malay manual

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GIFT OFLawrence P, Brtggs


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A MALAY MANUAL


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Uniform with this Volume

A POLISH MANUALTo be followed shortly by

EGYPTIAN-ARABICURDU, and others.The object of these Manuals is to furnish the beginner with an intro-

duction to a language of which he is entirely ignorant. They are strictlypractical, and written in simple language. Elaborate rules and lists ofexceptions, which only confuse the learner, are omitted.The general arrangement of their contents is the following :(i) An account of the alphabet, pronunciation, and phonetic laws of the

language. These, when necessary, will be discussed at somelength, although in some cases it is impossible adequately torepresent certain foreign sounds by any system of English trans-literation. But even where the services of a native are notobtainable, it is believed that careful attention to the rules willenable the student to make himself intelligible. Where thewritten language employs a foreign alphabet, some account ofthis alphabet will be given, as an introduction to the study ofthe printed books.

(2) A short grammatical sketch, containing only what is absolutelynecessary. The simpler the sentences used at first, the moreintelligible they are likely to be.

(3) Simple English exercises or dialogues for translation and retranslation,the words used being restricted to those that are met with ineveryday life. The acquisition of a foreign language being inthe main an effort of memory, these exercises should be thoroughlymastered, so that no word shall be forgotten. Five hundred wordsperfectly known are of more use than five thousand imperfectlyknown.

(4) Specimens of the written language, with notes, to illustrate thedifference between the literary and the colloquial.(5) Two Vocabularies, one containing all the foreign words used in theExercises, the other (English ) of about 2, 500-3,000 words. The

learner should select the most useful and commit them to memory,gradually acquiring the remainder as necessity arises. A shortlist of books of a more advanced nature, likely to be useful tothe student, will be suggested in the Preface to each volume.


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TRUBNER'S LANGUAGE MANUALSEdited by J. H. FREESE, MA.

FORMERLY FELLOW OF ST JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMERIDGE

A MALAY MANUALWITH GRAMMAR, READING EXERCISES,

AND VOCABULARIES

l.J^ CJ -Ji . &>

SECOND IMPRESSION

LONDONKEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., LTD.BROADWAY HOUSE, 68-74 CARTER LANE, E.C.


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i :

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BYTHE EDINBURGH FRESS, 9 AND II YOUNG STREET, EDINBURGH


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PL5101

PREFACEThis little book is adapted from A. Seidel's Praktische Grammatikder malayischen Sprache (2nd ed., Vienna and Leipzig). Consider-able alterations, however, have been made. The grammaticalsection has been somewhat enlarged, and additional exercises havebeen given. The English-Malay Vocabulary is in the main anindependent compilation. Several English words will be foundin it unaltered, which have been adopted and are well understoodin the Straits Settlements. Much of the Reading Lessons in Malayhas been omitted, and, while the account of the Arabic alphabethas been retained, as an introduction to the study of printedbooks, the Roman character has been used throughout.The following works have also been utilized : P. Favre,

Grammaire de la langue malaise (Vienna, 1876) ; N. B. Dennys,A Handbook of Malay Colloquial, as spoken in Singapore (Londonand Singapore, 1878) ; W. E. Maxwell, A Manual of the MalayLanguage (London, 1911, especially valuable for its collection ofidiomatic examples) ; F. A. Swettenham, English-Malay Vocabulary(Singapore, 1911) ; W. G. Shellabear, Malay-English Vocabulary(Singapore, 1902) ; J. Rijnenberg, Spreekt giy Maleisch t (Leiden,1901).Other works that may be consulted are : W. Marsden, Grammar

and Dictionary of the Malayan Language (1812) ; J. Crawfurd,Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay Language (London, 1852) ;W. G. Shellabear, Practical Malay Grammar (Singapore, 1899, thebest for general purposes) ; E. Dulaurier, Ghrestomathie malaye(Paris, 1845) ; A. Mersier, Ghoix de textes malais (Paris, 1903) ;

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vi PREFACEA. Meursinge, Maleisch Leesboek (Leiden, 1879) ; J. van Dissel,Maleysche Chrestomathie (Leiden, 1896) ; Kelly and Walsh, Hand-book of the Malay Language (Singapore, 1903) ; Traveller's MalayPronouncing Handbook (Singapore, 1904) ; A. H. L. Badings,Hollandsch-maleische en maleisch-hollandsche samenspraken (Harder-wijk, 1883) ; H. Clifford and F. A. Swettenham, Dictionary ofthe Malay Language (1894, in progress) ; R. J. Wilkinson, Malay-English Dictionary (Singapore, 1901) ; H. van der Wall andH. N. van der Tuuk, Maleisch-nederlandsch Woordenboek (Batavia,1877-1888) ; H. C. Klinkert, Nieuw nederlandsch - maleisch enmaleisch-nederlandsch Woordenboek (Leiden, 1885-1898) ; A. Tugault,Dictionnaire malais-frangais (Paris, 1898).

It may be added that a knowledge of Dutch is extremelydesirable for the student of Malay. " It is not too much to saythat any one aiming at a thorough knowledge of the language,literature, and history of the Malay people should commence histask by learning Dutch" (Maxwell).


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CONTENTSPART I

PAGEIntroduction ...... 1Alphabet and Pronunciation 2

Vowels ... 3Consonants 4Accent ......... 4The Arabic Alphabet . . . . . 4Euphonic Changes in Derivatives.... 10

PART IIGrammarArticle 13

Noun 13List of Nouns .15Adjective 27Some Common Adjectives 27Pronouns ........ 29Verbs 3jDerivative Verbs ....... 32Active Voice 33

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MALAY MANUAL

PART IINTRODUCTION

The birthplace of the Malay language is the island of Sumatra.Thence it spread, in the thirteenth century, to the peninsula ofMalacca, and subsequently, as the result of Malay immigration,over the greater part of the Eastern Archipelago. At the presentday it is not only spoken and understood on the Malay peninsula,the Great and Little Sunda islands as far as the Philippines, butit is the general means of communication on the coasts of thewhole of the Indo-Chinese archipelago up to the Chinese ports,and its influence extends as far as New Guinea and even beyond.Everywhere it has established itself over an extensive coast-lineand driven back the original dialects into the interior. At thepresent day it is the language of four millions of people. Fromthis point of view, when the commercial importance of the districtswhere it is spoken is considered, it is particularly valuable as ameans of communication for trading purposes, to which it isspecially adapted by its simplicity and the ease with which itcan be acquired.Under Indian influence Malay adopted a large number ofSanskrit words, and later, owing to the advance of the Mohammedanreligion and civilization, borrowed largely from Arabic, and, laterstill, from Western languages.

Considering the extensive area over which it spread, it is notsurprising that a large number of dialects is in existence. Theirpeculiarities, however, are comparatively small. The grammar

1 A


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.- J--, e% i.


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ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION 3The twenty-three sounds of the Malay language proper (excluding

foreign elements) are the followingVowels : a, e, i, o, u.Consonants : b, ch, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ng, ny, p, r, s, t, w y

1. VowelsThe vowels are, as a rule, pronounced as in Italian

a as in father i as in piquee as a in play o as in nou as in truth

In words of purely Malay origin short a must never be pro-nounced as a in cat (rather as u in but) nor short u as in cut(rather as oo in book).There also exists in Malay what is called an "indeterminate"

vowel, usually romanized as e. This is pronounced as short aspossible ; indeed, in some systems of transliteration it is omittedaltogether, or represented by an apostrophe : thus, berapa (howmuch ?) is very commonly written brapa or bWapa. R. J.Wilkinson 1 describes this indeterminate vowel as an attempt toomit the vowel altogether between two consonants which do notreadily combine : thus, an attempt to sound the k in knee wouldgive an indeterminate vowel sound between k and n.The vowels a, e, i9 o, u, are nearly always long when they occurin an open (ending in a vowel) accented syllable : gdram, bekin,tima, roda, Ivku.They are short when they occur in a shut (ending in a con-sonant) syllable : tdmpat, bSr, chinchin, Idmbok, bumbu, se~kdrang.Unaccented vowels in open syllables are short, at the end of aword half-long (e.g. the u in kdlu), and before the accentedsyllable tend to disappear altogether. Thus, sekdrang is pronouncednearly as skarang (see the " indeterminate" vowel above).When a vowel in a shut syllable is to be pronounced long, itmay be written twice or marked long (besaar, besdr).The short and half-long vowels a and 6, 6 and w, especially ifunaccented, are frequently interchanged. Thus, lampu, anggur,s#karang are indifferently written and pronounced lamp5i anggdr,sdkarang.2

i Appendix to Malay- English Dictionary (Singapore, 1901). According tohim, there are only three normal vowel-sounds, all others being exceptional.These sounds area intermediate between ar in bar and a in French facile

e, i ,, ,, ai i} wait ,, ee sweetot u ,, ,, oo ,, school ,, o ,, alonea It is important to remember this in consulting vocabularies and

dictionaries.


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MALAY MANUALRemarks

Arabic is written from right to left.With the exception of j, . and ., all the letters have slightly

different forms, according as they occur at the beginning, in themiddle, or at the end of a wordthe result of the attempt tocombine the letters of a word in writing. The three letterst>, . do not combine with a following consonant.The forms in the first column of the table are those of the letters

when standing alone. It follows from the preceding remarks thatthese forms are used(a) at the beginning of a word only j, . and ., e.g., 4_jJ(b) at the end of a word if j, , or . precede, e.g., cJjj(c) in the middle of a word only j, . and ., if one of these

letters precedes, e.g., i* >*>.

The forms in the second column are used at the end of a wordif neither j nor . nor . precedes, e.g., l^^Lj.The forms in the third column are used when none of the

three letters j, ., . precedes.The forms in the fourth column are used at the beginning of

a word.As a rule the short vowels are not indicated. According tothe Arabic grammarians the consonants are the essential part ofa word. The vowels have no independent existence, but mustalways be attached to a consonant, which they follow. Where inEnglish a vowel appears to stand alone, as at the beginning of aword, or where it forms a syllable (as in again), Arabic employsa special sign to indicate the absence of any other consonant.This sign, which is called Alif,1 has the form \ when standingalone and the form [ in combination with a preceding consonant,e.g., L^JLl ampat, Jl api.When k stands at the end of a word it is represented by i1 This Alif denotes the catch in the voice, indicated in Greek by the

spiritus lenis, and referred to in the remark on the letter k.


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MALAY MANUALForm.


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ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATION 9j in Arabic as th in this, d, or z : in Malay sometimes as ds,

sometimes as z.; in Arabic and Malay as z.

JJ in Arabic and Malay as sh.& in Arabic an emphatic s : in Malay a sharp s (=(jw).i, in Arabic an emphatic d : in Malay as dl 1 or J.

t in Arabic an emphatic t : in Malay an ordinary t (= ci>).t in Arabic z or an emphatic d : in Malay as tl * or Z.c in Arabic a harsh guttural, the sound of which can only be

learned from a native : in Malay not pronounced ( = \ ).In the middle of a word it is generally indicated by akind of hiatus or doubling of the vowel.

c in Arabic a guttural r (like the Northumbrian r or theFrench r grasseye'e) : in Malay as g (=cLO-


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10 MALAY MANUAL(d) In Arabic Hamza regularly accompanies the radical Alif.

Its position changes according to the nature of thei

accompanying vowel : l>1,


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ALPHABET AND PRONUNCIATIONThe following table shows the above rules at a glance.

11

me-


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PART II

GRAMMARArticle

There is no article in Malay, nothing exactly corresponding to"a" or "the." Thus kuda may mean "the horse," "a horse," orsimply "horse." In the case of persons the prefix si- is sometimesused for "the," while the numeral satu (one) or its abbreviatedform sa often supplies the place of the indefinite article. Thussi-laki-laki (the man), si-perampuan (the woman), ada sa-orang (therewas a man), di-sini satu kareta (here is a cab). Itu (that), mi (this),and yang (which) are also used to specify particular objects.

NounNouns are either

(a) Radicals, such as in their primitive form are substantives(rumah, house ; kuda, horse) ; or

(b) Derivatives, formed by the addition of prefixes or suffixes,or both combined, to nouns or other parts of speech.

Two prefixes, pe- and ka-, and one suffix, -an, are used in theformation of derivative nouns.Nouns formed by the prefix pe- and its modifications (see page 10)generally denote the agent or instrument of the action expressedby the verb, and may be compared with English nouns ending in-er (in French -eur, -oir) : churi (to steal), pen-churi (robber) ; ajar(to teach), peng-ajar (teacher) ; jaja (to peddle), penjaja (peddler) ;sapu (to sweep), peny-apu (sweeper, broom).Nouns formed by the suffix -an (1) have a passive sense, (2)denote quality or condition, (3) have a collective signification ;makan (to eat), makan-an (that which is eaten, food) ; minum (todrink), mmum - an (that which is drunk) ; dengar (to hear),dengar-an (that which is heard, noise) ; manis (sweet), manis-an

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14 MALAY MANUAL(that which is sweet, sweetmeats) ; hampir (near), hampir - an(nearness) ; buah (fruit), buah-an (fruits, fruit generally) ; laut(sea), laut-an (seas, the ocean).Nouns formed by the prefix pe- and the suffix -an correspond toEnglish verbal nouns in -ing : ajar (to teach), peng-ajar-an (teaching) ;Ian (to run), pe-lari-an (running, flight). The prefix often takesthe form per- or pel-, especially when the verb from which the nounis formed has the prefix ber- (verbs of state or condition). Thederivatives then generally have a passive, sometimes a localmeaning (nouns of place) : buru (to hunt), per-buru-an (that whichis hunted, game) ; ber-ulih (to acquire), per-ulih-an (that which isacquired, an acquisition) ; ber-prang (to fight), pe(r)-prang-an (fieldof battle) ; adu, ber-adu (to sleep), per-adu-an (sleeping place,bedroom).Nouns formed by the prefix ha- and the suffix -an have a passivesense. They are called by Favre "passive participles used sub-stantively," by Marsden " gerunds in form as well as in sense, beingin fact a verbal noun applied infinitively in construction" : pukul(to strike), ka-pukul-an (he or that which is struck) ; datang (tocome), ka-datang-an (the thing or place which is come to) ; tiada ka-tahu-an (not to be understood) ; matahari tiada ka-lihat-an (thesun was not to be seen).They sometimes answer to the English adjectives in -able, -ible :ka-lihat-an (visible) ; ka-datang-an (accessible). Formed fromadjectives or verbs of condition the derivatives are abstract nouns,expressing the quality of the adjective or the condition of thesubject : kaya (rich), ka-kaya-an (wealth) ; mati (to die), ka-maii-an(death). 1Malay is also rich in compound nouns, many of which are veryexpressive {see Shellabear's Grammar).

Gender,In the case of living creatures gender is indicatedby the addition, for persons, of laki-laki (male) and perampuan(female) ; for animals and plants, of jantan and betina : anak laki-laki, son (child male), anak perampuan, daughter (child female)sudara laki-laki (perampuan), relative male (female) ; kuda jantan(stallion), kuda betina (mare) ; lembu jantan (bull), lembu betina(cow).

Number.A noun, standing alone with nothing to define it, maygenerally be taken as plural : ada orang di-luar (there are personsoutside). To restrict the number to one, satu, sa- must be used.In the case of persons or animate beings, when the whole class

is meant the noun is often repeated to indicate the plural : orang-orang (all men, mankind), raja-raja (kings). Hence this method

i For a full account of these derivatives, see P. Favre, Grammaire de lalangut malaise (Vienna, 1876), pp. 60-68.


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GRAMMAR 17

Pasu chuchi muka, wash-hand basinJag, water-jugMenchuchi diri-nya, to wash oneselfSabun, soapPermandian, bath ; permandian ayer

sejuk, cold bath ; permandian ayerhangat, hot bath ; permandian,huajo, vapour bath ; permandiankaki, foot-pan ; mandi, to take abathSapu, penyapu, broom

Ayer, water; ayer sejuk, coldwater ; ayer sudm, warm, tepidwater ; aw panas, hot waterTuala, sapu tangan, handuk, towelMenyapu muka, to wipe the face

Brus, sikat, brush ; brus (sikat)pakeian, clothes-brush ; brus (sikat)gigi, tooth-brush ; bersugi, to brushthe teeth ; brus (sikat) kapala, hair-brush ; brus kukuf nail-brushSikat, sisir, comb

Dapur, kitchenSerba dapur, perkakas dapur, kitchen

utensilsOherek, keiel, kiri, kettleKuali, frying-pan ; goring, to fryTapisan, strainer, filterOhorong, funnelTimba, bucket, pailTukang masak, kuki, cookKuali, kawah, pot, saucepan (iron)blanga, priuk (earthenware)Tutupan, tudongan, lid, cover

Pachak, spitAyak, sieveAntan, pestleLesong, mortarTong, cask, pailBakul, kranjang, basketBotol, bottleOedong makanan, larderPipa, barrelSumbat, prop, cork (of bottle)Penchabut sumbat, kunchi prop,

korkskrew, corkscrew

Perkakas meja, table serviceKain meja, tableclothTaruh meja, to lay the tableAngkat meja, to clear the tableJaga meja, to wait at tableSendok, spoonPisau, knifeMata, knife-bladeHulu, knife-handlePunggung, back (of a knife)

Pinggan, dishTuala, serbetta, table-napkinPiring, plate, saucerTampat sup, soup tureenTampat garam salt-cellarTampat lada, pepper-boxTampat gula, sugar-basinGarfu, forkQlas, glass (for drinking)

9, FoodMakanan, food, eatables, a mealMakan, makan nasi, 1 to eatBuah-buahan, dessertMakanan pagi, breakfast; makanpada pagi, to breakfastMakanan tengah hari, dinner ; makanpada tengah hari, to dineHidangan, course (at a meal)

Kuah, sup, soup, sauceDaging, meatDaging lembu, sapi, beefDaging anak lembu, vealDaging biri-biri, daging kambing,muttonDaging babi, porkDaging anak biri, lamb

1 To eat rice, which is more idiomatic than the simple makan : so lulissurat (write a letter) for tulis alone.B


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GRAMMAR 1912.

Topi, kopxah, chapiu, hat ; memakeitopi, to wear a hat ; buka topi, totake off the hatChermin mata, spectacles

Sarong tangan, gloves ; memakeisarong tangan, to wear glovessa-pasang sarong tangan, a pairof gloves

Orloji, jam, watch, clock ; kunchiorloji, watch - key ; rantei orloji,watch-chain ; memutar, to windup ; jalan lekds, to be fast ; jalanlambat, to be slow ; berhenti, to stop

Tampat surat, pocket-bookTongkat, walking-stickPipa, pipe ; kapala, bowl ; batang,stem ; menghisap pipa, to smoke apipeChei^utu, cigar ; rokok, the native

cigarette ; minum rokok, hisaprokok, to smoke tobaccoTembakau, tobacco ; tembakau meng-hisap (for smoking) ; tembakauhidong, snuff

13.Kain-kain, linen, washing ; kain

kotor, dirty clothes ; salin kain,to change the linenPembasohan, washing (act of)

Dobi, binara, tukang viinatu, laundry-manPrahkan, to wring (clothes)Jemurkan, to dry clothes (in thesun) ; anginkan (in the air)

Strika, an iron, to ironKameja, shirtSarong kaki, stockings, socksGuntmg, scissorsJahit, menjahit, to sewJarum, needleDidal, sarong jari, thimbleBendng, threadPeniti, pin

14-16. The Human odyTubuh, badan, bodyMuka, faceKapala, headDahi, forehead ; kerut dahi, wrinklesLidah, tongue ; hujong lidah, tip ofthe tongueLeher, throat (outside) ; krongkong(windpipe)Gusi, gumsJanggut, beardChambang, whiskersMisei, kumis, moustachePelipis, templesMv.lut, mouthLangit-langit mulut, palateDagu, chinBaku, shoulder

Blikat, shoulder-bladeRambut, hair (of the head)Pipi, cheekUtak, brainMata, eye ; biji mata, eyeball ; bulukening, eyebrow ; bulu mata, eye-lash ; bibir mata, klopak, eyelid ;anak mata, pupil of the eyepejdm, to shut the eyes ; chelekkan,to open the eyesHidong, noseLobang hidong, nostril

Telinga, kuping, earBibir, lipGigi, toothLeher, neckTengkok, nape of the neck

15.Langan, armTangan, forearm, handTapak, palm of the handSiku, elbowDada, breast ; susu (female)Prut, belly

Pahat, thighJantong betis, calf (of leg)Jari kaki, toe ; ibu kaki, great toe ;klingking kaki, little toePinggang, waistPangkal pahat, hip


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20 MALAY MANUALPangku, riba, lap, bosomKaki, leg (generally) ; betis (fromknee to ankle)Jari, finger ; ibu jari, thumb ; jari

telunjuk, forefinger ; jari hantu,middle-finger ; jari manis, thirdfinger ; jari klingking, little fingerHujong jari, tip of the fingerKukujari, finger-nail

Mata Tcaki, ankleTumit, heelGenggam, fistBlakang, backRusuk, sideTulang rusuk, ribLutut, kneeKaki, foot ; tapak kaki, sole of the

foot

16.Anggota, limbPeluh, perspirationDarah, bloodNodi, pulseJantong, heart ; hati (as the seat ofthe affections)

Kulit, skinUrat darah, veinUratputih, nerveNefas, breathAyer mata, tearMuka puchat, palenessKalemahan. weakness

Ayer muka, complexionSikap, figure ; sikapnya baik juga,he has a good appearanceTulang, bone

Isiprut, intestinesParau-parau, lungsPrut, stomachLudah, spittlePrijalan, walk, gaitHati, liverRupa, appearanceKalelahan, weariness, fatigueTidor, sleep

17-18. Sickness and InfirmitiesKahidupan, nyawa, haiyat, life

(opposed to death)Kamatian, maut, deathSakit gigi, toothacheSakit kapala, headacheSakit prut, stomach-acheBatuk kring, consumptionSakit berjangkit, infectious diseaseBatuk, cough'Umur, ageNyaman, sihat, ' djiyat, good healthSakit, penyakit, illnessMuntah, sickness (vomiting)Demdm kura, agueBuang-buang ayer, chirit, diarrhoeaSampar, plague, epidemic

Selismah, cold in the head ; kendselismah, to catch coldDemdm, fever

Ohachar, small-poxBuang-buang ayer darah, dysenterySemblit, constipationLuka, woundPuru, ulcerBisul, boilMakanan ta' hajam, indigestionPengsan, faintness, to faintPusing kapala, giddinessKudis, itchBengkak, swellingParat, scarSembap, dropsy

18.

Dukun, bomo, doctor (native) ; doktor(one who practises Europeanmedicine)

Obat, medicineTukang obat, chemist

Kadei obat, chemist's shopObat-obat, prescriptionSakit, painTuli, pekdk, deafChapek, penchang, tempang, lame


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22 MALAY MANUALPanas, kapanasan, heatDingin, kadinginan, coldRebia, spring, springMusim panas, summerMusim buahbuahan, kharif, autumnMusim dingin, winterHujan, rain; musim hujan, rainy

season ; hujan lebdt, heavy rainhujan rintek-rintek, light rainMusim panas, kamarau, dry seasonHujan batu, hailEmbun, dewGumpah burnt, earthquake

22. The EarthKumi, arthButtub, poleBinatang (twelve animals), signs of

the zodiacTanah besdr, mainlandBatu taut, rockKhatt istivxi, equatorDarajat, degreePantei, tepi laut, shore, coastPulau, islandDanau, kolam, tasek, lake, pondPaya, swampOunong, mountainKamunchak, top (of mountain)Kaki, foot (of mountain)Gunonggunongan, mountain-rangePadang, plain (open country asopposed to jungle)

Pasir, sandSeldt, straitTebing, tepi, bank (of river)Arongan, fordTambangan, ferry

Ampang, damGuah, caveBelantara, desertOmbak, waveKarang, reef, coralBahagian bumi, zoneLaut, seaLautan, ocean-4ycr Sim**, ebbAyer pasang, flowHutan, utan, forest, jungleBuHt, hill,/ato sempit, passGunong berapi, volcanoTanah, land ; (tom< (opposed to

water)Teluk, bay, gulfSungei, riverKuala, mouth (of river)Jfata ayer, source, springAyer terjun, waterfallLembah, valleyDebu, lebu, dust

23. The FamilyBapd, fatherlbu, mak, motherSudara laki-laki, brotherSudara perampuan, sisterKakak, elder sisterAdek, younger sisterAnak laki-laki, sonAnakperampuan, daughterKaum kalurga, sanak, relativesMak muda, mak sudara, auntBapa sudara, mama sudara, uncleAnak sudara, nephewAnak sudara peramvuan, nieceSudara sa-pupu, cousinIpar, brother - in - law (by sister)

biros (by wife)Ipar perampuan, sister-in-lawAnak, childKanak-kanak, small child, infantKahwin^ marriage, to marry; ber-

istrikan (of the man), berlakikan(of the woman)

Wasiat, will, testamentWaris, yang mendapat pusaka, heirPusaka, inheritanceNenek laki-laki, grandfatherNenekperampuan, grandmotherChuchu laki-laki, grandsonChuchu perampuan, granddaughterMentua laki-laki, father-in-lawMentua perampuan, mother-in-lawBapa tiri, step-fatherlbu tiri, step-motherLaki, suami, husbandBini, istri, wifePiatu, yetim, orphanJanda laki-laki, widowerJanda perampuan, widowOrang gaji, pelayan, servantSa'is, kusir, groom, coachman,


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GRAMMAR 2324. Instruction

Pengajaran, instructionGuru, pengajar, teacherPdajar, murid, pupilHuruf, letters of the alphabetBaris, vowel markKartas, paper ; kartas sa-lei, sheet

of paper; kartas suratj writingpaper ; kartas kembang, blottiug-paperMuka, page

Salin, to copy ; salinan, copy

Skolah, maktab, schoolKata, word, to sayKdimah, sentenceEja, syllableSebutan, lidah, bunyi, pronunciationPembacha-an, readingTulisan, writingTinta, dawat, ink ; tampat tinta, ink-standKalam, penna, pen, penPatlut, pensil, pencil

25. Amusements, ArtPermainan, amusement, gamesMain bola, billiardsMain dadu, dice-throwingPermainan undi, casting lotsUntong, laba, winningsRugi, lossTari, dancingMain chatur, chess ; raja, king

mantri, queen ; gajah, bishopkuda, knight ; tir, caatle ; bidak,pawn ; sah, check ; mat, mateDam, choki, draughtsRumah wayang, theatre ; wayang,performance ; main wayang, to act

Bunyi-bunyian, musicNafiri, trumpetillmu, hikmat, art, knowledgePandei memahat, pengukir, carver,sculptor

Penults, pandei menulis gambar,painterGambar, picture

Tulis, to draw, sketch ; tulisan,drawingBangsi, suling, flute

Nyanyian, song ; nyanyi, to sing

26. The StateBangsa, nation, peopleOrang asing, foreignerOrang sa - negri, native, towns-manOrang dusun, countryman (opposed

to dweller in town)Raja, kingRaja perampuan, queenKaraja-an, kingdomMakhota, taj, crownOrang bangsawan, nobleman (by

birth)Parentahan, governmentMantri, minister ; perdana mantri,prime minister

Isi negri, anak rayat, inhabitantsNegri bapa, fatherlandHamba, patek, slaveMaharaja, emperor (great king)Putra, prince ; putri, princessRaja muda, heir apparentTakhta, singgahsana, throneJawat, office, post ; penjawat, officialGubernur, governorDaira, jajahan, provincePolis, police ; mala-mata, policeman ;rumah pasong, police stationDusun, kampong, villageChukei, tax, tollOrang minta sadakah, beggar

27. Justice, LawKa adilan, justiceAniaya, injusticeHakim, judgeffukum judgment, sentence

Tuduhan, accusationPenuduh, accuserPembunuhan, murder ; pembunuh^murderer


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GRAMMAR 33improve) ; anugrah (a present), menganugrahi (to make some one apresent) ; datang (to come), mendatangi (to reach a place) ; naung(shade), menaungi (to protect). It also forms doubly transitiveverbs when added to a verb already transitive : buka pintu, openthe door ; buka-i hamba pintu, open me the door (with doubleaccusative).

Active VoiceA number of auxiliaries are used (where necessary) to express

tenses or various shades of meaning.Ada : is, are ; tiada : is not, are not, will not.Habt) was> did> has> had 'Akan \Mau \ will, shall, would, should.HendakjJadi : is, was, became, become.Daptt} can ' could ' may ' might*Patut : ought.Biyar : let

These and other similar words precede the verb, but may beplaced either before or after the subject of the sentence.The tense of the verb standing alone is indefinite, but if it isclear from the context that present, past, or future time is intended,the auxiliaries need not be used : thus, I went yesterday, I shall goto-morrow, can be simply rendered, I go yesterday, to-morrow.

Present.If it be desired to lay special stress on the fact that aperson is engaged in doing something, that an action is going on(I am breakfasting, they a*re sleeping), the particles ada, lagi (still),sekarang (now), may be used : sahaya ada tidor, lagi tidor, tidorsekarang (I am sleeping). The Present Participle may also beexpressed by lagi (lagi tidor, sleeping), or by sambil, serta (while),or seraya (at the same time).

Imperfect.May be expressed in much the same way : apabiladia datang, sahaya ada tidor (when he came, I was sleeping).Sometimes -lah is added to the verb, which then precedes thepronoun : diam-lah dia oVang (they were silent).Perfect.Sudah, habis, lalu, teldh (written language) may be

inserted before the verb ; sahaya sudah tidor (I slept or havesiept).

C


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34 MALAY MANUALPluperfectExpressed like the perfect, sudah habis being often

used together.Future.Expressed by mau, hendak, nant% akcm : dia mau jual(he will sell) ; nanti sahaya chart (I am going to look for).Past Future.Expressed, like the pluperfect, by two particles

nanti sahaya sudah makan (I shall have eaten).Imperative.Expressed by the radical standing alone, or -lah may

be added for the sake of emphasis : masuk didalam ! (come in ! )lalu ! (get out of the way ! ) ; halau rnau pergi, pergilah ! (if youwant to go, go ! ). It is often introduced by sila, minta, choba(please) ; silakan duduk diatas krusi (please sit down, lit., on achair). It is negatived by jangan : jangan lupa (don't forget)jangan pergi (don't go) ; suruh dia jangan pergi (tell him notto go)."To" before the infinitive (e.g. } he came to ask for money) isnot expressed.

Passive VoiceThe passive is denoted by the prefix di-, the me- prefix of the

active being dropped. The noun or pronoun expressing the agentis as a rule simply placed after the verb ; dian sudah habis dimakantikus (the candle has been eaten by the mice) ; rumah dimakan api(the house was consumed by fire) ; sahaya dipukul orang (I wasbeaten by men). The use of the suffix -nya (by him, by her, bythem) is also common in this construction : ditangkapnya churi f(the thief was seized by him) ; dilihatnya sa-ikur kerd (he saw amonkey) ; disuruhnya (he ordered ; lit., it was ordered by him).A sort of passive participle is formed from transitive verbs bythe prefix ter- : tertulis (written) ; terpukul (struck) ; terlihat (seen).A substantive passive participle is formed by prefixing ka- andsuffixing -an: kalihatan} that which is seen (see on "DerivativeNouns ").

to be and to haveWhen "to be" is a simple copula, it is generally omitted : rumah

banyak besdr (the house is very large) ; kartas ini kasar (this paperis coarse). But if it is used in an impersonal sense, "there is,"" there are," it should be expressed by ada : ada banyak orangdidalam rumah (there are many people in the house) ; duini adasatu karda (here is a cab).


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38 MALAY MANUALFrom 11 to 19, the digits add belas (bias) :

11 sablas 16 anam bias12 dua bias 17 tuju bias13 tiga bias 18 d'lapan bias14 ampat bias 19 sembilan bias15 lima bias

20 to 90 add puluh (ten) to the digits :20 dua puluh (two tens) 60 anam puluh30 tiga puluh 70 tuju puluh40 ampat puluh 80 dflapan puluh50 lima puluh 90 sembilan puluh

21, 22, 23, etc., are formed by adding the units : dua puluh satu,dua puluh dua, dua puluh tiga, and so on.21 to 29 are sometimes (especially in dates) expressed by likur :

sa-likur (one and a score), dua likur (two and a score).100 sa-ratus (one hundred)200 dua ratus300 tiga ratus, and so on

1,000 sa-ribu2,000 dua ribu

10,000 sa-puluh ribu or sa-laksa20,000 dua puluh ribu or dua laksa100,000 sa-keti or sa-puluh laksa

1,000,000 sa-juta or sa-ratus laksa1913 sa-ribu sembilan ratus tiga bias

The words kurang (less) and tengah (half) are also used inexpressing quantities : kurang tiga sa-ratus (ninety-seven) ; tengahdua (one and a half, two less a half) ; tengah lima ratus (fourhundred and fifty).

Numeral CoefficientsThese peculiar and important elements of the Malay language

consist of "a set of specific and technical terms, called by thegrammarians numeral affixes, some one or other of which is alwaysused as a coefficient to the numeral, the term being selectedaccording to the class under which the object falls." 1 Their usemay be compared with that of the English head (of cattle), file(of soldiers), fleet (of ships), brace, covey, and the German Stuck,

1 Colonel Yule in Journal of the Anthropological Institute (February, 1880).


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GRAMMAR 39Blatt. They also occur in Burmese, Siamese, Turkish, andother languages.

Orang (person), for human beings : laki-laki lima orang, fivemen (lit., male five persons) ; anak perampuan dua orang,two daughters (child female two persons) ; anak laki-laki sa-orang, one son (child male one person).

Ikur, ekor (tail), for animals : sa ikur kuching {one cat) ; duaikur lalat (two flies) ; ikan lima anam ikur (five or sixfish) ; sembilan ikur burong (nine birds).

Batang (stem), for trees and long objects generally : bambutiga batang (three bamboo stalks) ; pisang dua batang (twobananas) ; lembing dua batang (two spears).Buah (fruit), for fruits, also applied to towns, houses, ships,islands : labu ampat buah (four gourds) ; ada sa-buahnegri (there was a city) ; tiga buah rumah (three houses)lima buah kapal (five ships) ; sa-buah pulau (an island).

Biji (seed), for grain and small round objects : teldr dua biji(two eggs) ; klapa muda sa-biji (a green (young) coco-nut).Keping (flatness), of flat, thin objects, as pieces of money, paper,wood, metal : papan sa-keping (a plank).

Halei or lei, of hair, feathers, leaves, and other thin objects :sa-halei rumput (a blade of grass) ; kameja sa-lei (a shirt) ;baju dua tiga lei (two or three jackets).

Many other similar terms, more or less limited in their applica-tion, will be found in the larger grammars.

Ordinals" First," " the first," is pertama, yang pertama, or yang satu. The

other ordinals are formed by placing ka before the cardinals : kadua,yang kadua (second, the second), and so on.

Fractional NumbersTengah, sa-tengah (stengah), \ ; satu or sa-per-tiga, ; suku, sa-suku, \ ; dua-per-tiga, ; sa-per-lima, ; tiga-per-ampat, f . Otherfractions may be similarly formed by inserting per between the

numerator and denominator."Once," "twice," etc., are expressed by kali {ganda, lapis, lipat) :

sa-kali (once) ; dua kali (twice) ; tiga ganda (three times), and so on." One at a time," " in pairs," " by threes," " by thousands," andsimilar phrases are translated by prefixing the particle ber- to thenumeral : ber-satu, ber-dua, ber-tiga, be-ribu-ribu."Fold" is lipat: lipat sa-puluh (ten fold); lipat sa-ratus (ahundred fold).


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GRAMMAR 41The Arabic figures are used by the Malays

1 r * i t o 1 v a * 123 4 567890Prepositions

The chief prepositions, which all precede the noun, are thefollowing :

Akan, (1) to, for, expresses the dative ;(2) sometimes used (like sama) with the direct objectand in the passive construction(3) as for, in regard to.

It is not much in use colloquially.Antara, between.Lalam, in, into.Datang, up to : deripada . . . datang, from ... to ; datangkapada, up to.Dekdt, near.Dengan, with (rarely instrumental) ; tiada dengan, without.Deri, deri-pada, from, than (in comparisons). It is also used

to form a number of prepositional expressions answeringthe question "Where from?"

atas, upper part, top ; deri-atas, from the top of.bawah, under part, bottom ; deri-bawah, from the bottom of.blakang, back ; deri-blakang, from behind.dalam, interior ; deri-dalam, from inside.hadapan, presence ; deri-hadapan, from the front of, from

before.luar, outside ; deri-luar, from the outside of.muka, face, front (of a house) ; deri-muka, from before.sabarang, farther side ; deri-sabarang, from the farther side of.tengahy middle ; deri-tengah, from the middle of.

Di, at, in, on. Like deri, forms prepositional expressionsanswering to the question " Where ?"

Ganti, instead of.Hingga, same meaning as datang.Ka, to. Like deri, forms prepositional expressions answering

to the question "Whither?"Karana (karna), on account of.Kuliling, round about.


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EXERCISES 49Translation

Good day, sir ! Welcome, sir ! How do you do ? (Are youwell?) Quite well, sir. Where have you come from? I havecome from Holland. How long were you at sea ? Four monthsand a half. Did you meet with any mishap on the way ? Oneof the masts was broken. Where can I get a cab? Just closebyshall I send for one ? Hi, coolie, come here ! What do youwant, sir ? Go and fetch a cab. If you will give me some money.How much is his hire for half a day ? Three rupees and a half.Here is his money. Let him come back soon. Yes, sir. Coachman,drive me to the Minister's office. Very good, sir. Is his Excellencyin his office ? Yes, sir. Please ask if I can see him. You cancome in. His Excellency has no time now. Will you (if youwill) come back at one o'clock? Very well, I will come back.

IV (for Translation into Malay)(Vulgar Dialect)

Good day, madam ! did you send for me ? Are you the washer-man ? Yes, madam. Can you wash my things ? But you mustwash them very clean. Madam will see. You must also iron allthese things. When can I have the things back ? In a fortnight,madam. You must wash three times a month ; how much doyou want for that ? How many persons (are there), madam ? Agentleman (man), a lady (woman), and three children. Twentyrupees. Very well.

Madam, nonya (married woman, Mrs ; in the Straits only usedof Chinese women ; in the Dutch Indies, of any marriedwoman). Send for, suruh panggil (order to fetch : usesudah to form past tense). Me, sama sahaya.Washerman, tukang minatu (Batavian : elsewhere usually dobior binara) ; introduce the sentence by apa.Wash, chuchi. Things, barang.

But, tapi (more correctly tetapi). Must, misti, musti (vulgar).Clean, berseh, bresih. Very, sakali. Them : to be omitted.Madam will see : use nanti for the future. See, lihat.

Also, lagi. To iron, strika, istrika. All, samud.When ? kapan? Have back, dapat kombali.In, dalam. A fortnight, dua minggo.Three times a month, tiga kali sa-bulan. Want, minta. For

that, deri itu.Person, orang.


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EXERCISES 63Kweh misti chuchi bresih s'kali dan suruh strika barang samud-

nya dan misti jaga, jangan hilang satu apa dan jangan kweh kasiliorang lain punya barang sama kita.Mau apa kweh ?Sahaya bawa tuan punya barang-barang.Saliaya mau priksa dulu ; ada kurang tiga, sa-putangan dan dua

chelana, hitung-lah sendiriBetul ! Sahaya minta sahaya punya upah.Bukan baik, bawa dulu itu barang yang kurang.Siapa ada di-luar, Ilaksa 1Tukang chukur, tuan, ada orang china.Apa dia mengarti bahasa malayu ?Apa dia bisa bichara malayu ?Bisa, tuan.Potong sahaya punya ranibut, tetapi baik-baik.Jangan potong terlalu pendek.Apa tuan mau chukur juga ?Kaksa, apa di-sini ada rumah mandi ?Sahaya, tuan.Sediakan lain pakean, nanti sahaya mau mandi dan tukar pakean.Di-mana kamar mandi ?S'teng'hari sahaya tida makan di-rumah, sahaya pulang ini soresahaja. Besok sahaya mau bangun pagi-pagi ; kasih bangun pukulanam s'tengah.

With a TailorIlaksa, pergi suruh sama tukang menjahit, dia misti datang

di-sini sebantar.Tabek, tuan ; apa tuan punya suka ?Apa kweh bulih bekin satu rokki sama sahaya ?Warna apa tuan suka ?Yang hitam.Tuan, sahaya bawa chonto-chonto, tuan bulih pilih.Kasih lihat sahaya segala chonto.Itu ada chara yang baharu.Lagi kweh misti bekin ampat chelana deri kain putih.Baik, tuan ! kalu tuan punya suka, sahaya mau menghukur

sekarang.Kanching-kanching deri chelana misti di-jahit kwat-kwat.Ranching apa tuan mau suruh pakei ?Ranching yang hitam.Di-dalam atas-nya chelana misti kweh bekin kandong kechil purmasukkan horloji.Yas, yang sampir di-sana, sudah putus ; apa kweh bisa menjahit

itu betul ?Tantu bulih, tuan.


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PART IVTHE WRITTEN LANGUAGE

The following specimens of narrative style will illustrate thedifference between it and the colloquial language. The sentencesare longer, and the construction is not so simple.The notes are intended to explain any syntactical or otherpeculiarities that might present difficulties to the learner, whilethe translation of single words and phrases will be found inthe Vocabulary.

I 1Ada suatu hutan di-dalam-nya banyak kera duduk di-ataschawang kayu. Maka datang sa-orang utas hendak meng-ambil

kayu, hendak di-per-buat perkakas rumah. Telah brapa banyakdi-ambil-nya tinggal sa-batang kayu amat besar tiada ter-bawaulih-nya. Maka di-blah ulih utas kayu itu, di-bubuh-nya baji.Maka hari pun sudah tengah hari, maka di-tinggal-kan-nya kayuitu dengan baji-nya : lalu ia pulang makan ka-rumah-nya. Apabiladi-lihat ulih sa-ekor kera orang itu pulang, maka ia pun turun deri-atas pohon kayu itu, lalu naik ka-atas kayu yang di-blah orang itu.Maka di-grak-grak-kan-nya, maka baji itu pun ter-bantun, ekor-nyapun ter-sepit pada blah-an kayu itu, tiada dapat di-lepas-kan-nya,maka kera itu mati. Maka orang yang mem-blah kayu itu pundatang, di-lihat-nya sa-ekor kera mati ter-sepit : lalu di-ambil-nya,di-buang-kan-nya.

Ini-lah pri-nya orang yang peduli akan pe-kerja-an orang bukanpe-kerja-an diri-nya. Maka di-per-ulih-nya binasakan atas diri-nyajuga deripada seMb kurang budi bichara-nya.

Di-dalam-nya, in the interior of it, in it.Maka, of constant occurrence in and almost exclusively confined

to the written language(1) in many cases simply marksthe beginning of a sentence, and cannot be translated ;* From Kalilah dan Daminah (in F. Miiller, Textes malais, Vienna, 1882).

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THE WRITTEN LANGUAGE 65(2) answers to "now" ("now there came a workman"),"then" ; (3) introduces the apodosis. Hendak (see Grammar)may here be translated " in order to," " for the purpose of."

Teldh, an auxiliary used to express past time ( sudah) : teldh. . , di-ambil-nya, " there had been taken by him." Brapa ?" how much ? " is here equivalent to bebrapa, " some."Batang, a numeral coefficient (see Grammar), used of treesand long objects generally. Ter-bawa, a sort of passiveparticiple : tiada terbawa, " not to be carried," u whichcould not be carried."

Pun, an expletive particle, which, however, frequently givesforce to a phrase, " even," " too," " also," " nor," " neither " :according to one authority it is the distinctive sign of thenominative. Lain, "to pass," "proceed," is frequentlyused in the sense of "and then." Pulang makan, "hewent back to eat " : the word " to " is not indicated (cp.Fr. je vais chercher).

Ekor (ikur), numeral coefficient, used of animals (see Grammar).Orang itu, " by the man " : in the passive construction thepreposition ulih (" by ") may be omitted.

Di-grak-grak-kan-nya : the intransitive radical grak (here re-duplicated to add intensity), " to move," becomes transitiveby the addition of -kan : " it was repeatedly, violentlyshaken by him." Blah-an ; the suffix -an is very commonin the formation of nouns from verbs.

Ini-lah : lah is either a mere expletive or (more commonly) anintensive particle, as ini-lah " this is," dia-lah, "he it was" ;it is frequently added to the radical to give an imperativesense, and also in the formation of the past tense. Pri-nya : nya here stands for the plural of the pronoun : " thisis the way of those persons who." Orang : plural, " ofother people."Juga may here be translated "merely," "simply." Deripadasebab, lit., "from the reason," i.e., "on account of."

Free TranslationIn the interior of a certain forest a number of monkeys lived on

the branches of the trees. Now a workman came to get wood forbuilding purposes. After he had taken away a great deal thereremained one very big log, which he was unable to carry. So hesplit it and inserted a wedge (wedges). Then, when it was midday,he left the log with the wedge in it and went home to dinner."When one of the monkeys saw that he had gone home he camedown from the tree and jumped up on the split log, and keptshaking it violently till the wedge tumbled out. His tail wascaught in the cleft, and, being unable to extricate it, he died. Now

E


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MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 73Anglcau, you, generally used when

addressing inferiors, but to beavoided where possible

Anika-anika (Sk.), of all sorts, mani-foldAntah, an expression of doubt; I

don't know, I am not sureAntara (Sk.), space between, interval;di-dalam antara itu, meanwhileAnu, a certain (person or place)Anugrah (Sk.), present, gift; anu-grahkan, to make a present, bestowa favourAnyaya (Sk.), oppression, injustice

Apa ? what ? also an expletive intro-ducing an interrogative sentenceApabila, whenApi, fire'Aralc (Ar.), spirituous liquorArang, charcoal ; arang batu, coalArti (Sk.), sense, meaning; meng-

arti, to understandAsab, see 'AzdbAsal (Ar.), originA sing, foreign, strangerAtas, top, upper part ; on, above,

over ; diatas, on the top of, up-stairs ; deri atas, from the top of,from above ; ka-atas, on to the topof ; atas hamba, it is my dutyAtau, or

Ayer, water, juice ; ayer anggor,wine ; ayer minum, drinking water'Azab (Ar.), torture

Bacha, to readBagei, manner, olass, sort ; bagei-bagei, of various kindsBagimana f how ?

Baginda, prince, king ; orang yangdibawah baginda, the courtBagini, thus, so ; bagini banyak, somuchBagitu, thus, soBahagiya (Sk.), good fortuneBaharu, new, fresh ; just nowBahasa (Sk.), language, goodmannersBahwa, usually an expletive, intro-ducing a speech or letter, some-thing like "now, look you"; itmay be rendered by "that" aftera verb like "know," "learn,""hear," "say "

Baih, good ; baik-baik, take care !Baji, wedge

Baju, coatBakds, bekds, mark, impression,

track ; consequenceBalas, reply, retaliation, requital,revenge ; balaskan, to reply, re-

taliate, requiteBalei, hall, public buildingBatik, to return, come back, turnBambangan, a kind of fish (un-

identified)Bangsa (Sk. ), caste, family, originBangun, to awake, get up ; ban-gunkan, to wake (trans.)Bantah, berbantah, to dispute, quarrelBantun, to pull outBanyak, much, many, very ; quan-

tity, amountBapa, fatherBarang, some, any ; barang orang,any one, whoever ; barang apa,

anything, whatever ; barangkali,perhaps ; barang siapa, any one,whoever ; barang sa-suatu, any-thing

Barang, thing, property ; barang-barang, luggage, baggageBarang ! would that

Baring, to lie downBasoh, to washBatang, stem ; numeral co-efficient

(see Grammar), used of trees andlong objects generallyBatangan, toll-bar

Batu, stoneBawa, to bring, take, drive ; bawapergi, take away ; bawa masuk,bring inBawah, below, under ; di - bawah,below, downstairs ; ka - bawah,below (of direction)

Bayar, to pay ; bayaran, paymentBeb&l, ignorant, foolishBebrapa, some ; bebrapa lama-nya,

after some timeBedak, cosmetic, toilet powderBedidi, see BerdidiBehkan, yes, certainly, moreoverBeit el-mal (Ar.), treasuryBekerja, to workBekin, bikin, to make, doBeta (Ar.), misfortuneBetaka, all together, in one lotBelon, see BelumBelum, not yet ; sometimes a simple

negative ; belum lagi, not up tillnow


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74 MALAY MANUALBendr, just, true, correctBerangkat, 1 to set out, startBerbuat, to do, carry out ; di-perbuat

(passive)Berburu, hunting (participle) ; orangberburu, huntsman ; to hunt

Bercherei, to separate, part (from,dengan)

Berdidi, boilingBerdusta, liarBerguna, useful ; to be of useBerhenti (generally pronounced

brenti), to stopBerikat, tied upBerilmu, learnedBerisi, loaded (of a gun)Beristri, to have a wife ; marriedBerjalan, to walk, set out ; berjalan-jalan, to go for a walk

Berjamu, to entertain (as a host,with akan), to be a guest

Berjanggat, bearded, with a beardBerjenis-jenis, of all sortsBerjual, one who sells, salesmanBerkasih-kasihan, to love one anotherBerkata, to spenkBerkulUing-kuliling, round aboutBerlabuh, to cast anchorBerlaki, having a husband ; to bemarried (to, akan)

Berlaku, to pass currentBeriayer, to sail, set sailBermain-main, to play, amuse one-

selfBernama, namedBemyala, burning ; to burnBerpaut, to hold fastBerpindah, to change one's abodeBersalahan, mistaken, to make amistake

Bersama-sama, together withBersih, see BresihBersuami, to have a husband, married

(to, akan) ; bersuamikan, to take aman as a husbandBersukasuka-an, to enjoy oneselfBersurak, to shout for joyBertambun, heaped up, in heapsBertanya, to ask, enquire ; bertan-

yakan, to ask aboutBerteguh, to be firm, secureBertemuj to come together, to meet

(with, dengan)Bertentangan [dengan), opposite (to)

Berulih, to get possession of, acquireBerutang, berhutang, indebted, oweBesdr, largeBesi (vulg., bessi), ironBesok, see EsokBetapa f how ?Betul ,true, correct, right (of a watch)Biasa(Sk.), accustomed ; to accustom

oneselfBichara (Sk.), deliberation, counsel,

advice, opinion ; (vulg.) to speakBiji, numeral co-efficient of small

objects (see Grammar)Bila, when, when?Bilang, to count, reckon, tellBilik, room ; bilik tidor, bedroomBinasa (Sk.), ruin, destruction ; togo to ruin, be destroyed ; binasa-

kan, to destroyBinatang, animalBit (vulg.), beerBiri-biri, sheepBiru, blueBisa, poison, poisonous ; (vulg.)

to be able, to understand, knowhow toBiyar, to allow, letBlah, to split ; blahan, the part split,

cleftBlajar, to learnBli, to buyBom (Eng., D.), the pole or shafts ofa carriageBoomwachter (D.) =juru batangan(see Juru)

Boot (Eng.), bootBotol (Eng.), bottleBrani, brave ; bravery ; to be brave ;kabranian, boldness, courageBrapa? how much ? how many ? brapa

kali ? how often ? pukul brapa ?what time is it ? brapa lama-nya ?how long ? Also used for bebrapa>as brapa banyak, a considerableamount

Brat, heavy, difficultBresih (bersih), cleanBri, to give, allow ; bri ampun, to

forgive; bri hormat, to honour;bri mohon (pohon), to give leave ;bri tahu, to let know, inform ; britulung, to help ; bri hatang, tolend ; brikan, to give, presentBrus (Eng.), brush ; bruskan, to brush

1 For the nature of compounds with prefix ber-t see Grammar.


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MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 75Buah, fruit ; buah pala, nutmegnumeral co - efficient of houses,

towns, ships, islands ; buah-buahan,fruits, fruit generallyBuang, to throw awayBuat (vulg.), in order to

Buat, to do, make ; buat jaga, to waituponBubuh, to put, placeBudi (Sk.), wisdom, prudenceBuka, to openBukan, no, not (emphatic negative),

is not, are notBuku (Eng.), bookBulan, moon, month ; bulan baharu,new moon ; bulan pernama, fullmoon ; bulan perbani, the first or

last quarterBulih, to be able ; used to express,"can," "may," "might," "will" ;itu bulih, that will doBulu, feather, plumageBunghar, unpackBunyi, sound, noise ; bunyi sural, the

contents of a letter; to cause tosound, to pronounce

Burong, birdBusuk, rotten, stinkingChabut, to pull out, dig up ; chabut

setop (vulg., better penchabutsempal), corkscrew

Chahari (chari), to seek, look forChakap, to speakChara (Sk.), styleChaivang (chabang), branchChelaka, misfortune ; wretchChelana, trousers, drawersCheritrakan (Sk.), to narrate, tell a

storyChemdu, cigarChina, China ; orang China,) China-manChinchang, to chop upChinchin, finger ringChita (Sk.), feeling ; chita rasa, agree-

able tasteCJwba, to try ; often used like"please" in giving ordersChokoldt, chocolateChonto, pattern, sample, specimenChuacha, fine weatherChuchi, to clean, wash

Chukei, tax, duty ; rumah chukei,custom houseChukur, to shave ; tukang chukur,barber

;pisau chukur, razor

Churl, to stealCoat (Eng.), coatCorkscrew (Eng.). corkscrewDagang, foreigner, merchantDaging, meat ; daging babi, porkdaging lembu, beef ; daging biri-biri, muttonDahulu (vulg. ,dulu),previous, former;before (adverb) ; dahulukcda, zamandahulukala, in ancient timesDakuakuDalam, the interior ; deep, depth ;in, inside ; also used (in courtlanguage) of the palace, the royalhouseholdDan, and

Dapat, to get, procure, be abledapat kombali, to get back ; dapat-ka,n, to search for, hunt up a person

Darat, dry land, as opposed to waterDatang, to come, arrive ; slamatdatang ! welcome !Datang, up to ; deripada . . . datang,from ... to ; datang kapada, up toDaun, leafDawat (Ar.), inkDekdt, nearDemi, by (in oaths), when, as soonas

Demikian, so, in this mannerDengan, with ; dengan tiada, withoutDengar, to hear ; kadengaran, 1 it washeard, came to the ears of any oneDeri, from ; deri kechil mula, fromchildhood ; expresses ' ' than " aftera comparative ; deri atas, fromaboveDerimana? whence?Deri-pada, from, on account of, since ;like deri, expresses " than "Derma (Sk.), alms, goodwill; der-mawan, charitableDi, in, at, on

Di-, prefix which forms the passiveDia, pronoun of the 3rd person,

singular and pluralDlam, to be silent, dwell, liveDi-atas. above, upstairs

1 For words thus formed, see Verb in Grammar.

t-bL*U -zzMrtP


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76 MALAY MANUALDi-bawah, below, downstairsDikau=angkauDi-luar, without, outsideDi-mana I where ?Di-perharriba (the slave), IDiri, self ; diri-ku, I myself ; diri-mu, you yourself ; diri-nya, hehimself ; sa-orang diri, alone, byoneself ; pekerja-an diri-nya, their,one's own affairs

Di-sana, thereDi-sini, hereDi-sisi, close by, at the side ofDi-situ, thereBlaif(Av.), weakDo (a (Ar.), prayerDobi (Hind.), washermanDoktor (vulg.), doctor ; doktor kuda,veterinary surgeon

Bras, quick, fastDuduk, to sit down, dwell ; dudukkareta, to go for a drive

Duit, money (a small copper coin)Dulu, see DahuluDunya (Ar.), the worldDurhaka, traitorDusta (Sk.), false, lyingDusun, village ; country, as opposedto town

Eja, ija, to spellEkor, see Ikur^Elmu (Ar.), knowledge, learning,

scienceEntah, see AntahEsok, esok hari, to-morrow Faham 1 (Ar.), understandingFatihah, the first sura (chapter) ofthe Koran

Fedluli (Ar.), to trouble oneself aboutFikir (Ar.), to think, reflect ; Jikiran,thought, idea, opinionGaji, wages ; orang gaji, servantGampang (Jav.), easyGantang, a measure of capacity,about a gallon and a quarterGaram, saltGeddng, storehouseGelombang, large wave, breakerGendang, a kind of drumGendi, jug, water glass

Gigi, toothGila, madGlap, darkGlas, drinking-glassGoring, to fry, roastGosok, to rub ; gosokgigi, tooth-brushGoyang, to ring (a bell)Grak, to move (intrans.) ; grak-kan,to move (trans.Gula, sugarGuna(Sk.), useGunapa I why ?Gunong, mountainGunting, scissors ; guntingkan, to cutwith scissorsGuruh, thunderGusung, reef

Habis, finished, to be at an end ; likesudah (with which it is often com-bined), it is used in expressing pasttime ; habiskan, to finishHabshi, an AbyssinianHadap, to present oneself to someone, to visit or interview someone ; hadapkan, to introduce ; hada-pan, presence ; di-hadapan, in thepresence ofHadlir (Ar.), hadir, presentHak (Ar.), right, justiceHakim (Ar.), judgeHakim, wise man, philosopherHal (Ar.), state, circumstance; halahwal, circumstances, everythingconnected with the subject

Hamba, slave; used for "I" whenspeaking to superiorsHampir-hampir, almostHanduk (vulg.), towelHangat, hot (of artificial heat)Hangus, burnt, consumedHanya, only, except, butHanyut, to drift ; hanyutkan, to setadriftHarga (Sk.), price

Hari, day ; ini hari, to-day ; esokhari, to-morrow ; hari Ahad, Sun-dayHarimau (vulg., arimau), tiger

Harip, sleepy, tiredHarta (Sk.), herta, property, goods;harta benda, goods and chattelsHarus, necessary ; it is necessary

1 In words from the Arabic / is frequently pronounced p [fikir as pikir,faham as paham).


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78 MALAY MANUALKa-, to (usually of places, answering

the question ''whither?"); also aderivative prefixKaampat, fourth

Ka-atas, on to, above, upwardsKabaikan, goodnessKabajikan, virtue, good deedsKabanyakan, numberKabar 1 (Ar., khdbar), news, informa-

tion ; kabarkan, to relate, inform ;apa kabar ? what is the news ? howgoes it ? the usual greeting amongMalays, answered by kabar baik,the news is good, very well

Kachela-an, blameworthy ; faultKadar-nya, in proportion to (theirmeans)Kadli, Kadi, judge, cadiKadua, second, both-kah, an interrogative suffix, whichmay be added to any word in thesentenceKahadapan, to the presence of, before

Kain, cloth, clothesKaki, foot; legKakurangan, wantKalaik (Ar.), created beings, nature ;

kalik, the creatorKalakuan, behaviourKalam (Ar.), penKalau (vulg., kalu), if, in case thatkalau-kalau, perhaps

Kali, time (Fr., fois) ; brapa kali?how often ?Kalu, see KalauKaluar, out (motion to outside) ; togo out, get out ; pergi kaluar, totravelKamanaf where ? whither? (of motionto a place)Kamar (vulg.), room; kamar tidor,bedroom ; kamar mandi, bathroomKamarau, fine, dry weatherKamari, hereKameja (Port.), shirtKami, we

Kampong, to assemble ; quarter ofthe town, villageKama, youKamurahan, generosity, beneficenceKanak-kanak, infant, small childKanan, right (opposed to "left");ka-kanan, to the right

Kanching, buttonKandong, pocketKantor, officeKapada, to (used to indicate the

dative), in, on (of time)Kapal, ship ; kapal api, steamer (fireship)

Kapala, head, chiefKapan, if, when, when ?Kapujian (Sk.), that which is praise-worthy, virtueKaratan, rustKareta, kreta (Port.), carriage ; karetasewa, hired carriage, hackney

coach, cabKama (Sk.), becauseKartas, see KertasKasar, coarse, rudeKasih, favour, gift, love ; to give,

love ; also used in the sense of" let," " make " : kasih bangun,wake (trans.) ; kasih kluar (vulg.),put out ; kasih lihat, show mekasih tahu, let me know, inform meKasudahan, the end ; kasudah-suda-han, finallyKasut, shoes; tukang kasut, shoe-maker

Kata, a word ; to say, speak ; kata-nya, he said ; katakan, to say, tell(something)

Katiga, third, the threeKau, short for angkauKaum (Ar.), people, nationKaya, wealth, richKayu, woodKechU, small ; wang kechU, change

(small money)Kejut, startled, frightenedKelamarin, kelmarin, yesterdayKemarin, see KelamarinKembang, to expand (as liquids inabsorbent material) ; kertas kem-

bang, blotting-paperKemdian, after; kemdian deripadaitu, after that

Kenal, to know (be acquainted witha person)Kenapa? why?Kentang, potatoKerd, monkeyKerja (Sk.), work, business, calling

kerjakan, to carry outi In Arabic kh is a strong guttural, like ch in loch ; in Malay generally

pronounced as k.


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MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 79Kertas, kartas (Ar.), paper ; kertas sa-

lei, sheet of paper; wang kertasbank note (paper money)Ketok, to knockKhobar, see KabarKhalaik, see KalaikKhalasi (Pers.), sailorKhidmat, kidmat (Ar.), service, office,

to bow toKhiyanat, see KiyanatKikir, stingy, avaricious ; hikiran,

avariceKilat, lightningKinchang, strong (of wind)Kira, to calculate, think, suppose ;kira-kira (1) accounts, (2) nearly,about ; kira-nya, be kind enough toKir f left ; ka-kiri, to the leftKirim, to sendKisah (Ar.), story, narrativeKita, we, usKitdb {At.) t bookKiyanat (Ar.), deceit, treacheryKlambu, mosquito netKlass, classKombali, to return, come backagain ; kombalikan, to give backKopi, coffeeKopper (vulg.), boxKotika, time, momentKras, hard, obstinate, strong (of tea,

etc.)Kreja, vulg. for kerjaKring, dryKrusi (Ar. kursi), chair-ku possessive suffix of the 1st personKu, short for akuKuasa (Sk.), power,'mightKuda, horseKulawarga(kalurga), family, relativesKuli, porter, coolieKulit, skin, bark, shell ; kulit sabut,

coco-nut shellKunchi, to lockKuning, yellowKunun, certainly, surelyKurang, less, insufficient ; often ex-presses the opposite of the adjective

it precedes, as kurang baik, badkurangkan, to diminish (trans.)

Kusir (vulg.), coachmanKwat (Ar. kuwat), strength, strong ;kwat-kicat, loudlyKwe, kweh (vulg.), you

Lagi, more, yet, still

-lah, an expletive joined to any wordto emphasize it : itu-lah suamihamba, that is my husband ; it isespecially common with the im-perative and past tenses

Lain, otherLaki, husbandLaki-laki, man (as opposed to woman)Laku, to sell well, be in demand, be

current (of coins)Lalu, to pass, past ; then, thereuponLama, long ; length (of time) ; sabulanlama-nya, a month's time ; brapalama-nya? how long ? bebrapa lama-nya, some timeLambat, slow, late

Lanchong, bad (of money)Langir, cosmetics (used in the bath)Langit, skyLantera (vulg. ), lanternLapar, hungry, hunger, to be hungryLarang, to forbid, oppose ; larangan,prohibitedLari, to run ; larikan, to cause to

run, run away withLaut, sea ; lautan, oceanLayer, sail ; belayer, to set sailpelayeran, voyage

Lebih, more ; before an adjectivegives it a comparative meaninglebih suka, to prefer

Lei, numeral co-efficient used ofleaves, hair, sheets of paper, thin orflat objects

Lekas, quick, fast (of a watch)quickly, at once ; sa-lkas-lkas, assoon as possibleLembu, ox

Lepas, loose, free ; lepas-kan, to setfree

Leskar (Pers.), army, soldier, sailorLetdk, letakkan, to place, put down,

lay downLihat, to see ; kalihatan, there wasseen (impersonal), visible, as seen ;kalihatan bulan, phase of the moonLilin, wax, candleLimau manis, orange; limaujambu,jambua, guavaLittenan (vulg. ), lieutenantLizat (Ar.), pleasure, enjoyment,agreeable taste, agreeable to the

tasteLobang, holeLocheng (Chin.), bellLosen (Eng.), a dozen


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80 MALAY MANUALLupa, to forgetLuruh, to fall off (as leaves)Lurung, lorong, streetLusa, day after to-morrowMa'af (Ar.), pardon; ma'afkan, topardonMabuk, intoxicated ; mdbuk laut, sea-

sickMacham, kind, sortMachis (Eng.), matchesMadat, opiumMaghrib (Ar.), the west, sunsetMah&l, dearMaka, an expletive, which may be

translated "and," "then," "so" ;it is rarely used except in thewritten language, and then chieflyat the beginning of a sentence, orto mark the apodosisMakan, to eat, cut (of a knife)makan angin, to go for an airing(eat the wind) ; makan pagi,to breakfast ; makanan, food (ageneral term for any meal)

Maksud (Ar.), intention, wishMalam, nightMalay'u, a Malay, MalayanMaligei (Tarn.), palaceMana? where? which? how? (short-ened form of bagimana)Mandi, to take a bathMandur (Port.), landlordMangkok, cupManis, sweetManusia (Sk.), mankindMarah, angry, to be angry (with,Mari I come here !Marika-itu, they, themMas, see AmasMasa, timeMasak, ripe, cooked, well doneMasehi, Christian ; tarikh Masehi,the Christian era

Masing-masing, each, one by oneMasuk, to enter, set (of the sun)masukkan, to cause to enter, in-corporate

Mata, eye, blade (of a sword orknife)

Matahari, sun (eye of day)Matang, well done (of food)Mati, dead , to dieMan, to wish, want; an auxiliaryused in expressing the future ; mau

. . . mau, either ... or ; mau tamau, whether you like it or notMayit, corpseMekak, MeccaMeja (Port.), tableMelainkan, on the contrary, but,except (after a negative)Melanchong (vulg.), to go for a walkMendideh, to boilMenengar (for mendengar), seeDengarMengantok, sleepyMengapa? why?Mengarti, to understandMenjahit, to sew; tukang menjahit,

tailorMentah, raw, uncooked ; mentah

sedikit, underdoneMentega (Port.), mantega, butterMerah, redMeskin (Ar. ), poor, wretchedMinatu, see TukangMinggo (Port, domingo), a weekhari minggo, SundayMinta, to ask for ; used like our"please"; minta do'a (Ar.), toprayMinum, to drink ; to smoke (tobacco)Misti (vulg. ), musti, mustMu=kamu, the 2nd personal pro-noun, usually plural ; as a suffixit has the meaning of the possessivepronounMuatkan, to load a shipMuda, youngMudah, easy ; mudah - mudahan,perhaps, if possibleMuka, face, front (of a house) ; dimuka, in front of, at

Mula,^ beginning ; mulai, to begin,beginningMulut, mouthMurah, cheap, generousMurka (Sk.), angry, angerMusim (Ar.), season, weatherNa'amat (Ar.), pleasure, favourNaik, to go up, get up ; naik darat,

to go ashore ; naik kareta, to gofor a driveNakhoda (Pers. ), captain of a shipNoma (Sk.), nameNanas, pineapple

Nanti, to wait ; auxiliary used in ex-pressing the future ; nantikan, towait for


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82 MALAY MANUALPri, manner, wayPriksa, to examine, enquirePuff, anggor puff (vulg.), champagnePukul, to strike ; used in reckoningtime (see Numerals in Grammar)Pula, again, anew, still

Pulang, to get back (to the starting-point), to go home

Pulau, islandPun, an expletive particle, "now,""so," "also"Punya, to possess ; used in express-ing the genitive (see Grammar)Pur (vulg. ), in order toPusing, to turn round (intrans.),revolve

Putih, whitePutus, torn, broken ; tiada-lah ber-putusan, uninterruptedly

Rabbi (Ar.), my Lord (God)Rahim (Ar.), compassionateRahmat (Ar.), mercy ; rahmatu 'llahi*aleihi 1 the mercy of God be uponhim !

Raja, king, princeRambut, hair (of the head)Rebus, boiled, to boilRendahkan, to abaseResit (Eng.), receiptRiba, lap ; meriba, to take on the lapRibut, stormRindukan, to long for, cause to long

forRinggit, dollarRokki (vulg.), coatRokok, roko, (native) tobacco, cigar-

ette ; minum roko, to smokeRoshom (vulg.), to groom (a horse)Roti (Hind.), breadRumah, house ; di-rumah, at home ;rumah chukei, custom - house ;rumah makan, hotel ; rumah mandi,baths ; rumah sakit, hospitalRumput, grass ; rumput kring, hayRupa (Sk.), form, appearance ; rupa-nya, it seems, apparentlyRupiah, Dutch guilder, Indian rupee

Rusak, to be destroyed, fall to theground ; rusakkan, to destroySa, see SatuSa-bagimana=bagimanaSa-barang, any, anythingSabda, speak, command (of kings)Sa-belumt before (conjunction)

Sa-bentar, sebantar, a moment, at onceSa-bermula, further, now ; generally

(in writing) indicates the transitionfrom one subject to another, or theresumption of a previous subjectSa-besar, more emphatic than besdr

Sa-blah, side (of anything divided)Sabrang, to crossSabun (Port.), soapSabut, fibre, husk of the coconutSahabat (Ar.), friend; bersahabat, to

be. friendsSahaja, saja, onlySa-halei, numeral coefficient (seeGrammar) of thin, flat objects ; sa-

halei rumjout, a blade of grassSa-hari-hari, daily ; sa-harian, thewhole daySahaya, sahya, saya, slave ; the wordmost commonly used by Europeans

for the pronoun of the 1st person,Sahingga, untilSahut, answer ; to answerSakali, once, very ; after an adjective

gives it a superlative meaningtiada sa-kali, not at allSakalian, allSa-kampong, of the same village,neighbour

Sa-kira-kira, about, nearlySakit, ill, illness, to be ill ; kasakitan,

attacked by illnessSa-kurang-kurang, at leastSalah, wrong, guilty ; fault, error

to be in errorSa-lalu, throughout, alwaysSalam, peace ; laleihi as-salam I onhim be peace !Sa-lama-lama-nya, al waysSalasa (Ar.), three; hari salasa,TuesdaySatin, to copy, translate, change

(clothes), pour in (vulg.)Sama, the same, like ; with, for ; oftenused colloquially with the directobject ; sama dengan, the sameas ; sama-sama, together withSambah, to do homage, greet respect-fully, answer (a superior)

Sambar, to seize and carry off (as abird of prey)Sampani, champagne

Sampei, sampe, to arrive, reachsufficient ; until, up to (conjunctionand preposition)


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MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 83Sampir, to hang (intrans.)Samud (Sk.), allSanat (Ar.), yearSangat, very, exceedingly _Sa-orang-orang, one at a timeSa-penuh-penuh, fully, completelySapu, to sweep, brush ; $apn tangan,handkerchiefSarong, case, cover, the skirt wornby men and women ; sarong kaki,

socks, stockingsSa-sa-orang, every manSa-sungguh-nya, trulySa-teldh, when, after that, as soon asSatu, suatu, one ; sometimes used forthe indefinite article ; satu apa,something; pukul satu, it has struckoneSaudagar (Pers.), sudagar, merchant

Sayur, vegetablesSeodb (Ar.), cause, reason ; for,

because ; sebab itu, therefore ; apasebab? why?

Sebut, to pronounce ; sebutan, pro-nunciationSeddng, while, as

Sedia, ready ; sediakan, bekin sedia,to get ready

Sedikit, a littleSegala, allSegrd, sigrd (Sk.), speed ; at oncedengan segra, quicklySeilan, CeylonSejuk, cold, coolSekarang, skarang, now ; skarang ini,

just nowSelatan, southSelimut, bed covering ; kain slimut,

sheetSella (vulg.), saddleSeluar (Ar.), trousersSembleh, kill (usually with religious

ceremonies), sacrificeSembunikan, to concealSen, centSenang, contented, at leisure, con-tentment ; tidak senang, busySendiri, selfSeperti, as, like asSepit, to pinchSerdh, serahkan, to hand over, deliverSevang, head boatmanSeraya, and, together with ; seraya

kata-nya, at the same time shespoke

Serta, with, when; serta kata-nya}

saying ; serta dengan, togetherwith

Serutu, cigarSesdk, tightSewa, rent, hire ; to let, hireShah (Pers.), king; shah alam, king

of the worldShahaddn, thereupon, besidesShaikh, shaikh (Arab)Shirk (Ar.), fear of GodSiang, daylight ; siang-siang, very

earlySiapa? who?Sikat, comb, brush ; sikatkan, to

brurihSiksa (Sk.), punishmentSila, to sit cross-legged, to ask aperson to sit down ; sila duduk,

please take a seatSinggah, put in, call (of a ship)Sini, hereSitu, thereSlamat (Ar.), health, safety, peaceSnapang, gunSopi (vulg.), brandySore (Jav. ), afternoon ; ini sore, thisevening (vulg.)Sotong, cuttle-fishSpatu (Port.), shoe; spatu tinggi,boot

Stat (vulg.), stableStamp, stamp (postage)Stengah, sa-tengah, halfStrika (Hind.), to ironSuami (Sk.), husbandSuara (Sk. ), voiceSuatu, see SatuSudah, to be past, finished, at anend ; auxiliary used in expressing

past time, often combined withhabis ; beliim sudah, not yet ; sudahlama, a long time agoSudara (Sk.), brother, sisterSuka (Sk.), pleasure ; to wish, like ;lebih suka, to prefer

Suku, a quarterSumpit, sack, bagSungguh, real, true ; sungguh-sung-guh, really, trulySup (vulg.), soup

Supaya, in order that ; supaya . , ,jangan, in order that . . . notSurat, anything written, letter, book,

character (reference) ; surat passpassportSwruh, to order


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MALAY-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 85in "painter," "printer," "bar-ber ; " tukang minatu t washerman ;tukang roti, baker

Tukar, to change (trans.Tulisy to write ; luliskan, describeTulung, to help, assist (used asEnglish " please ") ; help, assistanceTunggang (vulg. ), to rideTunggu, to watch

Tunjuk, tunjukkan, to showTu?itun, to leadTwun, to get down, disembark, land,set (sun), be descended from

Tutup, to shut, coverUbi, potatoesUjar, to say, speakJJlar, snakeUlih, by, through, by means of'Umur (Ar.), ageUnjuk, to stretch out, pass (at table)Upah, wages, pay ; to engage aservant

Upaya (Sk.), means, resourcesUsahy necessity ; to be necessary ; tra

(ta) usah, never mindUtara (Sk.), northUtas, workmanWah, exclamation of pain, surprisewah beta ! what a misfortune !Waktu (Ar.), time, period ; whenWang, money ; wang kartas, bank-note (paper money)Warna, colourWayang, performance (theatrical)Weranda, verandah

Ya, yes, oh ! (in addressing any one)Yang, who, which ; yang lalu t lastYas (vulg.), coatYogia (Sk.), sa - yogia - nya, it isnecessary

Yonges, jonges (vulg.), servantZamdn (Ar.). time


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ENGLISH-MALAY VOCABULARYMe- and its modifications, generally prefixed to active verbs in

the written language, are as a rule omitted in the conversationalstyle, and are not given here.

n. =noun ; adj. =adjective ; v. =verb ; trans. = transitive ;intrans.= intransitive ; lit. = literally ; prep. = preposition ; conj.= conjunction.The lists in the body of the Grammar should also be consulted.

A, an, satu, sa, often used in con-junction with one of the numeralco-efficients : sa-biji telor, 1 an egg ;sa-ikur kuda> a horse

Abate (wind, storm), teduhAble to, expressed by bulih} to beableAbout, (concerning), deripada, fasal(more or less), lebih kurang, kira-

kira ; (round about), berkuliling ;(about to, going to)expressed bymau or hendak (to wish, intend)Above, ataSf di - atas ; more than,lebih; above all things, hubaya-hubaya

Abroad, luar, di-luarAbsent, tidak adaAccept, tarima } trimaAccompany, ber-sama, ber-kawanAccording to, sepertiAccount (money), kira-kira, bill ; on

account of, deri sebdbAccuse, tuduh ; accuser, penuduhAccustomed to, biasaAcheen, negri A chehAcquainted with, to be, kendl (ofpersons)Across, go across, lintang ; to the

other side, ka-sabrangAct (n.), buatan; (v.) buatAdd up, jumlahkanAddress (of a letter), 'alamat ; what

is his address? dia tinggal mana{lit.y where does he live?)

Advocate, penulung bicharaAffair, hal, perkaraAfraid, takutAfter (prep.), kemdian deripada,

lepds ; after that (conj.), sa-teldhAfternoon, petdng, tengah hari laluAfterwards, kemdianAgain, lagi sakali, pula ; further,dan lagi pulaAgainst (opposed to), lawanAge, 'umur : how old are you ? brapa

lumur tuan tAgent, wakilAgo, sudah, lalu; five months ago,sudah lima bulan ; some days ago,

the other day, sudah brapa hariAground (of a boat), sangkutAgue, demdm kuraAhead, di-hadap, di-dapanAir, Jiawa, udara; to air (clothes),anginkan -Alike, sa-rupa, samaAll, samud (samua), segala, sakalian;

all right, balk - lah ; all over(finished), sudah, habis

Allow, biyar, bri izin, (kasih p>ermissi)Almanac, takwimAlmond, ketapang, badamAlmost, hampir, dekdtAlms, sadakah

i Special attention should be paid to the accent on the last syllable, whichhas the effect of making the preceding vowel "indeterminate" (see Grammar).

86


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ENGLISH-MALAY VOCABULARY 87Aloes-wood, gaharuAlone, sa - orang sahaja ; lonely,sunyi

Along, turut, ikut ; along with, samaAlongside of, di-sisi, di sa-blahAloud, kwat-knvatAlready, sudahAlso, pula, juga, jua, pun; I also,sahya pun

Alter, ubah (intrans.)Although, meski pun, jikcdau sa-kali-pun, sungguh-punAltogether, blakaAlum, tawasAlways, sa-lalu, sa-lama-lama-nyaAmbassador, utusanAmber, ambarAmerica, negri Merika; an Ameri-

can, orang MerikaAmong, antaraAmount (total), jumlahAmuse (oneself), mainAnchor (n.), sauh ; (v.) labuhlcanAnd, danAiiger, angry, marah, murkaAnimal, binatangAniseed, ados manisAnkle, mata kakiAnother (different), lain ; one

more, satu lagiAnswer (n. and v.),jawab; (v.) sahut;answer a letter, balas surat

Ant, semut ; white, anei-anei; largered, kerangga

Anvil, landasanAny, barang; anybody, barangsiapa;anything, barang apa ; anyway,sa-barang ; anywhere, barang di-mana; at any time, barang bilaany one will do, mana-mana satupun jadi-lah

Aperient (purgative), obat buangayerAppear (seem), rupa ; it seems,apparency, rupa-nya ; he has agood figure, appearance, sikapnyabaik juga

Approach (v.), hampirArabia, negri 'ArabArm (body), tangan; fore - arm,tangan ; weapon, senjataArmpit, ketiakArmy, tantra, lashkar (laskar)

Arrest, tangkapArrive, sampeiArrow, anak panahArsenic, warangan

Art, cilmu, hikmatAs (like), seperti, bagei ; since,because, karna sebab ; as long as(length), sa-panjang, (time), sa-lama; as many as, as much as,sa-banyak ; as soon as, sa-teldh;as soon as possible, sa-lekds-lekds,sa-lekds-nya ; as if, sa-akan-akanAscend, naik, (a river) mudikAshamed, malic

Ashes, abuAshore, di-darat ; to go ashore, naik

daratAsk (a question), tanya ; (to ask aperson to do something), mintaAsleep, bertidor

Ass, kaldeiAssembly, perhimpunanAssist, tulungAstern, di-blakangAsthma, sesdk dadaAstonished, terchengangAt, dit pada ; at first, mula-mulaat last, akhir, habis; at least, sa-kurang - kurang ; at most, yang

terlebih ; at once, dengan segrd ;at present, sekarang iniAttempt, chobaAttentive, rajinAuction, lelong ; to sell by auction,

lelongkanAustralia, negri StreliaAutumn, musim buah-buahan, kharifAwning, chetriAxe, kapak, bliongBaby, kanak-anakBack (again), kombali ; go back,pulang ; send back, pulangkanBack, (body) blakang; (of the neck),

tengkokBackwards, ka-blakangBacon, daging babiBad, tidak baik; (of food), busuk;

wicked, jahatBag, karong, saku, bagBail, jaminBait, umpanBake, panggangkan; (bread), buat

rotiBaker, tukang rotiBald, botak, gundulBall, bola ; to play at ball, main bolaBamboo, bambu} buluhBanana, pisang


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88 MALAY MANUALBank (river), tebing, tepi; (money),

kantor bangkBankrupt, yang berhenti bayar, bank-rap ; to become bankrupt, jatuhBar (to fasten a door), kanchingBarber, tukang chukurBare (leafless), gundulBark (of a tree), kulit kayu ; to bark

(as a dog), salakBarracks, rumah soldado, tangsiBarrel, tong, pipaBasin, mangkokBasket, baktd, kranjangBat (animal), klawarBath, to take a, mandi ; bathroom,tampat mandi ; bath-tub, tongmandi ; hot, cold bath, permandianayer hangat, sejuk

Battle, prangBay (of sea), teluk; (horse), merahBe, ada, jadiBeach, panteiBeak (of bird), paruhBeans, kachang (bonches)Bear (animal), bruangBear (carry), pikul (on the back or

shoulders) ; endure, tahanBeard, janggutBeat (strike), pukul ; (of the heart),dabar. For other equivalents with

different shades of meaning, seeMaxwell, Manual of the MalayLanguage, p. 120.

Beautiful, bogus, elokBecause, sebdb, karnaBecome, jadiBed, tampat tidor ; bedroom, bilik(kamar) tidor; bedstead, katil; togo to bed, pergi tidorBee, lebdhBeef, daging lembu ; beefsteak,

bifstikBeer, birBeetle, kumbangBefore (in time past), dahulu, dulu;

(of place), di-hadapan; beforethat, sa-belum

"Beg, minta sadakah; beggar, orangminta sadakah; (religious mendi-cant), fakir

Begin, mulai ; beginning, mulaBehaviour, kcdakuanBehind (place) di-blakangBelieve (trust), perchaya (in, akan) ;(think) fikirBell, locheng, genta

Bellows, pengumbusBelong : that belongs to me, itusahya punyaBelow, di-bawahBench, bangkuBeside, at the side of, di-sa-blahBesides, lagi-pun, dan lagiBest, terlebih baik, yang baik sakali

{see, Grammar) ; to the best of myability, sa-bulih-bulih

Betel-nut, pinangBetter, lebih baik : see GrammarBetween, antaraBeyond (the other side of), di-sa-blahBible (New Testament), injilBicycle, kreta lerengBig, besdrBill (account), kira - kirat surathutang, bill, rekeninBilliards, main bolaBird, burong ; bird-cage, sangkar

bird's nest, sarang burongBirth, kajadian, beranakkanBirthday, harijadi, beranakkanBiscuit, biskotBit (piece), sa-krat ; (horse) lagam,kangBite, to, gigitBitter, pahitBlack, hitamBlacksmith, tukang besiBlanket, selimut, kambliBlind (adj.), butaBlinds (sun-blinds), bideiBlood, darahBlossom, bungaBlotting-paper, kartas kembangBlow (n.), paluBlow, to (of the wind or mouth),

tiyupBlue, biru; dark blue, biru tuah

light blue, biru manisBlunt (of a knife), tumpul, kurangtajam

Boar, babijantanBoard (wood), papan ; (of floor)papan lantei; to go on board,turun kapalBoat (Malay), prahu ; (Chinese)sampan; (English) boat; boatman,anak dayong

Body, tubuh, badanBoil, a, bisulBoil, to (trans.), rebus; (intrans.) ber-

didihBolster, bantal panjang


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ENGLISH-MALAY VOCABULARY 89Bolt, a, Jcanching ; bolt, to, kan-chingkan

Bone, tulangBook, kitdb, buku ; bookbinder,tukang jilid kitdb ; bookcase,sarong (tampat) kitdb; bookseller,tukang jual kitdbBoot, kasut, bootBorrow, mintapinjamBoth, kaduaBottle, botolBottom (lowest part), bawahBough, dahanBow (weapon), panah ; (of a boat)haluan ; to bow, tundukBowels, perut {prut)

Bowl, batil, bukurBox, peti, kopperBoy, anak laki-lahiBraces, tali seluarBrain, utakBranch (tree), dahan; (road) sem-pangBrandy, brandi (sopi)Brass, tembaga kuningBread, roti ; white bread, roti putih,black bread, roti kasar ; fresh

bread, roti baharu ; stale bread,roti basi

Bread-fruit, sukunBreak, pechdh, patahBreakfast, makan pagiBreast, dada, (female) susuBreath, nefasBreathe, tarek nefasBrewer, tukang birBrick, batu-bataBridge, jambatan, (of nose) batanghidong

Bridle, tali kangBright (clear), krangBring, bawaBroad, lebarBrooch, krusangBroom, penyapuBrother, sudara laki-laki, (elder)

abang, (younger) adikBrow, keningBrown, hitam manisBrush (n.), brus ; clothes' brush, bruspakeian; hair-brush, brus rawibut,brus kapala ; nail - brush, bruskuku ; tooth-brush, brus gigiBrush, to, sapu; (teeth, boots) gosok

Bucket, timbaJ3ud, kutuvi

Buffalo, kerbauBuild, buat, bangunkan } ikat rumahBuilding (n.), bangunanBug, pijat, kutu busukBull, lembujantanBullet, peluruBuoy, boyaBurn, to, bakar, hangusBury, tanam, kuburkanBushes (thicket), semdkBusiness, kerja, pekerja-anBusy : I am busy, sahya ta' sendngBut, tetapi, tapi; (except) melain-

kan, hanyaButcher, tukang dagingButter, mantegaButterfly, kupu-kupuButton, kanching ; button - hole,

lobang kanching ; to button, men-ganchingBuy, bliBy, ulih ; by boat, dengan prahu ;by land, daratBy and by, sabentar lagiCabbage, kobisCabin, kurungi kamar } kamraCage, sangkarCake, kweh, pengananCalf (animal), anak lembu ; (of the

leg) jantong betisCalico, blachu minyakCall, panggil ; call in (at a place),singgahCalm (tranquil), teduh; (water)tendng

Camel, ontaCamphor, kapur barusCan (be able), bulih; (bucket) tongCanal, paritCandle, lilin, dianCandlestick, kaki lilinCane, rotan, (walking stick) tongkatCannon, mariamCannot, ta' bulihCanoe, jalur, kolekCap, kopiahCape (geog.), tanjungCapital (funds), modal; (of a

country) kapala negriCapsicum, chabeiCaptain, kapitan, nakhodaCare (n.), ingat ; to take care of,jaga; to be careful, jaga, ingat-

ingat ; care for (like), suka ; I(Jon't care, sahya ta' feduli (peduli)


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92 MALAY MANUALCup, manghoh, chawanCupboard, almariCure (n.j, penaicar, (v.) sembuhkanCurrent (of water), harusCurry, gulei, kariCurse (n. and v.), sumpahCurtain (window), tirei, tcibirCushion, bantalCustom, iadatCustom (tax), chukei; custom-house,rumah chukeiCut (with a knife), putung, (with

scissors) guntingkan; cut in two,blah; cut off, krat ; cut down(trees, shrubs), tebdng, tebdsCuttlefish, sotong

Dagger, krisDaily, sa-hari-hariDam (dyke), ampangDamp, basah, lembapDance {n.),jogatt (v.) tariDanger, bahaya; dangerous, 6er-Dare, braniDark, glap; darkness, kagalapan,keldmDate (time), hari bulan, tarikh;

(fruit) khurmaDaughter, anakperampuanDay, hari; every day, sa-hari-hari;every other day, slang sa-hari;midday, tengah hari; all day,sa-panjang hari; first day of themonth, sa-hari bulan; daybreak,dini hari; daylight, siang ; dayand night, siang malam; day beforeyesterday, kalamarin dahulu; dayafter to-morrow, lusaDead, mati

Deaf, tuli,pekdkDear (beloved), kakasih; (expensive)mahdlDeath, kamatianDebt, hutang ; in debt, berhutangDeceive, tipu, perdayakanDeck (of ship), dekDeep, dalam; (of colour) tuah; (of

sleep) leldpDeer, rusaDefeat (trans.), alah-kan ; to be de-

feated, alah; defeat (n.), alahanDefendant, yang kend aduDeliver (set free), lepaskan; (hand

over) serdh

Demand (n.), perminta-any (v.)mintaDentist, tabib gigiDeny, sangkalDepart, pergi, berangkatDescend, turunDescendants, katurunanDesert (n.), padang belantara, (v.)tinggalkanDesire (n.), kahendal% (v.), hendakDesk, meja tulisDessert, buah-buahanDestroy, bindsakanDestruction, binasaDevil, the, iblis, sheitanDew, embunDiamond, intanDiarrhoea, buang-buang ayery chiritDictionary, kamusDie, mati (also of wind dying down)Difference, bedaDifferent, lainDifficult, payah, susahDig, galiDiligent, rajinDim, kaburDine, makan petdng; dining-room,

bilik makan; dinner, makananpetdngDirect (straight), trus, lurusDirectly, lekds, dengan sigrd-nyaDirty, kotorDischarge (dismiss), lepaskan, pechat-kan; (gun) pasangDisease, penyakitDisembark, turun daratDish, pinggan; (course) saji ; dish-

cover, tudong sajiDislike (v.), ta' sukaDistance, distant, jauhDistrict, dairah} jdjahanDitch, paritDo, buat; (suffice) jadi; that will do,itu-pun bulih; it won't do, ta' jadi;how do you do ? apa khabar?Do not, don't, jangan (with impera-tive) ; jangan pergi, don't goDoctor (native), bomo, dukun; (onewho practises Western medicine)doktor

Dog, anjingDollar, ringgitDone (finished), sudah; (of food)masakDoor, pintuDouble (two-fold), ganda

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