TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction........,.,......................... 1

Workshops.................. ...................... 4

Manual, "Managing and Recycl ing S o l v e n t s i n the F u r n i t u r e I n d u s t r y " ................... 5

Videotapes ...................................... 8

Appendices

A . Summaries of Advisory C o m m i t t e e Meetings. . ............................. 10

1. May 22, 1985 Meeting ............... 10

2. J u l y 23, 1985 Meeting... . . . : . . . . . . . 16

B. Summary of Q u e s t i o n n a i r e Responses. . 18

C. Program f o r Greensboro and Hickory Workshops. ............................. 20

D. F l y e r s for Greensboro and Hickory Workshops .............................. 22

E. T i t l e Page and Table of Contents of Manual "Managing and Recycl ing S o l v e n t s i n the F u r n i t u r e I n d u s t r y " ............. 23

INTRODUCTION

The o b j e c t i v e of the project "Managing and Recycl ing Sol-

v e n t s i n the F u r n i t u r e Manufacturing I n d u s t r y " w a s t o reduce the

amount of hazardous s o l v e n t wastes produced by North Carolina ' s

f u r n i t u r e i n d u s t r y . The project o r i g i n a t e d i n d i s c u s s i o n s

between Jerome K o h l and Terry P ie r son , former Director of the

Toxic a n d Hazardous Subs tance Research program of t h e North

C a r o l i n a Board of Sc ience and Technology, and r e c e i v e d funding

from the s a m e Board. Larry Runyan, Director of Manufactur ing

S e r v i c e s of the American F u r n i t u r e Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n was

very h e l p f u l i n a l l stages of the project , e s p e c i a l l y i n sugges t -

i n g i n d u s t r y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w h o w e r e w i l l i n g t o assist on t h i s

project.

F a c u l t y of the North Caro l ina State U n i v e r s i t y F u r n i t u r e

Manufactur ing and Management Curr iculum i n c l u d i n g Thomas

Carothers, John E c k w a l d , and Edward L. Clark played a major role

i n a r r a n g i n g the workshops, p r e p a r i n g the Manual, and producing

the Video Tapes. P h i l l i p Wright and Jeremy Pearson w e r e

p r i n c i p a l a s s i s t a n t s and Carolyn Z i e g l e r and Michelle R o s e w e r e

research a s s i s t a n t s f o r the project. The v ideo tapes w e r e f i lmed

and ed i ted by the NCSU Humanities Media Center .

Ideas f o r the o r g a n i z a t i o n and c o n t e n t o f the project

"Managing and Recycl ing So lven t s i n the F u r n i t u r e Manufacturing

I n d u s t r y " were o b t a i n e d from t w o a d v i s o r y committee meetings.

T h e f i rs t a d v i s o r y committee meet ing w a s held du r ing the r e g u l a r

meet ing of the AFMA's Energy and Environmental A f f a i r s Committee,

and w a s a t t e n d e d by the fo l lowing people:

1

ADVISORY COMMITTEE HEETING m y 22, 1985

Lar ry Runyan Jerome K o h l Director of Manufacturing Project Director

American F u r n i t u r e Manufacturers S e r v i c e s NCSU

A s s o c i a t i o n

Alex Teg las S t a n l e y F u r n i t u r e Company

W i l l i a m H. Parks Drexel H e r i t a g e Furn i sh ings

T e r r y h i e r s o n N o r t h Ca ro l ina Board of

Sc ience and Technology

Edward L. C la rk F u r n i t u r e Extens ion

S p e c i a l i s t NCSU

James L. Minter Jeremy Pearson Bassett F u r n i t u r e I n d u s t r i e s Resea rch Ass is t a n t

NCSU

Jon K. P a r r i s h The Lane Company, Inc.

H o w a r d Miller P r o f e s s o r E m e r i t u s of

Psychology NCSU

Ken Wright The Lane Company, Inc .

The g o a l of the second a d v i s o r y committee meet ing w a s t o

p r o v i d e a l i n k of communication and a c r o s s o v e r of i d e a s between

the p r o j e c t o r g a n i z e r s and S ta te hazardous waste management

o f f i c i a l s . At tendees a t t h i s second meet ing inc luded:

ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING

July 23, 1985

Roger Schecter Gary Hunt Head, P o l l u t i o n P reven t ion P o l l u t i o n P reven t ion

D i v i s i o n of Environmental Mgmt. D i v i s i o n o f Environmental Mgmt. NRCD NRCD

Pays Program Pays Program

Mike S e w e l l Jerome Kohl A i r Q u a l i t y S e c t i o n NCSU D i v i s i o n of Environmental Mgmt. NRCD

2

ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING (cont.)

July 23,

W i l l i a m M i l l s Water Q u a l i t y S e c t i o n D i v i s i o n of Environmental Mgmt. NRCD

D r . Linda L i t t l e N.C. Governors Waste Management

Board

E m i l B reck l ing D i v i s i o n of Health S e r v i c e s N.C. S o l i d and Hazardous Waste

Ma na gemen t Branch

1985

Edward L. Cla rk F u r n i t u r e Extens ion Special is t NCSU

Jeremy Pearson NCSU

P h i l i p Wright NCSU

Summaries of the d i s c u s s i o n s of the t w o a d v i s o r y committee

meet ings are inc luded i n Appendix A of this report.

Appendix B is a summary of response w e r e c e i v e d from North

C a r o l i n a F u r n i t u r e Manufacturers i n response t o o u r q u e s t i o n n a i r e

which sough t guidance on the d e s i r e d c o n t e n t of the workshop and

manual.

Appendix C c o n t a i n s the program as p r e s e n t e d i n Greensboro

and Hickory.

Appendix D i s a copy of the f l y e r used t o promote the

workshops.

Appendix E i s the t i t l e page and table of c o n t e n t s f o r the

manual.

I n i t i a l guidance f o r t h i s project w a s p rovided by Ter ry

P ie r son . F i n a l phases of th i s project were guided by Roger

Schecter, and the h e l p of these men i s g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e d . The

p r o j e c t c o n s i s t e d of t w o workshops, a manual, and fou r educa-

t iona 1 v ideo tapes .

3

Typing o f t h i s F i n a l Report w a s by Sue E l l i s . For more

in fo rma t ion on any aspect of t h i s program please c o n t a c t the

p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r -- a d d r e s s and phone below.

Jerome K o h l S e n i o r Extens ion S p e c i a l i s t NCSU Box 7908 Raleigh, NC 27695 (919) 737-2303

WORKSHOPS

Two workshops t i t l e d "Managing and Recycl ing S o l v e n t s i n the

F u r n i t u r e I n d u s t r y " w e r e p r e s e n t e d . The f i r s t workshop w a s h e l d

on November 20 , 1985 i n Greensboro, NC, and the second on

November 2 1 , 1985, i n Hickory, NC. B o t h workshops inc luded exh i -

bitors.

A m a i l i n g l i s t f o r p u b l i c i t y releases and f l y e r s on the

workshops w a s compiled from: (1) the AFMA's membership l i s t ;

( 2 ) a l i s t of g e n e r a t o r s from the S o l i d and Hazardous Waste

Management Branch; and ( 3 ) i n d u s t r y c o n t a c t s provided by Edward

L.

1.

2.

3 .

Clark, F u r n i t u r e Extens ion S p e c i a l i s t a t NCSU.

The o b j e c t i v e of the workshops w e r e to:

Provide examples of env i ronmen ta l ly sound, economic f i n i s h i n g

methods.

Provide in fo rma t ion , examples and d a t a on i n c e n t i v e s so as t o

m o t i v a t e f u r n i t u r e manufac turers t o upgrade the i r waste

management practices.

P rov ide in fo rma t ion on c u r r e n t and upcoming RCRA p r e t r e a t -

ment, w a t e r q u a l i t y , and a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s .

4

4. Provide a forum f o r a n exchange o f waste management exper-

i e n c e s between f u r n i t u r e manufac turers .

The workshops inc luded brief p r e s e n t a t i o n s by equipment and

c o a t i n g s u p p l i e r s and t i m e w a s set a s i d e f o r the p a r t i c i p a n t s t o

t a l k w i t h these e x h i b i t o r s .

S i x case s t u d i e s w e r e p r e s e n t e d t o show how process and

material changes can reduce g e n e r a t i o n o f s o l v e n t w a s t e or

improve disposal methods. The case s t u d i e s inc luded:

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5 .

6.

"Spray Techniques t o Reduce VOC Emissions, 'I Ethan Al l en

F u r n i t u r e Co. ;

"Comparison of So lven t Management on the F i n i s h i n g Line, 'I

Steelcase, Inc . ;

"Experience w i t h Rotary D i s c Electrostat ic F i n i s h i n g , "

Broyhi l l I n d u s t r i e s ;

" S t a t u s of E c o l o g i c a l l y Sa fe F i n i s h e s , Re l i ance Universa l :

"Experience w i t h Recycl ing S o l v e n t s In -P lan t , " Bol ing

Company: and

"Experience w i t h Solvent /Waste I n c i n e r a t i o n , I' Bur l ing ton

F u r n i t u r e Compa ny . For ty -e igh t people a t t e n d e d the Greensboro workshop, and

f i f t y a t t e n d e d the workshop i n Hickory. Each p a r t i c i p a n t was

g i v e n a copy of the d r a f t manual t i t l e d "Managing and Recycl ing

So lven t s i n the F u r n i t u r e I n d u s t r y . " The p a r t i c i p a n t s f i l l e d o u t

c o u r s e e v a l u a t i o n s and c r i t i q u e s o f the d r a f t manual.

5

FURNITURE W A L

A d r a f t v e r s i o n of the manual "Managing and Recycl ing Sol-

v e n t s i n the F u r n i t u r e I n d u s t r y " by Jerome K o h l , Ph i l i p Wright,

Jeremy Pearson , and Michelle Rose w a s used a t the November 1985

workshops. Comments on t h e d r a f t manual w e r e o b t a i n e d from the

workshop p a r t i c i p a n t s and f r o m the m e m b e r s of the American Furn i -

t u r e Manufactur ing Assoc ia t ion . The d r a f t manual w a s r e v i s e d and

a f i n a l e d i t i o n completed i n May 1986. Appendix E i n c l u d e s tlne

t i t l e page and table of c o n t e n t s of the manual. Copies of the

manual are a v a i l a b l e from J. Kohl, the P r i n c i p a l I n v e s t i g a t o r for

t h i s project.

Chap te r 1 of the manual p r e s e n t s l e g a l and economic factors

t o c o n s i d e r when choosing f u r n i t u r e f i n i s h i n g practices. T h e

authors recognized the p o t e n t i a l d i f f i c u l t y i n changing a n indus-

t r i a l process and t h u s inc luded a s e c t i o n on "Overcoming

R e s i s t a n c e t o Change. 'I

Chap te r s 2 and 3 c o n t a i n t e c h n i c a l i n fo rma t ion on p rope r

s p r a y i n g practices and a g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n of f i n i s h i n g methods

used i n f u r n i t u r e manufactur ing. Throughout these chapters, and

the remainder of the manual, are case s t u d i e s d e s c r i b i n g process

changes implemented by v a r i o u s companies, and the f i n a n c i a l and

envi ronmenta l impact of these changes. Each case s tudy i n c l u d e s

the name of a person a t the company who i s w i l l i n g t o d i s c u s s h i s

case s tudy .

Chapter 4 c o v e r s - the " S t a t u s o f E c o l o g i c a l l y Desirable C o a t -

i n g s , '' i n c l u d i n g the advan tages and d i sadvan tages of water-based

and h i g h so l ids c o a t i n g s . Chapter 5 d i s c u s s e s h o w hazardous

6

w a s t e can be minimized i n a n i n d u s t r y by us ing "Good Housekeeping

Procedures . 'I

Chapter 6 e x p l a i n s " N o r t h Ca ro l ina Regu la t ions Governing

Waste So lven t s . " It d i s c u s s e s RCRA, A i r Q u a l i t y , and Water

Q u a l i t y Regu la t ions , and r e c e n t changes applicable t o hazardous

waste g e n e r a t o r s . Chapter 7 cove r s "Waste Management Options"

and c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t o make when choosing the m o s t d e s i r a b l e

o p t i o n for your company.

The append ices p r o v i d e in fo rma t ion on c o a t i n g suppliers,

c o a t i n g equipment s u p p l i e r s , hazardous w a s t e management services,

the P o l l u t i o n P reven t ion Pays Program, the Piedmont Waste

Exchange and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s of s o l v e n t s commonly used i n the

f u r n i t u r e i n d u s t r y .

Five-hundred manuals w e r e p r i n t e d w i t h the fo l lowing d i s t r i -

b u t i o n :

F u r n i t u r e Manufactur ing Dept. , NCSU LO American F u r n i t u r e Manufac turers Assoc ia t ion 150 P o l l u t i o n P reven t ion Pays Program 150 Advisory C o m m i t t e e s 1 7 Workshop P a r t i c i p a n t s 98 Ind iv idua 1 Requests 75

'566

Edward L. C l a r k , F u r n i t u r e Ex tens ion S p e c i a l i s t a t NCSU,

o f f e r e d the names of f u r n i t u r e i n d u s t r y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o

c o n s u l t d u r i n g the manual 's o r g a n i z a t i o n a l s t a g e s i n mid-1985.

P h i l i p F. Wright, t h e n a s e n i o r i n the F u r n i t u r e Manufacturing

and Management Program, w a s the p r i n c i p a l s t u d e n t a s s i s t a n t on

the manual. Jeremy Pearson, t h e n a g r a d u a t e s t u d e n t i n C i v i l

Engineer ing , and Michelle Rose, a Humanities Department Coop

s t u d e n t , w e r e he lp fu l i n compil ing a n d upda t ing in fo rma t ion

inc luded i n the manual. 7

VIDEOTAPES *

Four i n s t r u c t i o n a l v ideo tapes w e r e made i l l u s t r a t i n g

v a r i o u s f u r n i t u r e f i n i s h i n g practices. These tapes are in t ended

p r i m a r i l y for use i n c o l l e g e - l e v e l f u r n i t u r e manufactur ing

c o u r s e s I and were produced under the guidance of D r . John E k w a l l ,

D r . C. Thomas Culb re th , and M r . E d w a r d L. Cla rk of the F u r n i t u r e

Manufactur ing and Management Program a t N o r t h C a r o l i n a State

U n i v e r s i t y .

The funds used for the p roduc t ion of the v ideo tapes were

o r i g i n a l l y a l lo t t ed f o r payment of g u e s t l e c t u r e r s w h o were t o

speak t o s t u d e n t s i n F u r n i t u r e Manufactur ing classes. Approval

w a s o b t a i n e d from the Board of Sc ience and Technology t o make

v i d e o t a p e s of the in fo rma t ion which the g u e s t l e c t u r e r s would

have p r e s e n t e d .

T h e topics of the f o u r tapes are: (1) F l a t Line F i n i s h i n g

Using a Rotary Spray Booth: ( 2 ) F l a t L ine F i n i s h i n g W i t h a

Ca ta lyzed P o l y e s t e r F i n i s h i n g Material: ( 3 ) Electrostat ic

F i n i s h i n g Techniques: and ( 4 ) Convent ional F i n i s h i n g Techniques.

The v i d e o t a p e s w e r e produced by Ron K e m p and E d W i l l i a m s of

North C a r o l i n a State U n i v e r s i t y ' s Humanities Media S e r v i c e s

Center . John E c k w a l d of N C S U ' s F u r n i t u r e Manufacturing Cur r i -

culum played the major role i n s e l e c t i n g shots and e d i t i n g the

tapes which he w i l l use i n his classes. Thomas Culb re th and

* A s of the date of p u b l i c a t i o n of this F i n a l Report t w o

tapes are complete. F i n a l e d i t i n g is b e i n g carried o u t on the other t w o tapes.

E d w a r d C l a r k of F u r n i t u r e Manufactur ing helped locate s i t e s for

f i l m i n g and i n the f i lming . Carolyn Z i e g l e r made c o n t a c t w i t h

f u r n i t u r e companies, a r r a n g e d f i l m i n g v i s i t s , and worked on

scripts t o accompany the tapes. Although the f u r n i t u r e companies

w h o permitted v ideo tap ing wished t o remain anonymous i n the

v ideo tapes , they are g l a d l y acknowledged here: Steelcase, Inc . ,

Fletcher, NC; Henredon F u r n i t u r e I n d u s t r i e s , Spruce P ines , NC;

Bassett F u r n i t u r e Company, S t a t e s v i l l e , NC; Cochrane F u r n i t u r e

Company, L inco ln ton , NC; and Dix ie F u r n i t u r e Company, Lexington,

NC . The v ideo tapes are b e i n g used i n the F u r n i t u r e Manufactur ing

Curr iculum a t NCSU, a set o f the tapes w i l l be g iven t o C a t a w b a

Va l l ey Techn ica l I n s t i t u t e for u s e i n their f u r n i t u r e cur r icu lum,

a third s e t w i l l be a v a i l a b l e t o r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the f u r n i t u r e

manufac tur ing i n d u s t r y through the NCSU I n d u s t r i a l Extens ion

S e r v i c e .

9

APPENDIX A

W A G I N G AND RECYCLING SOLVENTS IN THE

FURNITURE "UFACTURING INDUSTRY

Sub jec t : American F u r n i t u r e Manufacturing A s s o c i a t i o n , Energy and Environmental Af fa i r s Committee Meeting of May 22, 1985

Purpose of o u r P a r t i c i p a t i o n : Receive I n p u t and Con tac t s for Possible F u r n i t u r e I n d u s t r y Workshops on So lven t Wastes and O t h e r Environ- mental Issues

Attendees : AFMA

Larry Runyan A l e x Teglas W i l l i a m H. Parks ( B i l l ) James L. Minter ( J i m ) Jon K. Parish Ken Wright

Discuss ion:

Comments by L a r r y Runyan -

V i s i t o r s :

J e r r y Kohl T e r r y P i e r s o n Ed C la rk Howard Miller Jeremy Pearson

Doug Brackett i s Execut ive Director of AFMA

AFMA p u b l i s h e s a bi-monthly n e w s l e t t e r i n which o u r workshop cou ld be pub1 i c i z e d

Convenient t i m e s f o r F u r n i t u r e Workshops: Avoid F u r n i t u r e Market i n High P o i n t October 2-3; S u p p l i e r s Trade Show of woodworking and u p h o l s t r y , i n Charlotte, August 1-3; a v o i d November 13. The best t i m e would be e a r l y November, n e x t best is February. But i n February are busy p r e p a r i n g for S p r i n g Market.

People i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s workshop w i l l i n c l u d e V.P. Mfg., Chief Engineer , V.P. Eng. 8 V.P. Opera t ions , P l a n t Manager, F i n i s h i n g Dept. S u p e r v i s o r s .

Top e x e c u t i v e s are o f t e n sales o r i e n t e d a n d n o t aware of the envi ronmenta l problems. The s t r o n g e s t mo t iva t ion f o r change i s the need for envi ronmenta l compliance.

10

Comments by Alex Teqlas, S t a n l e y F u r n i t u r e - S t a n l e y now uses w a t e r - w a s h sp ray booths where the w a t e r i s

pumped t o a h o l d i n g tank . The t a n k c o n t e n t s are aerated, i n the

V i r g i n i a p l a n t t h e y are t r i c k l e d t o the P O W sewage t r e a t m e n t

p l a n t . I n a North Carolina p l a n t the water i s collected i n t o a

b e n t o n i t e l i n e d lagoon or hau led t o the Greensboro sewage

t r e a t m e n t p l a n t . So lven t s go t o P r i l l aman f o r reclaim and are

n o t man i fe s t ed a t t h i s t i m e . Region 4, EPA said their s o l v e n t s

a re n o t a hazardous w a s t e because t h e y are b e n e f i c i a l l y

r ecyc led . B u t the r e v i s e d RCRA s a y s tha t a l l s o l v e n t s must be

man i fe s t ed . S t a n l e y has asked EPA f o r release f r o m need for

ma n i f es t i n g . S o l i d s f r o m the b o t t o m o f the s u r g e t a n k (from s p r a y booths)

are t a k e n t o the C i t y of Waynesboro Waste Treatment P l a n t .

S t a n l e y would l i k e t o stop us ing the lagoon, b u t N o r t h

Ca ro l ina won ' t g i v e a permanent permit f o r f i l l and h a u l .

Drying oven emiss ions go o u t the stack for which t h e y have

a n a i r q u a l i t y p e r m i t . There i s no s o l v e n t recovery .

S o l v e n t s are used t o c l e a n o u t f i n i s h i n g p i p e l i n e s and for

c l e a n i n g f u r n i t u r e and f o r removing p a i n t f o r reworking.

Comments by B i l l Parks, D r e x e l H e r i t a g e F u r n i t u r e - Drexel H e r i t a g e most ly manufac turers case goods. One pa r t i -

c u l a r problem t h e y exper ienced is h a n d l i n g s p e n t d e t e r g e n t from

washing r a g s which w a s be ing s e n t t o the sewer. Their POTW now

requires t r e a t m e n t of t h i s e f f l u e n t so t h e y are going t o s t o p

washing r a g s . Rags are used f o r f i n i s h i n g o p e r a t i o n s a n d c o n t a i n

11

waste solvents. B i l l Sales of Broyhill worked on Pretreatment

and is a good contact for t h i s problem.

-~ Drexel u s e s v i r tua l ly no water-based coatings; they mainly

use nitrocellulose and some urethane, and polyester f inishes.

Solvents include MEK, MeAC. Their hazardous waste solvents go t o __

Prillaman, sol ids go t o Caldwell-Lenoir (250,000 lbs . l a s t

year) .

d u s t .

~

Solids include sludges from water wash booths and lacquer

There is no solvent recovery such as carbon adsorption

practiced i n the painting area.

Furniture manufacturers made a concerted e f fo r t t o u s e

water-based finishes, b u t d i d n ' t l ike the looks of the finished

products, so dropped the idea a f e w years ago a f t e r they had

t r i ed some of the water-based coatings.

Innovative method for possible presentation a t the work-

shop: Drexel now uses high molecular weight p l a s t i c coated

panels on the water wash booths. The accumulated solids can

simply be blown off w i t h a i r so that there i s no need for solvent

washes. This coating is not as expensive as teflon.

Comments by James L. Minter, Bassett Furniture - Innovative method for possible presentation a t the

workshop: Bassett does do some e lec t ros ta t ic spraying t o save

p a i n t . This process is useful for f u r n i t u r e w i t h lo t s of open

space such a s cr ibs and chairs. I t requires a h u m i d i t y

chamber. Suppliers of equipment are: 1) Ransberg, Indianapolis

who s e l l the revolving d i sk system and 2 ) NOrdSOn, Ed Clark has

12

c o n t a c t . Mobil se l ls the f i n i s h e s . The f i r s t i n s t a l l a t i o n was

so s u c c e s s f u l that a n o t h e r system w a s l a te r i n s t a l l e d .

Bassett does no t use water wash booths because o f the water

t r e a t m e n t problems. They use b a f f l e s and s o m e f i l t e r s .

Bassett u s e s mostly conven t iona l guns and some airless guns.

P r i l l aman r e c y c l e s some s o l v e n t s , Caldwell bu rns some

sol ids , and Oldover burns some s o l v e n t s ( P r i l l a m a n ' s s t i l l

bottoms are normally s e n t t o Oldover)

PCB-laden t r a n s f o r m e r d i s p o s a l i s a g e n e r a l and c o s t l y pro-

b l e m for the i n d u s t r y .

Comments by Jon K. Parish/Ken Wriqht, The Lane Company - Lane has 11 o u t o f 19 p l a n t s located i n North C a r o l i n a , 4 or

5 a re i n V i r g i n i a . All f a c i l i t i e s u s e so lvent -based f i n i s h e s .

They have o n l y one w a t e r - w a l l booth and 2 water pan booths com-

pany-wide. The rest are d r y booths.

Their wastes are s e n t t o Oldover, Seaboard, and C a l d w e l l -

Bickory.

Two problems t h e y would l i k e t o see addres sed a t the Work-

shop are:

(1) Two of the i r f a c i l i t i e s w i l l be covered by the new RCRA

amendments. They need t r a i n i n g h e l p and more informat ion on the

requi rements .

( 2 ) New Fede ra l l e g i s l a t i o n r e q u i r e s moni tor ing of non-point

source d i s c h a r g e from i n d u s t r i a l b u i l d i n g s , f a c i l i t i e s and

p a r k i n g l o t s . They need in fo rma t ion on requi rements .

13

They are c u r r e n t l y us ing Air less guns on top-coats. They

are looking a t a i r - a s s i s t e d guns.

S o l i d s P a i n t s .

Want more in fo rma t ion on High

OTHER PROBLEMS

(1) S a n i t a r y L a n d f i l l s

Sol ids s e n t t o s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s should n o t c o n t a i n l a c q u e r

d u s t or l i q u i d s . I n practice, some is s e n t to l a n d f i l l s w i t h

other solids. S a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l s are g e n e r a l l y concerned w i t h

r e a c t i v e and flammable components, and c o n t a i n e r s tha t might

c o n t a i n l i q u i d s .

( 2 ) Burning Wastes

I t would be convenient t o allow d r y so l id s f r o m the s p r a y

p a i n t booths to be burned i n boilers. Bassett w a s asked t o s top

b u r n i n g t he i r waste by a i r q u a l i t y pe r sonne l . Under w h a t condi-

t i o n s can the i n d u s t r y burn their was te s?

what s tack t e s t i n g must they do t o burn wastes?

w i t h A i r Q u a l i t y , NRCD.

What can t h e y burn and

W e need t o t a l k

( 3 ) Metal F i n i s h e s

Lane Company has m e t a l shops i n H i g h P o i n t , Royal Develop-

ment-Metal, makes par ts for r e c l i n e r s . They u s e degreasers, d i p

t a n k s , and m e t a l p a i n t i n g i n three p l a n t s . O t h e r m e t a l f u r n i t u r e

compan ies i nc lude : Hoover Universa l -Legget t which makes Convert-

a-bed.

(4 ) P e r m i t S t a t u s of TSD's

( 5 ) Using Oldover, C a l d w e l l , GS-X

What can customers do t o help t h e m get their pe rmi t s?

14

SUMMARY

G o a l d a t e for Workshop -- E a r l y November

AFMA Endorsement o f Workshops Desireable ( L a r r y Runyan t o check and g i v e response t o J. K o h l )

P romote Workshops i n the AFMA Bimonthly n e w s l e t t e r

P o t e n t i a l s p e a k e r s and s u b j e c t s

- B i l l Parks -- P l a s t i c Coated Pane l s on Spray Booths

- James Minter -- Exper ience w i t h Electrostat ic Spray Equip- ment

- B i l l Sales -- B r o y h i l l P r e t r e a t m e n t

Topics of I n t e r e s t :

- Co- f i r ing wastes i n boilers and i n c i n e r a t o r s . What is permissible? Under w h a t c o n d i t i o n s ?

- New RCRA amendment requi rements

- Exper ience i n the use of air-assisted air less s p r a y guns

- Water based c o a t i n g s expe r i ence

- POT'JJ P r e t r e a t m e n t requi rements

- New non-point s o u r c e l e g i s l a t i o n requi rements

Act ions t o be taken:

- Contac t James Minter t o have t o u r o f e lectrostat ic p a i n t i n g system

- Contac t NRCD, A i r Q u a l i t y o f f i c e and p r e t r e a t m e n t o f f i c e

- Find o u t abou t non-point source l e g i s l a t i o n

- G e t document "Sur face Coat ing o f Metal F u r n i t u r e " from EPA-RTP

- Contac t EPA-RTP: Gene W. Smith, David Salman, and J i m Berry

Prepared by: Jeremy Pearson

Comments or c o r r e c t i o n s to: Jerome K o h l , Sen io r Extens ion Specialist

Box 7909, NCSU Rale igh , NC 27695-7909 (919) 737-2303

1 5

APPENDIX A.2

MANAGING A N D RECYCLING SOLVENTS IN

THE FURNITURE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

Sub jec t :

Purpose :

Attendees :

Discuss ion:

-- Places

Project c o o r d i n a t i o n c o m m i t t e e meeting on J u l y 23, 1985

Receive i n p u t on p o s s i b l e speakers, c o n t a c t s f o r November workshops, r e c e i v e i n p u t on p u b l i c i z i n g the workshops

Roger S c h e c t e r Mike Sewell B i l l M i l l s D r . Linda L i t t l e E m i l B reck l ing

Gary Hunt Ed Clark J e r r y Kohl P h i l i p Wright Jeremy Pearson

and d a t e s for the workshop have been confirmed.

November 20 Greensboro-High P o i n t Marriott

November 2 1 C a t a w b a Va l l ey Technical Co l l ege - Hickory

-- P l a n t v i s i t s have been made t o K e m p F u r n i t u r e , Turner C a s e Goods, and Myr t le Desk. Planned v i s i t s (now covered) - Crown Wood Products and Century F u r n i t u r e

-- Sugges t ion for workshops - S t a r t program by e x p l a i n i n g w h a t changes i n r e g u l a t i o n s are going t o be made i n a n attempt t o g a i n the i n t e r e s t and a t t e n t i o n of the a t t e n d e e s .

Topic 1 - Regu la to r s t o Contac t for Possible Speakers

Ar thu r Mauberry is i n charge of non-point s o u r c e r e q u i r e - ments and permits (Water Q u a l i t y - NPDES) .

Doug Cook - Region I V EPA - does c a l c u l a t i o n s on s o l v e n t emis s ions .

F i n Johnson - Chief of A i r Q u a l i t y s e c t i o n - A i r tox ics program, threshold v a l u e s f o r environment.

Doug Finan - I n d u s t r i a l w a t e r p r e t r e a t m e n t programs, r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s .

J e r r y Rhodes, W i l l i a m Pa ige , or Tom Karnoski - r e v i s e d RCRA r e g u l a t i o n s - changes f o r small g e n e r a t o r s .

16

Topic 2 - O t h e r People t o Contac t f o r I n p u t or Involvement i n Workshops

(1) PPG - wants new r e g u l a t i o n s that would pe rmi t the u s e of h i g h so l ids technology.

( 2 ) Major c o a t i n g s s u p p l i e r s - conduct m o s t o f the c o a t i n g research and may be able t o supply names of manufac tu re r s who u s e the i r p roduc t s .

( 3 ) Major equipment s u p p l i e r s - should have ideas f o r c l e a n i n g up s p r a y booth water and may be a b l e t o supply names of manufac tu re r s w h o u s e their p roduc t s .

Topic 3 - I n p u t on P u b l i c i z i n g Workshops

Linda L i t t l e - The Governor 's Waste Management Board p u t s o u t a bi-monthly n e w s l e t t e r .

Emil Breck l ing - has n e w s l e t t e r and can supply labels f o r g e n e r a t o r s and small g e n e r a t o r s .

Department o f Commerce - has l i s t of NC manufac turers by S I C code.

Buck O 'Sh ie lds - Wilmington - New A s s o c i a t i o n o f Treaters, Stores, and Disposers has a n e w s l e t t e r .

Equipment and f i n i s h i n g s u p p l i e r s may be w i l l i n g t o send o u r f l y e r s w i t h their correspondence.

17

APPENDIX B FURNITURE MANUFACTURERS' QUESTIONNAIRE RESPONSES

(1) What t y p e of f i n i s h i n g equipment are you p r e s e n t l y us ing? ( F l a t l i n e or s p r a y g u n s / a i r l e s s , c o n v e n t i o n a l , o r electro- s t a t i c sp ray ing? Robotics?/Spray booths - w e t or dry?) If you u s e f i l t e r s i n your sp ray booths, h o w do you dispose of t h e m ?

- Convent ional s p r a y gun - U s e s the conven t iona l t y p e s p r a y gun and s p r a y booth. B l o w e r s and stacks through the roof. F i l t e r s are used i n f i l l e r and g l a z e booths. This f i l t e r is changed t w o or three t i m e s a week, depending on running t i m e . Spent f i l t e rs are burned. - Convent ional s p r a y guns/dry s p r a y booths /no f i l t e r s . - Spray g u n s / a i r l e s s . - F l a t l i n e + airless s p r a y guns w i t h w e t (water b a s i n ) s p r a y booths.

( 2 ) What are your p r e s e n t s o l v e n t w a s t e management practices (Recycl ing , i n c i n e r a t i o n , o f f - s i t e t r e a t m e n t or disposal, e tc . )?

- Disposa l - Solven t waste is picked up by P r i l l a m a n Co. of

- O f f - s i t e d i s p o s a l - O f f - s i t e t r e a t m e n t - go%# I n c i n e r a t i o n - 10% - P r e s e n t l y d i s p o s i n g o f a l l s p r a y booth water ( w i t h

M a r t i n s v i l l e , VA for o f f - s i t e d i s p o s a l .

sol ids) as hazardous waste i n o f f - s i t e t r e a t m e n t area (waste c o n t r a c t o r )

( 3 ) As a waste s o l v e n t manager, you must have implemented some p r a c t i c e s which have proved b e n e f i c i a l t o your w a s t e manage- ment programs. Could you i d e n t i E y these? ( r e c y c l i n g , new or i n n o v a t i v e s p r a y i n g equipment, h i g h sol ids c o n t e n t o r waste-based c o a t i n g s I t r a i n i n g programs for s p r a y equipment o p e r a t o r s ) ?

- Our waste management program follows a cont ingency p l a n based on recommendations of P r i l l aman and other s u p p l i e r s and approved by the EPA - T r a i n i n g Programs

- Water-based basecoats + i n k are used i n f l a t l i n e system. Plan t o f i l t e r s o l i d s from booth water f o r solid waste l a n d f i l l disposal + w a t e r by-products t o be d r a i n e d i n t o c i t y sewer.

( 4 ) D o you have any problems w i t h environmental management of s o l v e n t s that you would l i k e addressed i n the November work- shop (VOC's, waste water, Hazardous Wastes, e tc . )?

18

- NO - This session may not touch on the new problems of the use of formaldehyde, b u t t h i s is the big problem for the moment. - Hazardous waste disposal review. - What a re some cost effect ive methods of removing solvents from spray booth water + solids.

19

APPENDIX C

MANAGING AND RECYCLING SOLVENTS IN THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY

PROGRAM SCHEDULE

Greensboro, NC Hickory, NC

November 20, 1985 November 21, 1985

8:OO - 8:30 R e g i s t r a t i o n

8:30 - 9:00 I n t r o d u c t i o n s - Discuss ion of purpose of meeting and manual , P a r t i c i p a n t s i n t r o d u c t i o n s and q u e s t i o n s

J e r r y Kohl, Program C h a i r m n , S e n i o r Extens ion Specialist, NCSU

Welcome

L a r r y Runyan, Director of Manufactur ing S e r v i c e s , AFMA

9:00 - 1O:OO F i v e minute p r e s e n t a t i o n s by E x h i b i t o r s on the i r p r o d u c t s and s e r v i c e s

S e s s i o n C h a i r m n , Jeremy Pearson, G r a d u a t e A s s i s t a n t , NCSU

1O:OO - 10:30 Break i n E x h i b i t A r e a

10:30 - 12:30 Case S t u d i e s of process changes which reduced s o l v e n t wastes or upgraded disposal methods

S e s s i o n C h a i r m n , Ed C l a r k , F u r n i t u r e Extens ion Specialist , NCSU

"Spray Techniques t o Reduce VOC Emissions, 'I S t e v e S t a n d i f e r , P l a n t Manager, Ethan Al l en , Old Fort, NC

"Comparison of S o l v e n t Management on the F i n i s h i n g Line , I' Robb H o l t , Manager of F i n i s h i n g S e r v i c e s , Steelcase, Inc . , Fletcher, WC

"Experience w i t h Rotary D i s c Electrostatic F in i sh - i n g , '' Jerry K i s e r , B r o y h i l l I n d u s t r i e s , Lenoi r , NC

11:25 - 11:35 Break

" S t a t u s of Ecologically Safe F i n i s h e s , I' G.M. C u r r i e r , Product Specialist , Re l i ance Un ive r sa l , High P o i n t , NC

"Experience w i t h Recycl ing So lven t s In-Plan t , 'I Blaney J e n n e t t e , P l a n t Manager, Bol ing Company, M t . O l ive , NC

MANAGING AND RECYCLING SOLVENTS I N THE FURNITURE INDUSTRY

12:30 - 1:15

1:14 - 1:45

1:45 - 2215

2:15 - 3200

3:15 - 3:50

3:30 - 4:15

4:15 - 4:30

4:30 - 5:OO

PROGRAM SCHEDULE ( c o n t i n u e d )

"Experience w i t h Solvent /Waste I n c i n e r a t i o n , I' Wayne Kennedy, Environmental Engineer , Bur l ing ton F u r n i t u r e , Lexington, NC

Lunch

"Overcoming R e s i s t a n c e t o Change, " H o w a r d Miller, Professor Emeri tus , Psychology, NCSU

V i s i t E x h i b i t o r s

Update on Regu la t ions

Sess ion Chairman, Roger Schecter, P o l l u t i o n P reven t ion Pays Program, North Caro l ina Department of N a t u r a l Resources and Community Development

Changes i n RCRA Regua l t ions - E f f e c t on Small Genera to r s , N.C. So l id and Hazardous Waste Branch

S t e v e Phibbs, Greensboro K e i t h Masters, Hickory

Changes i n A i r Q u a l i t y Regu la t ions , A i r Q u a l i t y S e c t i o n , N o r t h C a r o l i n a Department of N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s and Community Development

Myron Whitley, Greensboro K e i t h Overcash, Hickory

P u b l i c and Employee "Right-to-know" Standard , North Carolina Department of Labor

Break i n E x h i b i t A r e a

Update on Regu la t ions ( c o n t i n u e d )

P r e t r e a t m e n t S tandards and N e w Non-Point Source L e g i s l a t i o n , Doug Finan, Head of P re t r ea tmen t , Water Q u a l i t y S e c t i o n , North C a r o l i n a Department of N a t u r a l Resources and Community Development

P o l l u t i o n P reven t ion Pays, Roger Schecter

Comments and Recommendations f o r Manual - P h i l i p Wright, Sen io r , FMM Curriculum, NCSU

V i s i t Exhib i tors

21

Managing and Recycling Solvents in the Furniture Industry

Wednesday,

November 20,1985 Greensboro, North Carolina 84

Thursday, November 21,1985 Hickory, Nor th Carolina

p"n\orrd by

ichool of Engineering Industrial Extension Service

Xvision for Lifelong Education Uorth Carolina State University

The North Carolina Board ,f Science and Technology

The American Furniture blanufacturer's Association

,"<I 8 " c""rd!ndtla" w t t ,

nd with d i ~ i s i d n ~ r from

nd

PROGRAM SCHEDULE

8:OO - 0:3O Registration

8 3 0 - 9:OO Introductions

9:OO - 1O:OO Five minute prerentationr by Exhibitors

1O:W - 10:30 Break - Visit Exhibitors

10:30 - 12:30 Case Studies

"Sprdy Techniques l o Reduce VOC Emisrion5" Ethan Allen, Old Fort. NC

men1 011 the I-irrbhing Line" Ster:lc.isc, Inc., Flelcher, NC

"Exparierice with Kofary Disc Electro$t~tic Firrhhiiig" Broyhill Indu%tries. Lenoir, NC

"Cornpar iwn of Solvent Manage-

(11:30- l l : 4 0 Break) " S i a t i ~ of Lcologically Safe Finirher" Reliance Universal, High Point, NC

"Experience with Recycliiig Solvents In-Plaid' Boling Company, Mt . Olive. NC

Incineratiorr " Burlington Furniture, Lexington, NC

"Exprririrce with Solvent/Wasfe

12:30 - 1:15 Lunch

1:15 - 1:3O "Overcomirij Howdrd Mi Psychology,

1:3O - 2:00 Visit Exhibiti

2 : O O - 3:oO Update on I

Session Chai Pollution Prt NRCI)

Changes in N.C. Solid 'I Waste Branc

Fair Quality No i th Caroli Natural Resc D e v e l o p "

3:OO - 3:1O Break 3:30 - 4: IS Pretreatnienl

Non-Point S Water Qual i North Cdroli Ndtural Kesc Developmen

Pollution Pri Roger Schrc

4:15 - 4:jO Comments for Manual

F i l l out Evali

4:30 - 5:(N Visit Exhihiti

Managing and Recycling Solvents in the Furniture Industry

Wednesday, November 20,1985 Greensboro, North Carolina & Thunddy, November 21,1985 Hickory, North Carolina

'pO,,\""d b y

School of Engineering industrial txtension Service a m ~n morclin*tmn w,Ih

Division for Lifelong Education North Carolina State University and with d w i i i t i ~ e troni

The North Carolina Board ol Science and Technology m d The Ameriran Furniture Manufacturer's Association

Managing and Recycling Solvents in the Furniture Undustry

1:15 - 1:10 "Cwer<aming Reriitance Io Change" Howard Millet, Vrofersoi Cmcritus, Psychology, NCSU

1 3 0 - 2:nO Viail Fxhihitors 2:OO - 3:OO Update on Regulations

Session Chairman, Rogrr Srhecter Pollution Prevention Pays Program NRCD Clrmgsi in RCRA Reguialionr N.C. Solid and Hazardour W.wc Branch

h i t Qualily Regulationi Noilti Carolina Drpartmcnt of ~ i ~ t ~ r i l l Rrrourrea arid Community I ) W C ~ O ~ W I

3:nO - 3:Xl HrPak

3:3(1 - 1.15 Prerreatmnt Standard% a n d New Non-Point Soutre Legidation Water Quality Section North Cntoliria Drpartmrnl of Natural Renaurces and Community Devciopnlent Pollution Piwention Pay5 Rugel Schecter

lor Manual lill out Lvaluation Foim

4:15 - 4 3 0 < ommenla and Rrcommendatiorii

4 3 0 . 5:00 Visit Exhibitors

naglng And Recycling Solvents in

he Furniture industry Wednesday

November 20.1185 enrboto, North Cdrulind

R Thurrday,

November 21,1185 Hickory, North Cxolinu

APPENDIX E

23

in the Furniture Industry

May, 1986

Prepared by: Jerome Kohl, Senior Extension Specialist Jeremy Pearson, Research Assistant Michelle Rose, Research Assistant Philip Wright, Furniture Manufacturing &

Management Student Assisted By:

lunding Was Provided By The N.C. Board of Science and Technology

24

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I n t r o d u c t o r y Acknowl edgment and Not ice i M a t e r i a l s

In t roduc t i on v i i

~

___

Chapters 1 Factors Involved i n Change 1

A. Legal and Economic Factors

1. Economics 2. Government Incent ives

3. Legal L i a b i l i t y 4. Envi ronmental Impact 5. Regulat ions

1 . Overcomi ng Resistance t o Change 2. Force F i e l d Analysis

6. Psychological Factors

2 Proper Spray Techniques 8

A. 6. C.

E. F.

50 Percent Overlap Gun Distance Gun Speed

Holding t h e Gun Perpendicular Tr igger ing t h e Gun T ra i n i ng Spray Operators 1. Benef i ts o f Formal T ra in ing

2. Using Video Equipment t o Aid T ra in ing

8 9

10 10 11 11 11

12

3 Coating Methods 14

A. Spray Guns 14

1. Conventional A i r Spray Guns 14 2. A i r l e s s Spray Guns 14 3. Air-Assisted A i r l e s s Spray Guns 14 4. Using Heaters f o r Coatings 16

B . E l ec t r o s t a t i c F i n i shi ng 18

C. E l e c t r o s t a t i c Powder Coating f o r Metal Fu rn i tu re 23

0. F l a t L ine F i n i s h i n g 25 E. Vacuum S ta in ing 26

25

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

Page ~~~ -

4 Status o f Eco log i ca l l y Desi rab le Coatings 31

A. Water-Based Coatings B. High Sol ids Coatings

31 32

5 Good Housekeeping Procedures 35

A. Inventory Control B . Equipment Maintenance

35 36

6 North Caro l ina Regulations Governing Waste Solvents 38 -~

A. RCRA Regul a t ions 1. D e f i n i t i o n o f Hazardous Waste Solvents

a. L i s ted Solvents b. Charac te r i s t i cs Waste Solvents

2. Requirements f o r Generators

3. Recent Changes Appl icable t o Generators a. C e r t i f i c a t i o n o f Min imizat ion

b. S a t e l l i t e Accumulation Areas c. Recycle/Reuse Exemption

d,

e. Enforcement Po l i c y

Burning Solvents f o r Heat Recovery

38 38 38 39 39 43 43 43 43 43 44

f. Ban on L 4. Requi rement s 5. Requirements

6. A i r Qua l i t y Regu 1. B o i l e r Regul

F a c i l i t i e s

quids t o L a n d f i l l s 44 f o r Transporters 44 f o r Hazardous Waste Management

44 a t i ons 45

t i ons 45 2. Hydrocarbon-based Emissions 3. Proposed A i r Toxic Regul a t i ons

C. Water Q u a l i t y Regulations 1. NPDES

a. Storm Water Runoff Permit b. Bioassay

2. Pretreatment

45 46 47 47 47 48 48

26

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

Page

7 Waste Management Options 50

A.

B.

C.

0.

E.

F.

G.

H.

1.

Hierarchy o f Options

Recycl i ng Options 1 . In-P1 ant Recycl i ng

2. Out-of-P1 ant Recycl ing Burning Waste Solvents as Fuel

1. In-Plant 2. Out-of-P1 ant

01; her D i sposal Options 1. I nc ine ra te

2. Secure L a n d f i l l Transporter, Treatment, Storage and Disposal Services Sel ec t i ng Servi ces 1. Option 1 2. Option 2 Cost o f Services Packaging Waste f o r O f f - S i t e Disposal Special South Carol ina Waste Acceptance Requ i rement s

50 50 50 57 58 58 59 60 60 60

60 60 60 6 1 61 64

64

Appendices A Coating Suppl iers 65

€3 Coati ng Equipment Suppl i ers 67

C Waste Management Information 69

Ana ly t i ca l Laborator ies 69 Hazardous Waste Services 72 Hazardous Waste Transporters 75

Heat Recoverers and Inc ine ra to rs 78 Landf i 11 s 80 D i s t i l l a t i o n Equipment Suppliers 83. Metal Recyclers 83 Purveyors o f Hazardous Waste Packaging Ma te r ia l s 86 Sol vent Recyclers 87

27

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont inued) Page

10 Sol vent Suppl i e r s 11 Waste O i l Handlers 12 RCRA Informat ion Sources

92 93 96

D The North Carol i na P o l l u t i o n Prevention Pays Program 105

E The Piedmont Waste Exchange 109

F SolventsaUsed i n t h e F u r n i t u r e Indust ry 114

Case Studies 1

2

3

4

5 6

7

8

9

10 11

12

Using video equipment t o a i d i n t r a i n i n g spray gun, operators, Ethan A1 1 en, 01 d Fo r t , NC A i r-associated a i r l e s s spray f o r f i n i s h i n g wood f u r n i t u r e , Kemp Furn i tu re Indus t r i es , Goldsboro, NC

E l e c t r o s t a t i c f i n i s h i n g of cha i r s using a rec ip roca t ing disc, Broyhi 11 Fu rn i tu re Indust r ies, Lenoir, NC

Hand-held e l e c t r o s t a t i c spraying equipment, Thomasvil le Furni ture, Thomasville, NC

F l a t l i n e f i n i s h i n g , Steelcase Inc., F le tcher , NC

Using water-based s ta ins i n a vacuum s t a i n i n g operation, Kemp Furn i ture, Goldsboro, NC

Replacing solvent borne i n k s w i t h water borne inks f o r gravure p r i n t i n g , Kemp Furn i tu re Indust r ies, Goldsboro, NC Inventory contro l , Century Furn i ture, Century Furn i ture, Hickory, NC In-house s t i l l - " L i t t l e S t i l l - LS-15," Bo l ing Company, Mt. Olive, NC

In-house s t i 11 , Lenoi r M i r r o r Company, Lenoi r, NC

In-house s t i l l , Hickory Springs Manufacturing Company, Hickory , NC

In-house inc ine ra to r and b o i l e r , Bur l ington Fu rn i tu re Div is ion, Lexington, NC

12

16

20

22 25

27

31

35

54 56

56

58

Tab1 es 3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages o f Various Coating Methods 28

4.1 Using Water-Based Coatings 32 4.2 High Sol ids Coatings 33 6.1 Appl icable Hazardous Waste Regulations and Rules 41 6.2 Comparison o f Regulat ions f o r 3 Types o f

Hazardous Waste Generators 42

28

TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.)

Page

Figures

6.3 A i r Pol l u t i o n Control Requirements Appl i cab1 e t o t h e Fu rn i tu re Indus t r y 45

6.4 Categories o f Photoreacti ve Sol vents 46 7.1 Example of a Return on Investment Ca lcu la t i on 53 7.2 Limi t a t i ons , L i abi 1 i t y and Economics o f

Waste Sol vent Disposal Options 62 7.3 Select ion o f Hauler, Treater, o r Disposal F i rm 63

1.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6

6.1

7.1 E. l

--

Options For Managing Waste Sol vents

50 Percent Overlap Gun Distance Results o f Not Holding t h e Gun Perpendicular

External Mix Gun I n t e r n a l Mix Gun Schematic o f a System w i t h a Heater E l e c t r o s t a t i c Disc E l e c t r o s t a t i c Gun Powder Spray Booth Equipped w i t h Powder Recovery System Departments and Boards which Cur ren t l y Regulate Hazardous Waste i n North Carol ina

Options f o r Managing Waste Solvents Piedmont Waste Exchange

4

9 9

10

15 15 17 18 19

24

40 51

111

29