magnesia glossary

7/27/2019 Magnesia Glossary

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Magnesia glossary

ABCD EFG HIJKL MNOPRSTUVWZ

AABBRASIVE

-> Brake Lining

ABSORPTION

Penetration of a substance into the body of another. Absorption properties of magnesiuare important in neutralisation applications e.g.-> Magnesium Bisulphite Process.

ACETIC ACID TEST

-Caustic Magnesia Activity (CMA)

ACID ACCEPTOR

Substance which is capable of binding acids. The basic character of magnesia causes itwidely used acid acceptor. This term describes the central magnesia property.

-> Neutralisation

-> Buffer

ACID BINDING

-> Acid Acceptor

-> Buffer

ACTIVITY

Common term for the reactive capability of magnesium oxide. Its correlation with-> Specific Surface Area makes this a suitable measure.

ACTIVITY INDEX

Former measure for -> Activity of magnesium oxide, expressed by its-Iodine absorption

ADSORPTION

Binding of gases or liquids at or on (also inner) surface of a solid only by surface forcesby chemical bonds.

-> Iodine Adsorption

AGEING

Test criterion especially for rubber compounds determining the change in properties (hatensile strength, elongation at break) relative to the time of storing or stress under defi

conditions (DIN 53508). Ageing properties are highly dependent on the degree of cross-which is determined by the curing process. Magnesium oxides with selected propertiespositively influence curing.
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->Scorch Time.

AGGLOMERATES

Assemblage of powdered particles rigidly joined together. Precipitated magnesia in particular ismade up of agglomerates in the form of very small crystallites measuring as little as only a fewmicrons. Undesired agglomerates are formed by humidity and carbon dioxide from theatmosphere if magnesia is handled incorrectly.

AGRICULTURE

Large application area for magnesia, particularly as additive for fertilisers and animal nutrition, aswell as for plant protection against acid rain.

ALKALINITY

Common term for the alkaline reaction of caustic magnesium oxides. It is determined by acidtitration or by neutralisation tests.

->Citric Acid Activity

->Caustic Magnesia Activity

AMORPHOUS MATERIAL

Non-crystalline solid material. Magnesia would appear to be amorphous, especially incryptocrystalline modifications, through X-ray diffraction reveals the existence of crystallinestructures.

ANTACIDS

Substance counteracts excess production of stomach acid

->Pharmacy

ANTICAKING AGENT

Substances (additives) which maintain the free-flowing properties of powders. Magnesiumhydroxide carbonates are widely used for anti-caking purposes, e.g. in table salt.

APPARENT DENSITY LOOSE

The mass of powdered or granulated materials (mainly g/l) loosely filled in a measuring cylinder(s. DIN 53912).

APPARENT DENSITY TAPPED

The mass of powdered or granulated materials (mainly g/l) compacted in a tapping volumeter (s.DIN 53194)

APPARENT VOLUME

Volume of a defined mass of powder, free-flowingly filled. The A.V. is a feature listed inpharmacopoeias, e.g. for pharmaceutical magnesia grades.

->Apparent Density

ASH

Residue formed when e.g. magnesia paste is ignited (at 950 C). A. represents the (ignited free)

content of magnesium oxide (DIN 53658).
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ATMOSPHERIC IMPACT

Impact of humidity and carbon dioxide on magnesium oxide which lowers quality.

ATOMIC ADSORPTION SPECTOMETRY (AAS)

Spectrometric method of analysis for determining the quantity of a wide range of elements,particularly metals in low concentrations. AAS may be used to determine, e.g., traces ofcadmium, copper, chromium, cobalt, nickel, lead, mercury, Arsenicic in magnesia.

BBALL MILL

Mill consisting of a horizontal cylindrical vessel in which a substance is ground by rotation withsteel or ceramic balls. Used also for grinding magnesite.

BASIFICATION

->Tanning

B.E.T. SURFACE AREA

-> Specific surface AreaSurface area of a solid material, e.g., powder, measured from the nitrogen adsorption isothermaccording to the method developed by Brunauer, Emmet and Teller.

BIG BAGS

Packaging form using large bags of approx. 1 m volume to pack, e.g., distinct magnesia types.

BMC

BMC = Bulk Moulding Compound. Polyester resin compounds made from unsaturated polyesterresins and textile glass. BMC is moulded to moulded thermosetting parts. Magnesia is used for

thickening (control of viscosity) of BMC -> LUVATOL

BOWL MILL

Type of mill for micronising minerals using a pendulum-like milling tool. Widely used to grindmagnesite.

B. P.

Abbreviation for British Pharmacopoeia.

BRAKE LININGS

Lining of friction elements for brakes and clutches containing magnesia.

BRINE

Salt solutions, product of -> Leaching

BROMOBUTYL RUBBER

Elastomers containing bromine. Application area of magnesium oxide.

BROOKFIELD VISCOSITY

Viscosity data obtained by measuring with a Brookfield Viscometer having a rotating measuringdevice. One of its applications is to determine the viscosity of polyester resins for -> SMC
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BRUCITE

Magnesium containing mineral. Chemistry: Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2

B. S.

Abbreviation for British Standards

BUFFER

Mixtures of substances limiting change in pH value when acids or alkalis are added. Magnesiumcompounds may be constituent of a buffer mixture if a high pH-value has to be avoided. ->Neutralisation.

BURNING

Moderate to strong heating of solid substances to separate crystal water and for thermaldecomposition. Burning is used, e.g., to produce magnesium oxide from magnesium carbonate ormagnesium hydroxide. Calcination is the more common term for B. of Magnesia. -> Burning

Temperature

BURNING TEMPERATURE

Choice of burning temperature influences

-> Activity and

-> Specific Surface Area of the magnesium oxide produced by

->Burning

BURNT MAGNESITE

->Calcined Magnesite

CCALCINATION

->Burning

CALCINED MAGNESIA

Common term for

-> Magnesium oxide

CALCINED MAGNESITE

Common term for magnesium oxide produced from

-> Magnesite by

->Burning

C A Q

Abbreviation for computer aided quality control.

CAUSTIC MAGNESIA

Common term for caustic (low, light) calcined magnesium oxide. Shows alkaline reaction.
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CAUSTIC MAGNESIA ACTIVITY (CMA)

Reaction test for magnesium oxide using acetic acid.

-> Alkalinity

CERAMICS

Sintered material, porous or tight produced also by use of magnesia. High purity magnesia typesoffer interesting perspectives for new applications in engineering ceramics.

CHLOROPRENE RUBBER

Polymerisation product of chlorinated butadiene showing specific properties additional to thosesimilar to natural rubber. Important application area for active magnesium oxide, also in pasteform to prevent scorching.

-> Scorch Time

CHROME TANNING

->Tanning

CITRIC ACID ACTIVITY (CAA)

Reaction test for magnesium oxide using citric acid, especially for magnesium oxide for ->Transformer Steel.

CLUTCH LININGS

->Brake Linings

COATED MAGNESIA

Surface treated magnesia, e.g., with stearic acid for special purposes

COLORIMETER

Instrument used for the precise measurement of intensity of a colour. Used to determine iron andmanganese when analysing magnesia. A special colorimeter is used to determine the whitenessof powders. ->Leukometer

COMPLEXOMETRY

Widely use analytical method applied, e.g. for volumetric determination of calcium andmagnesium in magnesia, sometimes also for other elements.

COMPRESSION SET

Test method for elastomers to determine the residual deformation after defined compression(DIN 53517). C. S. depends on the degree of cross-linking of the elastomer which, in turn, isinfluenced by the curing process. Since magnesium oxide impacts curing together with othercomponents C. S. is used as one criterion to select the most appropriate grade of magnesiumoxide.

CONTENT

Content of magnesia in MgO expressed as percentage is defined in various ways. Very often thedata relates to the ignited material, in other cases the content is given without correction for theloss on ignition.
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CORROSION CONTROL

->Fuel Oil

CR RUBBER

->Chloropren Rubber

CRUCIBLE MATERIAL

Magnesia grades for producing sintered crucibles in metallurgy.

CRYPTO CRYSTALLINE

Virtually ->AmorphousMaterials containing very small crystallites. The crystalline structure canonly be proven by x-ray diffraction.

CRYSTALLINE

A solid in which the atoms or molecules are arranged in a regular lattice

-> Single Crystals

DD A B

Abbreviation for Deutsches Arzneibuch, the German pharmacopoeia.

DEAD-BURNT MAGNESIA

Magnesia calcined above 1,600 C under vast loss of activity.

->Activity

->Burning

->Sinter

DENSITY

Mass of unit volume of a substance expressed in g/cm, often also in g/ml. Density of magnesiais generally given as

->Apparent Density, Loose

->Apparent Density, Tapped

DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS (DTA)

->Thermo Analysis

DIN

Symbol for "DIN Deutsches Institut fr Normung", the German standards authority. Originalabbreviation for "Deutsche Industrie Norm". For magnesia the standards DIN 53912 (ApparentDensity Loose), DIN 53194 (Apparent Density Tapped), and DIN 53580 (Wet Screen Residue) areof importance.

DOLOMITE
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Magnesium containing mineral, Chemistry MgCO3 CaCO3.

EELASTICITY MODULUS

->Modulus

ELASTOMERS

Natural or synthetic polymers with elastic properties after cross-linking. Magnesium oxide is usedmainly in polychloroprene rubber, halobutyl rubber, chlorosulphonated polyethylene and fluorrubber.

ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE

Electric furnace in which the heat for melting magnesium oxide (approx. 3,000 C) is produced byan electric arc between carbon electrodes, or between a carbon electrode and the furnace charge.

ELECTRO FUSED MAGNESIA

->Fused Magnesia

ELONGATION AT BREAK

Elongation of material (normally expressed as percentage of its original length) on breaking. Thismechanical property of cured elastomers is determined by the extent of cross-linking. Since thecuring process is influenced by the added agents (e.g. magnesium oxide) it is essential that theseare carefully selected. For magnesium oxide activity and particle size distribution are of specialimportance.

E. P.

Abbreviation for European Pharmacopoeia.

EPSOM SALT

Magnesium sulphate, Chemistry: MgSO4 7H2O.

FFLAME RETARDANT FURNISHING

Preparation of material with additives or fillers which prevent or retard spreading of flames incase of fire. Special magnesium hydroxide types are used for this application. They are applied asfunctional fillers in polymers in high concentrations

FLUOR RUBBER

Elastic high polymers formed by copolymerisation of vinylidene fluoride and chlorofluoroethylene(CFM-type) of copolymerisation or terpolymerisation with other unsaturated fluorohydrocarbons(FKM-type). Application area of magnesium oxide with controlled medium activity.

FOODSTUFFS

Magnesia is added to a large number of food preparations. German law allows the use ofmagnesium carbonate on a general scale while magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide arelimited to certain foodstuff applications.

FORSTERITE

A silicate of magnesium, Mg2SiO4. With defined electrical insulation properties it represents animportant layer on transformer steel sheets. The layer is formed by the reaction of magnesium
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oxide with the silicone of the steel during annealing.

FRICTION LININGS

->Brake Linings

FRITS

Porous material formed by sintering inorganic powders such as magnesium oxide and carbonate.

FUEL OIL

Hydrocarbon mixture used as fuel. The sulphur contained in the mixture produces acidic gases oncombustion which may be neutralised by magnesium oxide to minimise corrosion.

FUSED MAGNESIA

Magnesia produced by fusion in an electrical arc furnace at a temperature of approx. 3,000C.

GGEFAHRSTOFF-VERORDNUNG

Regulation of the German Ministry of Employment and Social Services concerning protection ofworkers and consumers from hazardous material.

GLASS INDUSTRY

Magnesia is used in the manufacture of a number of special types of glass as part of the glasscharge.

GRANULATES

Form of magnesia with dust-free properties formed by binding with appropriate agent. Suitabletherefore for pneumatic pumping and automatic dosing.

GRAS

"Generally Recognised As Safe". Term of F.D.A. (US Food and Drug Administration).

GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS

Analytical method used for determination of a substance by->Precipitation very often followed by weighing the precipitate. Used, e.g., to determine thesulphate content of magnesia.

HHEAVY METALS

General term of metals with a density of (normally) more than 4.6 g/cm3. Usually taken to meanlead, mercury, cadmium, zinc and copper, although there is no reason for this limited choice. Forpharmaceutical qualities summarising tests are used. The results are given as lead.

HIGHLY ACTIVE MAGNESIUM OXIDE

Magnesium oxide with large surface area ->Activity

HUMIDITY
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Water adsorbed on material which may be removed by drying under a temperature normallyslightly above 100C.

->Loss on Drying. An important quality feature for many magnesia applications.

HYDRATISATION

Absorption of and reaction with water. For magnesium oxide it is a feature of the residualreaction capability after calcination.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID INSOLUBLES

Quality criterion for magnesia giving information on content of impurities, such as silica orgypsum. As gypsum occurs rarely in magnesia the H.A.I. generally concern silica.

HYDRO MAGNESITE

Magnesium containing mineral.Chemistry: 3MgCO3 Mg(OH)2 3H2O

IINVESTIGATION METHODS

Laboratory methods used to characterise properties of materials. A distinction could be madebetween physical and chemical investigation methods. Application-oriented methods are appliedin addition for magnesia, e.g., test for

->Setting Capability and

->O S S T

IODINE ADSORPTION

Value indicating the->Specific Surface Areaand consequently the->Activity of powders such as magnesium oxide. It is normally given in mg I/g MgO. The rangeof commercially used magnesium oxides extends from 0 to 200 mg I/g MgO. This method is notin use anymore, because CCl4 is used for its determination. CCl4 is internationally banned.

I.S.O.

Abbreviation for International Organisation for Standardisation. I.S.O. standards, e.g. for screensare also applied to magnesia.

JJET MILL

High efficiency fluidised bed mill. The kinetic energy of opposed gas jets is used for the super finegrinding of dry powders down to particle sizes in the micron and submicron range.

KKIESERITE

Magnesium containing mineral.Chemistry: Magnesium Sulphate MgSO4 H2O

L LASER DIFFRACTIONAnalytical method to determine
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->Particle Size Distribution.It is based on the phenomenon discovered by Fraunhofer, that light is scattered by particles in acharacteristic manner (Frauenhofer's rings). Diameter and intensity of the diffraction ringsdepend on size and concentration of particles.

LAXATIVES

Traditional application area for magnesia.

LEACHING

Wet extraction of, e.g., magnesium containing minerals by dissolving in hydrochloric acid aspreparation for ->Pyrohydrolysis

LEUKOMETER

Old term used for an instrument to determine "whiteness".

->Colorimeter

LOSS ON DRYING

Weight-loss by drying, normally 2 - 4 hours at 105 - 110C.

L O I

Abbreviation for ->Loss on Ignition but also for Limiting Oxygen Index, the oxygen content of anatmosphere necessary to combust a material, e.g., a polymer.

LOSS ON IGNITION

Weight loss of, e.g., magnesium oxide when ignited, normally 2 hours at 950C. It is caused by

adsorbed and absorbed water and carbon dioxides (DIN 53 568).

LUVOCORR

Lehmann & Voss & Co. trademark for selected magnesia types to be applied in ->Fuel Oil toreduce corrosion.

LUVOMAG

Lehmann & Voss & Co. trademark for highly active magnesium oxide pastes for application inpolychloroprene mixtures. Supplied in portioned rolls weighing 1 kg.

LUVATOL

Lehmann & Voss & Co. trademark for pastes containing magnesium oxide or magnesiumhydroxide and calcium hydroxide. Used to control thickening of

->BMC and ->SMC

MMAGCARLUV

Lehmann & Voss & Co. trademark for magnesium carbonates.

MAGNESIA

General term for magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide and magnesium carbonate. Depending
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on origin and production procedure it is divided into

->Caustic

->Dead-Burnt

->Fused

->Precipitated

->Sinter

->Synthetic magnesia.

MAGNESIA ALBA

Latin synonym for magnesium hydroxide carbonate.

MAGNESIA BLOCKS

Press-formed magnesium hydroxide carbonate. Used to bind hand perspiration in athletics and forcosmetic purposes.

MAGNESIA CEMENT FLOORING

Flooring made from ->Sorel Cement and sawdust.

MAGNESIA CLINKER

Formed and sintered magnesium oxide.

MAGNESIA USTA

Latin synonym for magnesium oxide.

MAGNESITE

Magnesium containing mineral. Chemistry:Magnesium carbonate MgCO3.

In the magnesia business the term M. is often used for calcined magnesite whilst the mineral iscalled raw (crude) magnesite.

MAGNESIUM BISULPHITE PROCESS

Extraction process for wood to produce pulp using magnesium bisulphite solution for leaching.The leaching solution is prepared by reaction of sulphur dioxide with selected magnesium oxidetypes in an aqueous slurry.

MAGNESIUM CARBONATE

Magnesium compound. Primary MgCO3

-> Magnesite

-> Nesquehonite.

The term is also commonly used for the various magnesium hydroxide carbonates produced bycarbon dioxide precipitation from magnesium containing solutions.

MAGNESIUM HYDROGEN CARBONATE

Watersoluble magnesium compound. When water is evaporated, it forms magnesium carbonate. Commercially it is not
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available.

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE

Magnesium compound.

Chemistry:Mg(OH)2, occurring naturally as

->Brucite

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE CARBONATE

->Magnesium Carbonate

->Magnesia Alba

MAGNESIUM OXIDE

Magnesium compound.

Chemistry: MgO

->Calcined Magnesia

->Calcined Magnesite

->Caustic Magnesia

->Highly Active Magnesium Oxide

->LUVATOL

->LUVOMAG

->Magnesia Clinker

->Magnesia Usta

->MAGNULUV

->Periclase

->Sinter, Sinter Magnesia

MAGNOZINK

Lehmann & Voss & Co. trademark for a co-dispersion of an active magnesium oxide and zincoxide for Chloropren rubber. Supplied in portioned rolls weighing 1 kg.

MAGNULUV

Lehmann & Voss & Co. trademark for magnesium oxide powder.

MAK-Wert

Maximale Arbeitsplatz Konzentration. = Maximum Workplace Concentration of hazardousmaterials.

The general dust limit of 6 mg/m3 applies also to magnesia fine dust.

MICRONIZING

Milling of powder to very low particle sizes. Technique very important to magnesia to achieveparticle sizes showing optimal dispersion capability.
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MILK REPLACERS

Special animal feedstuff containing substantial amounts of magnesium oxide to supplementnutrition of, e.g., calves during weaning.

MINERAL FEEDSTUFFS

Feedstuff preparation containing essential minerals of which magnesium oxide is an integraladditive. Application of magnesium oxide requires careful selection regarding bio-availablemagnesium content and particle size.

MODULUS

Force required to achieve defined modification of shape (stretching, compression, bending). Ofparticular interest in rubber technology is the->Elasticity Modulus.

This is the force needed to stretch a test material with a cross-section of 1 cm2 by, e.g., 100 %(modulus 100). The value is given in N/cm2 (previously kg / cm2), i.e., based on the cross-section

of the (unstretched) sample. Details found under DIN 53 504. Modulus is used, like other data formaterial testing of cured products, to assess quality of rubber mixture components, such asmagnesia.

MOONEY PLASTOMETER

Shear-disc plastometer to determine plasticity of viscosity of elastomers and mixtures and theirscorching properties.

->Mooney Scorch Time

It measures the shear resistance of a standardised test-piece rotating in the test chamber filledwith the elastomer being tested. The result is given in degrees Mooney. 1 Mooney correspondsto 8.64 g s m. Test is carried out mostly for 4 minutes at 100C (DIN 53 523 and 53 524). Oftenalso called Mooney Viscometer.

MOONEY SCORCH TIME

Important characteristic for rubber mixtures. Elapsed time is measured when plasticity rises from5 units to 35 units above minimum at a certain temperature. The instrument used to measurethis is the ->Mooney Plastometer.

M.S.T. characterises storing stability and processing conditions of rubber mixtures (DIN 53 524)and thus quality properties of additives like magnesia.

-> Scorching

MULTIPLE-HEARTH ROASTER

Vertical kiln, subdivided into hearths, typically used for ->Burning and roasting of materials, e.g.->Raw Magnesite

NNESQUEHONITE

Magnesium containing mineral. Chemistry: Magnesium carbonateMgCO3 3H2O

NEUTRALISATION

The reaction of an acid and a base with the formation of a salt. Magnesia, mainly magnesiumoxide, is used in various applications to bind acids (buffer).
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NF

Abbreviation for National Formulary. Originally covered only defined qualitative standards forpharmaceutical ingredients. Since 1975 NF is published together with

->USP.

Following this, monographs of both compendia were harmonised so dual listing of singlesubstances is avoided. Since USP XX/NF XV magnesia is only listed in USP. USP XXI/NF XVI is inforce since 1985.

OOIL ABSORPTION

Amount of a defined oil which can be soaked up by a powder substance, e.g. magnesia, withoutdraining out again. Physically this phenomenon is an -> Adsorption but the term O.A. is usual.

OIL ADDITIVES

Functional additives, often -> Surfactants for lubricants. Sulphonates containing magnesium areproduced from magnesia.

OPTICAL SORTING

Sorting process using different colour or similar optical properties of materials to separate themfrom each other: Important for refining of raw magnesite.

O S S T

->Oxysulphate-Setting-Test

OXYChlorideE CEMENTS

->Sorrel Cement

OXYSULPHATE-SETTING-TEST

Setting test using magnesium sulphate (Epsom Salt) to investigate certain qualities ofmagnesium oxide for use in specific reactions, e.g. production of ->Oil Additives

PPARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

Portion of particles with certain sizes in a powder matrix. For magnesia very important qualityfeature in many applications.

-> Laser Diffraction

-> Sieving Screening

PASTES

Viscose to highly viscose pre-dispersed magnesia preparations with excellent processingproperties enabling safer and more convenient application of magnesium oxide in polychloroprenerubber and polyesters.

-> BMC

-> SMC
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-> LUVOMAG

-> MAGNOZINK

PATTISON PROCESS

Manufacturing process to produce magnesium hydroxide carbonate ( especially with low apparentdensity) from magnesia limestone or dolomite.

PERICLASE

Magnesium containing mineral.Chemistry: Magnesium Oxide MgO. The mineral name is also used for sinter magnesia producedsynthetically.

PHARMACOPEIAS

Compendia of regulations for the quality of drugs and ingredients and their investigation.Pharmaceutical magnesia qualities are mostly defined according to

->DAB-> E.P. ->B.P. ->USP->NFThe E.P. has gained importance in recent years and is gradually replacing nationalpharmacopoeias in the interest of European standardisation.

PHARMACY

Science of pharmaceutics.Magnesia is applied in pharmacy to release acids.

-> Neutralisation

-> Acid Acceptor

or when the magnesium ion is needed to compensate for deficits in the organism. Excessivegastric acids are neutralised by

-> Antacids

purgative effect of magnesia

-> Laxative

can also be used pharmaceutically, in addition to spasmolytic properties. Magnesia forpharmaceutical use must satisfy requirements of

-> Pharmacopoeias

(-> E.P.,DAB,USP,B.P.NF)

PHENOLIC RESINS

->Thermosetting Plastics

PHLOGISTON THEORY

Theory prevalent in the 17th century which understood exothermal phenomena, such ascombustion and corrosion, as being caused by a single agent called phlogiston. According to thistheory incombustible substances contain no phlogiston whilst those containing phlogiston burnthe more readily proportional to the amount of this agent contained therein. Disproved at the endof the 18th century by Lavoisier.

PHOTOMETRIC METHODS

Analytical methods based on measuring light absorption or emission.

-> Colorimeter
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-> Spectral Photometer

PICKING

Manual method or sorting when raw minerals and ones are mined.

POLYCHLOROPRENE

->Chloropren Rubber

POLYESTER

Polymers produced by polycondensation of polyhydric alcohol with polybasic acids. Liquidunsaturated polyesters react with magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide under thickening.This property is used to control viscosity, e.g. in -> BMC

-> SMC

POLYMERS

High molecular compounds often also called plastics. Magnesia is used in polymers as a stabiliser(acid acceptor) or to impart -> Flame Retardancyand as smoke suppressant.

POWDERS BLENDS

To obtain tailor-made properties, such as certain apparent density or activity, distinct magnesiaqualities are produced by special blending process.

PRECIPITATED MAGNESIA

Magnesia produced by

Precipitation mostly by the-> Seawater Process

PRECIPITATION

Chemical reaction between substances giving a product insoluble in the reaction medium.Precipitation of the magnesium hydroxide from the seawater in one example.

PRILLED MAGNESIA

Agglomerated magnesia, similar to

-> Granulates for reduced dust generation and convenient handling.

PULP

Main constituent of wood. Produced by leaching off the lignin substances. As leaching agent ->Magnesium Bisulphite produced by reaction of sulphur dioxide with aqueous slurries ofmagnesium oxide is most widely used.Pure pulp is identical to cellulose.

PURITY

Purity is often indicated by percentage content of MgO and that impurities. Results are mainlygiven on ignited basis, e.g. in pharmacopoeias or on "as-is" basis, i.e. without correction ofignition loss.

-> Content

PYROHYDROLYSIS
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Process to produce metal oxides, e.g., magnesium oxide , by thermal decomposition of aqueoussolutions containing the metal Chloridees.

RRAW MAGNESITE

Common term for natural.->Magnesium carbonateto distinguish from -> Calcined Magnesite

REACTIVITY

->Activity

REFRACTORIES

The high melting point (2800C) and the heat resistance

( 1700C in the reducing and 2300 C in oxidising atmosphere) of magnesium oxide make itsuitable for the production of refractories. -> Magnesia Clinker

RELATIVE SURFACE

->Specific Surface

RHEOMETER

Instrument to determine rheological properties e.g. viscosity. Used to analyse thickening propertyof polyester resins with the magnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide: special type of R. is usedto determine state of cure of rubber mixtures.

-> Mooney Viscosity

ROTARY KILN

Rotating kiln, slightly inclined from the horizontal axis, used for

-> Burning of, e.g. raw magnesite and magnesium hydroxide.

SSCORCHING

First step in the curing of rubber mixtures, mostly undesired.

- Vulcanisation

a measure for the elapsed time is

-Mooney Scorch Time

SCORCH TIME

->Mooney Scorch Time

SCREEN RESIDUE SIEVES RESIDUE

Quantity of substances remaining on the screen after sieving.

-> Sieving , Screening

-> Wet Screen Residue

SEAWATER MAGNESIA
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Magnesia produced from seawater as magnesium source by the

->Seawater Process

SEAWATER PROCESS

Method of extracting magnesia from seawater. Seawater contains approx. 1300 ppm magnesium.

SERPENTINE

Magnesium containing mineral.

Chemistry: (Mg6[ (OH)8 I Si4O10])

SESQUI OXIDES

Term previously used for the trivalent oxides Fe2O3 and Al2O3, precipitated together as hydroxidesby ammonia during quantitative magnesia analysis.

SETTING CAPABILITY

Property of magnesium oxides to form a tough and stone-like material when reactingexothermally with other magnesium compounds such as magnesium Chloridee or magnesiumsulphate in aqueous slurry.

S.C. is determined by test revealing setting time and temperature

->Sorrel Cement

SEWAGE TREATMENT

Purification of sewage to allow for harmless feed into main drainage channels or for directrecycling. Due to the soft alkaline properties of magnesia, it may be used as a neutralising agent

in S.T.

SHAFT KILN

Vertical kiln, typically used for

-> Burning of minerals, e.g.

-> Raw Magnesite

SHORE HARDNESS

Measure for the hardness of elastomers determined by measuring the resistance againstpenetration by a defined test-piece under standardised pressure (DIN 53 505).

SIEVING, SCREENING

Separation and classification of material into different particlesizes with screens or sieves.

->Particle Size Distribution

Wet screening according to DIN 53 580 is usual for magnesia.Depending on application the ->Wet screen Residue on 40,63 or 75 m (occasionally also widerscreens) is determined.

SINGLE CRYSTALS

Crystalline magnesium oxide with uniformly patterned crystal lattice. Used in optics andelectronics.
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SINTER, SINTER MAGNESIA

Magnesium oxide burnt at high temperature (dead-burnt)

->Burning with especially high chemical resistance

->Ceramics -> Magnesia Clinker -> Refractories

SMC

SMC = Sheet Moulding Compound. Polyester resin compound made from polyester resin andtextile glass. Magnesium oxide and hydroxide is used for thickening of SMC. -> Luvatol

SOLUBILITY

Magnesia is practically insoluble in water.

SOREL CEMENT

Setting product of magnesium oxide and aqueous magnesium Chloridee solution.

-> Magnesia Cement Flooring

The -> Setting Capability of the applied magnesium is of special importance.

SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA

Powder characteristics, mostly determined by -> B.E.T. Methodand indicated in m2/g powder. For magnesia a close correlation

with -> Activity -> Burning Temperature and -> Iodine Adsorption is evident.

SPECTRAL PHOTOMETER

Instrument for measuring light emission or absorption for qualitative detection or quantitativedetermination of coloured or light emitting or absorbing substances.

->Photometric Methods

STEEL COATING

->Transformer Steel

SURFACE

->Specific Surface Area

SURFACE ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, SURFACTANS

Substances which, e.g., lower surface tension of liquids. They are constituents of detergents andlubricants.Frequently, surfactants are salts (also magnesium salts) of sulfonic acids

SYNTHETIC MAGNESIA

Magnesia produced by

-> Pattison Process

->Pyrohydrolysis

-> Seawater Process or other chemical means.

->Precipitated Magnesia
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TTANNING

Processing of animal skins with chemicals to produce leather. Chrome tanning uses selectedmagnesium oxide to self-adjust and control the pH value during the process (Self-adjustingbasification agent).

TENSILE STRENGTH

Force necessary to break a standardised test-piece expanded under defined conditions. The valueis given relative to the cross-section of the test-piece.

TETANY

Widely occurring disease in animals caused by magnesium deficiency.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Measures for the capability of homogenous material to conduct heat. Fused magnesium oxidesare used for insulating heating elements due to their very high thermal conductivity together with

electrical resistance.

THERMO ANALYSIS

Term for analytical methods to determine properties of material in relation to temperature(decomposition, phase transformation).Thus, thermal decomposition of magnesium hydroxide may be monitored by thermogravimetry(relation of sample weight and temperature)

THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

Cross-linked high polymers made from resin capable of being hardened. On heating thermalbreakdown occurs without the plastic melting. Magnesia is used as a buffer in phenolic resin typesfor compression moulding.

TRANSFORMER STEEL

Sheets made from silicon steel coated with a layer of ->Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) possessing definedelectrical insulation properties. The layer is formed by the reaction of magnesium oxide with thesteel silicon.

TRANSPARENCY

Term defining the light transmittance of a substance. Special magnesium carbonate types arecapable of being applied in transparent rubber mixtures.

U USPUnited States Pharmacopoeia. ->NF

VVISCOSITY CONTROL

Application area for magnesium oxide and hydroxide. ->BMC ->SMC to control the viscosity ofunsaturated polyester resins and their thickening properties.->Brookfield Viscosity

VISCOSIMETER

->Rheometer
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VITAMIN PREPARATIONS

Drugs, mostly OTC-type, also doped with minerals, (e.g., magnesium as magnesia) tosimultaneously compensate for vitamin and mineral deficiencies.

VULCANISATION

Thermal and / or chemical treatment of liquid or plastic rubber mixtures to impart elasticproperties. The polymer chains are, therefore, generally cross-linked with sulphur to create athree-dimensional network. Magnesium oxide prevents

->Scorching during mixing, storing and processing unvulcanised compounds.

->Scorch-Time

WWASSERGEFHRDUNGSKLASSEN (WGK)

Scheme created by the Federal Republic of Germany to classify substances according to theirpotential hazard to water. Using the criteria of self-classification magnesia is given WGK 0, themost harmless class. Only highly active magnesium oxide types should be classified WGK 1 dueto the degree of their alkalinity.

WET GRINDING

Procedure to micronise organic and inorganic substances, e.g. magnesia. The substance formilling is slurred in an appropriate liquid (mostly water) and then micronised.

WET SCREEN RESIDUE

Percentage of substance remaining on the screen after wet screening.

->Sieving, Screening

Determined after drying by weighing (DIN 53 580)

WHG

Wasserhaushaltsgesetz.

German law dealing with regulations concerning water conservation and prevention of waterpollution. It also contains the scheme of ->Wassergefhrdungsklassen

WHITENESS

Measure to define colour of white and whitish powders. Pure magnesium oxide is used for

calibration. ->Colorimeter

WOOD-BURNT MAGNESITE

To produce caustic magnesite low on sulphate, raw magnesite is burnt with wood.

ZEmail: Juergen Mannshardt Tel.: +49 40 44197-241

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L OI m agnesia

L O I. A bbreviation f or -> L oss o n I gnition b ut a

lso f or L imiting O xygen I ndex, t he...
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magnesia glossary

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