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Toine Spapens, Ana-Maria Tamas, Aija Lulle, Hugo Durieux, Vineta Polatside, Cristina Dragota, Angelos Constantinou

Cyprus police. National Agency of Trafficking Against Persons

(Romania). Free University of Brussels. Council of the Baltic Sea States, Task Force

against Trafficking in Human Beings. Tilburg University (the Netherlands).

Cases: the Netherlands, Romania, Cyprus,

Sweden, Latvia.

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Sexual exploitation.

Labour exploitation.

Forced begging.

Forcing persons to commit other crimes.

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Business process

Material/Control

Financial

Other criminalactivities Actors

Perpetrators

Victims

Broader criminalNetwork/markets

Micro

Macro

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Recruitment

Transport

Housing

Exploitation

CONTROL

MONEY

FLOW

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Type of trafficking Combination with other criminal activities

Percentage

Sexual exploitation None 87,0%

Social security fraud 0,8%

Drug trafficking/production 2,0%

Property crimes 1,2%

Sexual and labour exploitation 0,4%

Labour exploitation None 4.3%

Human smuggling 1,6%

Tax fraud 0,4%

Forced begging/crimes None 0,4%

Cannabis cultivation 1,2%

Fraud 0,4%

Property crimes 0,4%

Total 100%

Trafficking is mostly organised by individuals and small and specialised groups.

The larger part of the traffickers involved in sexual and labour exploitation are not at the same time active on other crime markets.

If they commit other crimes, these are usually functional for the trafficking process (e.g. violent crimes, child’s pornography).

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Street gangs / ‘lover boys’

Multi-tasking criminal groups -> via network contacts

‘Mafia-type’ criminal organisations and OMCGs

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