Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

AQM-European Experience: Addressing Industrial Air

Pollution

Magnus GislevEuropean Commission

Delegation in China

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Contents of the presentation

1. Background

2. EU Air Quality Legislation and National Emission

Ceilings

3. EU Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive

4. European taxes, charges and emissions trading

5. The new EU Air Pollution Strategy

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Background to EU AQM policy

370.000 European citizens are estimated to die

prematurely every year due to bad air quality

Air pollution is also causing severe damage to

ecosystems through acid rain and deposition of

eutrophying substances

Worrying trends (energy, transport)

Air does not respect borders

Internal EU market + global economy

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Loss in life expectancy attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter

20002000

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

EU Air Pollution

Legislation

Mobile Sources

Stationary sources

National emissions

ceilings

IPPC LCP’s

RoadNon-road Fuels Quality

Framework Directive

1St Daughter

2nd Daughter

3rd Daughter

Exchange Information

4th Daughter

Concentrations Emissions

Incineration VOC’s

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

EU Air Quality Framework Directive

Directive 96/62: Framework obligations capacity building

define zones and agglomerations

Perform assessment : Measurement/modelling

Inform the public

Report to the Commission

Management :

Maintain air quality where good

If Conc>Limit Value + Margin of tolerance:

Prepare, implement plans and programmes

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

EU Air Quality Daughter Directives

Air quality standards, minimum monitoring requirements, stations criteria, reference methods

Directive 99/30: limit values for PM10, NOx, SO2 and lead

Directive 2000/69: limit values for benzene and CO

Directive 2002/3: Target values for Ozone Monitoring of ozone precursors (NO2, VOCs)

Directive 2004/107: Target values BaP, HM (excluding Hg)

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

SO2 NH3 NOx VOC

Acidification OzoneEutrophication

Interlinked pollutants and problems

National Emission Ceilings (1)

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

National Emission Ceilings (2)

Objective : To set total national ceilings for pollutants causing

acidification and eutrofication and for ozone precursors for the protection of the environment and human health

Reduce areas with critical loads at least 50% compared to 1990

Ground level ozone by 2/3 (health) 1/3 (eco)

Management : national programme has to be prepared and

communicated to the Commission

implemented to stay below ceiling by 2010

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

NEC – required reductions

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

SO2 Nox VOC NH3

1990 actual

2010 NEC

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

IPPC permit system

Permit

IPPC = Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive, 96/61/EC in force since October 1999

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Scope of IPPC

The IPPC Directive covers

1. Prevention of pollution caused by production selection of raw materials cleaner production processes

2. Control of pollution caused by production end-of-pipe abatement techniques

It does not cover

- Pollution caused by products

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

IPPC: Activities covered

Energy industries Production and processing of metals Mineral industry Chemical industry Waste management Other activities

Production of pulp and paper Pre-treatment of textiles Tanning of hides Slaughterhouses and processing of food products Disposal of animal waste Rearing of poultry or pigs Printing, coating, degreasing, waterproofing etc. Production of carbon or electrographite

Annex I: CATEGORIES OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

IPPC: Key provisions

integrated, decentralised permit procedure public participation and access to

information including an emission register emission limit values based on Best

Available Techniques (BAT) and Environmental Quality Standards

exchange of information on BAT and associated monitoring

existing EU emission limit values are minimum requirements

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Best Available Techniques

most effective in achieving a high general

level of protection of

the environment as a whole

Best

developed on a scale to be implemented in the

relevant industrial sector, under

economically and technically viable

conditions, advantages balanced against costs

the technology used and the

way the installation is

designed, built, maintained,

operated and decommissioned

Available Techniques

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

BAT reference document

Best Available Techniques reference document on large combustion plants

available on Internet: http://eippcb.jrc.es

What is it?

What not?

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Pollutant Emission Register

Principal emissions (37 air and 26 water

pollutants 50 in total) and IPPC sources responsible

Published every 3 years

First occasion in February 2004 (EU-15)

European Pollutant Emission Register (EPER)

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Pollutant Emission Register

Example: PM10 emissions in 2001 from IPPC sources

http://www.eper.cec.eu.int

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Pollutant Emission Register

Example: 10 highest SOx emitting installations in EU (2001)

CENTRAL TERMICA AS PONTES 315,000.00 t PPC S.A., SES MEGALOPOLIS A' (I, II, III) 161,000.00 t Unidad de Producción Térmica Teruel 152,000.00 t CENTRALE TERMOELETTRICA DI PORTO TOLLE 72,700.00 t CENTRAL TERMICA DE MEIRAMA 70,600.00 t EDF ENERGY (COTTAM POWER) LTD 70,500.00 t EDF ENERGY (WEST BURTON POWER) LTD 68,500.00 t Scottish Power Generation uk 68,200.00 t UPT COMPOSTILLA 61,600.00 t BRITISH ENERGY PLC 59,900.00 t

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Emissions trading in Europe

EU greenhouse gas emissions trading: first economic

instrument at EU level

National CO2 systems in UK and Denmark

NOx trading in Netherlands

SO2 trading in Slovakia

More plans triggered by the National Emission

Ceilings Directive?

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Dutch NOx emissions trading scheme

Introduced in the Netherlands in parallel with EU CO2 trading scheme

Triggered by national ceilings of -50% by 2010 and -75% by 2020

Major considerations include:

- local effects

- application of Best Available Techniques

- monitoring and environmental management systems

- cooperation by industry and enforcement

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Emission taxes and charges

Sweden has highest S, N taxes in the World:

SO2 tax 2 $ /kg

Sweden has a NOx charge of 6 $ /kg, 99% of revenues

are refunded according to useful energy output

Since 1990 specific NOx emissions in Sweden have

dropped by over 40% to lowest levels world-wide

Other EU countries also have taxes (e.g. Denmark on

SO2 and individual Spanish regions on SO2)

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Environmental taxes and charges

Environmental tax bases and applications are

spreading steadily in Europe

Design important: exemptions, recycling of revenues in

exchange for good performance

Very few attempts to base tax rates on external costs

Little evidence of less competitiveness

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

Policy mixes

From optimal instrument to optimal mix

Mixes are rule not the exception

Many combinations found

Balance of effectiveness and efficiency/costs

Magnus.Gislev@cec.eu.int, 27 October 2005

New EU Strategy on Air Pollution

Euro 5 for cars and vans

Euro 6 for Heavy Duty Engines

Revision of the National Emission Ceilings

Small scale combustion

Ship NOx engine standards

Agriculture

Revise Air quality legislation