major components of social sciences
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
1/18
TWO MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
SOCIAL SCIENCES
1. Theory world of ideas, theories,
models2. Empirical research world of
observation and experience
PRESENTED BY: LIWAYWAY S. VILORIA
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
2/18
Goals of Social Sciences
Explore, explain phenomena
prediction
Theoretical / Conceptual
World Empirical World
Strategies linking
Theoretical & Empirical
Worlds
Theory
before
Research
Research
before
Theory
Quantitative
Paradigm
Method
Qualitative
Paradigm
Method
Triargulation
( mixed / multiple
theories, methods,
data, researches ) Within Paradigm /
MethodBetween Paradigm /
Across method
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
3/18
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
4/18
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
5/18
1. Theory-then-research2. Research-then-theory
3. Spiraling Strategy
Theory and research must
interact constantly Contrast between these
strategies are more apparent
than real
Theory-Then-Research Strategy
Idea Theory Design
Data Collection AnalysisFindings/Generalizations
Research-Before-Theory Strategy
Idea Design Data
Collection Theory AnalysisMajor Findings
Spiraling Strategy
Idea Theory Design Data
Collection and OrganizationAnalysis and Interpretation
Conclusion
Literature Review
( Note: see Berge, 1995:16)
RESEARCH STRATEGIES TO LINK
CONCEPTUAL AND EMPIRICAL
WORLDS
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
6/18
SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Theories
Direct Observations /Experiences
- Issues, difficulties,
current practices
Critical Review of
Professional Literature
- Familiarizes with the
current state of
knowledge (related to
the research topic)
- Contribute to
cumulative nature ofscientific knowledge
Concepts
Theories
Conceptual and Operational Definitions
Problems and hypotheses studied by others
Research methods used
Findings
Recommendations
FOCUS OF CRITICAL REVIEW & PROFESSIONAL /
RELATED LITERATURE
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
7/18
Main Stages of the Research Process
Theory
Problem
Hypothesis
Research
Design
MeasurementData Collection
Data Analysis
Generalization
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
8/18
Establishes the Directionfor the research
- Captures in a singlesentence or paragraph,the essence of the study
- Must be written as clearly andconcisely as possible
- Needs to be firmly grounded in theparadigm assumption ( basic indicator of agood purpose statement ) e.g. a goodqualitative purpose statement expresses /implies the assumptions of qualitativeparadigm i.e., language of qualitativeresearch and methodology of an emergingdesign based on experiences of individualsin the natural setting.
The Purpose Statement
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
9/18
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROBLEM
- represents specific statements of the purposeof the study
Typically uses research questions, notobjectives or hypotheses
Ask one or two grand tour questions followedby not more than five to seven subquestionsto narrow the focus of the study but that donot constrain the qualitative researcher.
- Write not more than 12 questions in all(Miles&Huberman, 1984)
- These questions become topics explored ininterviews, observations, documents andarchival material
The question format might be related tospecific qualitative design types.
Begin the research questions with the wordswhat or how. Tell the reader that the studywill do one of the following, which convey the
language of an emerging design.- discover (e.g. grounded theory )
- explain or seek to understand (e.gethnography)
- explore the process (e.g case study )
- describe the experience (e.g. phenomenology)
Pose questions that use nondirectional
wording
- These questions describe, rather than relate
variables or compare groups.
- Delete words that suggest or refer a
quantitative study, words with a directional
orientation.
- e.g affect, influence, impact, determine, case
and effect.
Expect the research questions to evolve and
change during the study
Use open-ended questions without
experience to the literature or theory unless
otherwise dictated by a qualitative design
type.
Use a single focus and specify the researchsite in the research questions.
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
10/18
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROBLEM
- represents specific restatements of the
purpose of the study
In survey designs, these restatements of the purpose
of the study take the form of research of questions or
objectives
In experiments, they are hypotheses:
- may be a comparison between two or more groups in
terms of a dependence variable.
- may be a comparison between two or more
independent and dependent variables.
- may be descriptive questions to describe responses to
the independent and dependent variables.
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
11/18
1. Develop the
hypotheses, questions, or
objectives from theory
- in the deductive
methodological process
of quantitative research,
they are test table
propositions deduced
from theory ( Kerlinger,
1979 ).
2. Keep theindependent and
dependent variables
separate and measure
them separately
- this procedure
reinforces the cause-
and-effect logic
quantitative research.
3. When writing this passage, select
one form.
- write questions, objectives or
hypotheses but not a combination.
Hypothesis declarative statement
of the relations between two or
more variables ( Kerlinger, 1979;
Mason and Bamble, 1989)
Research Questions- also poses a
relationship, but phrases the
relationship as a
question(Krathwohl, 1988)
Objective is the same relationship
statement in declarative form.
Mixing hypotheses with questions
or objectives conveys an informal
(and redundant) style of writing.
Guidelines in the Development of Quantitative Questions ,
Objectives and Hypotheses
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
12/18
4. If hypotheses are used, consider thealternative forms for writing them andmake a choice based on the audience forthe research
Use the formal, traditional language towrite hence for the research
Use the formal, traditional language towrite hypotheses.
Null hypotheses states that there is nosignificant relationship between or
among the variables
- or there is nosignificant differences between or amonggroups (Armstrong, 1974)
Alternative hypotheses state a
direction for the relationship or thedifferences. This is used if the literaturesuggests a hypothesized direction for thevariables (Krathword, 1988).
Consider writing hypotheses in one offour forms:
a) literary null (concept oriented, no
direction)
b) literary alternative (concept oriented,
directional)
c) operational null (operational, nodirection)
d) operational alternative (operational,
directional)
Literary form
means that the variables willbe stated in abstract, concept-oriented
language
Operational form the variables will be
stated in more specific language.
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
13/18
5. Use major variables
other than demographics
as independent variables,
unless the study merits a
close examination of
demographic variables.
- Quantitative studies
verify a theory-
demographic variables
typically enter these
models as intervening or
mediating variables.6. Use the same pattern of
word order in the
questions, objectives, or
hypothesis to establish a
formal rhetorical style.
- Repeat Key phrases andorder the variables by
beginning with the
independent and
concluding with the
dependent variables.
- Example of word order with
independent variables stated
first.
1. There is no relationship
between use of ancillary
support services and
academic persistence of
nontraditional-aged college
women.
2. There is no relationship
between family support
systems and academicpersistence of nontraditional
aged college women.
3. There is no relationship
between ancillary support
services and family support
systems
7. Use this model for writing questions
or hypotheses:
Write descriptive questions (or
hypotheses) followed by multivariate
(or inferential) questions or hypotheses.
1. write description question(s) for
each independent and dependent
variable (and important mediating
variables, if necessary) in the study.
2. Descriptive questions are then
followed by multivariate questions
that relate variables and compare
groups.
3. Multivariable questions are
followed by questions that add any
mediating or controlled variables.
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
14/18
X1 ++ Y1 +
X2 + + Z1
Y2
X3
-
Three Independent Variables Influence a Single for the Effects of Two Mediating
Variables
Independent
Variable
Mediating
Variable
Dependent
Variable
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
15/18
X1 + Y1+
Z1_
X2 _ Y2
Two Groups, X1 and X2, Are Compared in Terms of Z1, Controlling for the Effects
of Y1 and Y2
Independent
Variable
Mediating
Variable
Dependent
Variable
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
16/18
Researcher Tests a Theory
Researcher Tests Hypotheses or Research
Questions Derived from the Theory
Researcher Operationalizes Concepts or VariablesDerived from the Theory
Researcher Uses an Instrument to MeasureVariables in the Theory
The Deductive mode of Research in a Quantitative Study
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
17/18
-
7/30/2019 Major Components of Social Sciences
18/18