management of psychosomatic disorders through ayurvedic drugs

www.wjpps.com

6507

Om Prakash et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

MANAGEMENT OF PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDERS THROUGH

AYURVEDIC DRUGS- A CRITICAL REVIEW

Om Prakash Rout1a, Rabinarayana Acharya2, Rakshapal Gupta1b, Shrikanta R

Inchulkar3, Kamleshwar S Karbhal4, Rashmibala Sahoo5

1 Lecturera, Readerb, Dept. of Dravyaguna, Govt. Ayurveda College, Raipur (C.G).

2Associate Professor, Dept. of Dravyaguna, I.P.G.T. & R.A. Gujarat Ayurved University,

Jamnagar, Gujarat. 3Reader, Dept. of Agada Tantra & Vidhi Ayurved , Govt. Ayurveda College, Raipur (C.G).

4Lecturer, Dept. of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Govt. Ayurveda College, Raipur

(C.G). 5Scientific officer (Botany), State Drug Testing Laboratory (ISM), Govt. Ayurveda Hospital

Campus, BJB Nagar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

ABSTRACT

The Psychosomatic disease (disorder of stress) to the problem of health

and disease has attained the central theme of the current trends of

modern medicine. Psychotherapeutics does not meet properly for

therapeutic possibilities of majority of patients with psychosomatic

problems. Ayurvedic remedies are immerging as ultimate therapeutic

hope for such disorders. These disorders may be prevented by the use

of psychotropic drugs, highlighted as medhya dravyas and medhya

rasayanas either as a single drug or in the form of compound

formulations, in classical texts of Ayurveda. Global search is on, for

the development of an effective antistress drug from natural source

which could effectively tone up the disturbed physiological functioning

of the subjects affected by such stress problems. A number of such

drugs mostly in the form of their extracts (holistic approach) or in

some, as active principles isolated from them, have been evaluated for

their antistress activity by a number of tests which include open field behavior etc. This

review covers a broad spectrum of Ayurvedic drugs and formulations used in specific

WWOORRLLDD JJOOUURRNNAALL OOFF PPHHAARRMMAACCYY AANNDD PPHHAARRMMAACCEEUUTTIICCAALL SSCCIIEENNCCEESS

VVoolluummee 22,, IIssssuuee 66,, 66550077--66553377.. RReevviieeww AArrttiiccllee IISSSSNN 2278 – 4357

Article Received on 23 September 2013, Revised on 26 October 2013, Accepted on 30 November 2013

*Correspondence for

Author: *Dr. Om Prakash Rout

M.D (Ayu.), Ph.D

Lecturer, Dept. of Dravyaguna

Govt. Ayurvedic College

G.E Road, Raipur

Chhattisgarh., India.

[email protected]

om

www.wjpps.com

6508


psychosomatic disorders, their active constituent and specific part of the plant being used. It

is observed that traditionally nearly 28 single drugs are being used either as a single or in

combination for the management of Apasmara, Bhrama, Unmada, Sanyasa and Murccha.

Nearly 78 single Indian medicinal plants and 50 classical Ayurvedic formulations are

generally in use for psychosomatic disorders. Active constituents extracted from specific

parts of 14 medicinal plants are used for the purpose of to benificial the mental health

problems and nearly 46 medicinal plants are reported to have pharmacologically potent as

having anxiolytic effect, adaptogenic and anti-stress activity.

Keywords- Ayurveda, medhya, psychosomatic disorder, stress, medicinal plants, anti-

anxiety, adaptogenic effect.

INTRODUCTION

Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine, primarily concerned with the preventive and

promotive aspects of health for the well being through the concepts of positive physical and

mental health. Management of mental disorders or psychological medicine was an area of

specialization even during Acharya Caraka’s time (500 B.C.). The meaning of the word

“Ayurveda” is self explanatory (Ayu = Life, Veda = Science). Life has been described as the

complex combination of Body (Sarira), Senses (Indriyas), Mind (Sattva) and Soul (Atma)1.

In recent years, the incidence of psychosomatic diseases has shown a tremendous increase

throughout the world, especially in western affluent society, where most of the infectious and

nutritional causes of ill health have been completely eradicated, but the psychosomatic

disorders are emerging as a greater and growing challenge before the medical profession2.

Man being a psychosomatic organism is naturally prone to psychosomatic disorders. Though

in general every disease is psychosomatic in nature but in limited terms a psychosomatic

disease is one whose main cause is in the psyche and the manifestations are predominantly

visible in the body. This can be elucidated by the definition of health, the causes of disease,

the approach to the examination of the patient, the application of psychosomatic constituent,

the regimen of mental and physical hygiene and the several other facts extensively dealt in

Indian Medicine including the use of psychotropic drugs i.e. medhya dravyas and medhya

rasayanas3. Since curative therapy is expensive and largely palliative, Ayurvedic medicines

appear to be a natural choice to reduce chronic diseases.

All illness comes within the perview of psychosomatic medicine; indeed, one of its tenets is

that there is no real distinction between mental and physical illness. In Harold Wolff's words,

www.wjpps.com

6509


“there is no basis for assuming that illness may be divided into psychosomatic and other

illness, except in the most superficial sense . . . the majority of symptomatic illness, medical,

surgical and psychiatric, arise in, or may be remarkably influenced by environmental

circumstances perceived by the individual concerned as threatening."4

A psychosomatic disorder, by definition, is a stress disorder whose principal cause is

psychological in origin but its manifestations are predominantly observed in the body5-7.

Stress is a non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it8-9. Such a response

consists of a series of neurohumoral, endocrine and metabolic changes with related

physiological alterations involving entire body parts and systems albeit to varying degrees10-

12. Normally these stress-induced physiological changes are adaptive, compensatory, and self-

limiting but when stressful conditions are frequent, intense and override certain limits, these

physiological changes become rather irreversible and pathological in nature13. Adrenal

cortex, an integral part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis plays a very

important role in the stress physiology. Cortisol, a principal glucocorticoid in man, is secreted

by the adrenal cortex, has profound effects in health and disease14.

While this psychosomatic approach to medicine is relevant to all illness, there are a particular

group of disorders, the psychosomatic disorders, in which the relationship between

psychosocial disturbance and the occurrence of illness is particularly clear. In these

conditions genetic factors are important, and disturbances of the neuro-endocrine and

neurovegetative system are believed to play an important part in the disease manifestation.

Bronchial asthma, migraine, peptic ulcer, forms of colitis, mucous or ulcerative, certain types

of hypertension and of musculoskeletal disorder, rheumatoid arthritis, eczema and dermatitis,

dental conditions such as Vincent's angina and periodontitis, disturbances of menstrual and

sexual function, and endocrine disorders such as thyrotoxicosis, and perhaps some cases of

diabetes, all come into this group4.

The management of psychosomatic disorder (if the expression is to be preserved) may

therefore be dealt with in two ways: firstly, in general terms which are significant for all

illness, and, secondly, more specifically in terms relating to particular types of illness4.

Texts of Ayurveda systematically recorded the part use, pharmacological properties, actions,

indications of the plant drug highlighted for psychosomatic disorders like apasmara, bhram,

undmada, apasmara, sanyasa etc. with medhaya etc. properties. Their use as a single drug as

www.wjpps.com

6510


well as an ingredient of compound formulations was recorded in samhitas (treatise) as well as

samgraha granthas (compendia of Ayurveda). Various available samhitas (classical texts),

nighantus (lexicons) samgraha granthas (compendia) and research articles pertaining to

pharmacological screening of herbal drugs for their anti-anxiety and adaptogenic (anti-stress),

were referred; the vernacular names, properties, actions and various single drugs and

formulations (with their prime indications) were compiled and arranged in a systematic

manner.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

On perusal of the different tables of this review it is noted that most of the indigenous drugs

have depicted their anti-anxiety and adaptogenic (anti-stress) effects and thus they could be

potential source for the managing the different pychosomatic disorders. Traditional methods

employed in the treatment of various psychosomatic disorders are being tabulated in Table no

115-16. It can be observed that 28 single drugs and 19 combinations have been used in the

management of Apasmara, Bhrama, Unmada, and Sanyasa & Murccha. In Apasamara, 16

combinations are used internally and 6 externally. In Bhrama 9 combinations are used as

internal medication. In Unmada 11 combinations are used internally whereas only 1 as

externally. In Sanyasa & Murccha 9 combinations are used internally whereas only 1

externally.

Apart from these traditional methods, various Ayurvedic drugs mentioned in classics are also

enlisted in Table no 21, 17-23, 84,85, 87-94. It depicts that nearly 78 drugs are used in the

management of psychosomatic disorders. Among them 17 and 12 drugs are enlisted as

medhya and medhya rasayana respectively. Observation shows that highest numbers of drugs

are enlisted in the management of apasmara (28) followed by bhrama (21) unmada (20),

murccha (14), manasa roga (8), anidra (7), madyataya (6), Smrti daurabalya (2), Moha (1)

and Atinidra (1). The main objective of these tables is to support the enthusiastic physicians

and researchers to utilize these traditional methods as well as Ayurvedic drugs for the

effective treatment of different psychological disorders.

Memory is the ability of an individual to record sensory stimuli, events, information, etc. and

retain them over short or long periods of time and recall the same at a later date when needed.

Dementia is a mental disorder characterized by loss of intellectual ability (judgment or

abstract thinking) which invariably involves impairment of memory. The most common

cause of dementia is Alzheimers disease (AD), which is a progressive neurodegenerative

www.wjpps.com

6511


disorder associated with loss of neurons in distinct brain areas and cord24. Poor memory,

lower retention and slow recall are common problems in today’s stressful and competitive

world. Age, stress and emotions are conditions that may lead to memory loss, amnesia,

anxiety, high blood pressure, dementia, to more ominous threat like schizophrenia and

Alzheimer’s disease25.

Psychotherapeutics does not meet properly for therapeutic possibilities for majority of

patients with mental health problems but herbal remedies are ultimate therapeutic hope for

such patients. Many synthetic drugs because of many unwanted but unavoidable side effects

have poor patient compliance. Therefore herbal treatment is being preferred over

conventional treatments. Much attention and so scope is drawn towards herbal remedy of

many brain disorders. There is also discusses the source of active constituent and specific part

of the plant being used (Table no. 3)26-33.

Information on plant species that have been explored for their anxiolytic effect, Adaptogenic

activity and anti-stress profile using pharmacologically validated animal models has been

complied (Table no 4)34-82. There are nearly 46 medicinal plants which posseses anxiolytic

effect, adaptogenic (anti-stress) activity. Thus plant based formulations may be effectively

used for the treatment of psychosomatic disorders.

In Ayurveda, compound formulations are generally used in the therapy as the combination of

many drugs provides a synergistic therapeutic effect and also includes ingredients which help

to minimize the adverse effects of few other major drugs. These formulations are reported to

work on multiple biochemical pathways and are capable of influencing several organ systems

simultaneously. The benefits of Ayurvedic formulations are that it can nourish the body as a

whole by supporting various organ systems. Many of the formulations mentioned below have

traditionally used for the treatment of psychosomatic disorders (Table no5)83,86,95-96. Total 50

classical Ayurvedic formulations are used in the the management of psychosomatic disorders.

Among them only 2 formulations are stated as medhya. Highest numbers of formulations are

enlisted in the management of apasmara (31), followed by unmada (22), smriti kshaya (8),

murccha (7), buddhi dourbalya (6), manasa dosa (4), bhrama (3), anidra (2), manodourbalya

(2), mada (2) and pralapa (1).

Because large population use Ayurvedic medicine both in single and compound form

worldwide, there is an urgent need for additional, carefully conducted, high-quality intensive

www.wjpps.com

6512


research to evaluate its efficacy and to develop this discipline to meet ever-new challenges of

modern medicine in the field of psychosomatic disorders. Attention should be given not only

to the evaluation of safety and examination of effectiveness in treatment strategy, but also to

the consideration of community practice settings, patient expectations, compliance and cost

effectiveness. Standardization and quality production of herbal products may allow us to

develop low cost therapies with reduced risk over pharmaceuticals.

Table 1: Classical treatment protocols for Psychosomatic disorders in Ayurveda15,16

Psychosomatic

disorders

Classical treatment procedures

Apasmara At the time attack:

5 to drops of juice of bulb of Palandu (Allium cepa Linn.), to be instilled in the

nose as nasya.

5 to 10 drops of juice of root of Nirgundi (Vitex negundo Linn.), to be instilled in

the nose as nasya.

Give a Nasya prepared from extra fine powder of seed of Marica (Ppiper nigrum

Linn.), Sigru (Moringa oleifera Lam.) and Damanaka (Artemisia vulgaris Linn.)

twice a day.

Give Dhumra of root of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) and fruit of Marica

(Ppiper nigrum Linn.), to nose.

Prepare an Anjana from the equal parts of the powder of roots of Madhuyasti

(Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) and Vaca (Acorus calamus Linn.), rhizome of Tagara

(Valeriana wallichii DC.), bark of Sirisa (Albizzia lebbeck Benth.) and bulb of

Rasona (Allium sativum Linn.). It may be used as Anjana and Nasya.

Boil Sarsapa taila (oil of Brassica campestris Linn. Var. sarson Prain) in 4 times

goat’s urine and prepare taila by taila Paka method. Whole body of the patient is

to be massaged with it.

Between the attacks

Svarasa of whole plant of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pernnell) is to be

taken in 14 to 28 ml. doses with 4 to 6 g. honey twice a day.

Powdered root of Satavari (Asparagus racemosus Willd.)is to be taken in 12 g.

dose with 100 to 250 ml. milk twice a day.

Powdered rhizome of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) is to be taken in 1 g. dose

www.wjpps.com

6513


with 4 to 6 g. honey twice a day.

Bulb of Rasona (Allium sativum Linn.)is to be taken in 1 g. dose with 5 ml. tila

taila twice a day.

Powdered root of Madhuyasti (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) is to be taken in 3 to 6

g. dose with 7 to 14 ml. svarasa of fruits of Kusmanda (Benincasa hispida

(Thunb.) Cogn.), twice a day for three days.

Take the powder of Hingu (Ferula foetida Regel), fruit of Amlavetasa (Garcinia

pedunculata Roxb.), Sunthi (Zingiber officinale Roxb.), Sovarcala Lavan and seed

of Dadima (Punica granatum Linn.)in equal parts. Its 3 to 6 g. is to be taken with

14 to 28 ml. decoction of Yava (Hordeum vulgare Linn.)twice a day.

Prepare a Siddha ghrita with Sovarcala lavana, fruit rind of Haritaki (Terminalia

chebula Retz.) and Trikatu (combination of Zingiber officinale Roxb.+ Piper

longum Linn.+Piper nigrum Linn.). Its 12 to 24 g. is to be taken twice daily.

The prepared kalka/swarasa of Agastya (Sesbania grandiflora Pers.), Maricha

(Piper nigrum Linn.)and gomutra (cow urine)are given nasya in nostril in

Apasmara.

The prepared kashaya of Kustha (Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke) or Vacha (Acorus

calamus Linn.) with Madhu is administered internally in Apasmara.

The prepared ghrita of Kusmanda (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) is

administered internally in Apasmara which purifies the Bhuddhi and Vakh.

The prepared swarsa of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell) is administered

internally with Ksheera in Apasmara.

The prepared kalka of Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.) and Kushmanda

(Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.) is administered internally in Apasmara.

The prepared Kalka of Lasuna (Allium sativum Linn.) is administered internally

with Taila in Apasmara.

The prepared microfined power of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) is administered

internally with Madhu in Apasmara.

The prepared microfined power of Satavari (Asparagus racemosus Willd)is

administered internally with Ksheera in Apasmara.

The prepared gutika/vataka of Sarshapa (Brassica campestris Linn. Var. Sarson

Prain), Kanchanara (Bauhina variegate Linn.), Ajamutra is applied anjana to eye

lids in Apasmara.

www.wjpps.com

6514


Bhrama Powdered root of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) 1 g. or root of Asvagandha

(Withania somnifera Linn.)1g. to be taken with 250 ml. of milk thrice a aday.

Powdered whole plant of Sankhapuspi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.)1 to 2 g. to

be taken with 100 to 250 ml. milk thrice a day.

If attack is preceded with headache take powdered of Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia

serpentine Benth ex Kurz.) in 1 to 2 g. dose two times a day with 3 g. powder of

Triphala.

If attack sets in after feeling of vacant ness in the head, weakness and depression

then kalka of bulb of Rasona (Allium sativum Linn.), Adraka (Zingiber officinale

Roxb.) in the dose of 5 to 10 g. or Duralabha (Fagonia cretica Linn.) in the dose

of 3 to 6 may be taken three times a day.

Decoction prepared from Brihat Panca Mula to be taken in 14 to 28 ml. dose with

5 to 10 g. honey thrice a day.

Decoction prepared from Dasamula to be taken in 14 to 28 ml. doses with 5 to 10

g. honey thrice a day.

Decoction prepared from the whole plant of Durlabha (Fagonia cretica Linn.) to

be taken in 14 to 28 ml. dose with milk and 5 to 10 g. Sarkara at night.

The prepared kashaya of the Duralaba (Fagonia cretica Linn.) is administered

internally with Gritha in Bhrama.

The prepared swarasa of Jambira (Citrus limon (Linn.) Burm.f.)is administered

with Sarkara in Bhrama

Unmada Powder of root of Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.) 1 to 2 g. to be taken twice daily

with cow’s milk.

Svarasa obtained from the leaf of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell)14 to

28 ml. to be taken with 100 to 250 ml. of cow’s milk twice a day.

Kalka prepared from the root of Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentine Benth ex

Kurz.) 3 to 6 g. to be taken with 100 to 250 ml. of cow’s milk twice a day.

Powdered whole plant of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell)1 to 3 g. to be

taken with 4 to 6 g. honey or 100 to 250 ml. of cow’s milk twice a day.

Powdered root of Kustha (Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke) 2 g. to be taken with 4 to

6 g. honey twice a day.

Fluid obtains from the fruit of Narikela (Cocos nucifera Linn.)100 ml. to be taken

with 5 to 10 g. Sarkara twice a day.

www.wjpps.com

6515


Kalka prepared from the whole plant of Sankhapuspi (Convolvulus pluricaulis

Chois.) 12 to 24 g. to be taken with 100 to 250 ml. of cow’s milk twice a day.

Powdered root of Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamansi DC.)1 to 3 g. to be taken

twice a day with cow’s milk.

The prepared swarasa of Taala (Borassus flabellifer Linn.) is administered with

madhu followed by nasya and abhyanga with Sarsapa taila in Unmada.

The prepared ksheera paka of Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn.), Apamarga

(Achyranthus aspera Linn.), and Ksheera administered internally in Unmada.

The prepared kalka/swarasa of Vishnukranta (Clitoria ternatea

Linn.), Tandulodaka is given nasya in nostril in Bhuto Unmada.

The prepared swarasa of Shankhapuspi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.), Kusta

(Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke), Madhu is administered internally in Unmada.

Murccha &

Sanyasa

At the time of Attack

Give nasya of powdered bark of Katphala (Myrica nagi Thumb.).

Rasa sindura 60-250 mg or Kasturi 7.5 to 15 mg. to be given sublingually.

The prepared ghrita of Amalaki (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.), Ghrita is

administered internally in Murccha.

The prepared kalka of Aardraka (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) mixed with Puruna

guda is administered internally for 7 days in Murccha and Mada.

Between the attacks

Decoction of whole plant of Yavasa (Alhagi camelorum Fisch.)14 to 28 ml. to be

taken with Ghrita 10 g. twice a day.

Triphal churna 1 to 3 g. to be taken with equal quantity of Guda and Ardraka

(Zingiber officinale Rosc.) thrice a day.

Kalka of root and stem of Kamala (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.), fruit of Pippali

(Piper longum Linn.), fruit rind of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula Retz.) prepared in

water to be taken in 12 to 24 g. dose with honey thrice a day.

Ksirapaka prepared from the powder of equal part of roots of Satavari (Asparagus

racemosus Willd.) and Bala (Sida cordifolia Linn.) and Draksha (Vitis vinifera

Linn.)100 to 200 ml. to be taken with Sarkara thrice a day.

Powder of equal part of Badara Majja, Marica (Piper nigrum Linn.), root of

Ushira (Vetiveria zizanioidis (Linn.) Nash.), Nagakesara (Mesua ferrea Linn.) 3

www.wjpps.com

6516


to 6 g. to be taken with cold water thrice a day.

Panaka of leaf of Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Penn.), wood of Chandana

(Santalum album Linn.), root of Ushira (Vetiveria zizanioidis (Linn.) Nash.),

Karpura (Cinnamomum camphora Nees & Eberm) and Kesara (Crocus sativus

Linn.)to be taken twice a day.

Table 2: List of Ayurvedic plants commonly used in psychosomatic disorders1,17-23,84,85,87-

94

Sl.No. Plant Name Common name Useful part Actions/uses

1. Acorus calamus Linn.

(Araceae)

Vacha Dried

rhizome

Medhya,

Apasmara,

Unmada, Smrti

daurabalya,

Medhya rasayana

2. Adiantum capellus-veneris

Linn.

(Polypodiaceae)

Hamsapadi

bheda

Dried whole

plant

Apasmara, bhrama

3. Ailanthus excelsa Roxb.

(Simaroubaceae)

Aralu Dried stem

bark

Bhrama

4. Albizia procera Benth.

(Mimosaceae)

Sweta Shirisa Manasa Roga

5. Allium sativum Linn.

(Alliaceae; Liliaceae)

Lasuna bulb Apasmara,

Unmada

6. Alstonia venenata R.Br.

(Apocynaceae)

Analivegam - Unmada,

Apasmara

7. Angelica archangelica

Linn.

(Umbellifra; Apiaceae)

Choraka

Pratinidhi

Canda

Dried root Apasmara

8. Angelica glauca Edgew.

(Umbellifra;Apiaceae)

Choraka Dried mature

root & root

stock

Unmada,

Apasmara

9. Anthemis nobilis Linn.

(Compositae, Asteraceae)

Babuna bheda - Medhya

www.wjpps.com

6517


10. Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.)

Boj. (Convolvulaceae)

Vridhadaru

Bastantri

Dried root Medhya, Rasayana,

Unmada,

Apasmara

11. Artemisia absinthium Linn.

(Compositae; Asteraceae)

Dipantara

Damanaka

Dried whole

plant

Apasmara

12. Asparagus racemosus

Willd. (Liliaceae)

Satavari Root Medhya, Rasayana,

Unmada,

Apasmara

13. Bacopa monnieri (Linn.)

Penn.(Scrophulariaceae)

Brahmi Whole plant Medhya,

Apasmara,

Unmada,

Manasavikara

Medhya rasayana

14. Benincasa hispida (Thunb.)

Cogn. (Cucurbitaceae)

Kusmanda Dried pieces

of fruit

Medhya, Unmada,

Manasa Vikara

Medhya rasayana

15. Boswellia carterii Birdw.

& other sp. (Burseraceae)

Kunduru Bheda - Unmade,

Apasmara

16. Brunella vulgaris Linn.

(Labiatae, Lamiaceae)

Ustukhuddus - Medhya, Apasmara

17. Callicarpa macrophylla

Vahl. (Verbenaceae)

Priyangu Dried fruit Bhrama

18. Cannabis sativa Linn.

(Cannabinaceae)

Vijaya Dried leaves Anidra

19. Celastrus paniculatus

Willd. (Celastraceae)

Jyotismati Ripe seed Smrtidaurbalya,

Smritivardhaka

Medhya rasayana

20. Centella asiatica (Linn.)

Urban.

(Umbelliferae, Apiaceae)

Mandukaparni Whole plant Medhya rasayana

21. Citrus medica Linn.

(Rutaceae)

Bijapura Fresh fruit Madatyaya

22. Clitoria ternatea Aparajita Dried leaf Medhya, Unmada,

www.wjpps.com

6518


Linn.(Fabaceae ) Bhrama

23. Colebrookea oppositifolia

Sm.

(Labiatae, Lamiaceae)

Binda - Apasmara

24. Commiphora myrrha

(Nees.) Engl. (Burseraceae)

Bola - Medhya

25. Convolvulus arvensis Linn.

(Convolvulaceae)

Sankhine - Medhya

26. Convolvulus pluricaulis

Choisy

(Convolvulaceae)

Sankhapuspi Whole plant Medhya, Unmada,

Anidra, Bhrama,

Manasaroga,

Apasmara

Medhya rasayana

27. Cucumis sativus Linn.

(Cucurbitaceae)

Trapusam Dried seed Anidra

28. Cuscuta epithymum Linn.

(Convolvulaceae)

Aphatemun - Unmada

29. Cymbopogon martini

(Roxb.) Wats. (Poaceae)

Rohisatruna Dried leaf,

stem & root

Apasmara

30. Cynodon dactylon (Linn.)

Pers. (Poaceae)

Durva Dried fibrous

root

Dried whole

plant

Murccha

Bhrama

31. Datura metel Linn.

(Solanaceae)

Dhattura Dried whole

plant

Unmada

32. Desmodium polycarpum

DC. (Fabaceae)

Shalaparni

Bheda

- Apasmara

33. Desmodium triflorum

(Linn.) DC. (Fabaceae)

Tripadi - Apasmara

34. Dicentra canadensis Walp.

(Papaveraceae)

Squirrel Corn. - Medhya

35. Elaeocarpus sphaericus

(Gaertn.) K. Schum.

Rudraksa Seed manasa roga,

Anidra, Apasmara

www.wjpps.com

6519


(Elaeocarpaceae)

36. Emblica officinalis Gaertn.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Amalaki fruit Medhya rasayana

37. Ferula foetida Regel.

(Umbelliferae, Apiaceae)

Hingu - Apasmara

38. Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke

(Apiaceae)

Hingupatri Dried leaf Unmada,

Apasmara

39. Ficus glomerata Roxb.

(Moraceae)

Udumbara Dried fruit Murccha

40. Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham

(Moraceae)

Plaksa Dried fruit

Dried stem

bark

Murccha, Bhrama

Murccha

41. Fumaria parviflora Lam.

(Fumaraceae)

Parpata Dried whole

plant

Mada, Bhrama

42. Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.

(Fabaceae)

Yastimadhu root Medhya rasayana

43. Gmelina arborea Roxb.

(Verbenaceae)

Gambhari Dried stem Bhrama

44. Gossypium herbaceum

Linn.

(Malvaceae)

Karpasa Seeds

(devoid of

lint)

Murccha

45. Habenaria intermedia

D.Don.

(Orchidaceae)

Ruiddhi Dried tuber Murccha

46. Hyoscyamus niger Linn.

(Solanaceae)

Parasikayavani seed Anidra, Unmada

47. Indigofera tinctoria Linn.

(Fabaceae)

Nili Dried whole

plant

Moha, Bhrama

48. Lawsonia inermis Linn.

(Lythraceae)

Madayantika Dried leaves Bhrama

49. Melia azedarach Linn.

(Meliaceae)

Mahanimba Dried stem

bark

Bhrama

50. Moringa oleifera Lam. Sigru Dried seed Atinidra

www.wjpps.com

6520


(Moringaceae)

51. Mucuna prurita Hook.

(Fabaceae)

Atmagupta Seed Medhya Rasayana

52. Nardostachys jatamansi

DC. (Valerianaceae)

Jatamamsi Dried

rhizome

Manasaroga,

Anidra, Apasmara

Medhya rasayana

53. Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

(Nymphacaceae)

Kamala Dried

rhizome

Murccha, Bhrama

54. Nymphaea stellata Willd.

(Nymphaceae)

Utpala Dried flower Murccha

55. Pandanus tectorius Soland.

ex Parkison (Pandanaceae)

Ketaki - Medhya

56. Phoenix dactylifera Linn.

(Araceae)

Kharjura Dried fruit,

with seed

removed

Murccha,

madatyaya

57. Phyla nodiflora (L.) E.

Greene (Verbenaceae)

Jalapippali Dried whole

plant

Bhrama, Murccha

58. Pinus europaeum L.

(Coniferae)

Nikocaka Dried

rhizomes

Apasmara

59. Pinus roxburghii Sarg.

(Pinaceae)

Sarala Dried heart

wood

Exudate

Murccha

60. Piper wallichii Hand.-

Mazz. (Piperacaea)

Renuka bija - Medhya

61. Prunus cerasoides D.Don.

(Rosaceae)

Padmaka Heart wood Bhrama

62. Rauvolfia serpentine

Benth. Ex Kurz

(Apocynaceae)

Sarpagandha Dried root Anidra, Unmada,

Apasmara,

Bhrama,

manasaroga

63. Saccharum bengalense

Retz. (Poaceae)

Sara Dried root Murccha, Bhrama

64. Santalum album Linn. Sveta Chandana Dried heart Bhrama

www.wjpps.com

6521


(Santalaceae) wood

65. Selinum candollei DC.

(Apiaceae)

Mura Dried root Bhrama, Murccha

66. Selinum tenuifolium Wall.

ex DC. (Apiaceae)

Mura - Medhya

67. Selinum vaginatum C.B.

Clarke (Apiaceae)

Bhutakesi Dried fruit

Rhizome

Apasmara, bhrama

Apasmara,

Unmada

68. Smilax china Linn.

(Liliaceae)

Madhusnuhi Tuberous

root

Unmada,

Apasmara

69. Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.

(Asteraceae)

Munditika Dried leaf Medhya, Apasmara

70. Strychnos potatorum Linn.

f. (Loganiaceae)

Kataka Dried seed Apasmara

71. Tamarindus indica Linn.

(Caesalpiniaceae)

Cincha Fruit pulp

without seed

Klama

72. Terminalia bellirica Roxb.

(Combretaceae)

Bibhitaki Fruit rind Medhya

73. Tinospora cordifolia

(Willd.) Miers ex Hook. F.

& Thoms

Guduchi Stem Medhya rasayana

74. Uraria picta Desv.

(Fabaceae)

Prisnaparni Dried whole

plant

Unmada

Kaphaja

madatyayaja

75. Valerina wallichi DC.

(Valerianaceae)

Tagara Dried

rhizome,

stolon &

small portion

of root

Apasmara,

Unmada

76. Vateria indica Linn.

(Dipterocarpaceae)

Sarja Resinous

exudates

Manasa roga

77. Vitis vinifera Linn.

(Vitaceae)

Draksa Dried mature

fruits

Madatyaya

www.wjpps.com

6522


78. Withania somnifera Dunal

(Solanaceae)

Aswagandha Root Medhya rasayana

Table 3: List of herbs commonly used in mental health problems26-33

Sl.

No

Plant name Family Common

name

Mode

of use

Chemical

constituents

Mental

health

problems

1. Asparagus

racemosus

Willd.

Liliaceae Water

roof,wild

carrot,

satavari

Fresh

tuber

Asperagin,

shatavarin

Depression

2. Azadirachta

indica A.

Juss.

Maliaceae Neem,ma

rgosa

Fresh

leaf

Meliacin-

nimbolide,

quercetin,

kaempferol

Parkinson’

s disease

3. Breynia

retusa

(Dennst.)

Alston

Euphorbiac

eae

Kanumu

chettu

Dried

bark

Triacontane,

peonidin,

lanosterol

Depression

4. Canscora

diffusa

(Vahl) R.Br.

Gentianace

ae

Janjada Fresh

whole

plant

Beta amyrin,

xanthones

Schizophre

nia

5. Catharanth

us

rosea

Apocynace

ae

Red

periwinkl

e

Dried

Root

Indole and indoline

alkaloidsajmalicine

,

lochnerine,

dimeric;

indole base of

monoterpenevinbla

stine,

vincristine.

Schizophre

nia

Alzheimer

’s disease

6. Celtis

philippensis

Ulmaceae White

Indian

Fresh/

dried

Betulin, di- methyl

elagic acid, gallic

Depression

www.wjpps.com

6523


nettle whole

plant

acid,

leucocyanide

glycoside

7. Centella

asiatica

(Linn)

Urban

Apiaceae Indian

penni

wort

fresh

root

Aciaticosides(sapo

nins)

Alzheimer

’s disease

8. Datura

metel Linn.

Solanaceae Dhatura Dried

whole

plant

Tropane alkaloids-

hyoscyamine,

scopolamine,

flavonoids

Schizophre

nia

9. Emblica

officinalis

Gaertn.

Euphorbiac

eae

Amla,Ind

ian goose

berry

Fruit Tannins,

Phyllembelin,

Pectins, Vitamin C

Parkinson’

s disease

10. Ginkgo

biloba Linn

Ginkgonac

eae

Maiden

hair tree

Dried

leaf

Ginkgolides

(A,B,C,J,M)

Alzheimer

’s disease

11. Melissa

officinalis

Linn.

Labiatae Lemon

balm

Fresh

leaf

Lutiolin(flavonal

glycoside)

Alzheimer

’s disease

12. Plantago

ovata Forsk.

Plantaginac

eae

Aswagol

a

Husk

fibre

Mucilage, cyano

genetic

glycocydes-

Linamarin,

lotaustralin

Parkinson’

s disease

13. Rauvolfia

Serpentine

Benth. Ex.

Kurz.

Apocynace

ae

Sarpagan

da

Dried

Root

Indole alkaloids-

reserpine,

ajmaline,

serpentine

Schizophre

nia

14. Salvia

officinalis

Linn.

Labiatae ;

Lamiaceae

Sage leaf Fresh

leaf

Α,β-thujone

together with

cineole

Alzheimer

’s disease

www.wjpps.com

6524


Table 4: List of drugs used in anxiolytic effect, Adaptogenic and anti-stress activity34-82

Sl. No Botanical

Name,family Extract/part used Activity References

1. Abies pindrow Royle

(Pinaceae)

Ethanolic extract

of leaves

Anxiolytic effect 34

2. Acanthopanax

senticosus (Rupr. Et

Maxim) Harms.

(Araliaceae)

Plant Adaptogenic activity 69

3. Achilea millefolium

Linn. (Asteraceae)

Aqueous extract of

its flowers

Reduced conflict

behavior in female

Wistar rats.

35

4. Albizia julibrissin

Durazz. (fabaceae)

Aqueous extract Anxiolytic effects 38

5. Albizia lebbeck benth.

(Mimosaceae)

Butanolic fraction

of dried leaves

extract

Anxiolytic effects 37

6. Allium sativum Linn.

(Liliaceae)

Bulb Adaptogenic activity 57

7. Aloysia polystachya

(Griseb.) Moldenke

(Verbenaceae).

Hydroalcoholic

extract prepared

from its leaves


8. Asparagus racemosus

Willd.

(Liliaceae)

Root Adaptogenic activity 76

9. Azadirachta indica A.

Juss.

(Meliaceae)

Aqueous extract of

leaves

Anxiolytic effects 39-40

10. Bacopa monnieri

(Linn.) Penn.

(Scrophulariaceae)

Leaf

Whole plant

Adaptogenic activity

Anxiolytic effects

80

41-42

11. Boerhauvia diffusa

Linn.

Roots

Antistress 82

www.wjpps.com

6525


(Nyctaginaceae)

12. Butea frondosa

Koenig ex Roxb.

(Fabaceae)

Leaf

Adaptogenic activity 74, 78

13. Centella asiatica

(Linn) Urban

(Apiaceae)

Methanol and

ethyl acetate

extract

Whole plant

Anxiolytic effects

antistress

43

82

14. Citrus sinensis

(Linn.) Osbeck

(Rutaceae)

Essential oil from

peel


15. Clitoria ternatea

Linn. (Fabaceae)


16. Coccinia indica W. &

A. Cucurbitaceae)

fruits & flowers

Antistress 82

17. Curculigo orchioides

Gaertn.

(Hypoxidaceae)

Rhizome Adaptogenic activity 59

18. Curcuma longa Linn.

(Zingiberaceae)

Rhizome Adaptogenic activity 68

19. Cuminum cyminum

Linn.(Apiaceae)

dried ripe fruits

antistress 82

20. Eclipta alba (Linn.)

Hassk. (Asteraceae)

plant Adaptogenic activity 70

21. Eleutherococcus

senticosus (Rupr. &

Maxim.) Maxim

(Araliaceae)


22. Eugenia caryophyllus

(Spreng.)

(Myrtaceae)

Bud

Dried flower buds


Antistress

63

82

23. Euphoebia hirta Linn.

(Euphorbiaceae)


www.wjpps.com

6526


24. Euphoebia neriifolia

Linn.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Hydroalcoholic

extract of leaves


25. Evolvulus alsinoides

Linn.

(Convolvulaceae)

Leaf Adaptogenic activity 73

26. Glycyrrhiza glabra

Linn.

(Fabaceae)

Peeled & unpeeled

roots and stolans

Antistress 82

27. Momordica charantia

Linn.

(Cucurbitaceae)

plant Adaptogenic activity 65

28. Ocimum sanctum

Linn. (Lamiaceae)

Leaves

Fresh & dried

leaves


Antistress

71

82

29. Piper longum Linn.

(Piperaceae)


30. Psidium guajava

Linn. (Myrtaceae)


31. Sesbania grandiflora

Pers. (fabaceae)

Extract Anxiolytic effects 47

32. Sida cordifolia Linn.

(Malvaceae)

Root Adaptogenic activity 64

33. Sphaeranthus indicus

Linn. (Asteraceae)

Petroleum ether

extract


34. Stachys lavandulifolia

Vahl.

(Lamiaceae)

Extract Anxiolytic effects 49

35. Terminalia chebula

Retz. (Combretaceae)


36. Tinospora cardifolia

(Willd.) Miers ex

Hook.f. & Thoms

Dried leaves and

stem pieces

plant

Antistress


82

67

www.wjpps.com

6527


(Menispermaceae)

37. Tragia involucrate

Linn.

(Euphorbiaceae)

Methanolic

fraction of the root


38. Tribulus terristris

Linn.

(Zygophyllaceae)


39. Trichopus zeylanicus

Gaerten

Trichopodaceae


40. Tridax procumbens

Linn. (Compositae)

Flower Adaptogenic activity 58

41. Turnera aphrodisiaca

Ward.

(Turneraceae)

Methanolic extract Anxiolytic effects 51

42. Uncaria

rhynchophylla (Miq.)

jacks (Rubiaceae)


43. Valeriana edulis ssp.

Procera Mey.

(valerianaceae)

Hydroalcoholic

extract of roots


44. Withania somnifera

(Linn.) Dunal

( Solanaceae)

Root

Dried roots &

stems

Root

glycowithanolides


Antistress

Anxiolytic effects

81

82

54

45. Zingiber officinale

Rosc.(Zingiberaceae)

Butanolic fraction

rhizome

Anxiolytic effects


55

75

46. Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

(Rhamnaceae)

Ethanolic extract Anxiolytic effects 56

www.wjpps.com

6528


Table 5: Various Ayurvedic formulations used in Psychosomatic disorders83,86,95-96

1. Aswagandharista AFI, Part I, 1:6 Murccha, Apasmara,

Unmada

2. Kumaryasava (A) AFI, Part I, 1:12 Apasmara, Smrtiksaya

3. Kumaryasava (A) AFI, Part I, 1:13 Apasmara

4. Saraswatarista AFI, Part I, 1:36 Apasmara, Manasa dosa,

Smritiksina

5. Jatamamsyarka AFI, Part I, 2:3 Unmada, Apasmara

6. Cyavanprasa AFI, Part I, 3:11 Medhya, Smritipada

7. Brahma rasayana AFI, Part I, 3:20 Manodaurabalya,

Smrtibhrama

8. Siva Gutika AFI, Part I, 3:28 Apasmara, Unmada

9. Trayantyadi Kvatha

Curna

AFI, Part I, 4:8 Moha, Mada, Murccha

10. Draksadi Kvatha Curna AFI, Part I, 4:13 Bhrama, Murccha

11. Maha Yogaraja

Guggulu

AFI, Part I, 4:8 Apasmara

12. Saptavimsatika

Guggulu

AFI, Part I, 5:11 Apasmara, Unmada

13. Amritabhallata Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:3 Smritiksaya

14. Kalyanaka Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:7 Apasmara, Bhutonmada

15. Dadhika Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:20 Apasmara, Unmada

16. Dhatryadi Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:21 Mada, Murccha, Unmada

17. Dhanvantara Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:22 Unmada, Apasmara

18. Nirgundi Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:24 Apasmara, Unmada

19. Brahmi Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:32 Apasmara, Unmada,

Smritiksaya, Buddhi

daurbalya

20. Maha kalyanaka ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:33 Buddhi daurabalya,

smritiksaya, apasmara,

bhutonmada

21. Maha panchagavya AFI, Part I, 6:36 Apasmara

www.wjpps.com

6529


Ghrita

22. Sarasvata Ghrita AFI, Part I, 6:43 Improves Medha, Smriti

23. Candanadi Taila AFI, Part I, 8:14 Apasmara, Unmada

24. Tungadrumadi Taila AFI, Part I, 8:19 Unmada, anidra

25. Bala Taila AFI, Part I, 8:33 Murccha, apasmara

26. Balaasvagandhalaksadi

Taila

AFI, Part I, 8:36 Unmada

27. Maha Narayana taila AFI, Part I, 8:45 Unmada

28. Sahacaradi Taila AFI, Part I, 8:59 Unmada

29. Kaccuradi Curna AFI, Part I, 11:2 Buddhi bhrama

30. Goracanadi vati AFI, Part I, 12:9 Smrtinasa

31. Plihari Vati AFI, Part I, 12:7 Bhrama

32. Manasamitra Vataka AFI, Part I, 12:21 Manodosa, unmade,

apasmara,

manadabudhitva, murccha

33. Mritasanjivani Gutika AFI, Part I, 12:23 Apasmara, Manovibhrama

34. Saubhagya vati AFI, Part I, 12:33 Murccha, Manoglani

35. Kayasthadya varti AFI, Part I, 13:2 Apasmara, Unmada

36. Mukta Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:10 Manovikara

37. Rajata Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:13 Apasmara

38. Vanga Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:15 Buddhimandata

39. Svarna Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:20 Budhiksaya, Apasmara

40. Svarnamaksika Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:21 Anidra, Apasmara

41. Haritala Bhasma AFI, Part I, 18:22 Apasmara

42. Caturbhuja Rasa AFI, Part I, 20:13 Apasmara, Unmada

43. Caturmukha Rasa AFI, Part I, 20:14 Apasmara, Unmada

44. Cintamanicaturmukha

Rasa

AFI, Part I, 20:17 Apasmara, Unmada

45. Navaratna

rajamriganka Rasa

AFI, Part I, 20:21 Apasmara

46. Brihata vatacintamani

Rasa

AFI, Part I, 20:26 Bhrama, pralapa

47. Yogendra Rasa AFI, Part I, 20:31 Apasmara, Unmada

www.wjpps.com

6530


48. Vasantakusumakar

Rasa

AFI, Part I, 20:42 Smritibhramsa

49. Vatakulantaka Rasa AFI, Part I, 20:43 Apasmara

50. Svasakuthara Rasa AFI, Part I, 20:49 Apasmara

CONCLUSIONS

Ayurveda has considered the mental and physical diseases as two separate specialized

subjects. However, no clear line of demarcation has been drawn between the mental and

physical illness and a flexible psychosomatic approach has been worked out. The

Management of illness is based on knowledge of its specific and non-specific aspects. The

influence of psychosocial and environmental factors on the appearance of the illness must be

recognized and dealt with. Ayurvedic medicinal plant products and formulations are most

convenient and have greater acceptance amongst the users due to their easy availability, easy

biodegradability, easy to handling, economic cost, mankind and environment friendly nature

and minimum side effects. The information available in this review could be helpful to

scientist, drug designers, forensic experts, and other scientific bodies related to Ayurvedic

research. More research is needed in on these medicinal plants to establish their claimed

therapeutic potential.

REFERENCES

1. Agnivesha, Charaka Samhita, edited by Vaidya Yadavji Trikamji Acharya. Chaukhambha

Surabharati Prakasan, Varanasi.2008.

2. Singh R.H., The Psychosomatic disorders and their management in Ayurveda. Ancient

Science of Life. 1981. Vol. 1, 41-48.

3. Singh, R.H., Sina B.N., Ayurvedic concept of the psychosomatic basis of health and

disease. Ind. J. History of Science. Vol. II (1). 75-80.

4. Leigh Denis. Management of Psychosomatic Disorder. British Medical Journal, 1968,4,

753-756.

5. Selye H. From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks,

Stress and Life, New York Mc Graw Hill Co Inc 1956; 814.

6. Selye H. Biocultural perspectives on stress in prehistoric, historical and contemporary

population research. Stress Forces 1973; 24: 50.

7. Selye H. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and biological psychiatry, Stress in

Health and Disease, Butterworth (London), Boston 1976; 53-6.

www.wjpps.com

6531


8. Koloski NA, Talley NJ, Boyce PM. Predictors of health care seeking for irritable bowel

syndrome and nonulcer dyspepsia: A critical review of the literature on symptom and

psychosocial factors. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 119: 654-60.

9. Lee OY, Mayer EA, Schumulson, M, Chang L, Naliboff B. Neurobiology of stress and

gastrointestinal diseases. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 2184-96.

10. Cannon WB. Symptom differences in moderate to severe IBS patients, Bodily Changes in

Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage, New York, Appleton 1929; 274-86.

11. Cannon WB. Organization for Physiological Homeostasis. Physiol Rev 1929; 9: 399-431.

12. Cannon WB. The Wisdom of the Body, New York, Appleton, 1932; 233.

13. 9. Makara GB. Mechanism by which stressful stimuli activate the pituitary adrenal

system. Fed Proc 1985; 44: 149-53.

14. Monikes H, Bradette M, Carter F. Irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea predominance.

Dig Dis Sci 2001; 19: 201-11.

15. Anonymous. Hand book of Domestic medicine and common Ayurvedic remedies. Central

Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha. Ministry of Health and Fanmily Welfare

(Govt. of India), New Delhi, 2005.

16. Shrma I.V., Vaidyaka Prayoga Vignanamu. Central Council for Research in Ayurveda &

Siddha. Dept. of AYUSH. Ministry of Health and Fanmily Welfare (Govt. of India), New

Delhi,2007.

17. Anynomous, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part 1, Vol.I. Govt. of India, M.H

& F.W., Dept. of Health, 1990.

18. Anonymous, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part 1, Vol.II. Govt. of India, M.H

& F.W., Dept. of ISM & H, 1999.

19. Anonymous, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part 1, Vol.III. Govt. of India, M.H

& F.W., Dept. of ISM & H, 2001.

20. Anonymous, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part 1, Vol.IV. Govt. of India, M.H

& F.W., Dept. of AYUSH, 2004.

21. Anonymous, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part 1, Vol.V. Govt. of India, M.H


22. Anonymous, The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part 1, Vol.VI. Govt. of India, M.H


23. Sharma S.K., Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda. Rastriya Ayurveda Vidyapeetha, New

Delhi. 1998.

www.wjpps.com

6532


24. Dua JS, Prasad DN, Tripathi AC and Gupta R. Role of traditional medicine in

Neuropsychopharmacology. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2009;2(2):72-76.

25. Vasudevan M and Parle M. Pharmacological actions of Thespesia populnea relevant to

Alzheimer’s disease. Phytomedicine. 2006;13:677-687.

26. Rajani GP, Prasad KVSRG. Effect of Eclipta alba Linn on Learning and memory

enhancing in rats, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 41(4), 2007,

369-370.

27. Cotran, Kumar, Robbins, Basic Pathology, Harcourt Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 7th edn, 2003,

841-849.

28. Madhavachetty K., Sivaji K., Tulasirao K., Flowering plants of chittoor district, A.P,

Students offset printers, Tirupati, 1st edn, 2008, 350-385.

29. Santosh S. Bhujba, Herbal drugs for the treatment of mental disorders, Pharmacognosy

reviews. 6, 2008, 48-51.

30. Muruganandam AV, Ghosal S and Bhattacharya SK, The role of Xanthones in the

antidepressant activity of Hypericum perforatum involving dopaminergic and

serotonergic system, Biogenic Amines, Pharmacognosy reviews, 15(5), 2000, 553 – 567.

31. Muldner VH, Zoller M, Antidepressant effect of Hypericum extracts standardized to the

active hypericin complex, Biochemical and Clinical studies, Arzneim – Forsch, 34 (8),

1984, 918 – 920.

32. Harner G, Schulz V, Clinical investigation of the antidepressant effectiveness of

Hypericum, Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 7, 1994, 6 – 8.

33. Asolkar LV, Kakkar KK, Chakre OJ, 2nd supp. to Glossary of Indian medicinal plants

with active principles. CSIR, New Delhi, (1, 2), 1992, 111, 185,285.

34. Kumar V, Singh RK, Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya SK, Acharya SB. Anxiolytic activity of

Indian Abies pindrow Royle leaves in rodents: an experimental study, Indian J. Exp. Biol,

2000,38(4), 343-346.

35. Malina-Hermandez M, Tellez-Alcantara NP, Diaz MA, Perez Garcia J, Olivera Lopez JI

and Jaramillo MT. Anticonflict actions of aqueous extracts of flowers of Achillea

millefolium I,. vary according to the estrous cycle phases in Wistar rats, Phytother Res,

2004, 18, 915-920.

36. Mora S, Diaz-Veliz G, Millan R, Lungenstrass H, Quiros S, Coto-Morales T and Hellion-

Ibarrola MC. Anxiolytic and antidepressant like effects of the hydroalcoholic extract from

Aloysia polystachya in rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2005, 82 (2), 373-378.

www.wjpps.com

6533


37. Une HD, Sarveiya VP, Pal SC, Kasture VS and Kasture SB, Nootropic and anxiolytic

activity of Albizia lebbeck leaves, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2001,69 (3-4), 439-444.

38. Kim WK, Jung JW, Ahn NY, Oh HR, Lee BK, Oh JK, Cheong JH, Chun HS and Ryu JH.

Anxiolytic like effects of extracts from Albizia julibrissin bark in the elevated olus-maze

in rats, Life Sci,2004, 75(23), 2787-2795.

39. Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya SK and Acharya SB. Anxiolytic activity of Azadirachta indica

leaf extract in rats. Indian J Exp Biol., 1994, 32(7), 489-491.

40. Yanpallewar S, Rai S, Kumar M, Chuhan S and Acharya SB. Neuroprotective effects of

Azadirachta indica on cerebral postischemic reperfusion and hypoperfusion in rats, Life

Sci, 2005, 76(12), 1325-1338.

41. Ernst E. Herbal remedies for anxiety- a systematic review of controlled clinical trials.

Phytomed, 2006, 13(3), 205-208.

42. Kumar V. Potential medicinal plants for CNS disorders: an overview, Phytother Res,

2006, 20 (12), 1023-1035.

43. Wijeweera P, Arnason JT, Koszyckl D and Merall Z, Evaluation of anxiolytic properties

of Gotukola- (Centella asiatica) extracts and asiaticoside in rat behavioral models,

Phytomed, 2006, 13(9-10), 668-676.

44. Freitas MIR and Costa M, Anxiolytic and sedative effects of extracts and essential oil

from Citrus aurantium L., Biol pharm Bull, 2002, 25(12), 1629-1633.

45. Lanhers MC, Fleurentin J, Cabalion P, Rolland A, Misslin R and Pelt JM, Behavioral

effects of Euphorbia hirta L., sedative and anxiolytic propertie, J Ethnopharmacol, 1990,

29(2), 189-198.

46. Bigoniya P and Rana AC, Psychopharmacological profile of hydro-alcoholic extract of

Euphorbia nerifolia leaves in mice and rats, Indian J Exp. Biol, 2005, 43(10) 859-862.

47. Kasture VS, Deshmukh VK and Chopde CT, Anxiolytic and anticonvulsant activity of

Sesbania grandiflora leaves in experimental animals,Phytother Res, 2002, 16(5), 455-

460.

48. Ambavade SD, Mhetre NA, Tate VD and Bodhankar SL. Pharmacological evaluation of

the extracts of Sphaeranthus indicus flowers on anxiolytic activity in mice. Indian j

Pharmacol, 2006, 38, 254-259.

49. Rabbani M, Sajjadi SE and Jalali A, Hydroalcoholic extract and fractions of Stachys

lavandulifolia Vahl: effects on spontaneous motor activity and elevated plus-maze

behavior. Phytother Res, 2005, 19, 854-858.

www.wjpps.com

6534


50. Dhara Ak, Pal S and Chaudhuri AKN. Psychopharmacological studies on Tragia

involucrate root extract, Phytother Res, 2002, 16, 326-330.

51. Kumar S and Sharma A. Anti-anxiety activity studies on Homoeopathic formulations of

Turnera aphrodisiaca Ward, eCAM, 2005, 2 , 117-119.

52. Jung JW, Ahn NY, Oh HR, Lee BK, Lee KJ, Kim SY, Cheong JH and Ryu JH.

Anxiolytic effects of the aqueous extract of Uncaria rhynchophylla. J Ethnopharmacol.,

2006, 108, 193-197.

53. Oliva I, Gonzalez-Trujano ME, Arrieta J, Enciso-Rodriguez R and Navarrete a.

Neuropharmacological profile of hydroalcohol extract of Valeriana edulis ssp. Procera

roots in mice, Phytother Res, 2004, 18(4).

54. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K and Ghosal S. Anxiolytic-depressant activity

of Withania Somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study, Phytomed, 2000, 7(6),

463-469.

55. Viswakarma SL, Pal SC, Kasture VS and Kasture SB. Anxiolytic and antiemetic activity

of Zingiber officinale, Phytother Res, 2002, 16(7), 621-626.

56. Peng WH, Hsieh MT, Lee YS, Lin YC and Liao J. Anxiolytic effect of seed of Ziziphus

jujube in mouse models of anxiety. J Ethnopharmacol, 2000, 72, 435-441.

57. Ghazanfari Tooba, Hassan M. Zuhair, Ebrahimi Marzieh, Immunomodulatory activity of

a protein isolated from garlic extract on delayed type hypersensitivity, International

Immunopharmacology, Volume 2, Issue 11, October 2002, Pages 1541-1549.

58. Tiwari Umesh, Rastogi Bhawna, Singh Paramjit, Saraf K.Dinesh, Vyas P.Suresh ,

Immunomodulatory effects of aqueous extract of Tridax procumbens in experimental

animals, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 92, Issue 1, May 2004, Pages 113-119.

59. Afna R.A, Mishra H.S, Immunostimulatory effect of methanol extract of Curculigo

orchioides on immunosuppressed mice, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 104,

Issues 1-2, 8 March 2006, Pages 1-4.

60. Mukherjee.P.K, Kumar.V, Kumar. N.S, Heinrich.M, The Ayurvedic medicine Clitoria

ternatea—from traditional use to scientific assessment, J Ethnopharmacol. 2008 Dec 8;

120(3):291-301. Epub 2008 Sep 20.

61. Rege.N.N, Thatte.U.M, Dahanukar.S.A, Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs

used in Ayurvedic medicine, Phytother Res. 1999 Jun;13(4):275-91.

62. Bhattacharya.S.K, Bhattacharya. A, Chakrabarti. A, Adaptogenic activity of Siotone, a

polyherbal formulation of Ayurvedic rasayanas, Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Feb;38 (2):119-

28.

www.wjpps.com

6535


63. Singh Kumar Anand, Dhamanigi.S.Sunil, Asad Mohammed, Anti-stress activity of hydro-

alcoholic extract of Eugenia caryophyllus buds (clove), Indian Journal of Pharmacology,

Year 2009, Volume 41, Issue 1 p. 28-3.

64. Sumanth Meera, Mustafa SS,Antistress, adoptogenic activity of Sida cordifolia roots in

mice, Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Year 2009, Volume 71, Issue 3 p. 323-

324.

65. Meera Sumanth , Chowdary G Antistress and immunomodulatory activity of aqueous

extract of Momordica charantia, Pharmacognosy Magazine, Year 2009, Volume 5, Issue

19 p. 69-73.

66. Lakshmi B.V.S, Sudhakar M,Screening of Psidium guajava Leaf Extracts for Antistress

Activity in Different Experiment, Pharmacognosy Research, Year 2009, Volume 1, Issue

6 p. 359-366.

67. Shukla N Devangi, Shukla Vinay, Ravishankar B, Chandola HM, A Comparative Psycho-

Neuro-Pharmacological Study on Guduchyadi Ghrita & Bhringarajadi Ghrita, AYU (An

international quarterly journal of research in Ayurveda), Year 2007, Volume 28, Issue 3

p. 68-76.

68. Mohanty Ipseeta, Dharamvir Singh Arya, Dinda Amit, Joshi Sujata, Talwar Keval and

Kumar Gupta Suresh, Protective effects of Curcuma longa on ischemia-reperfusion

induced myocardial injuries and theirmechanisms, Life Sciences, Volume 75, Issue 14, 20

August 2004, Pages 1701-1711.

69. Kim Jin Kui, Hong Do Hee, Lee Hwan Ok and Lee Yong Boo , The effects of

Acanthopanax senticosus on global hepatic gene expression in rats subjected to heat

environmental stress, Toxicology,Volume 278, Issue 2, 5 December 2010, Pages 217-

223.

70. Thakur.D.V and Mengi.A.S, Neuropharmacological profile of Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk,

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 102, Issue 1, 31 October 2005, Pages 23-31.

71. Godhwani Savitri, Godhwani.L.J and Was.S.D, Ocimum sanctum- A preliminary study

evaluating its immunoregulatory profile in albino rats, Journal of

Ethnopharmacology,Volume 24, Issues 2-3, December 1988, Pages 193-198.

72. Singh B, Chandan B.K, Sharma N, Singh S, Khajuria A and Gupta D.K, Adaptogenic

activity of glycopeptido-lipid fraction from the alcoholic extract of Trichopus zeylanicus

Gaerten (part II), Phytomedicine Volume 12, Issues 6-7, 15 June 2005, Pages 468-481.

73. Siripurapu Babu Kiran, Gupta Prasoon, Bhatia Gitika, Maurya Rakesh , Nath

Chandishwar , Palit Gautam, Adaptogenic and antiamnesic properties of Evolvulus

www.wjpps.com

6536


alsinoides in rodents, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Volume81, Issue 3, July

2005, Pages 424-432.

74. Mengi.A.S.Soman and Kasture.B.S, Effect of leaves of Butea frondosa on stress, anxiety,

and cognition in rats Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,Volume 79, Issue 1,

September 2004, Pages 11-16.

75. Lakshmi.S.V.B and Sudhakar.M, Attenuation of acute and chronic restraint stress-

induced perturbations in experimental animals by Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Food and

Chemical Toxicology, Volume 48, Issue 2, February 2010, Pages 530-535.

76. Singh.K.Gireesh, Garabadu Debapriya, Muruganandam.V.A, Joshi.K.Vinod and

Krishnamurthy Sairam, Antidepressant activity of Asparagus racemosus in rodent

models, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Volume 91, Issue 3, January 2009,

Pages 283-290.

77. Davydov Marina and Krikorian.D.A, Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. &Maxim.)

Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer look, Journal of

Ethnopharmacology,Volume 72, Issue 3, October 2000, Pages 345-393.

78. Mengi.A.S.Soman and Kasture.B.S, Effect of leaves of Butea frondosa on stress, anxiety,

and cognition in rats Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior,Volume 79, Issue 1,

September 2004, Pages 11-16.

79. Siripurapu Babu Kiran, Gupta Prasoon, Bhatia Gitika, Maurya Rakesh , Nath

Chandishwar , Palit Gautam, Adaptogenic and antiamnesic properties of Evolvulus

alsinoides in rodents, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, Volume81, Issue 3, July

2005, Pages 424-432.

80. Rai Deepak, Bhatia Gitika, Palit Gautam, Pal Raghwendra, Singh Satyawan and Singh K.

Hemant, Adaptogenic effect of Bacopa monniera (Brahmi), Pharmacology Biochemistry

and Behavior, Volume 75, Issue 4, July 2003, Pages 823-830.

81. Bhattacharya K.S, Muruganandam V.A, Adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera: an

experimental study using a rat model of chronic stress, Pharmacology Biochemistry and

Behavior, Volume 75, Issue 3, June 2003, Pages 547-555.

82. P.Venkatesh, K, Mallikarjuna Rao, M. Gobinath, G.Umadevi, R.Anitha, K.Ashok

Kumar, K. Sudharsan. A review on anti-stress activity of medicinal drugs from herbal

sources. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development. May 2012, Vol. 1, Issue.

1 :1 – 11.

83. Anonymous, The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part I, Govt. of India, M.H & F.W.

Dept. of ISM & H, New Delhi, 2003.

www.wjpps.com

6537


84. Kulkarni R, Girish KJ, Kumar A,. Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in Ayurveda: An

update. Pharmacognosy review. 2012, 6 (12), 147-153.

85. Lee RD,. Four new approaches for validation of Ayurvedic herbal drugs. Int. J. ayurveda

Res. 2010 Jul-Sep: 1 (3), 136-137.

86. Pharmacopoeial Standards for Ayurvedic Formulations; Central Council for Research in

Ayurveda & Siddha, Ministry of Health and family welfare (Govt. of India), New Delhi,

1987.

87. Vagbhatacharya, Ashtanga Hridaya, Late. Dr. Anna Moreswara Kunte at el, 9th ed.

Chaukhambha orientalia Publishers 2002, Varanasi, 1998, Pp 956.

88. Susruta, Susruta Samhita, Acharya Jadavji Trikamji, 7th ed. Choukambha orientalia

publishers 2002 Varanasi. Pp: 824.

89. Sharma SK,. Plants of Bhava Prakash. National Academy of Ayurveda, New Delhi.1999.

90. Sharma SK. Plants of Sharngdhara Samhita. Rastriya Ayurveda Vidyapeetha, National

Academy of Ayurveda, New Delhi, 1999.

91. Dhanvantarinighantu. edited by Sharma PV. Varanasi; Chaukhambha Orientalia; 4th

edition 2005.

92. Shodhala. Shodhalanighantu. edited by Sharma PV. Baroda; Oriental Institute; 1st edition

1978.

93. Pandit Narahari. Rajanighantu. ‘Dravyagunaprakashika’ hindi commentary by Indradeo

Tripathi. Varanasi; Krishnadas Academy; 1998.

94. Bhavamishra. Bhavaprakashanighantu. commentary by KC Chunekar, GS Pandey.

Varanasi; Chaukhambha Bharati Academy; reprint 2006.

95. Yogaratnakara. ‘Vidyotini’ hindi commentary by Lakshmipati Shastri. edited by

Brahmashankar Shastri. Varanasi; Chaukhamba Prakashan. Reprint 2007. Purvardha and

Uttarardha.

96. Shri Govind Das. Bhaishajyaratnavali. edited and enlarged by Brahmashankar Mishra.

‘Vidyotini’ Hindi Commentary by Ambikadatta Shastri. Editor Rajeshvardatta Shastri.

Varanasi; Chaukhmbha Prakashan; 19th edition 2008.

management of psychosomatic disorders through ayurvedic drugs

Documents