management - learning lecture notes

8/10/2019 Management - Learning Lecture Notes

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HOW WE LEARN


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Learning

Learning has taken place if an individual behaves, reacrespond as a result of experience in a manner different the way he formerly behaved.

Conditions for learning:-

Knowledge should be implemented

Change should last for considerable period of time.

It should not be temporary rather it should be permanent.


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Definitions: Learning is:

1. a persisting changein human performance orperformance potential . . . (brought) about as a resul

the learners interaction with the environment(Driscoll, 1994, pp. 8-9).

2. the relatively permanent changein a personsknowledge or behavior due to experience (Mayer, 1982, p1040).

3. an enduring changein behavior, or in thecapacity to behave in a given fashion, which res

from practice or other forms of experience (Shuell, 1986, p


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Theories of LEARNING

Social Learning Theory

Connectionism Theory


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Social Learning Theory (SLT)

A. Bandura (1973)

Learning takes place through observationand sensorial exper

SLT is the basis of the movement against violence in media & games


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People can learn through observation and direct experience.

It assumes that behavior is a function of consequences. It involves:-

Attention Processes:- People learn from model only when they recognipay attention to its critical feature.

Retention Process:- A models influence will depend on how well the ind

remember the models action after the model is no longer readily availab

Motor Reproduction Processes:- After a person has seen a new behavioobserving the model the watching must be converted into doing


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Social earning Theory

Learning From Models -Albert Bandura

1. Attention: Attend to pertinent clues

2. Retention: Code for memory (store avisual image) Retain in memory

3. Reproduction: Accurately reproducethe observed activity

4. Motivation: Possess sufficientmotivation to apply new learning


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Research indicates that the following factors influence the stof learning from models:

1. How much powerthe model seems to have

2. How capablethe model seems to be

3. How nurturing (caring) the model seems to be4. How similarthe learner perceives self and mo

5. How many models the learner observes


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Four interrelated processes establish and

strengthen identification with the model:

1. Children want to be like the model

2. Children believe they are like themodel

3. Children experience emotions likethose the model is feeling.

4. Children act like the model.


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SLT in the Classroom

Collaborative learningand group work

Modeling responses andexpectations

Opportunities to observeexperts in action


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Thorndikes Puzzle Box


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Thorndikes Laws

Also called Stimulus-Response learning. Law of effectA chance act becomes a learned behavior wh

connection is formed between a stimulus (S) and a responseis rewarded.

Law of exercisethe S-R connection is strengthened by use

weakened with disuse.


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Thorndikes Laws (Cont.)

Law of readinessmotivation is needed to develop an assodisplay changed behavior.

Associative shiftinga learned behavior (response) can be sfrom one stimulus to another.

Once a behavior is learned, the stimulus is gradually changed.

Dog + stand up, then stand up alone.


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Factors affecting Learning

The factors that influence learning process can be categorized into t

internal and external factor.

External factors

Environment

Relationship

Context reward/punishment and methods.

Internal factors

Perception

Emotion

Attitude

Ability

Motivation

memory

management - learning lecture notes

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