macro chapter 8 presentation 1- marginal propensities and the multiplier
TRANSCRIPT
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Macro Chapter 8
Presentation 1- Marginal Propensities and the Multiplier
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Income, Consumption, and Savings
• In general, as income goes up, people spend more--- Direct relationship
• People also tend to save more as income increases
• Savings = Disposable Income - Consumption
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45-Degree Line
• A reference line used to compare consumption and savings
• Consumption = DI• If you assume that the reference line is DI,
then the vertical distance between the 45 degree line and a given consumption line will tell you the amount of savings
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Income and Consumption
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7000
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9000
10000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Cons
umpti
on (b
illio
ns o
f dol
lars
)
Disposable Income (billions of dollars)
Consumption and Disposable Income, 1983-2005
45° Reference LineC=DI
83
8685
84
8889
9190
87
9293
9495
01
9796
9998
00
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05
03
04
ConsumptionIn 1992
SavingIn 1992
45°
C
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Dissaving
• Spending more on consumption than your after-tax income
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Break-Even Income
• The level of disposable income at which households will spend all DI and have zero savings
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Average Propensity to Consume (APC)
• the fraction or % of income that is consumed
APC =Consumption
Income
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Average Propensity to Save (APS)
• The fraction or % of income that is saved
APS =Saving
Income
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Average Propensities Contd.
• Since DI is either consumed or saved….• APC + APS = 1• Ex- if APS is .04, APC must be .96
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Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC)
• The fraction that is spent from a change in DI • Ex- If income increases from 470B to 490B,
and consumption increases from 435B to 450B
• MPC = (450-435)/490-470= 15/20 = .75
MPC =Change in Consumption
Change in Income
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Marginal Propensity to Save (MPS)
• Ex. If income increases from 470 B to 490B and Savings increases from 20B to 25B calculate MPS and MPC
• MPS = (25-20)/(490-470) = 5/20 = .25• *** MPS + MPC = 1 so MPC = 1-.25 = .75
MPS =Change in SavingChange in Income
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The Multiplier Effect
• There is a direct relationship between changes in spending and real GDP
• ***A change in total spending leads to a larger change in GDP (multiplies)
• The money initially spent goes to profits, wages, rents etc. which are then spent in a chain reaction down the line
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The Multiplier Effect
Multiplier =Change in Real GDP
Initial Change in Spending
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Multiplier Effect and Marginal Propensities
Multiplier =
-or-
Multiplier =
1
1 - MPC
1
MPS
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Sample Problem
• The MPC is .8 and a business increases investment by $5 Billion. What is the multiplier? How much increase in GDP?
• Multiplier = 1/MPS or 1/1-MPC
= 1/(1-.8) = 5
GDP = 5 x 5 = 25 Billion increase
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The Multiplier Effect(1)
Change inIncome
(2)Change in
Consumption(MPC = .75)
(3)Change in
Saving(MPS = .25)
Increase in investment of $5Second RoundThird RoundFourth RoundFifth RoundAll other rounds Total
$ 5.003.752.812.111.584.75
$ 20.00
$ 3.752.812.111.581.193.56
$ 15.00
$ 1.25.94.70.53.39
1.19$ 5.00
Rounds of Spending1 2 3 4 5 All
$20.00
15.2513.6711.56
8.75
5.00$5.00
$3.75
$2.81$2.11
$1.58$4.75
ΔI=$5 billion
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The MPC and the Multiplier
10
5
4
3
2.5
.67
.75
.8
.9
MPC Multiplier