Pbl 1 – pod 2

By : asem shadid435032467

Objective :

• 1 - compare between malignant and benign tumors.

• 2 - describe the stages and grading of tumor .

• 3 - describe dysplasia to carcinoma .

• 4 – list the different type of malignant adenoma in colon .

• 5 – what is metastasis and how it spread and the common

sites of the metastasis adenocarcinoma in the colon .

• 6 - describe the CEA .

compare between malignant and benign

tumors

• What is cancer?• The word cancer is derived from the Latin word for crab because cancers are

often very irregularly shaped . The term cancer refers to a new growth which has the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize .

First :

• Tumor and cancer is it the same ? : • The terms tumor and cancer are sometimes used interchangeably – بالتبادل - which

can be misleading. A tumor is not necessarily a cancer. The word tumor simply refers to a mass. A cancer is a threatening type of tumor.

• neoplasm :• The term neoplasm can refer to benign (usually curable) or malignant (cancerous)

growths.• A neoplasm is an abnormal new growth of cells. The cells in a neoplasm usually

grow more rapidly than normal cells and will continue to grow if not treated.

• A tumor is a commonly used, but non-specific, term for a neoplasm. The word tumor simply refers to a mass.

• compare between malignant and benign tumors

Benign tumors • are non-malignant/non-cancerous tumor. • A benign tumor is usually localized, and does not spread to other parts of

the body. • Benign tumors are typically slow-growing.• Most benign tumors respond well to treatment and They often have well-

defined borders, so surgical removal can be an effective treatment.

• However, if left untreated, some benign tumors can grow large and lead to serious disease because of their size.

• Benign tumors can also mimic malignant tumors, and so for this reason are sometimes treated.

• benign tumors can be serious if they press on vital structures such as blood vessels or nerves.

• sometimes they require treatment and other times they do not.

• Malignant tumors :• are cancerous growths. They are often resistant to treatment, may spread to

other parts of the body and they sometimes recur after they were removed.

A cancer is another word for a malignant tumor (a malignant neoplasm).

describe the stages and

grading of tumor

Cancer staging is the process of determining the extent to which a cancer has

developed by spreading.

Exsampile : Staging of colorectal cancer

• refers to how far a cancer has spread on a scale from 0 to IV

• with 0 meaning a cancer that has not begun to invade the colon wall

• and IV describing cancer that has spread beyoned the original site to other parts of

the body. • The aggressiveness of colorectal cancer is based upon its ability to grow and invade

the colonic wall, lymphatic system, and blood vessels.

• The stage generally takes into :• account the size of a tumor, whether it has invaded and whether it has appeared in

more distant locations .

• the stages and grading of tumor

Classification of Tumor Spread

TNM staging system

• This staging system is used for most forms of cancer, except brain tumors and

hematological malignancies.

• is the most widely used, and is considered the most precise and descriptive.

• In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system.

• T: size or direct extent of the primary tumor

T1, T2, T3, T4: size and/or extension of the primary tumor

• N: degree of spread to regional lymph nodes

• M refers to metastases, or whether the cancer has spread to other body parts.

TNM classification of colorectal cancer stages.

describe dysplasia to carcinoma

DysplasiaA condition in which cells which are very similar to cancer cells grow in an organ but have not yet acquired the ability to invade into tissue or metastasize

Carcinomais a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells.a carcinoma is a cancer that begins in a tissue that lines the inner or outer surfaces of the body

Progression from Polyp to Cancer

• polyps have the potential to turn into cancer if they remain in the colon for a long period of time as shown below.

• The majority of colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas, tumors that arise from the mucosa cells of the colon .

• Adenomatous polyps and adenocarcinoma are epithelial tumors of the large intestine, and the most common and clinically significant of intestinal neoplasms.

• Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancerous tumor that can occur in several parts of the body. It is defined as neoplasia of epithelial tissue that has glandular origin and glandular characteristics .

list the different type of malignant adenoma in

colon

Surgery currently is the definitive treatment modality. The image below depicts standard colectomies for adenocarcinoma of the colon.

• what is metastasis

• and how it spread

• and the common sites of the

metastasis adenocarcinoma in the

colon

Metastasis, or metastatic disease is the spread of a cancer or disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it.

• When a certain type of cancer spreads to another part of the body, it does not change its type. For example, if a person with a lymphoma develops a tumor in the lung the tumor growing in the lung has the same characteristics as the lymphoma.

• Metastases takes place in many ways: through the lymphatic system, through the bloodstream, by spreading through body spaces such as the bronchi or abdominal cavity, or through implantation.

• The most common way for cancer to spread is through the lymphatic system. This process is called "embolization".

• because of that : Often when a solid tumor is removed by surgery, the surgeon will remove not only the tumor but the neighboring lymph glands

describe the CEA

Blood Tests• CEA• Colorectal cancer may produce high levels of a protein molecule known as

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).

• CEA is normally produced in gastrointestinal tissue during fetal development, but the production stops before birth.

• Therefore CEA is usually present only at very low levels in the blood of healthy adults.

• levels are raised in some types of cancer ,levels can also be elevated in heavy smokers

• this test is not reliable for detecting early colorectal cancers, it is a useful tumor marker which can indicated the progress of your treatment.

• For surgery, CEA levels may be measured both before and after surgery to evaluate both the success of the surgery.

• The CEA should decrease when treatment is successful.

• however in some cases chemotherapy and radiation therapy can cause a temporary rise in CEA due to the death of tumor cells and release of CEA into the blood stream.

• By : asem shadid• 435032467

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