management of tibial plateau fracture
TRANSCRIPT
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MANAGEMENT OF TIBIAL PLATEAU FRACTURE
DR.KHADIJAH NORDIN
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Introduction
• one of the most critical loadbearing areas in the human body.
• Goal of management:– Restore joint congruity– Preserved normal mechanical axis– Stable joint– Restore knee motion
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• Issues – Severe comminution– Variable bone quality– Overlying soft tissue injury associated injury to• Cartilage• Meniscus• Stabilizing ligament
– Underlying medical condition– Financial background
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Low n high energy trauma
• In low energy trauma the problem is mechanical fixation in osteoporotic bone
• In high energy trauma the problem is biological and associated with damage to the soft tissue
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Clinical presentation
• History– High energy trauma in young– Low energy trauma in elderly
• Assessment– Open or closed fracture– Compartment syndrome– Instability– Neurovascular– ATLS
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Imaging • Radiographs
– Knee AP/LAT– Oblique ( subtle plateau depression)– Plateau view ( 10 caudal tilt)
• Knee CT– Articular involvement comminution– Schatzker IV V VI– Pre op planning
• Knee MRI– Schatzker I II III– Assesment meniscus n ligament
• Angiography
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Personality of fracture
• Soft tissue damage• Degree of dislocation• Degree of comminution• Degree of join involvement• Osteoporosis• Nerve / blood vessel injury
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Classification
• Schatzker classification• AO/OTA• Three column classification
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Schatzker classification
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AO/OTA classification
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The three column classification
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• Zero column = schatzker type III• One column = schatzker type I and II– Articular depression in the posterior column with a break
of the posterior wall is also defined as a one-column (posterior column) fracture (this type of fracture is not included in any type of the Schatzker classification)
• Two column = schatzker type IV– the concurrence of an anterolateral fracture and a
separate posterior-lateral articular depression with a break of the posterior wall
• Three column = schatzker type V and IV– is defined as at least one independent articular fragment
in each column
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Management
• Non operative• Operative
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Non operative
• No joint step >2mm• No axial instability• Severe osteoporosis• General and local contraindication
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• Method:– Protected weight bearing and early knee ROM
with hinged knee brace– Isometric quadriceps exercise and progressive
passive active assisted and active knee ROM exercise
– PWB for 8-12 weeks with progression to full weight bearing
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Emergency operative treatment
• Vascular injury• Compartment injury• Open fracture injury• Gross dislocation• Floating knee• Polytrauma
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Indication for surgery• Depression of the joint equal to the depth of the cartilage
– 4mm lateral plateau– 2.5mm for medial plateau– > articular step – off > 3mm
• Condylar widening >5mm• valgus/ varus instability• Medial plateau fracture• Bicondylar fracture• Open fracture• Extensive soft tissue contusion/ compartment syndrome• Vascular injury
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Timing for surgery
• General principles:– Understanding the configuration of the fracture– Suitable implant and instrument– Skilled surgical team– Pre op plan• Closed schatzker I – III
– Axial stable, minimal soft tissue compromise ideally timing on day 5 -7 ( skin wrinkling)
• Closed schatzker IV – VI– Axial unstable will shorten, soft tissue compromise, if delay in
definative op – joint spanning external fixation / traction within 24h
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Principle of surgical management
• Goals of treatment• Reconstruction of articular surface• Re-establisment of tibial alignment• Stable construct• Early ROM
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• Reducing and buttressing elevated articular segment with bone graft and implant
• Spanning external fixators as temporary measure in patients with high energy injury, severe soft tissue injury and polytrauma
• Arthroscopy assisted surgery• Soft tissue reconstruction (meniscuss/
ligament)
Principle of surgical management
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Surgical approach
• Straight midline• Anterolateral• Posteromedial• Two approaches for bicondylar fracture• MIPO
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• lateral incision (most common)– straight or hockey stick incision anterolaterally from just
proximal to joint line to just lateral to the tibial tubercle• midline incision (if planning TKA in future)
– can lead to significant soft tissue stripping and should be avoided
• posteromedial incision – interval between semimembranosus and medial head of
gastrocnemius • dual surgical incisions with dual plate fixation
– indications• bicondylar tibial plateau fractures
• posterior– can be used for posterior shearing fracture
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• Skin incision• With the knee in slight flexion
make a straight or slightly curved incision running from the medial epicondyle towards the postero-medial edge of the tibia. The incision can be extended as needed both proximally and distally as indicated by the dashed line.
• Anterolateral approach• Make a straight incision
lateral to the patella. Then, open the deep fascia anterior to the ilio-tibial tract.
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• Skin incision• Identify Gerdy’s
tubercle. Make a straight incision about 5cm in length starting posteriorly to Gerdy’s tubercle and running distally and anteriorly.
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Implant option
• Choice of implant if related to the fracture pattern, degree of displacement and the familiarity of surgeon– Plate and screw
• Buttressing against shear forces or neutralizing rotational forces• Thinner plate• MIPO• Double plating
– Screw alone• Simple split• Depressed fracture elevated percutaneusly
– External fixation
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Bridging external fixators• Indication:
– Open fracture with severe soft tissue injury
– Joint instability– Polytrauma– Severe soft tissue compromised– Serious medical co-morbidity
• Contra indication in osteoporosis• Advantages
– Provide temporary immobilization of fracture
– Soft tissue friendly– Fast procedure– Restore n maintain length– Restore axial alignment– Improves position of bone fragment by
ligamentosis
• Disadvantages:– Bridging the joint– Risk of pin tract infection– Risk of knee stiffness
• Technique– two 5-mm half-pins in distal femur, two
in distal tibia– axial traction applied to fixator– fixator is locked in slight flexion
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Hybrid external fixation• Indication
– Severe open fracture– Major joint instability– Severe soft tissue
compromise, not permitting definitive internal fixation
• post-operative care– begin weight bearing when
callus is visible on radiographs
– usually remain in place 2-4 months
• technique – reduce articular surface
either percutaneously or with small incisions
– stabilize reduction with lag screws or wires
– must keep wires >14mm from joint
– apply external fixator or hybrid ring fixation
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Ring external fixation
• Indication– Severe open fracture
with bone loss– Fracture with loss of soft
tissue cover
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Plate osteosynthesis• Minimal invasive plate
osteosynthesis (MIPO) with the aids of plate with locking screws
• Less traumatizing to soft tissue
• Indication– Osteoporosis bone– Articular, displaces,
unstable fracture– Open fracture
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Schatzker I• Closed reduction then
stabilized with 6.5mm cancellous screw lag screw with washer to gain compression
• Anterolateral approach• In young patient screw
fixation is adequate• ± antiglide screw /plate• In elderly buttress plate is
required
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Schatzker II• Open reduction and elevation
of the depress fragment• Anterolateral approach• Bone graft is placed to support
the elevation fragment• Temporarily held with k-wire• Position of plate is determine
by location of the fracture– Buttress plate– Lag screw
• Compression of the articular fragment and of large metaphyseal fragment
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Schatzker III
• Open reduction/ arthroscopic assisted
• Anterolateral approached
• Elevation through a metaphyseal window
• Temporary k-wire• Bone grafted• Subchondral plate/
screws
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• Medial buttress plate– Counteract the shear
forces acting on the medial plateau
– Lag screw alone not sufficient to stabilize the fracture
Schatzker IV
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• Required lateral and medial stabilization of fracture
• Stabilization– Double plating– Locking plate– External fixators
Schatzker V
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Double plating complete articular fracture
• Two incision:– Anterolateral and
posteromedial• Indication:
– Displaced posteromedial fragment need to be buttressed with posterior plate
– Medial articular involvement
– Displacement of medial column
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Thank you