management in complexity the exploration of a new paradigm
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Management in complexity The exploration of a new paradigm. Walter Baets, PhD, HDR Associate Dean for Innovation and Social Responsibility Professor Complexity , Knowledge and Innovation Euromed Marseille – Ecole de Management. Flatland: Edwin Abbott, 1884 A. Square meets the third dimension. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Management in complexity
The exploration of a new paradigm
Walter Baets, PhD, HDRAssociate Dean for Innovation and Social ResponsibilityProfessor Complexity , Knowledge and InnovationEuromed Marseille – Ecole de Management
Flatland: Edwin Abbott, 1884
A. Square meets the third dimension
Wanderer, your footprints arethe path, and nothing more;Wanderer, there is no path,it is created as you walk.By walking,you make the path before you,and when you look behindyou see the path which after youwill not be trod again.Wanderer, there is no path,but the ripples on the waters.
Antonio Machado,Chant XXIX Proverbios y cantares,Campos de Castilla, 1917
Taylor’s view on the brain
The computer: attempt to automate human thinking
Manipulating symbols Modeling the brain
Represent the world Simulate interaction of neurons
Intelligence = problem solving Intelligence = learning
0-1 Logic and mathematics Approximations, statistics
Rationalist, reductionist Idealized, holistic
Became the way of building computers Became the way of looking at minds
I
WE
IT
ITS
Interior-IndividualIntentional
Interior-collectiveCultural
Exterior-IndividualBehavioral
Exterior-CollectiveSocial
World of: sensation, impulses, emotion, concepts, vision
World of: magic, mythic, values
World of: atoms, molecules, neuronal organisms, neocortex
World of: societies, division of labour, groups, families, tribes, nation/state,agrarian, industrial and informational
Truthfulness
Justness Functional fit
Truth
Ken Wilber: A Brief History of EverythingThe concept of a holon (part/whole)
Euromed’s Management Approach:our specificity
MechanisticMechanisticmanagementmanagement
approachapproach
SystemicSystemicmanagement management
approachapproach
Euro-Euro-Mediterranean Mediterranean beliefs, valuesbeliefs, values
& culture& culture(identity)(identity)
PersonalPersonalDevelopmentDevelopment
(Learner centered)(Learner centered)
•Quantitative approaches•Control/performance•Management by objectives•Models•Financial orientation•Short term efficiency•Production management
•Dynamic system behavior•Management in complexity•Management in diversity•Knowledge management•Community of practices•Ecological management•Ethics in management
•Social corporate responsibility•Sustainable development•The networked economy•Emergence, innovation…
•Historic legitimacy•Diversity•Sociology•Humanism•Relativism•Complexity •Social responsibility•Euro-Mediterranean (long term perspective)•Sustainable development
•Personal development•Emotional development•Leadership•Making a difference •Self motivation•Joy•Involvement•Responsibility•Respect
Individual
Collective/Networked
Interior Exterior
Definitions
EpistemologyViews about the nature, the sources and the limits of knowledge (what makes true beliefs into knowledge)
OntologyPhilosophical investigation of existence or being 1. What means ‘being’ 2. What existsAn ontology is what philosophers take to existThe ontology of a theory is the things that have to exist for a theory to be true
The essence of science
Pictures science within its contemporary framework (not in the absolute)
Provides a framework that allows judgement about the epistemological relevance of a theory (or application)
(Philosophy of) science is often embedded in sociology and history (other than philosophy that often develops its own logic)
My taxonomy of philosophy of science
Historical embeddingOrigin
Philosophicaltheories
Designconsequences
Logical positivism (Wiener Kreis)
Critical rationalism(Popper)
Kuhn’s paradigm theoryLakatos theory
Symbolic interactionismCritical theories
Philosophy
DeductionInduction
EmpiricismHypotheses testingQualitative research
ArchitectureArts
Usefulness as a criteria
Feyerabend’s chaostheoryPostmodern theories
(Derida, Apostel, Foucault, Deleuze)
Design paradigm(van Aken)
Social construction ofreality
Design norms
My taxonomy of philosophy of science/2
Historical embeddingOrigin
Philosophicaltheories
Designconsequences
Neurobiology
CognitiveArtificial
Intelligence
Radical constructivism(Maturana, Mingers)Autopoiesis (Varela)
Self-reference (Gödel)
Dynamic re-creationThe emergence ofobject and subjectLocal (contextual)
validity
Paradigm of mind(Franklin, Kim)
Adaptive systemsImplicit learning
The pre-history of philosophyof science
Pre-Cartesian/Pre-Galilean period (before 17th century)Church is the seat of scienceScience exists to confirm religionScience is the ‘common sense’In fact it is holistic
17th to the 19th centuryI think,therefor I amExperimentationThe role of the researcher as involved subject was not (yet) questionedAbsolute Newtonian framework (absolute time and space concept)MeasurabilityThe end of holistic thinking in science
The 20th century
Breakthrough of relativity theory (Einstein) (objective measurement can no longer be claimed) and quantum mechanics (it is all interpretation)
Comparing the validity of theories (e.g. Lorentz versus Einstein) needs different methods
1931: Gödel’s theorem (general validity of symbolic reasoning can no longer be claimed)
Box of Pandora
Self - Reference
Gödel theorem (1931)
‘All consistent axiomatic formulations of the number theorycontains propositions on which one cannot decide.’
It all boils down to a ‘loop’ problem (being self-referential)(Esher drawings)
Language is self-referential.Can we make numbers self-referential ?
Number theory
Gödel number is a number that substitutes an expression(about numbers)
Gödel’s world contains numbers:Expressions in number theory;Or, expressions about expressions in number theory.
No existing system of numbers, no reference system (of anykind) can be found in which everything can be corrector complete.
Societal consequences of self-reference.
Critical rationalism
Popper: 1902 - 1994
Principle of falsification
Knowledge needs continuously improved (=characteristic)
Induction is not always validfrom ‘all observed A are B’ to ‘all A are B’
Only knowledge as a product is important‘an epistemology without a knowing
subject’No ‘context of discovery’
Causality is a consequence of the methodology, not a conceptin itself (in line with logical empiricism)
Scientific discovery leads from the known to the unknown
Unity of method in all empirical sciences, including social sciences
The idea that the development of a society can be forecasted(and hence is fixed) is for Popper a serious threatfor freedom and democracy (political or scientificviewpoint ?)
Subject of social sciences is ‘rational choice decisions’
Kuhn’s paradigm theory(1922 - 1996)
Confronted prevailing philosophies with the historyof science
History of science did not follow its own rules
Particularly influential in the social sciences
Science always fits within a context, a time-period
Science is also a potential act: who fits best the political situation
Not the method makes the difference, but the socialacceptance (peer evaluation)
Context of discovery and context of justification cannotbe subdivided
Methodological rules for theories are never mandatory,it are choices
Periods of ‘normal sciences’ peer evaluation ‘scientific revolution’ choices
(cf Lakatos)
Symbolic interactionism
Developed within the social sciences
Opposes logical positivism
Opposes the object/subject viewpoint of critical rationalism
Cause-effect relationships (Popper) are replaced by reason-behaviorIt attempts to understand, (predict) and influence
George Herbert Mead (1863-1932) based on pragmatismof John Dewey (1859-1952)
Pragmatismtruth is based on usability (see design paradigm)based only on what can be observed (against
metaphysics)
No value free science
A lot of behavior is rule-based, social context decides the rules
Social context is expressed in symbols (signs)
Interactionism refers to the dynamics of the process
Does this theory re-introduces a holistic view ?
Feyerabend’s Chaos Theory(1924-1994)
Scientific ‘practice’ in contrast with scientific method.Observation: non-experts identified new developments
against prevailing assumptions in the scientificcommunity.
Science is essentially anarchic enterprise: theoreticalanarchism is more humanitarian and more likelyto encourage progress than its law-and-orderalternatives.
The only principle that does not inhibit progress is‘anything goes’.
We may advance science by proceeding counterinductively
In fact a postmodern view on science
Self-producing systems, autopoiesisradical constructivism
Maturana, Varela, Gödel, Mingers
Biological principle of self-producing systems= Autopoeisis
Has been interpreted a lot by different fields, differently
In opposition to the focus on species and genes, Maturana andVarela pick out the single, biological individual (e.g.an amoebae) as the central example of a living system
Individual autonomy, self-defined entities within an organism
Philosophical implications ofautopoiesis
Epistemological and ontological presuppositions
It constitutes a theory about the observer
It implies there is no claim to objectivity
Beliefs and theories are purely human constructs which‘constitute’ rather than reflect reality
constructivism
‘Biology of cognition’ (1970): observer is the system in which description takes place