NUTRIENTSMacromolecules and Vitamins

NUTRIENTS Are substances required by the body for

energy, growth, repair and maintenance.

All foods contain at least one of the six basic nutrients:CarbohydratesProteinsLipidsVitaminsMineralsWater

NUTRIENTS Some nutrients provide energy for

powering cellular processes Energy available from foods is measured

in kilocalories or Calories. 1 kilocalorie = 1 Calorie = 1000 calories A calorie is the amount of heat energy

required to raise 1g of water 1 °C The greater the number of calories in a

quantity of food, the more energy the food contains

CARBOHYDRATES The three nutrients needed by the body

in the greatest amounts are carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

All are organic compounds (containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen)

Carbohydrates are broken down by the body to provide most of the body’s energy.

CARBOHYDRATES Even though proteins and lipids provide

energy, the body most easily uses energy provided by carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates contain sugars that are quickly converted to ATP

ATP is the cell’s most usable energy.

ATP

ATP HAS HIGH ENERGY IN BONDS

CARBOHYDRATES

Glucose and fructose are monosaccharides

Can be absorbed directly into the blood stream

Sucrose, maltose and lactose are disaccharides

Disaccharides have to go through hydrolysis before they can be used for energy.

HYDROLYSIS OF DISACCHARIDES

CARBOHYDRATES Polysaccharides are

complex molecules consisting of many monosaccharides bonded together.

Starch, found in many grains and vegetables, are polysaccharides

In digestion, Enzymes hydrolyze these long chains of glucose molecules.

The body cannot break down cellulose found in fruits and vegetables.

Provides fiber

PROTEINS Proteins make up the major structure

and functional material of all cells Proteins are long chains of amino acids. Proteins from food must be broken down

to amino acids The Human body uses 20 different

amino acids to grow, form muscle and repair tissue.

PROTEINS The human body cannot

make all 20 amino acids 8-10 amino acids called

essential amino acids have to be obtained from the food we eat.

Vegetables, beans, nuts, poultry, fish , beef, eggs contain the amino acids we need.

VITAMINS, MINERALS & WATER Vitamins, minerals and water do not

provide energy. Required for proper body function Vitamins help enzymes do their

function. They are called coenzymes.

VITAMINSVitamin Source Essential

ForDeficiency diseases

Vitamin A Fish, yellow & green vegetables, tomatoes

Growth, eyes, skin

Night blindness, retarded growth

Vitamin B1 Meat, beans, milk, whole grains

Growth, function of heart ,nerves, muscles

Nerve disorders

Vitamin B 12 Fish, beef, pork, cheese

Red blood cell formation, nervous system

anemia

Vitamin C Citrus friut, leafy veggies, tomatoes

Growth, teeth, gums

Scurvy, sore gums, bruise easily

VITAMINSVitamins Sources Essential for Deficiency

diseases

Vitamin D Fish – liver oil, fortified milk and eggs, sunlight

Growth, calcium metabolism, bones, teeth

Rickets, soft bones, dental decay

Vitamin E Leafy vegetables, milk, butter

Normal reproduction, skin

Anemia in newborns

Vitamin K Green vegetables

Normal clotting of blood, liver functions

hemorrhaging

MINERALS Minerals are naturally occurring

inorganic substances used to

Make body structuresCarry out nerve functionsCarry out muscle functions

MINERALSMinerals Source Essential for

Calcium (Ca) Milk, whole grains, vegetables

Bones, teeth, heart, nerves

Iodine (I) Seafoods, iodized salt

Thyroid hormone production

Iron (Fe) Leafy veggies, raisins, meats

Red blood cells

Magnesium (Mg) Vegetables Muscle and nerve action

Phosphorus (P) Milk, whole grains, vegetables

Bones, teeth, nucleic acids, ATP

Potassium (K) Bananas, apricots, vegetables

Growth, acid-base balance, nerve action

Sodium (Na) Salt, vegetables Blood muscle nerve action

WATER Accounts for over half of your body

weight Makes up 90% of blood Carries essential nutrients to all parts of

your body Also dilutes waste products and carries

them away from tissues in the body

WATER Regulates body temperature Perspiration is mostly water Cells of your body cannot function

without water. Dehydration – excess water loss