M A L M Øt r a n s f o r m i n g

GROWING NEW BLUE-GREEN VEINS

intro

On background of analyses on Malmø and investigationes on the city through walking, reading, talking, googling etc a blue-green web has developed.

The blue-green web strategically developed to better dealig with a wetter future, handeling the increasing amount of urban runoff in a more sustainable economical way.

However the most important issue of this struc-ture is the experiences it creates for people moving through the streets and neighbourhoods on their way to their everyday destination.

Connecting urban public and semi-public rooms by a mentally easy remembered and physically inviting and easy oriented structure. It brings unexpected and new experiences to both the visitor and the inhabitant.

Imagine walking along a small stream, with trees, straws, insects, flowers, birds and more living things and all the different smells and sounds they bring with them through the seasons.

It might turn into a really refreshing start of the day on your way to work...

analyses

: The growing blue green corridors and transforming squares

: points of importance (the sites)

: bus-connecting stations

: recipients of runoff downtown

: new cityline

: important buffer situation for cleansing runoff

: spaces in the city ideal for transformation

: wide alley ideal for bufferzone

: wide car-streets ideal for transformation

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S T R E E T - S C A P E - D E L I G H T S

Three factors defines landscape :(in Ian Thompson´s theory)Ecology

Community

Delight

It is obvious that delights have a key role in giving identity to the ur-ban landscape. This assumption means that landscape aestetic and its enhancement should

be considered beyond its visual as-pects, in combination with other dimentions of the urban environment. The balance between natural environment and human societies has always existed in societies; and searching for delight and asthetics, de-light and balance of human tasks and their environmental relationship, has always been

considered in such a way that man can live comfortably with nature. (From Thompson´s point of view “Ecology” is one of the effective elements in landscape).

The importance we give our senses

Assuming fuels for private car use will be unattractively ex-pencive in the future and that this will make the use of pri-vate transportation less important, I fokus on alternative use of space in the street-scape regarding amount of space for carparking, number of lanes needed for cars in a street etc.

Using this space to recive, treat and experience water gives a city and its inahabitans and wisitors a lot more back.It brings life into the streets on a hole new level.

Changing from private to public transportation

private and public

in the street-scape

Malmø,S:t Knuts Square may-03 artist project on Agenda 21http://koloni.dbskane.se/kolonienglish.htm

alotment gardens neighbourhood community garden-projects

private publicsemi-publicparks

allotment gardens of Elisedal next to Fosie industrial aera

aerialphoto and view over Pildammspark showing parcelgarden-aera close to the Pildammstheater

Ribersborgpark aera

Allotment gardens in and near a city is green aeras and absorb some rainfall (and produses food), but it gives little back to the public.

Parcel/urban-gardening (that is not closed in) acti-vates and gives experiences to the public.

Parks in a city absorbes a lot of runoff and rain-water and feels open and public for everyone.

the corridor

trees :

-shadow-decrease wind-rain shelter-evaporation-Co2 binding-fighting UHI-effect-absorbes water from runoff-zoneing-elements/ creates space

waterways/ponds :

-movement-collecting runoff-holding water-play-cleansing

bikepaths/lanes :

to ensurequicktravel

industrial/lagre warehouse sites:

-use of green roofing, gravel pits with vegetation and connecting runoff stream to waterways-use of trees and bushery to fight UHI-effect-penetratable surfaces for water to “disappare”

Rulal/industrial aeras

urban “furnishing” :

-attractors/ background for social encoun ters-relaxation-reflection-play

public gardens :

-brings action in to space-education-time in space-sosial encoun- ters-fighting UHI- effect

Urban neighbourhood street aeras

bikepaths/pedestrian lanes :

to ensurequicktravel

waterways/ponds :

-movement-collecting run off-holding water-play-cleansing

trees :

-shadow-decrease wind-rain shelter-evaporation-Co2 binding-fighting UHI-effect-absorbes water from runoff-zoneing-elements/ creates space

accesiblebus-stops/prioritized bus-lanes :

to ensurequick and easytravel

broad side-walks :

space for interactionand play

variations in spacewater and vegetation

vegetated roofingand surfaces

fountains and water-streams rinsing water

ponds variation in waterway

slow water background for activity and reflection

Paris case study

handeling of urban run-off

gardening

play

Jardin ´d Eolé : the everyday park

exercise

gravel surface with nat-ural seeding straw

water bassin (with fish)

grass surface

public WC

kiosk play zones

low activity zones(sitting,talking, having lunch,watching,thinking)

parcel-garden aera

variations in zones and space

sustainable management of urban runoff

BackgroundBy early 1970, the deleterious effects of urban runoff on stream water quality had become apparent (Coughlin and Hammer, 1973, and sources cited therein). At the time though, relatively few studies had focused on the nature, extent, and effects of urban runoff. Reports from the states began to accumulate a considerable body of information. By the late 1970s, these reports had indicated that urban runoff is a significant source of Nonpoint Source (NPS) Pollution. However, it was dif-ficult to determine the particular effects of urban runoff on water quality due to interferences from other pollutant sources (USEPA, 1984). (The Delaware Urban Runoff Management Approach)

Effects of Urban Runoff on Groundwater QualityThe movement of pollutants in urban runoff is a con-cern. Urban runoff contains chemical constituents and pathogenic indicator organisms that could impair wa-ter quality. Studies by EPA (EPA 1983) and the US Geo-logical Survey (USGS 1995) indicate that all monitored pollutants stayed within the top 16 centimeters of the soil in the recharge basins. The actual threat to groundwater quality from recharging urban runoff is de-pendent on several factors, including soil type, source control, pre-treatment, solubility of pollutants, main-tenance of recharge basins, current and past land use, depth to groundwater, and the method of infiltration used. (from the California Water Plan Update 2009)

GREEN TECHNOLOGY BMPs (Best Management Practices )The BMPs addressed in Green Technology and pertinent as-pects of their design and per-formance are briefly summarized below:

Conservation Site Design - Site design standards to re-duce the extent of impervious surfaces and increase the ex-tent of wooded areas are a key element of this approach.

SourceAreaDisconnection – Disconnection is the process of directing runoff from im-pervious surfaces over adjacent vegetated surfaces, providing infiltration and pollutant re-moval. Green Technology quanti-fies the runoff reductions by disconnecting flow from imper-vious surfaces as it discharges onto adjacent pervious areas.

Filter Strips – Filter strips spread run-off uniformly over a filtering surface of vegetation, provid-ing infiltration and pollutant removal. Filter strips can pro-vide substantial treatment if not overloaded by sediment and runoff. Green Technology quan-tifies the runoff reductions and pollutant removal of filter strips.

Biofiltration Swales/Grassed Swales - Biofiltration swales convey runoff at shallow flow depths through wide swales. They can be very effective in removing

Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and adsorbed metals, although less effective in terms of nu-trients. While swales are not thought to be capable of quan-tity management, designs incor-porating check dams can provide substantial attenuation of peak flows. Green Technology quanti-fies the runoff reductions and pollutant removal of overland conveyance through properly de-signed swales.

Terraces - Terraces are swales extend-ing across gentle slopes de-signed to intercept runoff and increase the potential for infiltration. In terms of pol-lutant removal, terraces oper-ate as filter strips, as runoff flows into them from upslope. They are similar to swales in terms of runoff response. Green Technology quantifies the run-off reductions and pollutant removal of overland conveyance through properly designed ter-races.

Bioretention Structures - These are landscaped pocket depressions designed to infil-trate runoff through an en-gineered soil media. Incorpo-rated into the urban landscape, they can provide substantial filtering and nutrient trans-formations before runoff is discharged into the convey-ance system. Ongoing research suggests that this BMP can be designed to provide substan-tial soluble phosphorus removal capabilities, unlike most other BMPs. Green Technology quanti-

fies the runoff reductions and pollutant removal of overland conveyance through properly de-signed bioretention structures.

Infiltration Practices - Most Green Technology BMPs incorporate infiltration as part of the treatment process. Specific infiltration fa-cilities include infiltration trenches. Infiltration trenches located in swales provide ad-ditional wetted surface area and storage volume, and often they can be designed to pen-etrate shallow impermeable soil profiles to recharge deeper soil horizons. Green Technology quantifies the runoff reduc-tions of infiltration trenches.Complementing these engineered BMPs, Riparian Buffer Systems (RBS) and Stream Bank Restora-tion (SBR) BMPs are other im-portant Green Technology sys-tems that can enhance receiving waters. These BMPs provide sub-stantial improvements in stream habitat and stability, as well as reducing pollutants from ur-ban runoff. RBSs provide con-siderable benefits to streams through shading, bank stabili-zation and litterfall. RBSs can also provide substantial runoff filtering and pollutant remov-al when conditions are favor-able. Since RBSs are sensitive to concentrated flows, design procedures to ensure sheet flow through level spreaders, filter strips and parallel swales can be incorporated into the design of this BMP. A companion docu-ment specifically focused on RBS design is being prepared by

DNREC.Stream Bank Restoration dif-fers from other BMPs in that it provides no direct hydrological controls, nor does it remove pollutants from upland runoff. However, by stabilizing erod-ing stream banks, it may be the most effective mitigation measure for unstable streams stressed by urban runoff.

Unfortunately, while there is great interest in using Green Technology BMPs, there are remarkably few rigorous proce-dures available for the engi-neering and regulatory communi-ty to utilize in designing them and evaluating their effective-ness. Many regulatory programs use a straightforward runoff volume approach, in which the increase in small storm runoff volume due to land development is to be treated and/or re-tained on site. However, this approach typically assumes a constant runoff volume in pro-portion to rainfall amount, and does not route runoff through nonstructural BMPs. Instead, simplified volume/outflow equa-tions are extracted from the literature, without addressing the processes involved during storm events. Where this ap-proach leads to over-design, it may be beneficial if the origi-nal reduction targets are in-adequate, otherwise it causes unnecessary expense. Where it leads to under-design, the hy-drological impacts are not ad-equately mitigated.(from “The Delaware Urban Run-off Management Approach”)

As the City of Malmø already has established guidelines and directives to manage runoff in a sustainable way, taking the use of rain-water (and maybe greywater?) to the next level is much closer in time than in other cities as the political currage is of high standard, and the bureaucracy prosesses and cooperation between departments in the city is alrady es-tablished. Taking this to any desired level of good management with nature seems possible.

Repeating the most important goals regarding SUR-management of the City of Malmø: The natural water balance shall not be af-fected by the urbanization: Pollutants shall to gratest possible extent be kept away from the urban runoff (source control of pollutants): The drainage system shall be designed so that harmful backing up of water in the exist-ing drainage system is avoided.: The drainage system shall be designed so that part of the pollutants in the runoff are removed along its way to the receiving waters.: Stormwater shall wherever possible be looked upon as a positive resource in the urban land-scape (from the document “BlueGreenFinger-prints” by Peter Stahre)

not like this.... but maybe like this....

wetland

extensive ecoroof(shallow vegetated)

extensive ecoroof(shallow vegetated)

stormwaterponds veget

ated

swale

cictern

wetland

permeablepaving

infiltration-zone

(vegetation)flow-through zone

(vegetation)

example of stormwater-management using ponds and wetlands

the project(s)

3 2

1

1 situation one :Møllevångstorget, the marketplaceImportant location in Malmø due to many layers of activity.Main traffik lane; several bus-lines passes. Close by is the second most important bus-connecting sta-tion, after the central station.Meltingpot; the experience of the cultur-al diversity of Malmø is very accessable here.

situation2 :Møllevångens skola, childrens school close to the most important park in Malmø.A location suitable for introducing a neighbourhood urban garden project where neighbours and the children in the school together with the passersby can share a daily experience and interaction in a “garden of delight”-environment.

2

3 situation3 :Large parkingspace behind Triangelen shop-pingmall. Becomes a new square and a very important location in Malmø when the city-line (fastrail underground connection be-tween Centralstation and Øresunds bridge is finished. Situation today pays little honour to the church situated here.

site one

3 2

1

exists with many meetings and crossings

busslanes passingmarket activitycafés,restaurants,bars,clubs (outdoor/indoor)walking past/throughbiking past/throughpublic toilets (with belonging activity)small shopsgourmet shopstatue (function as) waiting-hotspotkiosk/snackbar

layers of cultural and human actions

public WC

kiosk

road-surface

cafés/bars/restaurant

shops

market activityzoneoutdoor café trees

pedestrian crossing

hotspot(statue)

car/bus-lanes

bike-lanes

Malmø´s meltingpot

somewath dead zone

nightlife in Møllan daylife in Møllan

outdoor restaurantsnight view over the square

site 2

3 2

1

Public meets private

school

school playground

public park (Folkets Park)

public/commersial

private housing

undeveloped space

possible new pedestrianroute through new activity-zone

bike lane through aera

undeveloped space between private hous-ing and Møllevångens-shcool

view over site from monbijou-gatan view from school

This situation is to me ideal to introduce a semi-public garden project. The poten-tial for a new pedestrian route through the situation, and the school on one side and the private appartment-building on the other side make the site a perfect loca-tion to be developed into a new zone for interaction with nature and with people.

empty empty empty space...

neighbourhood of garden delights

vegetated roof:-slowing and cleansing water

vegetated roof:-slowing and cleansing water

permeable surface

pond

pond

pond

cleansing medium

(vegetation)

parcel

gardens

parcel

gardens

cictern

cictern

new pedestrian path

Folkets Park

Schoolbuilding

Schoolplayground

inletoutlet

site 3

3 2

1

New metroline stop Triangelen

trees

shopping mall

art gallery+café

st johannes church

bike lane through

4 lane trafficstreet

new cityline stop

greener city-space

pond

new cityline st.

TRIANGELN

st johanneschurch

inletnew entrance to

shopping-center

outdoorcafé aera

waterstair

for rinseoff

delivery-zone (trailers)

triangeln

shoppingmall

smallercleansing-pond

vegetated roof:-slowing and cleansing water

vegetated roof:-slowing and cleansing water

vegetated roof:-slowing and cleansing water

outlet

outlet

inlet

inlet