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sea life

11things you didnt know

about sea life!!

March 1,2015

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Deep sea fish

Sea resorts

Secrets of sea turtle

Sea food

CONTENTS

sea quiz

Two years ago, hawksbills were thought to be all-but-extinct in the eastern Pacific. Howev-er, thanks to the dedication and hard work of Eastern Pacific Hawksbill Initiative (ICAPO) members, this population has been redis-covered and put back on the global sea turtle map. Yet, although progress has undoubtedly been made and a few important remnant nesting and foraging sites have been located, the overall numbers are still very low: it is estimated that a mere 500 females come to nest annually along an extensive 15,000 km stretch of coastline. The battle to protect this small but significant population of hawks-bills, while underway, has only just begun. SWOT Team member Alexander Gaos is on the frontlines of this critical campaign to save the eastern Pacific hawksbill. In 2009 he traveled along the Pacific coast from Cali-fornia to Costa Rica, visiting hundreds of communities and interviewing thousands fishermen. The purpose of the trip? To find out whether hawksbills could be found nest-ing or foraging along the Pacific coast and, if so, where they were, how many they were, and in what density. Here, he shares one of his stories from the field

By Alexander GaosIn July 2009, my wife Ingrid and I, along with our then 1-year-old son, Joaquinn, were returning from a 16,000+ km drive from the US to Costa Rica and back. We had been conducting fisher interviews and in-water mon-itoring to locate hawksbills, and had just reached the central Pacific region of Mexico. On previous research trips to Mexico, we had used tan-gle-nets to capture hawksbills with considerable success. However, on this trip, many of the hookah fishers we interviewed suggested that we would have even more success finding hawksbills by diving at night. Local fish-ermen are vital allies to conservationists, as they have specialized knowledge of local waters. Indeed, as soon as I started going out with them at night, I began consis-tently encountering hawksbills. Once captured, we’d ex-amine, measure, tag, and tissue sample each turtle. The pattern of encountering hawksbills during night-dives held all the way up and down the coast. However in all cases, the hawksbills we found were juveniles, holed-up and resting in caves close to shore. As successful as these night dives were, we had yet to capture an adult turtle.When my family and I arrived at Punta Mita, a rocky headland located just north of the state line between Jalisco and Nayarit, we received word that hawksbills could be found just offshore. I met up with Mario and Octavio, two skilled night hookah fishermen with whom I had quickly struck up a friendly relationship, and before long had convinced them to take me out in search of hawksbills. We followed what by then had become the typical night diving routine; they went about their fishing activities, while I snorkeled nearby. Most often the fishers, who had the advantage of using a hookah, would spot the hawksbills and signal me with the flashlight so I could swim down and grab the turtle.

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That night we started at about 9PM at the northern end of the point and began a systematic search. After hav-ing no success at what the fishermen considered the most promising areas, waters full of boulders and caves, we managed to remain optimistic. However, several hours later we still hadn’t found a hawksbill. Our fingers had turned to prunes, our mouths were puckered and our hopes had been dashed. Just after 2AM Mario said we’d make one final dive just to get a bit more fish, but because it was an open, boulder-free area, the chances of finding a hawksbill were essentially zero.While I was cold and exhausted, I figured it was my duty to get in

the water and at least take a look around. The sea floor consisted of flat rocks with thick lettuce-like vegetation that swayed gracefully with the incoming waves. I had a small flashlight that shot a single beam of light about a meter wide, leaving the surrounding areas in darkness. Casually surveying the area and having wandered well away from the others, my light suddenly locked in on the carapace of a large female hawksbill. Before I could appreciate what I was seeing, I was pumping my flippers and rocketing towards the turtle, determined not to let her get away. I kept my beam steady on her eyes in an ef-fort to keep her in a state of confusion (a theory of mine which has held thus far). Then in one motion I grabbed her by the carapace, tilted her upward, and shot to the surface. Once up I yelled for the boat captain, who fortu-nately saw my flashlight flailing in the night. He swung over and we hoisted the turtle on deck. It was only then that I was able to fully appreciate the moment; we had aboard the first, and what remains the only, adult hawks-bill turtle I have ever caught at sea in the eastern Pacific.

Mario and Octavio, busy fishing, were completely unaware of what had happened. They returned to the boat chagrined, disappointed they hadn’t been able to help me find my beloved hawksbills. I casually asked Marco, ‘nada’ (nothing)? When he shook his head I pointed to the space behind the rear seat of the skiff. He looked at the turtle and stared back at me dumbfounded, it was the biggest hawksbill he had ever seen.

PUZZLE

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Deep-sea fish are fish that live in the darkness below the sunlit surface waters, that is below the epipelagic or photic zone of the ocean. The lanternfish is, by far, the most common deep-sea fish. Other deep sea fish include the flash-light fish, cookiecutter shark,bristlemouths, anglerfish, and viperfish.Only about 2% of known marine species in-habit the pelagic environment. This means that they live in the water column as opposed to the benthic organisms that live in or on the sea floor.[1] Deep-sea organisms generally inhabit bathypelagic (1000m-4000m deep) and abys-sopelagic (4000m-6000m deep) zones. Howev-er, characteristics of deep-sea organisms, such as bioluminescence can be seen in the meso-pelagic (200m-1000m deep) zone as well. The mesopelagic zone is the disphotic zone, mean-ing light there is minimal but still measurable. The oxygen minimum layer exists somewhere between a depth of 700m and 1000m deep depending on the place in the ocean. This area is also where nutrients are most abundant. The bathypelagic and abyssopelagic zones are aph-otic, meaning that no light penetrates this area of the ocean. These zones make up about 75% of the inhabitable ocean space

The zone that deep-sea fish do not inhabit is the epipelagic zone (0m-200m), which is the area where light penetrates the water and pho-tosynthesis occurs. This is also known as the euphotic, or more simply as the photic zone. Because the photic zone typically extends only a few hundred meters below the water, about 90% of the ocean volume is in darkness. The deep-sea is also an extremely hostile environ-ment, with temperatures that rarely exceed 3°C and fall as low as -1.8°C” (with the exception of hydrothermal vent ecosystems that can ex-ceed 350°C), low oxygen levels, and pressures between 20 and 1,000 atmospheres (between 2 and 100 megapascals below the mesopelagic zone it is pitch dark. This is the midnight or bathypelagic zone, ex-tending from 1000 metres to the bottom deep water benthic zone. If the water is exceptionally deep, the pelagic zone below 4000 metres is sometimes called the lower midnight or abys-sopelagic zone.Conditions are somewhat uniform throughout these zones; the darkness is complete, the pres-sure is crushing, and temperatures, nutrients and dissolved oxygen levels are all low.[4]Bathypelagic fish have special adaptations to

cope with these conditions – they have slow metabolisms and unspecialized diets, being willing to eat anything that comes along. They prefer to sit and wait for food rather than waste energy searching for it. The behaviour of bathypelagic fish can be contrasted with the behaviour of mesopelagic fish. Mesopelagic fish are often highly mobile, whereas bathype-lagic fish are almost all lie-in-wait predators, normally expending little energy in movement

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The dominant bathypelagic fishes are small bristlemouth and anglerfish; fangtooth, viperfish, daggertooth and barracudina are also common. These fishes are small, many about 10 centime-tres long, and not many longer than 25 cm. They spend most of their time waiting patiently in the water column for prey to appear or to be lured by their phosphors. What little energy is avail-able in the bathypelagic zone filters from above in the form of detritus, faecal material, and the occasional invertebrate or mesopelagic fish.[45]About 20 percent of the food that has its origins in the epipelagic zone falls down to the mesopelagic zone,[25] but only about 5 percent filters down to the bathypelagic zone.[38]Bathypelagic fish are sedentary, adapted to outputting minimum energy in a habitat with very little food or available energy, not even sunlight, only bioluminescence. Their bodies are elongat-ed with weak, watery muscles and skeletal structures. Since so much of the fish is water, they are not compressed by the great pressures at these depths. They often have extensible, hinged jaws with recurved teeth. They are slimy, without scales. The central nervous system is confined to the lateral line and olfactory systems, the eyes are small and may not function, and gills, kidneys and hearts, and swimbladders are small or missing

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captured by,Renouned Cape Town-Marine Life Photographer

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A seaside resort is a resort town or resort hotel, located on the coast. Sometimes it is also an officially accredited title, that is only awarded to a town when the require-ments are met (like the title Seebad in Germany).Where a beach is the prima-ry focus for tourists, it may be called a beach resort.

The coast has always been a recreational environ-ment, although until the mid-nineteenth century, such recreation was a luxury only for the wealthy. Even in Roman times, the town of Baiae, by the Tyrrhenian Sea in Italy, was a resort for those who were sufficiently prosperous.[citation need-

ed] Historians have report-ed that Mersea Island, in Essex, Englandwas a seaside holiday destination for wealthy Romans living in Colchester. Heiligendamm in Mecklen-burg(Germany), established in 1793, is the oldest seaside resort in continental Eu-rope.The development of the beach as a popular leisure resort from the mid-19th century was the first man-ifestation of what is now the global tourist industry. The first seaside resorts were opened in the 18th century for the aristocracy, who began to frequent the seaside as well as the then fashionable spa towns, for

recreation and health.[2] One of the earliest such seaside resorts, was Scarborough in Yorkshireduring the 1720s; it had been a fashionable spa town since a stream of acidic water was discovered running from one of the cliffs to the south of the town in the 17th century.[2] The first rolling bathing machines were intro-duced by 1735.In 1793, Heiligendamm in Mecklenburg, Germany was founded as the first seaside resort of the European conti-nent, that successfully attract-ed Europe’s aristocracy to the Baltic Sea.[3] Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Dis-tance, early 19th century.The opening of the resort in

Brighton and its reception of royal pa-tronage from King George IVextended the seaside as a resort for health and pleasure to the much larger London market, and the beach became a centre for upper-class pleasure and frivolity. This trend was praised and artistically elevated by the new romantic ideal of the picturesque landscape; Jane Aus-ten’s unfinished novel Sanditonis an example of that. Later, Queen Victoria’s long-standing patronage of the Isle of Wight and Ramsgate in Kentensured that a seaside residence was considered as a highly fashionable possession for those wealthy enough to afford more than one home.

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Seaside resorts for the working class The Blackpool Promenade c. 1898.The extension of this form of leisure to the middle and working class began with the devel-opment of the railways in the 1840s, which offered cheap and affordable fares to fast growing resort towns. In particular, the completion of abranch line to the small seaside town Black-pool from Poulton led to a sustained economic and demographic boom. A sudden influx of visitors, arriving by rail, provided the motivation for entrepreneurs to build accommodation and create new attractions, leading to more visitors and a rapid cycle of growth throughout the 1850s and 1860s.[4]The growth was intensified by the practice among the Lancashire cotton mill owners of closing the factories for a week ev- ery year to service and repair machinery. These became known as wakes weeks. Each town's mills would close for a different week, allowing Blackpool to manage a steady and reliable stream of visitors over a prolonged period in the summer. A promi- nent feature of the resort was the promenade and the pleasure piers, where an eclectic variety of per- formances vied for the people's attention. In 1863, the North Pier in Black-pool was completed, rap- idly becoming a centre of attraction for elite visitors. Central Pier was complet-ed in 1868, with a theatre and a large open-air dance floor.[5]Many of the popular beach resorts were equipped with bathing machines because even the all-covering beachwear of the period was considered immodest. By the end of the century the English coastline had over 100 large resort towns, some with populations exceeding 50,000.Expansion around the world

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Parmesan-Crusted Fish Ingredients-4 skinless cod fillets (1-1/2 pounds total)-Salt Ground black pepper-1/3 cup panko (Japanese-style bread crumbs)-1/4 cup finely shredded Parmesan cheese-1/2 cup water-1 10 ounce package julienned carrots (3 cups)-1 tablespoon butter-3/4 easpoon ground fresh ginger Mixed fresh salad greens Directions 1.Preheat oven to 450 degrees F. Lightly coat a baking sheet with nonstick cooking spray. Rinse fish and pat dry; place on baking sheet. Season with salt and pepper. In a small bowl stir together panko and cheese; sprinkle on fish. Bake, uncovered, for 4 to 6 minutes per 1/2-inch thickness of fish or until crumbs are golden and fish flakes easily when tested with a fork. 2.Meanwhile, in a large skillet bring the water to boiling; add carrots. Reduce heat. Cook, covered, for 5 minutes. Uncover; cook for 2 minutes more. Add butter and ginger; toss. Serve fish and carrots with greens.

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Rinse the fillets and pat dry with paper towels. Transfer fillets to a cutting board and cut them into four pieces using a sharp knife.Make the Coating:1.In a shallow dish combine one beaten egg with 2 tablespoons water or milk. This wet mixture will help the coating stick to the fish.2.In another shallow dish combine 2/3 cup cornmeal or fine dry bread crumbs with 1/2 teaspoon salt and a dash ground black pepper. Or substitute 1-1/3 cups crushed potato chips or saltine crackers for the cornmeal, omitting the salt. This dry mixture creates a crunchy coating on the fish when pan-fried.Dip and Dredge the Fish:1. Preheat the oven to 300 degrees F. This keeps the cooked fillets warm while cooking additional pieces.2. Choose a large heavy skillet and add 1/4 inch vegetable oil or shortening. Heat the fat over medium-high heat.3. Dip each fillet first into the egg mixture, coating each side. Next place each fillet in the corn-meal mixture and press gently to help the mixture adhere to the fish. Turn each fillet over and repeat until the whole fillet is covered with cornmeal mixture.Pan-Fry the Fish:1. Add half of the coated fish fillets in a single layer to the hot oil in the skillet. The oil should be hot enough that it sizzles when you add the fish. Fry the fish until golden on the bottom. This will take about 3 to 4 minutes.2. Once the first side is golden, flip the fish over using a large metal spatula and a fork to steady the fish. Take care to avoid splattering the fat. The fat should still be hot enough to sizzle when the fish is flipped.3. Cook the second side until golden and the fish begins to flake when tested with a fork (3 to 4 minutes more).4. Layer two or three paper towels on a dinner plate. With a spatula, carefully transfer each cooked piece of fish to the paper towels to drain. Flip the fish to drain both sides.5. Keep the cooked fish warm on a baking sheet in the oven while cooking the remaining fish.

Fish Tacos with Lime SauceIngredients-1pound fresh tilapia or catfish fillets-3limes-1/2cup mayonnaise-1teaspoon chili powder-2tablespoons cooking oil-1/3cup all-purpose flour-1/2teaspoon salt-86 inches flour tortillas-1cup shredded cabbage-1/2cup shredded carrots (2 small or 1 medium)-1jalapeno or serrano pepper, thinly slicedDirections 1. Rinse fish and pat dry. Cut into 1-inch pieces. 2. For lime sauce, juice two of the limes into a bowl (cut remaining lime into wedges for serv-ing). Stir mayonnaise and chili powder into juice. Transfer 1/3 cup of the sauce to another bowl; toss fish in it. Set aside remaining sauce. 3. In a large skillet heat oil over medium heat. In a shallow dish combine flour and salt. Working with about a third of the fish at a time, toss fish in flour mixture and add to hot oil. Cook for 2 to 4 minutes or until fish flakes, turning to brown evenly and adding additional oil as needed. Drain fish on paper towels. 4. Wrap tortillas in paper towels; heat in microwave for 30 seconds. Top tortillas with fish, cabbage, carrots, and jalapeno. Drizzle with Lime Sauce and serve with lime wedges.

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SEA TURTLE

Sea turtles are graceful saltwater rep-tiles,well adapted to life in their marine world.With streamlined bodies and flip-per-likelimbs, they are graceful swimmers able tonavigate across the oceans. When they areactive, sea turtles must swim to the oceansurface to breathe every few minutes.When they are resting, they can remain un-derwaterfor much longer periods of time. How did the green turtle get its name?The green sea turtle gets its name from thegreen-col-ored fat tis-sue under its shell. Thefat has a green color because the adultturtle’s diet consists of seagrass and algae.The Hawaiian name for the green turtle isHonu. What do they look like?Green sea turtles actually do not look verygreen from the outside. Their car-

apace canbe shades of black, gray, olive green, yellowor brown with a radiant pattern, stripes orirregular spots of black and white. Theirbelly is creamy white or yellow. However, they some-times do look greenish because of algal growth that covers part of the carapace.The green sea turtles are the largest of thehard-shelled sea tur-tles, but have a comparatively small head. While hatchlings are just 2 inches long, adults can grow to more than 3 feet long and weigh from 300-350 pounds. Where do they live?

Green sea turtles roam the At-lantic, Pacific,and Indian oceans, staying primarily in tropical or sub-tropical waters. Some ex-amples include the east and west coasts of Florida, the Caribbean, Costa Rica, and off the Pacific coast of Mexico. There is also a population in Hawaii that is thought to be genetically isolat-ed, meaning they do not breed with other populations. Those turtles remain in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands their entire lives. Other populations of green turtles are known for their long distance migrations between feeding and nesting grounds. How long do they live?Scientists believe that they are very long lived and may live to 100 years in age.

What do they eat?Adult and juvenile green sea turtles are unique among sea turtles in that they are herbivorous. They primarily eat seagrasses and algae.

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When do females lay their eggs and when will they hatch?Female green sea turtles reach sexual ma-turity when they are 25-50 years old and then begin returning to their natal beaches every 2-4 years to nest. Mating begins in March, and females nest primarily between May and September. The peak of the nesting season occurs in June and July. The females nest at night every 12-14 days, laying 5 clutches, on average during one nesting season. Female green sea turtles emerge from the water, climb up on the beach and search for a suitable nesting site. They dig a broad pit with their front flippers and an egg chamber with their rear flippers. They then deposit an average of 110-115 eggs and cov-er the nest by sweeping sand over a broad area with their front flippers. The eggs incu-bate for approximately 60 days before hatch-ing, depending on the temperature of the sand. The temperature of the eggs during incubation also determines the will produce more males, while higher temperatures will produce more females. When they are fully developed, the hatchlings work together to dig to the surface and then emerge at night and crawl down the beach to the ocean. On a dark beach they are attracted to the light reflected off the ocean. Artificial beachfront lighting can cause turtles to become disori-ented and prevent them from finding their way to the ocean. Who are their predators?Small turtles are much more susceptible to predators than adults. Seabirds, crabs and raccoons feed on green sea turtles when they first hatch out of their nest on the beach, and fish and seabirds are a threat to hatchlings in the water. Only sharks are

large enough to prey upon adult sea turtles. Their long flippers are especially vulnerable. Man is also a predator of the green turtle. How many are there?One of the ways that researchers monitor sea turtle populations is to count the number of nests that are laid by adult females on import-ant nesting beaches. Based on nesting beach surveys, green turtle populations appear to be stable or increasing at some of the key rook-eries in the Atlantic, but with the exception of Hawaii are declining in the Pacific.

Why are they in trouble? European explorers discovered the green sea turtles in Central America in the 1500’s and Douglas Shea began killing them and taking the eggs and animals back to Europe for their meat, leather, oil, and shells. They hunted many of the breeding populations to near-extinction. Threats to green turtles in the water include capture in fishing gear such as shrimp trawls, gillnets and fishing lines; pollution and trash; and collisions with boats. Human development threat-ens many of the most important green turtle nesting beaches. Coastal construc-tion, beach armoring, beachfront light-ing, beach driving, and beach cleaning are significant threats to nesting females and their hatchlings What is fibropapillomatosis (FP)?Fibropapillomatosis is a disease that was first described in green sea turtles in Ha-waii in the 1930s. Today it affects around 50% of the green turtles in Hawaii and is also found at high levels in other green tur-tle populations, such as Florida. FP causes tumors to grow on the eyes, mouth, neck or flippers. These tumors are not deadly until they begin to block the sight, breath-

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What is being done to help greens?Green sea turtles were listed as endangered

and threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) in 1978. The species is listed as threatened worldwide, with

the Florida and east Pacific breeding popula-tions listed as endangered. They are also pro-tected by the state law of many coastal states. In the U.S., the National Marine Fisheries Service is the federal agency charged with protecting sea turtles in the marine environ-ment, while the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has jurisdiction over sea turtles on their nest-ing beaches. The agencies have both enacted regulations to protect turtles at sea and on the nesting beaches. Green sea turtles are also listed under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), which forbids the trade of any turtle products on the international market. In the U.S., it is illegal to import or export turtle products, and it is illegal to kill, capture, or harass sea turtles. To reduce the danger of being caught in fishing gear, all shrimp trawl-

ers in U.S. waters are required to pull Turtle Excluder Devices (TED’s). These allow turtles to escape from shrimp nets if they are caught.

What can you do to help sea turtles? It is possible for anyone to help support sea turtle conservation. You can help participate in beach cleanups or attend a public sea turtle walk. You can do a presentation on turtles for a class to raise awareness, adopt a turtle, or fol-low a sea turtle telemetry project. You can help just by remembering not to release balloons or throw trash into the ocean. You can help spread the word to your family and friends that sea turtles are an important part of our environ-ment and should be protected.

1. This mammal is the largest sea creature a. blue whale b. hammerhead shark c. killer whale2.what do walruses use their large tisks for? a.hauling themselves out of the water b. digging up clams c. both3. A squid has eight tentacles like an octopus a. true b. false4. An octopus can cloud the water with a dark inky substance that confuses its enemy a. true b. false5.most scallops eyes are... a .brown b. green c. blue6. how many pairs of legs does acrab have? a. four b. five c. six7. Eels are snakes a. true b. false8. when a female seahorse lah eggs she.. a.deposits them along the ocean floor.. b. attaches them to seaweed. c. places them in a pouch in the male seashore body9. salmon can live in both fresh and salt water. a. true b.false 10.The whale shark is the largest fish. it eats.. a. other fish b. plankton c. all of the abov a. true b.false

sea quiz

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