1

2

5

20

15

15

16

20

15

10

6

6

15

12

6

10

40

10

6

3

1

.5

25

20

15

15

16

20

15

10

6

6

15

12

6

10

40

10

6

1.5

.5

~ —

25

20

15

15

16

20

15

10

_

6

15

12

6

10

40

10

6

1.5

.5

~ —

2 5

20

15

15

16

20

15

10

_

_

15

12

6

10

40

10

6

—

—

—

2 5

20

15

15

16

20

15

10

_

15

12

6

10

40

10

3

—

—

—

25

20

15

15

16

20

15

10

_

_

1 5

12

6

10

40

10

3

—

—

—

25

20

15

15

16

2

0

15

10

_

_

15

12

6

10

40

10

—

—

—

—

FIRE P O W E R

C O M P U T E R — U 3

I H F A N T R T B A T T A L I O N

B H

R

IFLE

C O

RI

FLE

P L

A T

RIFLE

3 Q D

W F N S O D

W P H P L A T

60

1 0 1 H O O T

S E C T

57

1 0 1

RIFLE

S E C T

H V I 1 P N S C O

ID

P L A T

A T P L A T

M O R T A R

P L

A T

775

19 0

50

10

10

50

20

30

200

40

110

50

775

19 0

50

10

10

50

20

30

200

40

110

50

610

14 0

30

5

10

50

20

30

200

40

no

50

610

14 0

30

5

10

50

20

30

200

40

110

50

430

65

10

— —

10

50

20

30

200

40

110

50

39 0

65

5

— —

5

50

20

30

200

40

110

5

0

39 0

65

5

—

5

50

20

30

200

40

U .O

50

290

30

— —

— —

— —

30

30

200

40

110

50

luxiiiai

R A S Q E C R E D I T

9 0 HI

Q D H ( M O V I N G ) 1000

( S T A T I O N A R Y ) 14000

75 O R 76

1 0 1 O U H •

10 00 13000

106 R

R

10 00

8000

75 R R

1000

7

00C

57

RR

800

100C

4.2

M O R T A R

'gOC

81 1 0 1

l i O R T A R

300C

—

*^

-^^— ̂^ ~ * ^ — —

^

^B

^**^

—

— • —

—

—

*— —

—

151



F

IRE

P

O W E

R

1.

A

n

att

ack

ing

u

nit

Bay

a

dva

nce

a

gai

nst

an

opp

osi

ng

uni

t vbe

n

t

ha

s fir

e p

ow e

r

su

per

ior

ity a

s

foll

ow

s:

a.

normal

nintaua

of

2

to

1 ,

preferably

3

or

to

1.

b.

D

efen

der

wit

h

g

ood

co

ver

a

nd

con

ceal

me

nt,

5

to 1.

c

.

Su

rpr

ise

fla

nk

or

re

ar

att

ack

1

to 1

ex

2

to

1

.

u

nit u

sing

f

ire

and

m

an

euv

er i

n fro

nta

l

atta

ck

;

cre

dit

u

nit

wit

h t

wic

e ac

tua

l

fir

e po

wer

.

3

«

U

nit

at

tac

kin

g fro

nta

lly

by

fir

e a

nd M

an

euv

erin

g t

o s

trik

e d

e

f

end

ers

fl

ank

or

r

ear

;

cr

edi

t u

nit

wit

h t

hre

e ti

aes

act

ua

l

f

ire

po

wer

.

* •

Ef

fec

ts

on

fir

e

p

ow

er of:

a

.

SM

oke:

l)

On

un

it

fi

ring

; 50

red

uct

ion

of

inf

fi

re po

wer

.

(2)

On

target; 25?

reduction

of Inf

fire

pow

er .

(3

) On

tan

ks,

v

eh

icle

s; 100

r

edu

ctio

n

of

A T

fir

e.

U )

O n

t a r g

e t ;

2

e

d u c

t i o

n

o f A

rty

f i r e

,

b .

Ar

ty f

i r e

:

l )

O n

i

n f

u n i

t ;

f i

r e

p o w e

r

o f u n

i t

n e u

t r a

l i z

e d d

u r i

n g

a

r t y

f i

r e .

2

) O

n

a r t

y b t

r y ;

n e u

t r a

l i z

e b t

r y

>

s O n

u t e

s

p e

r b

t r y

v o

l l e

y f

i r e

d .

c

T a n

k ,

S

P Gu

n F

i r e

: o

b s e

r v e d

f i

r e

o

n d i s

c o u

n t e

d t r

o o p

s

n e u t

r a l

i z e

s t h e

f i r

e p o w

e r

o

f

t

h e

d l

s n o

u n t

e d t

r o o

p s

f o

r

t h e

d

u r a

t i o

n

o f t h e o b s e r v e d f i r e .

d

.

A v

i a t

i o n

:

f i

r e

p o w e

r

o f

t r o

o p s

u n d

e r a t t

a c k

n

e u t

r a l

i z e

d

d u

r i n

g

a

t t a

c k .

C

SUM

IY

S

S S

SM

NT

1

F i

r e b y

o p

p o s

i n g

I

n f ;

1 ?

t

o 3

?

p

e r

h o

u r .

2

.

P e

r s o

n n e

l

u n d

e r

a r t

y f

i r e :

a .

S t a n

d i n

g , r u

n n i

n g ,

o

r I

n

t r

u c k

s ; 1

?

p e

r

b t r y

v

o l l

e y .

b

P r o n

e ;

1 3

o

r

1

£

p e r

b t

r y

v o

l l e

y .

c

.

E n t

r e n c

h e d

;

1 / 2 0

o f

1 ? p e

r b

t r y

v

o l l

e y .

3

I n

f a n

t r y

w i t

h i n

1 0 O

y

d s

o f

a t t

a c k i

n g

t a n

k s o r

s e l f

- p r

o p e

l l e

d g

u n s

a .

N

o t

e

n t r

e n c

h e d ;

3

?

p e

r a t t

a c k

.

b .

E n t

r e n

c h e

d ; l

j

p e r

a t

t a c

k .

k

F o u

r

a

i r c

r a f

t a t

t a c

k i n

g

d i s

c o u

n t e d

t r o

o p s

: 5 0

x 1

0 0

y d

a r

e a *

Ra

pal

n w

o r

1 0

? c a

s u a

l t i e

s .

F

i r e

p o w

e r

1

0 0 ?

n

e u t r

a l i

s e d

f

o r

w/o

s t

r a f

i n g

d u

r a t

i o n

o

f t h

e a

t t a

c k

p l

u s

t w o

M i

n u t

e s .

HE

b o

n b s

w

o r

5 ?

c

a s u a

l t i

e s .

F i r

e

p o w

e r n

e u t

r a l

i z e

d s a

n e

a

s

v/

o

s t r

a f i

n g

a

b o v e

.

S t

r a f

i n g

2 ? c a

s u a

l t i

e s .

F i r

e p

o w e r

1

0 0 ?

n e u

t r a

l i z

e d

o n

l y

e x

c e p t

AA

f o

r

d u r

a t i

o n

o f

a

t t a c

k .

T h

e

l o

n g a x

i s

o f

t h e

a

r e a

p a r

a l l

e l t o

t h

e

d i r

e c t

i o n

o

f f l

i g h

t I s

t h

e b

a s i

s f

o r

M e a

s u r

e .

I E

C I S

I O K

S O

F U M P

I R E

S A

RE FI

IAL

77.



FIRE

P O

W E R C O M P U T E R

D 3 A R K Q R E

D

INF

B

A T T A L I O N

B N

H Q A T O 3 V 00

R O N P L A T

30

0UT

SECT

T

H K S E C T

RIFLE

3 Q D

S U

P P O R T S O D

K O R T

3 Q D

RIFL

E 00

RI

FLE

P L A T

RIFL

E S Q D

f f i P H

S Q D

tORT

P L A T

800

150

90

20

5

0

10

10

60

160

10

10

35

800

150

9

0

20

50

10

10

60

160

40

10

10

35

610

140

80

15

50

5

10

60

1

05

3

0

10

35

610

14

0

80

15

50

10

60

105

3

0

10

35

420

135

70

10

50

1

0

60

70

10

10

35

345

130

70

5

50

1

0

60

55

5

5

35

145

110

70

5

50

10

60

55

5

5

35

265

1

20

60

50

1

0

60

3

5

35

FIRE P O W E R C O M P U T E R

U 3 A I R B O R N E

INF

B A

T T A L I O N

N

RIFLE 00

RI

FLE P L A T

HIF

LE

S Q D

T O N S

9 Q D

»PNS P L A T

60

U U M O R T

S E C T

57

J f f i R R S E C T

H V T W P N 3

O

H O P L A T

AT P L A T

V O R T PL

AT

720

175

40

10

10

50

20

30

2

00

40

110

50

72

0

175

4

10

10

50

20

3

0

200

40

110

50

585

1

30

25

5

10

50

20

30

2

00

40

no

50

585

130

25

5

10

50

20

30

200

4

0

11

0

50

450

8

5

10

—

1

0

50

20

10

200

4

0

11

0

50

395

65

5

—

5

50

20

30

200

40

11

0

50

395

65

5

—

5

50

2

0

30

200

40

110

50

290

30

—

—

30

30

200

40

110

50

53



F

IR E P O

W E R C

O M P U T

E R

O

F A G G

R E S S O R

W E

A P O N S

so

U

L

G O T

75 S i k G

U N

120 lui

D R T A R

8

1 Hi

k C R T A

R

H V Y L f l

O A L

.5

0

H ID

C A L

.30

L1C

RIFL

E

SiC

15

1

5

15

12

10

10

6

1

3

15

15

15

12

10

10

6

1

(D

I

15

15

15

12

10

10

6

T O 1

(

15

15

15

12

10

10

6

.5

0

Y D S

15

15

15

12

10

10

6

15

15

15

1

2

10

10

3

15

15

15

1

2

10

10

3

15

15

1

5

12

10

—

—

I

A X I U U U

RA

ID S CR ED I

T

80 C

U M

l i O V

IN Q

1 C G O

103 3 T

A T I 0 1IA

R Y 14000

Y D 3

75

Q U N

K

O O Y D S

1

3000 T D 3

120 kk

tO R T

A R

6000

ID S

81 1 2 1

K

O R T A R

3000

ID 3

A

F

IR E PO ' J

E R O O

K H T E R

A O - R S 3

S O R IK F

B A T T

A L I O N

B N

RIFLE

00

RI

FL E

P L A T

RIFL

E 3 «

D

ffl P L A

T

1C

00

L Q P L A

T

A A

1C

PL A T

L

T i£RT 0

0

t iOR

T P L

A T

A

T 0

0

A T P L

A T

7

20

12

0

30

10

30

16 0

40

40

110

35

90

30

720

12

0

30

10

30

160

4

0

40

1

10

35

90

30

53

5

75

15

5

30

160

40

40

1

10

35

90

30

5

65

75

15

5

30

16 0

40

40

110

35

90

30

450

30

— —

— —

TQ

160

4

0

40

110

35

90

30

45

0

30

— —

—

30

1

60

4

0

40

110

35

90

10

450

30

—

—

—

30

16 0

40

40

13

0

35

90

30

24

0

— —

— —

— —

4 0

—

40

110

35

90

30

E

54



F I RE

P

OHER

AGGRES

SOR MECHA

NI ZED

BATTA

L I ON

BN

RI F

L E

00

RI F L E

PLAT

RI

F L E S

QUAD

SO 00

J E

PLAT

MORT AR

CO

l i O R

T A R

PLAT

AT

CO

AT

PL AT

460

90

1

6

2

70

5

6

3

4 6

90

3

1

6

2

70

3 5

6

3

3 2 5

4 5

1 5

5

60

2

7

3 5

6

3

3 2 5

4 5

1 5

5

60

2

7

3 5

6

3

1 9

60

2

70

3

5

6

3

1 9

60

20

70

3 5

6

3

1 9

60

2

7

0

3 5

6

3

1 3

7

5

6

3

T H I S

B A T T A L I O N

I S

F O U N D

I N

R I F L E

R E G

DE N T S

A N D

H E D I U K

T A N K

R E G I M E N

T S

O

F M E C H A N I Z

E D

D I V I S I O N

S

T

H B

A T T A L I O N

S F O U W D

I

N H

E A V T

T A N K

R E G I M E N

T S O F M E C

H A N I Z E D

D I V I S

I O N S D

O N O T H A V E

U A O H I N E

G U N

U

ORTAR

AND ANTI TANK

OOUPAN

I ES.

B

FIRE

POTER

A G G R E S S O R

AIRB O RN E

RIFLE

B A T T A L I O N

RIFLE 0

0

RIFL

E

PLAT

RIFLE

S«D

50

10

M O R T S Q D

l i Q

PLAT

U O SEC T

I C O R T

C O

K O R T P

UT

A T

00

A T PLA T

805

170

35

10

5

60

20

70

2

5

60

30

805

17

0

35

1

0

5

60

20

70

25

60

3

0

625

125

2

0

5

5

60

20

70

25

60

30

625

125

20

5

5

60

20

70

25

60

30

370

60

— —

— —

—

—

60

20

7

0

25

60

3

0

130

— —

— —

— —

— —

— —

—

70

25

60

30

130

—

—

— —

—

— —

—

—

70

25

60

30

13

0

— —

— —

—

—

— —

—

—

7

0

2

5

60

30

B

55



s o

; . i

G

O T

F

IR3

75

O U K

120

11. iBRTAR

81

L

X

U

J R T A R

H

V T 1 C C

A L

.5

0

H M 3

O A L

.30

L U G

RIF

LE

PO TO

J C O t f

fU T E R

O F

1

5 1

5

15 15

15 15

12

12

1

0

10

1

0

1

0

6

6

1

1

L A X I K O M R A K Q E

CRED IT

30

O

O N

75

M l

Q U

H

t l

IC O V

IHO

t l

15

1

5

15

1

2

10

1

0

6

.5

I

T O 1

A G O

R 2 3 3 R

H E

A P O N

S

15

1

5

15

12

10

10

6

.5

C 3 Y D

S

10

00

Y D S

100

0

Y D S

1

20

U

O R T A R

81

U O

R T A R

A

15

1

5

15

12

10

10

6

15

15

1

5

15

15

15

1

2

12

10

10

10

10

15

15

15

12

10

ST A T I

O NA RY

1400

0 YD 3

130

00

YD S

n

n

6000

Y D

S

3

000

Y D

3

a

06

S C

O T I

07

— —

07

—

—

— —

— —

072

o c

06

s c

o

n

07

07

09

1

O

C

— —

— —

O

C

OS

7

O C

0

6

S C

on

07

o y

09T

o c

— —

——

o c

0?7

O C

06

S C

o

n

07

07

091

o c

—

—

—

—

O C

o sy

H

om r

uva

o c

0

6

S C

o

n

07

07

091

o e

5

S

I

S8

S

O

C

06

S C

O

il

0

7

07

09T

O C

£

S I

S

i

S

8S

O C

06

S C

on

0 7

07

09T

O C

O

T

O C

02

T

O Zi

O

C

06

S C

O

il

07

07

091

O C

0

1

O C

021

O Zi

i

l H

O SSSH

O O V *

( E H i I > f l d

P ? O C ff

lM Od

IV

li

IV

00

IV

i

n*

J H O

T 7

O S I H O J T

IT

I

VIJ O i

l T T

IVH

C P I

c _

o

o n

IVI

J O S

O K

ffM

IH

IV

IJ 3T J IH

o o

:

us

2H

U

15

6



A P P E N D I X VI

T H E C H E M I C A L C A S U A L T Y C O M P U T E R

1.

A

simple

chemical casualty computer (fig. 28),

applicable

to both

United States and aggressor

forces,

for

use by

unit

umpires in computing

the

losses due

to

chemical

warfare,

is

described in

the

following

paragraphs.

2. The computer consists

of four

discs (figs. 22-

27). Disc "A"

(fig.

22) has

three

agents

represented.

Phpsgene

and

"G" agents have three

weather

con

ditions

indicated:

Lapse,

Neutral,

and

Inversion.

Mustard shows three concentrations:

Vapor

or light

(odor—no droplets), Medium (odor—tiny droplets),

and

Heavy (odor—large

droplets

or

puddles).

Disc

"B" (fig. 24) shows wind speeds for use with

CG

and

"G"

agents only.

This disc also

shows

the tem

perature

conditions

for

use with mustard only: Hot

and

humid (90°

and

over,

80 percent humidity),

Warm

(65°-85°),

Cool (65° and

below).

Disc

"C"

(fig.

25)

lists

the

type of terrain

for

use in

computing

CG and "G" agents and also shows

vegetation

condi

tions

for

use with mustard. Disc"D" (fig. 26) shows

five conditions

of

personnel readiness for use with

CG and

"G"

agents,

four

conditions

for

use

with

mustard gas,

and

a large

arrow

that points

to

the

percent

of casualties

that

can be expected from CG



and

G

agents

shown

on

Disc A (fig. 22).

To

correctly orient b

oth sides of

Disc A , aline the

r

eference

line

through Casu

alties CO, 'G' Age

nts,

figure

26,

with

the

tick mark

shown

in

figure

27.

3.

The

comput

er is used as

follows:

CG

and

G

agents: The arrow

on Disc B

(fig. 24)

near

wind

s

peed is set topoin

t at the

type

of

weather

condition

p

revailing.

The arrow on the

D

isc C

(fig.

25)

near terrain

is set to point at

the

speed

of

the

wind blowing

as

shown

on

Disc

B

(fig. 24). One of the five

arrows

on

Disc

D (fig

.

26)

showing the stat

e of

re

adiness of the p

ersonnel

is set

to

point

to the type of ter

rain show

n on

Disc

C (fig. 25). T

he percent of

casualties

th

at

shoul

d

be

assessed is

shown by the

large

arrow

po

inting to

Disc

A

(fig.

22).

Mustard: The

arrow

on

Disc B (fig.

24)

near

temperatu

re

conditions

is

set to

point at the type

concentra

tion

of

mustard shown

on

Disc

A

(fig.

22)

. The arrow

on Disc

C

(fig. 25)

is set to point

toward

the temperature

conditions shown

on

Disc

B

(fig.

24). One of

the

three

arrows

on

Disc

D

(fi

g.

26) is

set to poin

t at the type

vegetation in the

gassed

area as show

n on Disc

C (fig.

2

5). The

percent

of

c

asualties

that

should

be asse

ssed is shown

on

the

rear of Disc D (fig.

26) through an ope

ning

on the r

ear of Disc

A (fig. 23).

4.

The

chemical

casualty

computer

is

not

a

stand

ard item of issue

a

nd

must be

procured locally.

58



E

F

if

fit

rc

i

sc

A

Jr

v

nt

).

159



M

US

T

AR

D

C

AS

U

AL

T

Y

T

AB

L

E

C

HE

M

IC

AL

C

AS

U

AL

TY

C

O

MP

U

TE

R

NO

TE

:

P

ER

SO

NN

EL

D

EC

ON

TA

MI

NA

TIO

N

WI

LL

CA

US

E

TH

E C

AS

UA

LT

Y

R

AT

E

TO

BE

RE

DU

CE

D

B

Y

TH

E

FA

CT

OR

S

GIV

EN

B

EL

OW

9

0

I

D

E

CO

NT

AM

IN

AT

ION

I

S A

CC

OM

PL

IS

HE

D

W

IT

HIN

I

OM

IN

5

0

IF

DE

CO

NT

AM

IN

AT

ION

IS

A

CC

O

MP

L IS

HE

D

WIT

HI

N

20

MI

N./

.25

IF

D

EC

ON

TA

MI

NA

TIO

N

IS A

CC

OM

PL

IS

HE

D

WIT

HI

N

45

MI

N/

(

TIM

E

SH

OU

LD

BE

M

EA

SU

RE

D

F

RO

M

T

HE

TIME

OF

ENTERING

THE CONTAMINATED

A

RE

A)

N

OT

E

:

C

RO

SS

H

AT

C

HE

D

P

OR

TI

ON

T

O

B

E

C

UT

O

UT

1

60



N

OT

E

C

RO

SS

H

AT

CHE

D P

ORT

IO

N

TO

BE

C

UT

OUT

355

734

O

—55—

——

11



NOTE

CROSS

HATCHED PORT I ON TO BE CUT OUT

£ . 3 .

Oi.w

"C".

162



CASUALTIES

in

e

D

63



MUST

ARD

C

ASUA

LTY T

ABLE

CH

EMICA

L

CAS

UALT

Y C

OMPU

TER

N

OTE: PER

SONNE

L DEC

ONTAMI

NATION

WILL

CAU

SE THE

CAS

UALTY

,

R

ATE

TO

E RED

UCED

Y

T

HE

FACT

ORS GIVE

N BE

LOW

9

0

IF DE

CONTAM

INATIO

N IS ACCO

MPLISHE

D WIT

HIN 1

MI

N

50 IF

DEC

ONTAMIN

ATION IS

A

CCOMP

LISHED

WIT

HIN O

MIN

\25

IF

DEC

ONTAMI

NATION

IS ACCOM

PLISHE

D WIT

HIN 45

MI

N

TIME

S

HOULD

E ME

ASURED

FR

OM T

HE

TIME

OF

ENTERING

THE CONTAMINATED

AREA

)

1

66



A P P E N D I

X

VI

I

P R E P A R

I N G AND U S I N G T H E

A

TOMIC

W E A P O

N S

E

FFECTS O V E R

L A Y S

1

The

At

omic Weapons Effects

Overlay is de

signed

for

the

use

of

unit

umpires upon

whom

will

fa

ll

the burden

of assessing pers

onnel casualties an

d

eq

uipment damage.

T

he real

ism with

which

th

e

atomic wea

pons are played

and the successful

inte

gration of atom

ic weapons into the man

euver will

depend to a large extent

upon

the manner

in

which

the

unit

umpires

perform

their

duties.

The

follow

in

g

guidin

g principles shou

ld be

used

in designing

the effects overlays :

The informati

on contained

in

the effects

over

lays will be

unclassified.

Z >

The effects

overl

ays

must

provide the

si

mplest

possible

method

for

assessing

damage

to

personnel

an

d

equipment.

2.

Ba

sed

upon

t

he

p

hilosophy of

paragraph 1

above,

the effects overlay

s must have th

e

follo

w

ing chara

cteristics:

No

refere

nces

to yiel

d, damage criteria,

height

of

burst,

or

other

classified

information,

or

which,

eve

n though

unc

lassified,

may

be used

t

o

deduce in

for

mation of a classified

n

ature,

will

appear

on the

effects overlays.

167



Instruction

s

to the unit

umpire

for determi

na

tion of

casualties must include

percentage

s

which he

can appl

y to the unit u

nder his

cont

rol.

3.

As

far

as

the

assessment

of

casualties

or

dam

age

by

the

u

nit ump

ire is

concer

ned, there are

only

two possibl

e situatio

ns:

Noncontam

inating

Burst—

Denned for

the

pur

poses

of

atomi

c

p

lay in mane

uvers as

an

atom

ic

burst

which

does result

in

any

militarily

significant

residual

nuclear

radiation

contamination of

the

gro

und.

A

s

ample effects

overla

y for a noncon-

ta

minating

burst

is s

hown in

figure

30.

& . Contamin

ating Burst—Define

d for the purposes

of atomic play

in maneuve

rs

as an atom

ic burst whic

h

results i

n militarily signific

ant

residual

radiation

contamination

of

the

gro

und. A sample

effects

overlay

for

a

contaminating

burst is shown

in

figure

31.

4 .

Examinat

ion of figures

30 and 31 sho

w that

informati

on containe

d on the eff

ects overlays

is

limited

to the followin

g:

Map

reference.

&

.

E

ffects circles

(and indicated

center).

Brief

but

complete inst

ructions to unit

ump

ires

on

method of assessing

damage.

Table of percent

immedia

te

damag

e to

person

nel

and equipment.

Table of

residual

nuclear

radiation

dose

rate

levels

(only in the

case

of

a contaminati

ng burst).

/. Table

of perce

nt residual nuclear radia

tion

casua

lties (only

in the

case of a con

taminating bu

rst).

5 . The information

c

ontained in

th

e

tables

are

168



merely examples

of wh

at might

b

e done; the

actual

man

euver situ

ation will dictate the

detail and

extent

of

these

t

ables. Fo

r

exampl

e, in

th

e t

able

of

Percent Immediate

Damage to Personnel and

Equipm

ent, it might be desirable

to specify addi

tional tro

op

si

tuations or

catego

ries

of equipment;

in

the

table of

Radiation

D os

e

Rate Levels,

it

might

be desirable to

give the dose

rates at

tim

es other than

those liste

d;

and

in

th

e table

of Percent Residual

Radiation

Casualties,

it

might

be

desirable

to

use

other

times

of entry and o

ther times

of

stay.

The

comp

osition of

these

tables

ca

n

be varied at t

he dis

cretion of the Special W

eapons Subsection

at

U

m

pi

re Hea

dquarters,

prio

r to

the

start of the

maneuver.

However, it

should

be

pointed ou

t that t

he

effec

ts

overlay should

not be over-com

plicated nee

dlessly,

otherwise un

it umpires, u

ntrained in atomic

weapons

effects,

may ha

ve difficulty in applying

it.

6. The

dam

age c

riteria used in

the

preparati

on

of

th

e effe

cts overlay

can

be

varied also to suit the needs

of

the

ma

neuver. For immediate

casualties,

an

all

effects

criteria

based

upon

thermal

energy

a

lone

was used

; for

residual

radiati

on casualties,

a

criteria

of

evacuation

on

the

first

day

was

used.

For

damag

e to equipment,

a criteria of

not combat

usable afte

r

org

anizational maintenanc

e was use

d.

It

mi

ght

be desira

ble to specify dam

age

criteria

which

emphasize the immediate

destructive

effects

of

the

atomic weapon.

7. It s

hould be noted th

at on

the

effec

ts overlay

for a

contaminatin

g

burst, the radiation

do

se

rat

e

lev

els

are

given for the

same zone

s

th

at specify im-

169



med

iate

cas

ualti

es.

This

avo

ids

the

us

e of

sepa

rate

e

ffect

s

circl

es fo

r im

med

iate cas

ualt

ies and

re

sidu

al

e

ffect

s, th

ereb

y si

mpli

fying

the

use

of th

e

averl

ay.

8 .

The

steps

in

the

preparation

of the

effects

over

lay

by th

e S

pec

ial W

eapo

ns

S

ubsec

tion

at

U

mpi

re

Hea

dqua

rters

ar

e

a

s

fol

lows

:

Pri

or

to the s

tart

of th

e

mane

uver

, t

he Sp

ecial

Wea

pons

Su

bsect

ion sh

ould d

eterm

ine

th

e foll

owin

g

in

form

atio

n:

(1)

Type

of

personnel

situations

to

be

used

on

the

ov

erla

y (i. e.

, tro

ops

in ope

n, t

roop

s in

foxh

oles, tro

ops i

n

woo

ds, etc.

).

(2

) C

atego

ries

o

f eq

uipm

ent to

be

u

sed

on

th

e

ov

erla

y

(i. e.,

ligh

t e

quip

men

t, heav

y e

quip

me

nt,

b

ridg

es,

etc.).

(3

)

For

conta

min

ating

bu

rsts

only

:

Time

s of

meas

ured

ra

diati

on d

ose

rat

e

le

vels.

Tim

es of e

ntry

.

Tim

es of st

ay.

(

4)

Spec

ific

da

mag

e crit

eria to b

e ap

plie

d in

t

he

a

ssess

ment

o

f cas

ualti

es

to

pers

onne

l

an

d

dam

age

t

o

eq

uipm

ent.

• 5

) Num

ber

and

size

o

f ef

fects

c

ircle

s to

be us

ed

on

the

effe

cts

ove

rlay

.

6.

The

Spe

cial W

eapo

ns

Sub

secti

on shou

ld the

n

c

alcul

ate t

wo or thr

ee r

epre

senta

tive

y

ields

a

vaila

ble

to

both

s

ides,

th

e

fol

lowin

g da

ta f

or

o

ne

o

r tw

o

heights

of

burst

considered

appropriate:

(

1)

Perce

ntag

es

to be us

ed

in

the a

ssess

ment

of

casu

alties

to pe

rsonn

el

(both

im

med

iate and

resi

dual

w

hen

a

con

tam

inati

ng bu

rst i

s

used)

a

nd

dam

age t

o eq

uipm

ent.

7



(2) Ke

sidual

radiat

ion

dose rat

e leve

ls (only

in

case

of a con

tamina

ting b

urst).

W

ith the

inf

ormat

ion

f

rom

an

d abo

ve, a

set

of weapons

effects

overlays should

be

prepared

for

the se

lected

r

eprese

ntativ

e yiel

ds,

h

eights

o

f bu

rst,

and w

eather

cond

itions.

The n

umber

of differ

ent

over

lays

sh

ould b

e hel

d to

a

m

inimu

m an

d

each

shou

ld be g

iven

a cod

e numbe

r. Thes

e sets

of

over

la

ys

sh

ould

be

prepa

red and

di

stribu

ted to a

ll the

unit

umpir

es p

rior to the

star

t of the

man

euver

.

F

ollow

ing decisio

n of

app

ropria

te

head

quar

ter

s to

empl

oy an

atomic

w

eapon

,

the

U

mpire

Head

quarte

rs w

ill b

e fu

rnishe

d the

follow

ing

inform

ation

:

(1 ) Yield

.

(2 ) D

esired

gr

ound

zero.

(3)

Desired

height

of

burst.

(4) Tim

e

of

b

urst.

(5

)

D

eliver

y m

eans.

Th

e Spe

cial W

eapons

S

ubsec

tion

of Um

pire

Headq

uarte

rs wi

ll adjus

t

th

e des

ired

ground

zero

a

nd

desire

d

he

ight

of

burst

in

accord

ance with th

e

CEP

of the

delivery

means,

to obtain

an

actual

groun

d zero

and a

ctual

he

ight of burs

t.

/.

U

mpire

Head

quarte

rs deter

mines

whic

h of

their

prepa

red ove

rlays

most

closely

meets

th

e

con

dition

s (yi

eld, ac

tual

heigh

t of b

urst, etc.

) a

nd

in

forms the

unit

umpir

e (s)

co

ncerne

d

of

t

he

code

n

um

ber

of

the

overlay to

use,

actual ground

zero,

and

time

of bur

st. In

issui

ng in

structi

ons

to

ump

ires,

the

max

imum

u

se

of radio

o

r

telep

hone

co

mmuni

ca

tion

sho

uld be

mad

e; thus

un

usual ar

eas o

f terr

ain

of spec

ial

consid

eratio

n ca

n be

descri

bed by

co

ordina

tes.



9.

If sufficient tim

e before the inten

ded burst

is

available and if

none of the

prepared

e

ffects over

lays

can

be

alte

red

b

y radio or

telephone message

to

fit the co

nditions of the

intended burs

t

sufficient

ly

well,

it

might

be

desirable

to

prepare

an

effects

over

lay

(fig.

32) to

meet

the exact conditions of the

pre

dicated cl

imatological

conditions and

of

ter

rain,

repro

duce it, and send

it

to the

umpires

of

the

af

fe

cted area only.

5. Indicated

in

figure 3

2

are

several shaded a

reas

depicting shielding

as

a

result

of

gross

terrain

fea

tures. Se

veral

h

igh hills have

afforded shieldin

g

t

o

a

certain extent

in areas E, F a

rid G. It ha

s

been

indicat

ed

in the

tables

that

immed

iately behind the

hills the

re has

been

alm

ost complete shielding

whereas a

t

a

greater

distance,

wh

ere

the

effects

of

shielding are

less,

the

percent

damage

to

personnel

and equipmen

t

ris

es.

It

is

neither

necessary

nor

d

esirable

that the

assessment

of atomic casualties

be

carried out to the

last dec

imal

place.

The

realism

desir

ed will

b

e intro

d

uced

i

nto the

atomic play by pr

oducing situations

which agree

qualitatively

in

production

of casualties

and damage to

equipment

with those to be

expected

after

an

actual

atomic bu

rst. The qu

antitative

effects need

only

be

gross

approximations;

in fact,

in

view of the lar

ge number of variables

involved in

the calculat

ions and the unce

rtainties a

s

to their

actual

values, such

approximation

s are

jus

t as valid.

The

personnel of th

e Special

Weapons Sub

section

must

b

ear th

is

thoug

ht

in

min

d in

produ

cing th

e

effects

overlay.

172



P S R

O R T

B

M E D

I A T I

D

J U Q E T O

F R

S O H H

I L

H D

nan

roon

ow

1 0



IN

STRUCTIONS T

O UMPIRE

1. D o not

assess dam

age

u

ntil atomic burst

Is si

mulated

or

Barked.

2. A

ssess damag

e

agalnat unit

baaed upo

n

plotted

positions of unita

eleaenta.

3. umpires

nuat not In

dicate

the amount

of

conta

mination in

the area

unless

que

stioned by

t

ha Radiologic

al Dafena

e Monitors poaaeasin

g

the

proper

aurve

y

inotrumo

nts.

G R O U N D

O O N T A M

H U T I C W

H U O L E A R R A D I A T

I O N D O

S E R A T E L E V E L S

Roente ens

/

h

our)

B OO R S AFTER

BOB3T

0 5

1

3

4

ZONES

1

6

26

1 1 2 5

7

5

———

B

4

1 0 0 0

4 5 0

2 7 0

2

7

2

3

1 3 5

6

D

2 4

1 0 0

4 5

2 7

2

———

—————

>

8

2 5

85

25

8

PEROEO

T

RE3IZ01L

S T J O L E 1 H RlDDlTIO

N 013D1LTIE3

T I H

E Of

BS T

RT

HDOR3

i F TBB

BURS

T

f

l MB OF

3 T A I

HOU R S

i

B

0

D

1

1

1

1

0

1

1 0 C

1 0

C

5

5

1

1

1 C

5 5

1

1

1

1

0

3

1 D

O

1 0 0

3 0

5

1

I C O

5 5

0

75

0

0

3

1

7 5

0

5

1

1

}

Aa

acsa

no oaau

altiea for times of

atay

le

aa than those

given to table.

AboTe

flfi

urfla ar« for

troops dism

ounted) for

troop8 in armored

vehi

clea

enter table

with

one

half aotual

tlae

of stay,

e.g.

i

a

tank

enters Zone

A , thr

ee houra after

the burst and

remain

a for two

hours,

75 percent of

the

orew

arc

ca

sualties.

Figure

C

ontinued

175



IN

X

Ad

ministr

ative

section

:

Umpire

group

h

eadqua

rters. _____

___

12/,

13, 4, 11

4

4,

ap

p.

II

Aeria

l fire ro.arker

_

______

_______

______

34d, 44/

31

,44

Aggr

essor:

C

adre__

______

______

______

_______

_

56

5

Co

ntrolle

d-_____

______

______

______

66

7

E

mploym

ent. ____

___--_-

--_____

___

60

5

,6

Free__

-_____

______

__-____

-_____

___ 6

c

8

Gen

eral.___

______

______

______

_____

G o

6

Order of b

attle__

_____--

-_____

______

5a

5

Pur

pose__

______

_______

______

___.__

5 <

z

5

Repre

sentatio

n-____

_---_-_

_____

___ 5,6

,8

5,6,10

The maneuver

enemy____ ___________

2,

5a

3,5

A ir

act

ion:

Inf

ormatio

n tra

nsmitte

d_____

___ 52

6(1), (2)

50,

53

M

arking str

ikes...

... ____

__ 34

e,

5

26 1)

31,52

A

ir u

mpire._

_____

_____.

_--...__

______

12d

, 5

2 1

3,50

A

irborn

e um

pires

. . ..

17

,38,47

20

,34,48

Aircra

ft

loss

es,

gro

und

fire__

--_-

-

_-_-__-

77

95

Am

bulances:

Cap

ture__

______

___._-

-.--_-._

-___ 666 2

)

77

Dama

ge _

____._

__-_.-

------_

-__-_.

746

87

I

dentifi

cation

.....____

______

_______

30

25

A

mmun

ition:

Blank

______

._-___

-_.____

___

366 4

),

6

66(3)

33,7

7

Safety

preca

utions, ___

_---- 366

4), ap

p. IV

33,14

4

A

nnoun

cement

, ump

ire.__

.--__-_

-_-_ 3

1c, 386,

27,

35,36

Antiaircraft

unit

umpires_-__--__-_------

38,46

34,47

Arm

ored cav

alry

unit u

mpires ______

_____

18 2

0

Arm

ored

unit u

mpires:

As

signme

nts,

__-_

--___-

__---_-

.-_-_

16

20

Dutie

s .

.

38-40

34

355734

O —55

———12

177



Army

um

pire

.----

-----

------

-----

--_-

-

12c

1

3

Artill

ery c

ontro

l

fo

rms

_

55

55

A

rtille

ry fire

mark

ers.

fir

e m

arke

r

t

eam.)

Arti

llery

fire p

owe

r. _--

.--__

____

-_-_

44e 70

6

44,82

Artil

lery

unit um

pires

:

As

sign

men

ts

15a

18

Dec

ision

s-.

___--

-_-__

__-_

-----

-_-_

32

28

Du

ties

—--

-----

-----

-----

--

38 4

2 43

46 34

41 4

7

A

ssign

ment

s

o

f

umpi

res._-

-___-

-_-_-

____

13

22

17 2

2

Airborne

units...__ _. ___ __.

17,47

20 48

Anti

aircra

ft

units

__.__

____

___-_

-_-_

46

47

A

rmo

red cava

lry uni

ts.__

__---

_-__

_

1

8

20

A

rmor

ed unit

S--__

___

___-

_-„--

--_-_

16

20

Artill

ery un

its _

_

_

_

___

15a

18

F

ire

ma

rker team

s _

__

_

.

20

21

Infan

try un

its__

__-__

___-_

___-

--.--_

1

5

18

M

iscella

neou

s

uni

ts---

-----

-----

---

21

2

1

Serv

ice

unit

s

__

-____

-_--

_----_

--__

_

48

48

Spe

cial

op

eratio

ns-_

___-_

„_---

-_-__

_ 5

0

49

Staff

u

mpir

es__

____.

_.--_

--__-

-.___

49

49

Um

pire li

aison

te

ams

___-_

__--

-.--__

19

21

A

tomi

c ef

fects

ov

erlay

._-.

_.....

----.

App

.

VI

I

167

At

omic

play

-....-

--- 7c

31c

34

0

45

d 5

6a,

9 2

7 31

46

58

85

Booby

traps:

Cred

it for

use_

___.

___--

-__--

_-__

_ 6

3

7

1

Safe

ty

pr

ecau

tion

s

8 ap

p. IV

10 14

4

C

aptur

e:

In

stall

ation

s.. .

_

_ _

___

66a

77

M

ater

ial--

-----

.----

-----

-----

..--

66

5

77

Per

sonne

l-__

----__

_-_-

------

-_-__

_

65

7

5

Casualty

assessments:

A

rtill

ery..

. __

___

_.___

_ ._

._

71

85

Ch

emic

al__

____

--_---

--_-.

45c

4), 7

0e 21 4

6 82

E

ffect

o

f fire

pow

er. _

__._

.._

_

6

7e

78

Gen

eral_

____

_-___

-_-__

_--_

_----_

__

67

78

H

andli

ng...

—-

___ —

-_- —

__.

6

7d

68

78

79

Infan

try -_

__--

____

-__--

--___

_-_-

-

70

80

78



Ca

sualty

assess

ments—

Conti

nued

Nu

mbers

ssesse

d ______

_____

67,

686, 70-

73 78,79,

80

Personn

el-____

______

______

______

__

68

7

9

Pu

rpose_

_--___

_-------

-____

-__-_--

67,68

78,79

Reconnaissance

72 86

R

esult

of

a

ir

act

.on-_--

-----_-

--____

73,

86

,

52a

2), 6

(1), (2)

5

0, 5

3

Tag

S---_-

--____

____-_

_-----_

-___ 68

a,69

79,8

0

Chain of

co

mmand

, umpires

._____

______

_

12

Ch

emical

casua

lty

c

ompu

ter .

..

A pp.

V

I

157

Ch

emical

s, us

e...... _

______

______

______

6

4,

74,

70e, 74

e, 7

8e 82, 88,

9

6

C hief

air

umpire.-.-_..-.----------__-__

12d

13

C h

ief

arm

y

um

pire.._

.___-

--_..---

__.__

12c

1

3

Chi

ef n

avy um

pire __

_

...__

.

12f

13

Chie

f of

staff

,

u

mpire

group

head

quarter

s,_ 126

13

Comm

unicatio

ns:

Fre

e and

contro

lled ex

ercises

.__.._.

_ 8

1

103

Fire

mark

ing___

.._____

-.-___-

__._.__

85

105

Radio

nets.-__-„-

. .

_ _

_ _

83 104

Relay

cente

r,

u

mpire

.

._.

86

106

Typ

es

use

d---_.-

--„--._

_-_-_

-_-_-. 80

103

Wire n

ets.--.

-__.__

_.----_

_-_._

-„_ 8

8

10

8

C

ommun

ication

c

enter, umpir

e.-.---

-_

_

82

103

C

ommu

nication

s s

ection,

umpi

re

group

hea

dquart

ers--.. ._...

__.___

_ 12j;

10,

app. II

16, 11, 11

4

Con

trol co

mmand

-

___.

.__.

_ _

_. -

-..-.__

-_ 10—12

Control,

infantry action

_ _

31,

3

4o(l),

37,

38

27 ,

30, 3

2,

34

Contro

l plan.__

__.___

_____._

_._.__

..__.._

66(

3)

7

Cont

rol f

orms,

a

rtillery

.__

___._.

_____.

_ 55

55

Dai

ly

re

port,

ump

ire ..._.. .

______

12^,

54

13,55

Dam

age

ass

essmen

ts-

__

______

-__.. 6

7, 74, 75

, 77

7

8,

87, 89

,

95

Damage tags,

vehicle.----.--

76 90

D

amages

f

rom air acti

on,--_

--

-..____

__ 75

89

Dam

ages

to bridg

es, a

ir attac

k_-___

-_-_--

79a

99

Decis

ions, umpi

re. _

_____-

_--___-

______

32,336

28,29

..

. __

____ 66a

(l), 6(

2), 78a,

/,

7

9

7

7,

95,

98,

99

179



Del

ays

fr

om

air attack__

.-_____-_

--___-_ 79d

101

Delays from

atomic bursts.

____

_________ 7

9e

101

Delays

from chemical

agents.

____-____.._

79/

101

D

epots, cap

ture._____

_________

________

66a 2) 77

Docume

nts__..__

-__-____-

_-_--------

--_ 86

10

D

uties, umpire_

_________

_________

____ 38

34

Em

ergency

measur

es,

um

pire

contro

l.

__- 34

a, 36

30

,32

E

ngineer:

A

ssignment

of

umpir

es________

______ 1

5a

18

Delays. ..

79a,

99,101

Exercise:

Aggressor

force—c

ontrolled-

.

________

66, 81

7, 1

03

Aggresso

r

force

—free.___

_________

__

6c,

8

1 3,

103

Contr

ol-____-

-----------

-_-----_-_

66,

76 7, 9

Dir

ector- _________

_________

_______ 9

11

Em

ployment

of

Aggr

essor_-____

_____

6a

6

Objectives

________-

_-_--__ __

______

4

4

Exercise

director________________

6c 3),

4),

9

8 9 11

Fire d

irection cente

r______

436 4), 6), 45,

55, 85

42,

43, 45

, 55,

105

Fire due

ls,____._-

-______-_

-_--__-_-_

„_ 62

69

Fire marke

r

teams:

Aerial

___...____

_____-_-_

__ 20,

34d, 44a,

21,

31,

43,

44

Communic

ation.

_

__-__-____

_-__

45 80 8

5 45,

103,

105

Co

ntrol___-

-__-___--

--_--------_

__

45a,

45

Groun

d..... . .

..

20,

446, 456,

c 4),

8) 21,

42, 45,

46

Mission

-__

______

-„______-

--_______

44a

43

Organization,

___-_-_-______..__..___

446,

43,44

Prov

isions for

__-______

_-_-_-_-_

66 1),

c

2)

7

8

Use of

pyr

otechnics

--- .------

----

44c,

43 44

Fire

p

ower:

Compute

r_______

-_--___-_.

------- Ap

p. V

148

Eff

ect of

maneu

ver._____

-_-_ 436 3), 566

, c 42 5

8 59

Sup

eriority

of fire.

________

_________

566

58

180



F

i

r

e

p

o

w

e

r

—

C

o

n

t

in

u

e

d

U

n

i

t

s_

_

_

_

,

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

__

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

5

8

61

\V

e

a

p

o

n

s

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

_

_

._

_

_

.

.-

_

_

_

_

57

6

0

F

ir

e

s

u

p

p

o

r

t

c

o

o

r

d

i

n

a

ti

o

n

c

e

n

te

r

_

_

._

_

_

_

_

_

4

3

6

3

)

4

2

F

la

g

s

,

u

m

p

ir

e

:

Disabled

v

e

h

ic

l

es

_

__

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

3

4

6

,7

6

3

1

,9

0

E

m

e

r

g

e

n

c

y

,

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

__

_

_

_

_

3

4

o

l

),

2

)

3

0

,

3

1

F

ir

in

g

a

n

t

it

a

n

k

w

ea

p

o

n

s

.

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

__

3

4

/,

6

2

c

3

1

,7

0

O

b

s

t

a

c

le

s

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

34

c

,

3

1

,9

6

V

e

h

ic

l

e

s,

i

d

en

t

i

fi

c

a

ti

o

n

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2

8

c

2

5

G

a

s

o

li

n

e

,

c

ap

tu

r

e

.

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

__

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

6

6

6

3

)

7

7

Hand

grenades,

simulated______

_________

44rf

43

H

o

s

p

it

a

ls

:

_

-

-

-_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

__

6

6

a

l

)

77

_

_

-

_

_

-_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

-

_

3

0

a

2

5

I

d

e

n

t

if

i

c

at

i

o

n

, p

e

r

s

o

n

n

e

l

a

n

d

v

e

h

ic

l

e

s:

A

g

g

r

e

s

so

r

f

o

rc

e

s

.

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

__

_

_

2

7

6

,

2

8

,

2

9

6

2

4

,

2

5

E

x

e

r

c

is

e

d

ir

e

c

t

o

r

h

e

a

d

q

u

a

rt

e

r

s

.

2

7

/,

2

8

d

,

2

9

a

2

4

,

2

5

Medical

installations

_______________

30a

25

N

e

u

t

r

a

l.

_

_

_

2

4

,2

5

U

m

p

i

re

__

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

2

7

d

,

2

9o

,

2

4

,

2

5

U

n

it

e

d

S

ta

t

e

s

f

o

rc

e

.

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

__

_

2

7a

,

2

8

a,

2

9

6

2

4

,

2

5

I

n

fa

n

tr

y

u

n

it

u

m

p

ir

e

s

:

A

n

n

o

u

n

c

e

m

en

ts

.

-.

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

31

c

,

3

8

6

2

7

,3

5

A

ss

i

g

n

m

e

n

ts

_

-

_

_

-

-_

_

.

_

_

-

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

-_

_

1

5

1

8

C

o

n

t

r

o

l

.

..

.

3

1

,

3

6

2

7

,32

Decisio

n

s

.

__---

-

-

-_

_

-

_

_

-

_

-

_

-

-

_

-

.

--

3

2

2

8

D

u

t

ie

s

.

. _

_

_

_

-_

-

_

-

-

_

_

._

_

_

_

_

_

-

-

-_

.

_

3

7

,

3

8

3

2

,

3

4

L

i

a

is

o

n

.

_

_

_

_

.

_

._

--

_

_

--

_

_

-

_

_

_

._

-

.

._

3

3

3

0

I

n

s

ta

l

la

t

i

o

n

s

,

c

a

p

t

u

r

e

_

_

-

_

_

-

-

_

_

-.

_

_

__

_

_

_

_

6

6

a

77

I

n

t

e

ll

ig

e

n

c

e

:

A

r

t

il

le

r

y

_

_

-

_

_

_

_

-

_

_

-

_

_

-

-

_

--

_

_

_

_

-_

-

_

4

3

6

2

)

4

2

A

s

p

e

ct

s

_

_

_

. _

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

8

1

0

Assignment

of

umpires_-_--_-______

21o,

6

21

S

o

u

r

c

e

s

.

_

-

_

--

_

_

_

-

-_

_

--

-

-

-

--

_

_

-

_

_

-_

8

6

c

1

0

S

t

a

ff

u

m

p

ir

e

s

-_

_

_

-

_

_

_

_

-

_

_

_

_

-

_

_

_

_

_

_

_

4

9

4

9

U

m

p

i

r

e

g

ro

u

p

h

e

a

d

q

u

a

r

te

r

s

s

e

ct

i

o

n

.

1

2 <

7

1

3

,

9

1

1

4

7

a

p

p

.

I

I



K

it

ch

e

n tr

uc

k

s:

C

a

p

t

ur

e

d

-.

--

-.

--

-

-.

-.

--

--

--

-

.-

.-

6

66

2

)

7

7

D

a

m

ag

ed

..

.-

__

_

-_

--

__

_

-_

_

__

-_

_

__

_

7

4f

t

87

Liaison

team, umpire:

A

s

si

gn

m

e

n

t..

.-

-_

--

-_

-

--

_-

--

--

-_

--

_

19

2

1

C

om

m

u

n

ic

at

io

n

-.-

...

-_

_

8

1,

83

?,

84

,

86

, 8

86

1

03

,1

0

4,

1

06

,

1

08

M

i

ss

io

n.

_-

_-

--

__

_

_-

-_

-_

_

__

_

__

2

)

1

6,

17

O

rg

a

ni

za

ti

on

. .

_

_

_-

_.

_

. _

__

__

_

__

__

__

_

_

2

A :

16

M

a

il

tr

uc

k

s:

C

a

p

tu

re

d

.-

-

--

.-

--

--

--

-

--

--

.-

--

-

..

66

6

2)

77

D

am

a

g

ed

..

.

.-

-

--

--

-

--

--

----------.

746

87

M

in

es

:

C

r

ed

it f

or

u

se

_

_-

__

_

__

--

_

__

_

-_

__

_

_

63

71

S

af

et

y

pr

e

ca

u

tio

n

s.

._

-._

_

._

4

,

8

, 9,

ap

p.

I

V

4

,

1

0,

1

1,

44

M

is

sio

n

, u

m

p

ir

e

s.

..-

--

_

-.

__

-

..

._

_

--

...

_

3

3

N

i

gh

t

op

er

at

io

ns

:

G

e

n

e

ra

l

...

--

-

.-

.-

-.

--

--

-

--

.-

--

..

-.

51

49

S

ig

na

ls

._

_

__

_

„.

__

_

_-

._

_.

_,

__

_

__

._

.

.

3

4a

30

T

a

nk

a

ct

io

n

.

--

--

-

-.

--

-

--

--

--

-

--

.-

4 0

r,

40

,4

1

N

o

nc

o

m

m

iss

io

ne

d

of

fic

er

s, u

m

pi

re

s

__

__

__

_

22

2

2

O

b

se

rv

e

rs,

a

rti

lle

ry

_

__

__

-

__

_-

-_

_

__

__

._

_

_

4

5c

l)

4

5

O

b

st

ac

le

s:

C

er

ti

fic

at

e

o

f o

bs

ta

c

le

._

__

_

-_

_

._

_.

_

78

rf

9

6

M

ar

ki

ng

s

im

u

la

te

d

o

bs

ta

cles.....

34 r,

78

6-d

31,96

P

u

rp

o

s

e

_-

-

--

--

--

-

--

--

--

-

--

--

--

--

7

8o

9 5

S

im

u

la

te

d

o

bs

ta

c

le

.-

--

--

-

--

--

--

--

78

6

,

c

,

9

6

O

p

er

at

io

ns

a

nd

tr

ain

i

ng

s

ec

tio

n

,

um

p

ir

e

gr

ou

p

he

ad

q

ua

rt

er

s.

._

__

_

__

__

_

12

A,

8,

a

p

p.

I

I

13

, 1

0,

1

4

O

r

de

r o

f

b

at

tle

,

a

g

gr

es

s

or

_.

__

-

__

._

._

_

-_

.

5

a

5

O

r

ga

ni

za

ti

on

fo

r

co

nt

ro

l_

._

__

__

_

__

__

_

__

__

10

11

P

a

tro

ls

, u

m

pires.....-.-------.---------

216 4 )

21

Pr

is

on

er

s

of

w

ar

:

A

ss

e

ss

m

e

nt

s

.--

-

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

--

-.

-

65

i

7

6

C

a

pt

u

re

-

--

--

--

-

--

..

.-

--

--

--

_

--

-.

..

6

5 a

75

E

x

ch

a

ng

e

...

__

__

__

_

__

__

__

_

__

__

2

16

5

),

65

c

21

,7

6

G

u

a

rd

i

n

g-

-

--

--

--

.-

--

.-

-

--

-.

--

..

--

6

56

7

6

182



Pri

soner

s

of war—

Con

tinue

d

Veh

icle

opera

tors.

____

_____

_____

___

666(1

)

77

W

eapo

ns

and equ

ipmen

t-___

____

____

65e

7

6

Pyro

techn

ics._

_ 34o,

366(4

), 73

a; 1 , ap

p.

IV 3

0,

31

,

32, 8

63, 44

Radio:

Armo

red

unit u

mpire

s.___

_____

____

_

396

39

Net

s, um

pire

s.____

____

____

_____

___

83

1

04

R

adio

pro

cedur

e._-_

__--_

____

____

_-

87

10

7

T

ypes

used_

_____

_-___

____

_____

80, 83

, 89a

10

3,

104,

110

R

ation

truc

ks:

Captured_-_______-_______________

666 (2)

77

Da

mage

d. _ _

____

_-_--

-____

____

_.__

746

87

Rea

lism:

Aggre

ssor.

____

__--_

-_.__

_____

___.

_

5a, 7

5 , 9

Impo

rtan

ce

..

.

.

.......

. 5a

,

7

5,9

Um

pire c

ontro

l.-_-_

____

__„__

____

__

76

9

Reco

nnais

sance

um

pire:

Ass

ignm

ent.

.. 1

4,15

18

Duties . . . .. . .

.. 3

8,39

,41 3

4,39,

41

R

efer

ence

s-.__

_.__

..--_-

-._.-

-..-_

.__ Ap

p. I

12

R

epla

ceme

nt s

ystem

.____

_____

_____

_____

_

680

79

Rep

orts:

Da

ily,

um

pire.

„____

____

____

____

-_ 5

4

55

Proc

essing

____

-. _

-_--._

____

____

_-_-

12A

13

T

roop

locat

ion.,

--.-.-

- _ _ _ _

___

____

_

53

55

Safety

precautions.

_

_

_ _

App.

IV

44

Scho

ol, u

mpir

e._-_

__--

.--_-

-----_

-_._

- 1

2ft;

13,

2

5, 26,

5 0 < i ,

app.

II, app

.

Ill

2

2, 23,

4

9, 10

,

1

14, 1

41

Sele

ction

of

ump

ires..

_---_

---_.

.-...._

_--

13

1 7

Self

-prope

lled gun

s.

t

anks.

)

Service:

Supp

ort, u

mpi

res.

..

17

t

m

pire

s__

.. ._.

.. .

._.___

1

5 1

8,20,

1

6 , 21a,

38,

48 2

1, 34,

48

8



S

ignals, umpire:

Air

landings or

drops._

__-_____.__--

35

31

Emerge

ncy..-_---_-_--_-__-

____-__

34 a

30

Other____________

_______________

31

Smoke:

Effect___-________

________-______- 64b

74

Use.

. . 3 4 a ,

35, 44/, 6 4

a,

6,

31,

44,

74 ,

75

Soni

c

equipment:

C

apture-____________

_____________ 6 6 6 (

1)

77

Fire marker teams---_--__

____--___

446

, c 43

Special

operations._____-_-__._-..-______

50

49

Staff umpires:

Ass

ignment--______

_

___-.__„_______

15-18

18

Duties .

. 38,48 3

4,48

Ge

neral .._. _

. 436,49

42

,49

Supply

and

tr

ansportation sec

tion, umpire

group

head

quarters___-_______

_-_..---_ 12i

16

S

upply

installations,

capture

and dam

age. . .

6 6 a(2)

77

T

anks and

se

lf-propelled guns:

Capture_

-________--__----..-

--____ 6 6

6 (1) 77

Effects of

ground

w

eapons against

.___ 6la

6 8

Effect on

fire

pow

er----_-._---_---

60, 70d 68,82

Fire duels

. .

. 39c,

62 3

9,69

Fire

power._________

______________

56

58

Loss

assessment______-

736,

74a,

75,

76

86,

87,

88, 89,

90

Moveme

nts__________-____

___--__- 39,40 39,40

Night attacks__

_-__-____-___-____

__ 40c 40

Training:

Aggress

or

f

orce.

___---_-_

---_-_-_

6a, 6(3) 6,7

Um

pires 24-26,

app.

Ill

22,141

Transportation____________----.-

89,

9a,

app.

II

110,

11,

114

Troop location reports-_

-_-_-_---_-_-_--

53 55

Umpire

group hea

dquarters-__---____

__-

12

13

Umpire

plannin

g guide.

App.

II

114

Ump

ire training prog

ram.._-____-_-__

Ap

p.

Ill

14 1

184



Umpires:

Administration.

___________

12/,

13, ap

p.

II

13

,17,114

Airborne

division_

____--______-_____

17 20

Armored

division_______--_--_

______

1

6 20

Armored

cavalry

regiment__-

_-__-._-_ 1

8 20

Assignments. a

ssignments of

um

pires.)

CBR

teams______-_-_.._

_---_-_____ 21e 22

Chain of command

.________________

1 1

12

Chief..--.-

..--.--..

—--

----------

12a 13

Duties.

appropriate branch.)

Infantry

division-_-_--____-

_-______ 1 5

15

Liaison

team..,__-_--__-_-__._-___

life

12

Miscellan

eous

u

nitS-_______---___-

-_ 21

21

Mission.

_.

_._..__ __

_______________

3 3

Reporting

to units.______

__________ 23 22

Selection..._________

______________ 13 17

Vehicles:

Captured

.-._-----__ — — —

.

— — 666 7

7

Damaged

---.-..---._-------

----

74-76

87

Identificat

ion...._.-.-..........

...

28

25

Wea

ther..________.___-

__-_-_-_____--.

32d 30

Wire net, umpire_______

______________ 88

10 8

[AG353 (15 Jun55)]

185



Y

O

RD

E

B

O

F

TH

E

SE

C

RE

T

AR

Y

O

F

T

H

E

A

R

M

Y

:

M

A

X

W

E

LL

I

.

T

A

T

LO

R

,

O

F

F

IC

IA

L

:

JO

H

N

A

.

K

L

E

IN

,

maneuver control 1955

Documents