MIDLAND GROU P FIELD :'.mETING REPORTS, 1939. 219

From th e top of th e kilns th e D1 limestone in th e qu arrybehind th e station was seen with it s regular dip in a south-westerlydirection. Lower beds were also not ed in th e railway cuttingto th e east of the station.

Passing out of Zone D into S the part y examined th e rocksin Brownend Quarry. They are mostly st eeply-dipping thinplaty limestones becoming cherty as the sequenceis ascended. Fossils are few except for occasiona l Spin/a sand one large mas s of Syringopora ct. ramulosa Goldfu ss. SeveralFa vosites sp. were found by the members and specimens of th ebaccillarius phase of Cladochonus ct. crassus (McCoy) wereidentified by Dr . Lamont.

Since time did not permit deta iled study of th e C, bedsoppos ite th e entrance to thi s quarry, they were pointed out fromth e quarry platform. They consisted of anticlinally-foldedlimestones containing Pr oductus humerosus on which were lyingreef-like limestone of D1 , showing that the whole of the S bedswere cut out by a larg e non-s equence. Between BrownendQuarr y and these exposures faulting must have taken place,but owing to the scarcity of exposures this cannot be proved .

Tea was serv ed at th e George Inn , after which Dr. F. Rawproposed a vote of th ank s to the Director, which was sup­ported by Dr. D. Parkinson.

MALVERN HILLS.

Saturday, June 3rd.

R ep ort by the Director : ARTHUR BENNETT.

ON assembling at th e British Camp Pass the party , num­bering 29, were taken (by kind permis sion of Messrs.

Schweppes Limited) to see th e spring on the west ern foot of th eHerefordshire Beacon.

This is a powerful fault-spring which issues at the point wherea transverse fault (running about east to west through th eMalvernian Rocks) intersects with the main west ern fault whichbrings the Silurian rocks to the west into contact wit h th eMalv ernian.

The water is piped from here to Schweppes Factory nearColwall Station, a distance of nearly two miles, and here it isbottled and distributed in considerable quantities throughoutthis country and abroad.

Observations have est ablished that the volume of the spring,which varies from 8 to 90 gallons per minute, rises and falls withthe rainfall, having a time lag of about a week.

Here the Malverni an Rock, much cracked and fissur ed, wasseen resting on a bed of crushed Malvernian mixed with clay

220 A. BENNETT,

and II ft. in thickness. This bed dips eastward towards theBritish Camp Hill at a low angle of about 25°. When theexcavations at the spring were made the Wenlock Shales wereseen under the II ft. bed dipping at about the same angle.

It was noted that in this part of the district, just west of theHerefordshire Beacon, the May Hill Beds and the WoolhopeLimestone do not appear and the rock in contact with theMalvernian is the Wenlock Shale. The Wenlock Limestone andthe Lower Ludlow Shales-farther to the west-also havereversed dips, the Aymestry Limestone is vertical and only theUpper Ludlow and Downtonian Beds have a normal westerlydip. Further to the north it is only the May Hill Beds, theWoolhope Limestone and the lower beds of the Wenlock Shalesthat have reversed dips.

The faulting-out of the May Hill Beds and the WoolhopeLimestone, combined with the fact that the summit of theHerefordshire Beacon is half a mile to the west of the crest of theother part of the range, points to the existence of an overthrust.

Proceeding, the party examined a few rock exposures in thevicinity of the entrance gates to Eastnor Park Drive. A wellwas sunk some years ago close to the western fault, and here theWenlock Shales dipped eastwards about 25°. To the west ofthis point, in a roadside section, the Wenlock Limestone dipseastwards at an angle of 30°.

Just inside the entrance gates of the Ridgeway Drive theLower Ludlow shales dip eastwards at an angle of about 75°,and west of this the Aymestry Limestone occurs as a little hillridge in a meadow and dips eastwards at about 85°. To thewest of this the Aymestry appears to be folded into a syncline andis seen again still further westwards on the side of the mainroad dipping about north-west at a low angle. These observa­tions seem to lend further support to the overthrust idea.

Proceeding along the main road towards Ledbury a halt wasmade at a quarter of a mile from the entrance gates to look atthe near view. Looking northwards along the western side ofthe range the bare hills, unenclosed and uncultivated, showedthe position of the Malvernian Rocks. To the west of the barehillside came the Silurian Rocks-all enclosed and in somecases cultivated. The fault junction was clearly shown by theroadway joining up a line of houses and cottages which had beenbuilt along the fault line because it is here that the water comesout in a line of springs. The three limestones could be pickedout as hill ridges and steep banks covered with oak-hazel coppicesand the softer shales showed up as valleys-sometimes arablebut mostly grass-land. Cross faults breaking the continuity ofthe limestone hill-ridges could be clearly seen as well as the

MIDLAND GROUP FIELD MEETING REPORTS, 1939. 221

anticlinal foldings in the Ludlow-Aymestry Rocks near Mathonand Cradley. To the west of the Silurian Rocks the red colourof the soil picked out the Downtonian and Old Red Rocks.

The party were standing on a ridge of Aymestry Limestoneon the north side of which the Upper Ludlow Beds were restingand were looking down its dip slope to Colwall Green, where theLudlow was covered in turn by the Downtonian.

Looking southwards over the steep scarp of the Aymestrywas a deep valley-s-containing Ockeridge Farm-s-of LowerLudlow shales, and on the other side of it was the WenlockLimestone forming a magnificent wooded hill along the top ofwhich runs the Ridgeway to Eastnor Castle. On the other side ofthis could be seen another valley-s-containing Netherton Farm-s­this time in Wenlock Shales. On the top of a hill beyond thisvalley was the Obelisk, to the memory of the Great LordChancellor, and beyond this, which could not be seen, are theCambrian Rocks of the South Malverns. The Obelisk Hill isbuilt up of Purple Llandovery Shales and grits overlain by theMay Hill Beds and then the Woolhope Limestone just below theWenlock Shales; a most impressive view-point.

Further on the way a call was made in the Barton Hollowayto examine the Upper Ludlow Beds and to look at a few Iossils t-s­

Chonetes lata, Rhynchonella nucula, Serpuliies longissimus, Or­thonota amyzdalina, etc., etc.

To the east of Ledbury, Martin's Quarry, in Wenlock Lime­stone, was seen. This is on the western side of the greatWenlock anticline and the Lower Ludlow beds were seen at thetop of the quarry just before they dip steeply towards Ledbury.Stromatopora and many other fossils were found.

Tea was taken at the Hollybush Pass. All arrangementswere made by Mr. Spencer E. Warner, Hon. Secretary of theMalvern Field Club, who acted as timekeeper throughout thetour. During tea Professor Wills proposed, and Mr. Bestseconded, a hearty vote of thanks to Messrs. Bennett and Warner.

Afterwards, some of the party stayed behind to examine thevolcanic intrusive rocks, the Hollybush Sandstone and BlackShales as well as the large Malvernian Quarry.

CHURCH STRETTON DISTRICT,WENLOCK EDGE.Saturday, July 15th.

Report by the Director: A. J. BUTLER, M.Sc., F.G.S.

A PARTY of 28 members left Church Stretton at 9.15.On the way to Wenlock Edge a short halt was made on

the slopes of Hasler Hill, where Professor Wills pointed out therelation of the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous