malignant glaucoma
DESCRIPTION
Malignant GlaucomaTRANSCRIPT
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Malignant Glaucoma
Dr.Dipak GulhaneDr.Rita Dhamankar
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NORMAL ANTERIOR SEGMENT OCT
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Malignant Glaucoma / Aqueous Misdirection Syndrome DefinitionVon Graefe 1869 A shallow or flat anterior chamber with an
inappropriately high intraocular pressure despite a patent iridectomy
European Glaucoma Society; II edition
Secondary angle closure glaucoma with ‘’posterior’’ pushing mechanism, without pupillary block, caused by the ciliary body and iris rotating forward
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Malignant Glaucoma – AetiologySurgery for angle-closure glaucoma Spontaneously Cessation of topical cycloplegic therapyInitiation of topical miotic therapyLaser iridotomyLaser capsulotomyLaser cyclophotocoagulation
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Malignant Glaucoma – Aetiology
Cataract extraction Seton implantationCentral retinal vein occlusion Argon laser suture lysis HyperopiaShort axial lengths, or nanophthalmos.[4]
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Pathogenesis
Posterior misdirection of aqueous flow
Hyaloid membrane into or behind the vitreous body
Increase in vitreous volume
Shallower anterior chamber
Increase in intraocular pressure
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Malignant glaucoma: cilio-lenticular block
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Malignant glaucoma: cilio-vitrean block
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Clinical Presentation High index of suspicion - necessaryA red, painful eye is surgery for acute angle-closure
glaucomaImmediately after surgery , may occur during surgery or
months to years laterCessation of cycloplegic therapy or the institution of
miotic drops
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Clinical Presentation Slit-lamp
Shallow or flat anterior chamber both centrally and peripherally
No iris bombé to make the appropriate diagnosisIOP is elevated and the anterior chamber is axially shallow
Attempt to reform the anterior chamber postoperatively through the paracentesis site with viscoelastic substance,Great posterior resistance may be noted Anterior chamber may not deepen IOP may rise substantially.
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Trigger factors Small, crowded anterior segmentAngle closure Swelling and inflammation of the ciliary processesAnterior rotation of the ciliary body Forward movement of the lens-iris diaphragm
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISCriterion Aqueous
MisdirectionPupillary Block Suprachoroidal
HemorrhageSerous Choroidal
Effusions
Intraocular pressure
Normal or elevated
Elevated Normal or elevated
Low
Anterior chamber depth
Shallow; flat centrally and peripherally
Shallow; flat peripherally, but deeper centrally
Shallow; flat centrally and peripherally
Shallow; flat centrally and peripherally
Relief by iridectomy
No Yes No No
Ophthalmoscopy Choroid and retina flat
Choroid and retina flat
Bullous light brown choroidal elevations
Bullous dark brown or dark red choroidal elevations
Ultrasound biomicroscopy
Anterior rotation of ciliary body and lens
Iris bombé with lens in normal position
- -
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DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSISCriterion Aqueous Misdirection Pupillary
BlockSuprachoroidal
HemorrhageSerous Choroidal
Effusions
B-scan ultrasound
- - Smooth, thick, dome-shaped movement with little after-movement
Smooth, thick, dome-shaped membrane with little after- membrane
Heterogeneous echogenic space
Echolucent suprachoroidal space
Onset Intraoperative or early postoperative period.
Early postoperative period
Intraoperative or early postoperative period
Intraoperative or early postoperative period
Occasionally months to years later
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Pupilary block v/s Malignant Glaucoma
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Investigationes
Ultrasound A scan: axial length
Ultrasound B scan: exclude other pathologies
Ultrasound biomicroscoscopy
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Ultrasound biomicroscopyConfirm the diagnosis by the visualitation of the
anterior segment structures: Irido-corneal touch Appositional angle closure Anterior rotation of the ciliary body Apposition to the iris
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MANAGEMENT
Medical therapy
Laser therapy
Pars plana vitrectomy
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Medical treatment
First step (good results in 50% of cases)Cycloplegia with atropin 1%x 4-6/dMydriasis with phenilephrin 2,5%x 4-6/dMechanism of action
posterior push of the irido-cristalinian diaphragm cilliary muscles relaxation
Long time treatment with atropin required recurences (sometime for several years)
β blockers, AIC , α agonists
Hyperosmotics agents: Glycerol (po), Manitol (2g/kg iv)
Miotics Are Contraindicated
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Laser TherapyThe second line of treatmentNeodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser -
aphakic and pseudophakic Large peripheral iridectomy Anterior hyaloid rupture to release the trapped aqueous
from the vitreous Several openings are made peripherally Placement of the iridectomies should be peripheral Peripheral placement will enable anterior migration of
the aqueous
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Laser TherapyCorneal-lenticular contact
Risk of corneal decompensation Chamber should be reformed following Nd:YAG laser
hyaloidotomy Slit lamp Viscoelastic substance via a 30-gauge cannula Through the original paracentesis
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Pars plana vitrectomy
MECHANISMTo debulk the vitreous To disrupt the anterior hyaloid face.
NEEDED Medical or or laser therapy failsPhakic eyes for which laser treatment is not a good option,
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Pars plana vitrectomy
Pseudophakicvitrectomy + anterior hialoidotomy
Phakic Pars plana vitrectomy ± lensectomy
Lensectomy: - corneal oedema - dens cataract - no anterior chamber formation
during vitrectomy
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Fellow eyeNarrow angle is present The laser peripheral iridectomy is performed before Risk of aqueous misdirection may be reduced after
iridectomy if the angle remains open and the IOP is normal
Failure to provide prompt therapy to the fellow - bilateral blindness.[2]
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ConclusionThe prognosis depends of the severity and the anterior
situation
Malignant glaucoma remains a most difficult clinical problem in terms of diagnosis and management
The precise mechanism remains unclear and that why the management is controversial