MAMMALSNOLAN, JACQUELINE, LESLIE & SAMANTHA

WHAT IS A MAMMAL

WHAT IS A MAMMAL?- A WARM BLOODED VERTEBRAE ANIMAL OF A CLASS THAT IS DISTINGUISHED BY THE POSSESSION OF HAIR OR FUR, THE SECRETION OF MILK BY FEMALES FOR THE NURISHMENT OF THE YOUNG AND TYPICALLY THE BIRTH OF LIVE YOUNG.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS

MAMMALS HAVE HAIR-MAMMALS HAVE HAIR OR FEATHERS THAT PROVIDES INSULATION AND BODY HEAT

MAMMALS NURSE THEIR YOUNG- MAMMALS HAVE SEVERAL GLANDS THAT PRODUCE SALIVA, SWEAT, OIL, DEGESTIVE ENZYMES, HOROMONES,MILK & SCENT; MAMMALS FEED THEIR YOUNG FROM MAMMARY GLANDS

RESPIRATION & CIRCULATION IN MAMMALS- MAMMALS NEED A HIGH LEVEL OF ENERGY TO MAINTAIN THEIR ENDOTHERMIC METABOLISM; CIRCULATION ALSO REMOVES WASTE PRODUCTS FROM CELLS AND HELPS REGULATE BODY TEMPERATURE

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS

MOST MAMMALS HAVE SPECIALIZED TEETH- MAMMALS WITH TEETH HAVE TEETH THAT ARE ADAPTED TO THE TYPE OF FOOD THEY EAT

MAMMALS HAVE MODIFIED LIMBS- MAMMALS LIMBS ARE ADAPTED FOR A VARIETY OF METHODS OF FOOD GATHERING; PRIMATES HAVE OPPOSABLE THUMBS

MAMMALS CAN LEARN- MAMMALS TEACH THEIR YOUNG SURVIVAL SKILLS; MAMMALS CAN LEARN AND REMEMBER WHAT THEY LEARNED

DIVERSITY OF MAMMALS PLACENTAL MAMMALS GIVE BIRTH TO YOUNG THAT

HAVE DEVELOPED INSIDE THE MOTHERS UTERUS UNTIL THEIR BODY SYSTEMS ARE FULLY FUNCTIONAL

UTERUS- A HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN IN WHICH OFFSPRING DEVELOP

THERAPSIDS- A GROUP OF REPTILIAN ANCESTORS SPECIES DIVERSITY IS A MEASURE OF THE AND

FEQUENCY OF SPECIES IN A COMMUNITY MAMMALS EVOLVED FROM A GROUP OF REPTILES

CALLED THE SYNAPSIDS THAT AROSE 310 TO 275 MILLION YEARS AGO

MAMMALS ARE A CLADE OF ENDOTHEMIC AMNIOTES

Animal Behavior

http://www.flickr.com/photos/fpat/3375999258/

What is a behavior?

Any response to a stimulus (an external signal)

Examples of stimuli

•Sounds

•Smells

•Sights (light vs dark)

Why do behaviors exist?

Most behaviors have some evolutionary history (the behavior aided survival)

Can you think of any examples of behaviors that might have helped our ancestors survive?

Two Types of Behavior

Innate – behavior you are born with, also called INSTINCTS

Learned – behavior that develops through experience

Some human instincts….Grasping reflex

Holding breath when submerged

Pupil dilation

Even very young babies can learn to swim

Learned Behaviors

1.Habituation

2.Classical Conditioning

3.Operant Conditioning

4.Insight Learning

HABITUATIONWhen  your body becomes accustomed to a stimulus. Ex.:  Some animals respond to loud noises by hiding.  If the noises are repeated, the animal stops hiding.

Baby toys are designed to stimulate their brains.  Babies learn by "trial and error"

Classical Conditioning

Pairing two stimuli together, response becomes the same  Pavlov's Dogs - ring a bell when  feeding dogs.  Eventually, the dogs would salivate when they heard the bell ring.

OPERANT CONDITIONINGInvolves "training" a behavior using a reward or punishment system.   Examples:  Rat gets

treat when it hits a lever     Rat gets shocked when it climbs a structure     Dog gets treat when it sits on command

The Skinner Box used to train rats

Insight LearningInvolves using the brain to develop solutions to problems never before encountered. This is not "trial-and-error."  The animal (or human) must build on prior experiences to solve a problem

Have you ever noticed that a dog tied outside gets tangled in its leash, he can't figure out how to get untangled

Lets RECAPInsight Learning/ Classical Conditioning / Operant Conditioning / ReasoningMatch the description to the type of learning.

1.  A chimpanzee figures out how to escape his cage by unlocking the latch

2.  A dog sits on command and receives a treat.

3.  Rats push a lever for food (Skinner box)

4.  A bell is run when dogs are fed.  Dogs drool whenever they hear the bell.

5.  Babies grasp their hands around objects.

Quick Quiz1.  A behavior is an __________________, performed

in response to a ______________________

2.  Rats in the Skinner box learned to push a ______________ to get  _____________

3.  The fact that you are awake in the day and asleep at night is an example of a _________________ rhythm

4.  When an animal stops reacting to a stimulus that happens over and over, it is called _________________

 5.  Natural selection favors behaviors that help an

animal ___________