A PRESENTATION ON

CHANGE DETECTION STUDIES ON MUSI RIVER

CATCHMENTS USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS

INTRODUCTION  Our towns and cities are growing in size and complexity.

The pain of this growth manifest in congestion due to increased population of humans, industrialization and vehicles, which have impacts on air, water, soil, and natural resources (like flora & fauna) of these urban agglomerations.

The deterioration of environmental quality needs reversal and amelioration. Taken to counter it, we need hard data and indices of pollution and this has to be available in different time frames to study the quality of environment and its improvement or deterioration over a period.   

THEMEThe central theme of our study is the impact of Landuse/Landcover on ground water quality.

The economy of nature for sustainable development is based on material; cycling and recycling, capture and utilization of resources through dispersed processes.

When humans exploit the economy of nature for its own one-time benefits the system will tend to show the sign of destabilization and deterioration.

Thus our town and cities are now endangered with complex environmental problems due to lack of sustainable planned growth. It is therefore imperative that the present crux in our urban environment is due to man's reckless exploitation of nature, having scant respect to the ecological balance. This is determined to both urban as well rural environments.

WATER BODIES IN HYDERABADHyderabad is a city of glittering lakes.

At present two major water bodies, Hussain Sagar and Mir Alam Tank are situate within the Municipal limits, in addition to a couple of smaller ones at Nallakunta, Jubilee Hills, Ramanthapur, and other places.

Two other major lakes situated within the MCH - Mir Jumla and Masab Tanks have dried up. In general linkage between the surface waters and ground water recharge is a well known fact.

The Musi flows through an area occasionally subject to torrential rains.

The worst of the flood occurred in Musi in 1908, after which the two reservoirs of Himayat Sagar and Osman Sagar were constructed at about 16 km west of Hyderabad to control floods.

OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDYThe main objective of the study is utilization of integrated methodology, which derives, a correlation between land use/land cover and water quality parameters.  Assessment of impact of Land use / Land cover on

ground water quality in the present study (Zone VII). To analyze the estimated ground water quality in the

study area for its suitability for drinking purpose. Determination of water quality index by statistical

approach. To highlight the areas under environmental stress. To recommend suitable measures for best management

mitigation practices. 

METHODOLOGYThe methodology or the work schedule gives the following principles steps involved, which are to be adhered, to achieve the set of objection.

1) Collection of toposheet from survey of India (1:50000 scale)2) Collection of data from satellite imagery' (fused data of IRS-IC PAN and IRS-ID LISS-III Imagery) obtained from NRSA, Balanagar.3) Delineation of the study area (Based on MCH division) and conversion of raster data into vector data.4) Preparation of thematic maps with the help of secondary data and primary data.5) Study of the land use features and their influence on the zone.6) Analyzing the quality of water and to determine water quality index by rating the parameters.7) Correlating the land use impact with the water quality.8) Resulting with the previous data for the comparative study and to find the

changes.9) Recommendations at micro level.

LIMITATIONS

I. Study is limited to single zone.II. The selection of environmental parameters and

land use features are confined to data availability and time constraint.

III. Recommendations are not suggested at macro level.

APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

Land use Water resources Agriculture Disaster studies Forestry applications Ocean applications Hydrology Natural resource management Geosciences Environment change detection.

USE OF GIS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM SOLVING

In all of these operations, the typical GIS user now expects to be able to define requirements and interact with the system through a "user friendly", intuitive interface that makes me of such contemporary concepts as graphic icons and desktop metaphors.

GIS applications now span a wide range, from sophisticated analysis and modeling of spatial data to simple inventory and management GIS has a broadly based community of interest, drawn together by a common concern for the computerized handling of geographic data. It includes established disciplines like surveying, RS, Geocoding and cartography which see GIS as another valuable digital technology with capabilities that increase those of GPS, Image processing, digital cartography etc. In some sense GIS is the common ground between all these, the broad technology that attempts to integrate data from a no. of acquisition system, and provide it to the user with appropriate analytical tools. in 

USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN THIS PROJECT

Implementation of entire project is designed in different phases: 1. Acquisition and derivation of baseline data products.2. Creation of baseline digital database on GIS platform.3. Types of data products.4. Overlay analysis Techniques.

PROTECTION OF WATER BODIES

Hyderabad Deccan topography facilitated construction of a number of water storing devices (lakes, ponds, reservoirs etc...) both natural and manmade.

They provided drinking water to millions and mainly helped in recharge of groundwater. So many of them have been disappeared and got seriously contaminated due to encroachments, land grabbing and discharge of untreated industrial effluents and domestic sewage.

The attitude of the powers that has been that of apathy, connivance and collusion. This is a larger preference for costly water supply schemes rather than protecting the existing water bodies.

Hyderabad and its surrounding get most of the rainfall during the southwest monsoon period from June to September amounting to total annual average rainfall of about 85 cm. In Hyderabad Metropolitan Area (HMA) there are 169 lakes of 10 hectares and above to improved and store rainwater during monsoon months.

Out of these 145 lakes are reported to be dry up during non-monsoon months. And they are being allowed to be systematically and gradually encroached, filled up and used for residential and other purposes either with the connivance of the authorities concerned or by manipulating the Records One fails to understand the logic of allowing the existing tanks, ponds etc to be destroyed and at the same time spending huge amounts for creating rainwater harvesting pits and costly water supply schemes.

Considerable damage already has been done to many of the lakes and its environs by polluting waters due to dumping solid wastes, discharge of domestic sewage and industrial effluents into them or by reducing the size of leak areas by encroachments and other development activities. The dumping of garbage and discharge of untreated or under treated effluents and sewage are in violation of section 24 of water Act 1974 but AP Pollution Control Board and Government remain passive spectators to such happenings.

MUSI RIVER – NANDANAVANAM PROJECT

The Musi River is the part of the history and heritage of Hyderabad City. It emerges from the Anantagiri Hills, about 90 km to the West of Hyderabad and flows through Vikarabad, Pargi, Chevella, Kalakul, Palankul and Golconda Mandals and reaches Osmansagar Reservoir at Gandipet which was built in 1920 to contain the flood waters -Lack of proper conservation of forests and grasslands in Anantagiri area and diversions of water for cultivation of crops like paddy has resulted in less inflows into the Osmansagar and lessened the flows in summer months.

Thus, this once beautiful and plentiful river has been reduced to a trickle with the drainage and sewage water flowing into it, has become a stinking drain due to rapid unplanned development of city of Hyderabad.

The quantity of sewage generated is many times more than the designed capacity of the Amberpet sewage treatment plant, resulting in a high percentage of partial and untreated sewage entering the river, Musi flows down and joins river Krishna at Wazirabad in Nalgonda District.

The Andhra Pradesh Government has planned what is called Nandnavanam project in Musi in an attempt to beautify the river. This project is ecologically unsustainable and environmentally damaging. If this project is implemented historic Musi will be totally disfigured. It is unfortunate that the Nandanavanam project does not aim at restoring the ecological balance of the river as a water body without conducting any study on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Public Hearing (EPH) which are mandatory requirement for large projects, the Govt. of Andhra Pradesh has displaced hundreds of slum dwellers from the river bed and spend huge amount in constructing-a channel (nala) in the center of the river. The riverbed has been filled at Chaderghat causing serious damage to the river environment like its natural flow, width, ground water recharge etc.

IMPACTS OF LAND USE / LAND COVER CHANGES ON GROUND WATER QUALITY

As urbanization implies specific effects on environment it is often characterized as an Environmental Degradation Phenomena, due to following reasons. 1) It results in concentration of the people2) It breaks the cycle flows of matter found in natural systems3) It provides a human environment vastly different from that in which mankind evolved.

Objectives of landuse/land cover map

The main objectives of land use map are: 1) The land use map will be utilized as a basic data base which provides the information for allocating new land use practices.2) It will incorporate demographic, economic and environmental impacts which have occurred in an area.3) Not only the information indicate where intensive development has already taken place and where there is open land suitable for future expansion, but it will also make it possible to determine special areas, such as prime agricultural lands.4) Land use / Land cover map will serve as a basis for monitoring and use change.5) The land use map will serve as a base in the integrating overall planning of agricultural and industrial development of the region.

WATER POLLUTION

Definition: Water pollution is referred to the addition to water of an excess of material that is harmful to humans, animals, or desirable aquatic life or otherwise causes significant departures from the normal activities of various liking communities, in or near water bodies. Direct point sources: Transfer of Pollutants from municipal industrial liquid waste disposal sites and from municipal and household hazardous waste and refuse disposal sites. Diffuse agricultural sources: wash off and soil erosion from agricultural lands carrying materials applied during agricultural use, mainly fertilizers, herbicide and pesticides. Diffuse urban sources: Run off from city streets, from horticultural, gardening and commercial activities in the urban environment and from industrial sites and storage areas.

PREVENTION OF WATER POLLUTION Mitigation Measures1) Stabilization of Ecosystem: It is the most reliable way to control water pollution which involves reduction in waste input, harvesting and removal of biomass. trapping of nutrients, fish management and aeration.2) Reutilization and Recycling of Waste: Various kinds of wastes like paper pulp, municipal and industrial effluents, sewage and thermal pollutants can be recycled to advantage. For example, urban waste could be recycled to generate cheaper fuel gas and electricity.3) Removal of Pollutants: The various physicochemical techniques used for removal of chemical biological or radiological pollutants have been adsorption, electro dialysis, ion exchange and reverse osmosis etc.

Ground Water Protection Unfortunately contaminated groundwater is very difficult and expensive to clean up. Solutions can be found after groundwater has been contaminated but this isn't always easy. The best thing to do is adopt pollution prevention and conservation practices in order to protect important groundwater supplies from being contaminated in the first place. Groundwater ConservationGroundwater is available in limited quantities. Since groundwater is an important resource for so many people, it is important to protect it. Protecting the quantity of groundwater is easy. By simply reducing the amount of water that we use, our water supply will last longer and by constructing water harvesting pits.

Water Quality AnalysisTo assess the ground water quality several steps are involved:1) Collection of samples2) Analyzing Samples3) Output data is integrated with RS techniques and correlated with previous data

WATER QUALITY ACCORDING TO WHO

GIS DATA BASE CREATION1. Introduction The rapid urbanization is one of the major factors determining the ground water quality, superimposed with a variety of physicochemical processes. Unlike the more visually obvious and more traditional areas of environmental concern involving the impacts of active land use changes on surface water quality, the environmental community has now-recognized the potential for adverse impacts on ground water. Geographic Information System (GIS), a computer system capable of assembling, storing manipulating and displaying geographically referenced information and Remote Sensing, because of its synoptic and repetitive coverage of large areas as well as providing information in a quantifiable manner which enables monitoring and assessment of various natural resources is used for the present study. Database is a collection of facts, a set of data. The software used for the creation of database for the present study is ARC/INFO 3.5.1 version and ARC VIEW 3.1 version. Two type of database are crated during the study , spatial and attribute data. 

2. Spatial Database The spatial database relevant for this study are thematic maps of the present zone which include 1) Transportation network2) Drainage network3) Base map4) Landuse/Landcover map 3. Base Map Generation Maps are representation of features on the surface of the earth drawn to a scale. A topographic map is a representation of the shape, size, position and relation of the physical features of an area. A base map consists of various features like the road network, settlements, water bodies, canals, railway track, vegetation etc., which are delineated from the toposheet. The map thus drawn is scanned and digitized to get a digital output.

4. Drainage Network Map Drainage network and streams delineated from the Toposheets are important properties of landscape that contribute to the understanding of slope, material flow, soil type and bedrock type. The drainage pattern and texture seen on aerial and space images are indicators of land forms and bed rock type and suggest soil characteristics and site drainage conditions. The drainage pattern, which is a surface expression and can be discerned from the air photo or satellite imagery, is a clue or key to infer something about the subsurface phenomena. In the present study a drainage network map is prepared from the toposheets which I further scanned, digitized using AutoCAD software and then edited in ARC/INFO GIS platform to produce a digital output. 5. Transportation Network Map: The major and all the minor roads connecting different places of the study area are were delineated from the toposheet and a road network map was prepared. The road network map was used for the selection of shortest route during the fieldwork for the collection of water samples.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. Introduction In GIS, topology is the term used to describe the geometric characteristic of objects, which do not change under transformations and are independent of any coordinate system.

The topological characteristics of an object are also independent of scale of measurement Topology as it relates to spatial data and non-spatial data consists of three elements, namely adjacency, containment and connectivity. Broadly, topology can be explained in two ways.

Topology consists of metric aspects of spatial relations, such as size, shape, distance and direction. Many spatial relations between objects are topological in nature, including adjacency, containment and overlap. The geometric relationship between spatial entities and corresponding attributes are very crucial for spatial analysis and integration in GIS. In topology creation both the spatial and attribute data are linked from which different parameter maps are generated. These maps depict the spatial distribution of non-spatial information on spatial locations.

7.2. Digital Thematic Maps Four different thematic maps, namely Landuse/Landcover, drainage network and base map are obtained from the interpretation of IRS-ID LISS-III+Pan merged data, Survey of India toposheet and other related data products. These maps are scanned and then performed the automated digitization. Then a digital database containing the locations of all spatial patterns along with the sampling locations is created on ARC/INFO platform.

Attribute Data File Attribute data are those properties of a spatial entity that need to be handled in the GIS, but which are not themselves spatial. Attribute values and associated identifiers may be attached to graphic entities directly on input, it is not efficient to enter large numbers of complex attributes interactively. The data are therefore either stored separately from spatial information in the GIS in the case of relational databases, or are input along with spatial description with the object-oriented database Attribute data may come from many different sources such as paper records, existing database, spreadsheets, etc. They may be input into the GIS database either manually or by importing the data using a standard transfer format such as TXT, CSV or ASCII. Where relational database are used an identifier is included in the attribute record to link to spatial and attribute data together.

WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Effects of pH  Water with high solid content often has a laxative effect. Use of water with high amount of dissolved solids may lead to scaling in boilers, corrosion and degrade quality of product. The presence of high concentration of TDS depletes dissolved oxygen and causes displeasing dour, taste and colour. High concentrations of 3000 mg/l may also produce distress to livestock.

Effects of hardness The precipitate formed by soap and hardness adheres to surface of tubs, sinks and utensils and stains clothes and dishes.The precipitate if remains in the pores, skin may feel rough and uncomfortable and may lose its texture.Increases cardio vascular diseases.Absolute soft waters are tasteless and effect the human cardiovascular system and cause heart attacks.Not suitable for production of ice, soft drink and textiles.

Effects of dissolved solids Water with high solid content often has a laxative effect.Use of water with high amount of dissolved solids may lead to scaling in boilers, corrosion and degrade quality of product.The presence of high concentration of TDS depletes dissolved oxygen and causes displeasing dour, taste and colour. High concentrations of 3000 mg/l may also produce distress to livestock.

Effects of fluorides Fluoride more than 1.5 mg/1 it leads to discoloration of teeth called "Mottling11. The white patches formed later become yellow and turn brown or blackFluoride in excess of 5 mg/1 cause bone flourosis and skeletal abnormalities. Fluoride less than 1 mg/1 cause dental cavities.

Effects of alkalinity Highly alkaline waters are usually unpalatable. Alkalinity reacts with cat ions of water and forms precipitate which damages the people and appurtenances like value.Excess alkalinity gives a bitter taste to water. Excess alkalinity in water is harmful for irrigation, which leads to soil damage and reduce crop yields.

CONCLUSIONSBased on the water quality data obtained from physico-chemical analysis and WQI, the areas where ground water showed high concentrations of water quality parameters are identified.

The results indicated that certain parameters such as fluoride, TDS, Hardness, Alkalinity, Nitrates exceeded the permissible limits as given by Bureau of Indian Standards. Concentrations of Sodium, Potassium, Sulfate, Chloride and Phosphate were observed to be within the permissible limits.

The Recommendations are suggested based on source of pollutant and drinking water standards of the parameters and the associated Land use.

Control of Fluorides Water in contact with natural deposits of fluoride such as fluorspar and fluoropalite are found to contain excess of fluoride. Nalgonda Technique developed by Need is used. It involves addition of aluminium salts, lime and bleaching powder followed by rapid mixing, flocculation, Sedimentation and filtration.

Control of TDS Ground water invariably contains dissolved solids. The rain water percolating through the soil stratum dissolve salts like chlorides, fluorides, nitrates etc. The deeper the water percolates, the higher will be the dissolved solids in ground water, removal of dissolved solids has been tried with Coagulation, Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis and Electro dialysis. Control of Hardness Hardness of Water is not exactly a pollution parameter but indicates water quality (soft water or hard water). The hardness content of a water sample can be reduced by lime soda process.

Control of Nitrates Natural constituent of ground water is nitrate. High concentrations of nitrate may indicate sources of part or present pollution. The main source of nitrates are chemical fertilizers, decayed vegetable, animal matter, domestic waters and industrial discharges. Control of different sources of pollution is necessary to prevent ground water from pollution.

SUGGESTIONS

Activities responsible for pollution have been grouped under the categorization. 1) Relocation2) Upgradation3) Introduction of new activities. Recommendations are made accordingly.

UPGRADATION OF ACTIVITIES1. Improvements of slums at Nampally station, Kachiguda Railway Station, Amberpet Patelnagar, Nayapul, Puranapul, Chaderghat by giving development inputs. The slums lack proper infrastructures facilities polluting the quality of ground water upto a certain extent. Some development inputs are required in those slums to improve the physical condition. 1) Laying of proper sewerage system2) Laying of roads3) Proper water supply.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1) Remote sensing and GIS should be used in the sites where percolation tanks and rain water harvesting pits can be constructed which helps in recharging the ground water levels.2) Point sources of pollution like open nallahs, waste disposal sites should be identified and appropriate remedial measures like proper sewerage network and relocation of waste dumpsites must be undertaken.3) Solid waste management practices should be implemented which to certain extent decrease the contamination of ground water.4) Relocation of certain activities in and around Musi River such as cattle washing, Dhobighats, and sporadic development of slums must be stopped.5) Proper measures to be under taken for pretreatment and recycling of waste near Osmania Hospital, Imlibun Bus Depot, Mozamjahi Market. Biomedical waste from the hospital should be incinerated.6) Only primary treatment is being carried out at Amberpet Sewerage Treatment Plant and efforts should be made to upgrade the STP for Secondary / Tertiary treatment.

STRATEGIES FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT

• Strategies for abatement of Water Pollution: 1. All lakes and surface water bodies are to be protected from environmental quality deterioration. Regular monitoring should be done by the concerned authority.2. Proper treatment of effluents discharged into Musi River from different industries are to be immediately taken up.3. Activities like washing of cloths, cattle, immersion of idols, dumping of garbage should be strictly prohibited near water bodies.4. Proper drainage in slums and squatters are to be installed to avoid deterioration of surface water bodies.5. Water supply should be properly treated before delivery in order to make it safe for drinking.

• Public Awareness 1. Pollution control board may be activated to educate the general public through posters, campaigns, talks, advertisements on environmental issues pertaining to Hyderabad Urban area2. Environment scientists and Engineers may be involved in a study to install bio indicators for monitoring and educating public environmental pollution. • Suggestions for Development of New Activities: 1) Recreational activities around Musi2) Introduction joint treatment plant. River Musi enters Hyderabad near Rajendranagar, if travel through the old city before reaching Amberpet, where the sewage treatment plant is located.River Musi, even after entering Hyderabad city is clean until it reaches T-main sewer. At this point 25 mid of untreated sewage is released into Musi.

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