major transformations l6
TRANSCRIPT
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Hunting and Gathering Societies
Hunting and gatheringsocieties relied on readilyavailable plants and hunted
game for their subsistence. These societies were:
Small (about 40 members)
Nomadic Had little or no division of
labor
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1. The Domestication Revolution
Domestication of plants
and animals for food
purposes led to the first
major transformation in
human society. It
resulted in:
Horticultural societies
Pastoral societies
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Social Organization
Domestication was
the first successful
effort by people to use
social organization:
To gain greater
control over the
production of food To improve their lives.
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Dependable Food Supply
The availability for
the first time in
human history of a
dependable food
supply unleashed a
whole chain of
events that changedsociety forever.
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Larger Societies
The more dependable
food supply made it
possible to support
larger societies.
Chain of Events
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Food Surplus
For the first time in
human history, food
surpluses became
common.
Chain of Events
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Division of Labor
Food surpluses freed
some workers to do
other forms of work,
such as crafts.
Chain of Events
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Trade
Surplus food and
crafts were traded
with others.
Chain of Events
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Accumulation of Valued Goods
Durable goods could
now be saved and
some people
accumulated more
than others.
Chain of Events
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Feuds and Wars Over Possessions
People now had
possessions worth
fighting over.
Chain of Events
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Slavery
Captives from battles
were forced to do less
appealing work.
Chain of Events
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Inequality Increased
Some people
accumulated much
over time while others
accumulated little.
Chain of Events
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Wealth Became Hereditary
The wealthy wanted
to pass their benefits
on to their children.
Chain of Events
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Power Became Concentrated
Wealth and power
became concentrated
in the hands of a few
and chiefs, kings, and
feudal society
emerged.
Chain of Events
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Pastoral Societies
Pastoral societies domesti-cated animals and raised
them for food in pastures.
These societies: Developed where there was
not enough rainfall to grow
crops.
Were usually nomadic,
moving on after the animals
had exhausted the food supply.
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Horticultural Societies
Horticultural societies
planted crops in small
gardens for subsistence,
without the use of plows ormore advanced technology.
These societies:
Required a climate that wassuitable for growing crops
Established permanent
settlements.
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2. The Agricultural Revolution
Large-scale agriculturalproduction led to thesecond major transform-ation in human society.
This era, resulting inagrarian societies, isoften called the "dawn
of civilization." Inventions included the
plow, the wheel,
writing, and numbers
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Agriculture: Chain of Events
Plows pulledby animals
Larger
food surplus
Greater
division of labor
During this period, stratification became a major feature of social life. Anelite gained control of surplus resources and defended their position witharms. This centralization of power and resources eventually led to thedevelopment of the state as the rich and powerful developed the institutionof the state to further consolidate their gains.
Elite control of
valued goods
Elite control ofvalued goods
Elite defense of
position with arms
Social
stratification
Centralization
of power
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Agrarian Societies
Agrarian societies are basedon large-scale agriculturalproduction made possible byplows pulled by animals.
These societies: Are more efficient than earlier
societies
Have a huge food surplus
Have a complex division oflabor
Permit the accumulation ofwealth by the few
Involve considerableinequality.
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3. The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolutioninvolved a dramatic change inthe nature of production:
Machines replaced tools
Steam and other energy sourcesreplaced human or animal power
Unskilled workers replaced skilledworkers
Work that had been performed inthe home by family members wasnow performed in factories withthe help of machines.
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Machines
driven by fuels
Population increase:
rural to urban shift
Larger surpluses:food & mfgd goods
Division of labor:
unskilled/skilled
Increased trade:
food & mfgd goods
Widespreaddistribution of goods
Widespread
distribution of goods
Class conflict:
power v. rights
Low wages:slave-like labor
Greater inequality:
capital v. labor
Wealth concentrated:
rich v. poor
Power concentration:
capitalists & state
Industry: Chain of Events
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Industrial Societies
Industrial societies rely heavilyon machines powered by fuelsfor the production of goods.
These societies:
Are extremely efficient Produce large surpluses of
food & manufactured goods
Involve substantial inequality
The breakup of agricultural-based feudal societies causedpeople to seek employment in thecities, creating a labor surplus
resulting in extremely low wages.
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4. The Information Revolution
The Information Revolutioninvolves a dramatic shift frommanufacturing and agricultureto service industries.
The information superhigh-way, satellite dishes, andcellular phones are changing:
How families spend their time The kind of work we do
Many other aspects of our lives
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Postindustrial Societies
Postindustrial societies aredominated by:
Information
Service industries (e.g.,government, research, education,health, sales, law, banking)
High technology
It is still too early to identifyand understand all theramifications this new kind ofsociety will have for social life.
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Sources
Sociology Timelinehttp://www.missouri.edu/~socbrent/timeline.htm
The Great Transition
http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/hg_ag/
Exploration: Consequences of the Revolutionhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/seg6.html
http://www.missouri.edu/~socbrent/timeline.htmhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/hg_ag/http://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/seg6.htmlhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/seg6.htmlhttp://www.mc.maricopa.edu/~reffland/anthropology/lost_tribes/hg_ag/http://www.missouri.edu/~socbrent/timeline.htm