Railway  network  of  Tokyo  metropolitan  area    (1960)

5

Source:    Mohri,  Morio:  Tokyo  Metropolitan  Area:  Change  for  50  years  and  Future  Vision                                            ~Change  and  Future  of    Metroplis  according  to  the  Date~.(2014)

6  Railway  network  of  Tokyo  metropolitan  area    (2010)

Source:    Mohri,  Morio:  Tokyo  Metropolitan  Area:  Change  for  50  years  and  Future  Vision                                            ~Change  and  Future  of    Metroplis  according  to  the  Date~.(2014)

48

30

12

12

3

22

15

10

21

14

32

23

15

30

39

21

12

23

40

33

20

11

6

4

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Tokyo

Seoul

GreaterLondon

New York

Beijing

Train Bus Bicycle Walk Car Others[%]

　Mode  of  transporta5on  in  world  ci5es 8

Source:    Ministry  of  Land,  Infrastructure,  Transport  and  Tourism(2013)

 　Transporta5on  share  of  trips  in  Tokyo  metropolitan  area

24,8

22,8

25,1

25,5

29,7

17,0

24,4

27,5

32,9

28,0

5,7

12,9

14,8

14,6

14,1

43,1

33,9

27,0

22,5

21,5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

1968

1978

1988

1998

2008

Train Bus Car Motorcycle Bicycle Walk Others

(%)

12

Source:    Mohri,  Morio:  Tokyo  Metropolitan  Area:  Change  for  50  years  and  Future  Vision                                            ~Change  and  Future  of    Metroplis  according  to  the  Date~.(2014)

 　Transporta5on  mode  of  trips  to  Tokyo  city  area

63,9

69,4

72,5

73,9

78,8

9,7

11,0

10,1

8,7

4,3

3,7

5,2

6,4

7,7

7,4

13,8

9,6

6,0

5,8

5,2

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

1968

1978

1988

1998

2008

Train Bus/Tram Car Motorcycle Bicycle Walk Others

(%)

14

Source:    Mohri,  Morio:  Tokyo  Metropolitan  Area:  Change  for  50  years  and  Future  Vision                                            ~Change  and  Future  of    Metroplis  according  to  the  Date~.(2014)

 　Transporta5on  share  of  trips  in  Tokyo  metropolitan  area

24,8

22,8

25,1

25,5

29,7

17,0

24,4

27,5

32,9

28,0

5,7

12,9

14,8

14,6

14,1

43,1

33,9

27,0

22,5

21,5

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

1968

1978

1988

1998

2008

Train Bus Car Motorcycle Bicycle Walk Others

(%)

12

Source:    Mohri,  Morio:  Tokyo  Metropolitan  Area:  Change  for  50  years  and  Future  Vision                                            ~Change  and  Future  of    Metroplis  according  to  the  Date~.(2014)

 　Transporta5on  mode  of  trips  to  Tokyo  city  area

63,9

69,4

72,5

73,9

78,8

9,7

11,0

10,1

8,7

4,3

3,7

5,2

6,4

7,7

7,4

13,8

9,6

6,0

5,8

5,2

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

1968

1978

1988

1998

2008

Train Bus/Tram Car Motorcycle Bicycle Walk Others

(%)

14

Source:    Mohri,  Morio:  Tokyo  Metropolitan  Area:  Change  for  50  years  and  Future  Vision                                            ~Change  and  Future  of    Metroplis  according  to  the  Date~.(2014)

Railway Network of Tokyo Metropolitan Area (1960)

Transportation Share of Trips in World Cities Transportation Share of Trips in Tokyo Metropolitan Area Transportation Share of Trips to Tokyo City Area

Tokyo

Seoul

London

New York

Beijing

0 % 0 % 0 %20 % 20 % 20 %40 % 40 % 40 %60 % 60 % 60 %80 % 80 % 80 %100 % 100 % 100 %

1968

1978

1988

1998

2008

1968

1978

1988

1998

2008

Railway Network of Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2010) Improvement of Railway Services (1960 / 2010)

Source: Mohri, Morio: Tokyo Metropolitan Area: Change for 50 years and Future Vision– Change and Future of Metropolis According to the Date –, 2014.

Source: Mohri, Morio: Tokyo Metropolitan Area: Change for 50 years and Future Vision– Change and Future of Metropolis According to the Date –, 2014.

Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, 2013

Source: Mohri et al. 2014

Tsukuba Totsuka Ward Tama Mishima

1960 2010 1960 2010 1960 2010 1960 2010

Population 52,600 214,600 113,500 274,300 9,700 147,600 65,000 111,900

Time to Tokyo (min) 168 62 44 41 75 58 111 55

Frequency /3 h 4 17 14 57 9 20 6 12

TsukubaTsukuba

TamaTama

TotsukaTotsuka

MishimaMishima

MAMORU TANIGUCHI, PROFESSOR, TSUKUBA UNIVERSITY

Tokyo PasT, Now aNd FuTure: TraNsPorTaTioN aNd develoPmeNT

 Difficulty  in  maintaining  medical,  welfare,  and  commercial  service  

  Shrink  of  the  public  transporta5on  network  and  deteriora5on  of  the  quality  of  the  service  

■ Regional  Economic  Decline  

■ Deteriora7on  of  func7ons  suppor7ng  urban  lives  

   Regional  industrial  stagna5on  Increase  of  vacant  lands  and  stores,  decline  of  downtown  

   Increasing  social  security  costs     Addressing  the  aging  infrastructure  

■ Strict  Governments’  Finances  

Challenges  of  Urban  Area   Effects  of  Compacness  

Maintenance  and  improvement  of  urban  livability   Maintaining  community  services    Improving  accessibility  to  local  services   Social  par5cipa5on  by  the  elderly  

Revitaliza7on  of  regional  economy   More  produc5ve  in  service  industries,  such  as  public  transport,  medical  care,  welfare  and  commerce.  

Reduc7on  of  administra7ve  cost　   Reducing  the  maintenance  cost  of  for  infrastructure  

 More  efficient  in  administra5ve  service   Maintaining  land  value  and  the  revenue  of  property  tax  

 Controlling  social  security  cost  through  health  enhancement  

Less  burden  on  global  environment  

Compact  City  Agglomera7on  of  popula7on  by  

guiding  and  concentra7ng  community  ameni7es  and  residence  

Restructuring  of  transporta7on  network  coordina7ng  with  community  development  

＋  Network

  More  efficient  use  of  energy    Reducing  CO2  emission  

Polycentric  Network-‐based  Compact  City  with  city  center  and  local  cores  linked  by  

user-‐friendly  public  transport

Making  urban  Environment  to  safe  and  comfortable  for  the  elderly  and  households  with  children

Maintaining  and  improving  business  environment  

Financially  sustainable  urban  management

Realiza5on  of  urban  structure  with  low  carbon  emission

○ Depopula5on  and  Aging  ○ Urban  Sprawl  

Current  urban  trend  

25  

9Population estimation of Tokyo metropolitan area

TMA/Japan

Tokyo/TMA

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Population[Million]

Chiba

Saitama

Kanagawa

Tokyo

TMA/Japan

Tokyo/TMA

TMA/Japan[%]Tokyo/TMA[%]

Source: Mohri, Morio (2014) and National Institute of Population and Social Security Research

Popula5on  es5ma5on  of  Tokyo  metropolitan  area      (Over  65  years  old)

4139,342 4498,313 3934,3295169,743

3179,474

4827,344

5958,8796024,846

7318,816

9325,6579893,208

11194,589

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

2010 2020 2030 2040

Over 75 65-74Over 75 65-74

Elderly  popula5on    [/Thousand]

Elderly  Popula5on    Ra5o  [%]

16

Source:    Mohri,  Morio:  Tokyo  Metropolitan  Area:  Change  for  50  years  and  Future  Vision                                            ~Change  and  Future  of    Metroplis  according  to  the  Date~.(2014)

【機密性２】

◆ Lenient control of residential developments outside the districtsPrior notification of a large residential development outside the

district, followed by consultation with local municipalities.

Working Toward “Network-based Compact City”

Based on the Act on Special Measures concerning Urban Reconstruction and Act on Revitalization and Rehabilitation of Local PublicTransportation Systems amended in 2014, the local municipalities are expected to guide houses and community amenities into key areas andto develop a sustainable local public transportation network which connects these areas, while taking the entire city structure into account.

In order to encourage the municipalities to guide community amenities into designated districts, the Japanese Government providesincentives such as budgetary support for creating and implementing such plans.Siting Optimization Plan (created by cities)

【Amended Act on Special Measures concerning Urban Reconstruction】(Enacted Aug 1 2014)

◆ Lenient control of community amenity siting outside the districts Prior notification of community amenity development outside

the districts, followed by consultation with local municipalities.

◆ Improving living conditions within districtsEnable housing developers to make proposals on urban planning and landscape planning

Residential advancement districtEstablish areas that attract residents and maintain population density

Community amenity advancement districtIdentify the areas where certain amenities are encouraged to be sited◆Promote establishment of urban functions

(such as welfare, healthcare, commerce.) Provide tax and financial incentives to service-attracting facilities Relax floor area ratio requirements, etc. for rebuilding welfare

and healthcare-related facilities Effective use of public real estate and

unused/underused land◆Walkable city Support development of pedestrian walkways

Local public transportation networking plan【Amended Act on Revitalization and Rehabilitation of Local Public Transportation Systems】

（Enacted Nov. 20 2014）

Developed by local government lead Integrated with city development Takes the whole city structure into account to

redevelop public transportation networks for the entire region

Approval by MLIT (Minister)

Improve related laws and establish new incentives, such as budgetary support.

Regional public transportionreorganization plan（created by local government, with consent from the operaters,etc.）

Reinforce public transportation services

Improve transit hubs

ＺGuide and concentrate community amenities

to key areas

Walkable/bike-friendly development

Circular transportation system

Feeder lines such as community buses

Demand-responsive bus (taxi)

Siting Optimization Plan

Local public ranpsortation networking plan

integration

Positive cycle

Polycentric network-based Compact City

26

Encourage more housing near public transportation

Siting Optimization Plan Area＝Urban Planning Area

Siting Optimization Plan (figure)

27

Urbanization promotion area

Residential advancement districtCommunity amenities advancement district

Purpose of Network-based Compact City Working toward “Network-based Compact City”

Population Estimation of Tokyo Metropolitan Area Population Estimation of Tokyo Metropolitan Area:Over 65 Years Old

Siting Optimization Plan

Source: Mohri, Morio: Tokyo Metropolitan Area: Change for 50 years and Future Vision– Change and Future of Metropolis According to the Date –, 2014.

Source: Mohri, Morio 2014 and National Institute of Population and Social Security Research.

MAMORU TANIGUCHI, PROFESSOR, TSUKUBA UNIVERSITY

Tokyo PasT, Now aNd FuTure: TraNsPorTaTioN aNd develoPmeNT– agiNg, sTrucTural chaNge, susTaiNabiliTy –