m7-water quality emergency
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Quality in
Emergencies
Water & Sanitation department
Workshop Emergency - Moia
ACFIN - 2006
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Quantity / quality
Prioritise quantity/ quality, using
specific international standards
(Sphere), especially for emergencies
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Why check water quality?
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Why check water quality?
Serious public health problems
ACF responsibility
ACF accountability
Programmes impact
Millennium Goals, WHO & SPHERE guidelines
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Water Quality
Water source
choice
Pollution
risk
AcceptanceSustainability
Feasibility
StandardsIdeal
choice
Technical
choice
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Water Quality in emergencies
Water source
choice
Pollution
risk
AcceptanceSustainability
Feasibility
StandardsIdeal
choice
Technical
choice
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Concept of pollution
2. Natural pollution
3. Agriculture-linked pollution1. Domestic pollution
4. Industry-linkedpollution
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Pollution inemergencies
2. Natural pollution
3. Agriculture-linked pollution1. Domestic pollution
4. Industry-linkedpollution
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Pollutants
Physicochemical
parameters
Biological
parameters
Chemicalparameters
Interact ion
pH, turbidity, T,
conductivity
Bacteria, viruses,
parasites
Major ions, trace
elements (= toxic
minerals)
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Water washed / water borne
diseases are dominant in
emergencies
Afghanistan, Hazaradjat, 2005. Conjunctivitis case
Lack of water lead to numerous skin & eyes d iseases
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Toxics in water are occasional
in emergencies
Teeth and bones diseases due to Fluoride-contaminated
water consumption, Sri Lanka, 2000
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Water related diseases
Due to Diseases
Insufficient quantity ofwater, lack of hygiene
Skin diseases (scabies,mycosis, ophthalmic diseases:conjunctivitis, trachoma)
Faecal pollutionFaecal-oral diseases(diarrhoeas, typhoid, cholera,polio, hepatitis A, certainhelminthiasis)
Urine of mammals (rats) inwater
Leptospirosis
Guinea worm Dracunculiasis
Vector breeding Malaria, Dengue, yellowfever, onchocerciasis
Chemical toxics Poisoning, fluorosis, etc
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Water related diseases
Due to Diseases
Insufficient quantity ofwater, lack of hygiene
Skin diseases (scabies,mycosis, ophthalmic diseases:conjunctivitis, trachoma)
Faecal pollutionFaecal-oral diseases(diarrhoeas, typhoid, cholera,polio, hepatitis A, certainhelminthiasis)
Urine of mammals (rats) inwater
Leptospirosis
Guinea worm Dracunculiasis
Vector breeding Malaria, Dengue, yellowfever, onchocerciasis
Chemical toxics Poisoning, fluorosis, etc
Water washed diseases
Water borne diseases
Water based diseases
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Water related diseases
in emergency
Due to Diseases
Insufficient quantity ofwater, lack of hygiene
Skin diseases (scabies,mycosis, ophthalmic diseases:conjunctivitis, trachoma)
Faecal pollutionFaecal-oral diseases(diarrhoeas, typhoid, cholera,polio, hepatitis A, certainhelminthiasis)
Urine of mammals (rats) inwater
Leptospirosis
Guinea worm Dracunculiasis
Vector breeding Malaria, Dengue, yellowfever, onchocerciasis
Chemical toxics Poisoning, fluorosis, etc
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Living beings
Bacteria
A hepatitis
Poliomyelitis
Viruses
Diarrhoeas
Cholera, typhoid
Malaria, yellow fever
Dysentery
Protozoan
HelminthsAscaris, Worms
Bilharzias
E. Coli bacteria
Ascaris worms
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Chemical elements
Non health related
Arsenic AsFluoride F
NO2-, NO3-
Mn, Cu, Pb, Cl2
Health related
Na Mg K Ca Si P
S Cl- H C O AlFe H2S SO4
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Chemical elements in
emergency
Non health related
Arsenic AsFluoride F
NO2-, NO3-
Mn, Cu, Pb, Cl2
Health related
Na Mg K Ca Si P
S Cl- H C O AlFe H2S SO4
Chlorine
HR - WHO: 5 mg/l
Aluminium
Accept - WHO: 0,2
mg/l
Chloride
Accept - WHO:250 mg/l
SulphateAccept - WHO:
250 mg/l
Iron
Accept - WHO: 0,3
mg/l
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Physico -chemical elements
Conductivity
TurbiditypH
T
Colour
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Physico -chemical elements in
emergencies
Conductivity
TurbiditypH
T
Colour
Acceptance: max 1500
US/cm
Treatment: 8
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Pollution risk
Pollution components
Quality of
the
resource
Consume
d water
quality
1- Due to the
nature / locat ion
of water poin t
2- Due to the
exploi tat ion of
the water poin t
1
2
Watertreatment
WaterStorage
and use
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Quality of the resource
1. Rain water 2. Rivers
3. Lakes & ponds 4. Groundwater
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Resource for emergencies
1. Rain water 2. Rivers
3. Lakes & ponds 4. Groundwater
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Nature of water point
Non protected well, CongoPollution risk due to the nature of the water point
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Location of water point
TFC water supply and latrines
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Exploitation of the water point
Contamination of underground water, Sudan, 2002
Pollution risk due to the exploitation of the water point
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Treatment
Treatment of water, Sri Lanka, 2005
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Water storage and use
Household water storage, Chechnya, 2004
Inappropriate water storage leads to its contamination
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Selection of the
source
Feasibility
Hydrology
Hydrochemistry
Acceptance
Sustainability
Technical Social
StandardsPublic health
Re-contaminationrisks
exploitationstorage
consumption
Water source
choice
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Selection of the source in
emergency
Feasibility
Hydrology
Hydrochemistry
Acceptance
Sustainability
Technical Social
StandardsPublic health
Re-contaminationrisks
exploitation, latrinesstorage
consumption
Water source
choice
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Classical Quality approach
Validate
the water
source
choice
Validate
the quality
before
hand-over
Monitor
the water
quality
1. FEASIBILITY
Check the quality of
the water source
the availability of the
water
the geological
conditions
the technical
possibilities
etc.
2. VALIDATION
Check the quality of
the water point when it
is completed
interesting to have an
analysis before, an
analysis after the
program
Impact
3. MONITORING
Regularly check the
quality of the water
from the water point
Regularly check the
quality at the
household level
KAP survey, sanitary
surveys
Long term impact
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EmergencyQuality approach
Validate
the water
source
choice
Validate
the quality
Monitor
the water
quality
1. FEASIBILITY
Check the quality of
the water source
the availability of the
water
the geological
conditions
the technical
possibilities
etc.
2. VALIDATION
Check the quality of
the water point when it
is completed
interesting to have an
analysis before, an
analysis after the
program
Impact
3. MONITORING
Regularly check the
quality of the water
from the water point
Regularly check the
quality at the
household level
KAP survey, sanitary
surveys
Long term impact
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Classical Quality approach
Validate
the water
resource
choice
Validate
the quality
before
hand-over
Water
quality
Monitoring
FEASABILITY
Chemical
Regional, village,
water point scale
Representative
survey
Before
implementation
VALIDATION
Chim + Biolo
Water point scale
Systematic survey
Before & afterimplementations
Impact
MONITORING
Biolo (+Chim)
Water point scale,
Household scale
Representative
survey
Continuous process
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Specificity of water trucking
River
End of
Treatment
plant
Tap stand
and HH
FEASABILITY
At first and 1/month
Tb, Cd, pH, main
chemical risks
On site / lab
ACF team
MONITORING 1
1/ day /15 days
FRC, pH, Tb (/day)
Cl2(15 days)
On site
ACF team
MONITORING 2
1/ day FRC random
1/week E Coli
random
On site / lab
ACF team + hygiene
surveyors
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Specificity of water trucking 2
Idea is to use water trucking as a
temporary solutionbecause it is:
-expensive
-constraining (treatment, etc)
-addictive
-leads to mismanagement and
corruption
- difficult to hand over
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Standards
WHO guidelines (long term)
SPHERE standards (emergency)
Country guidelines
ACF guidelines
Health related parameters
Non-health related parameters
Minimum standards
Key indicators
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Sphere standards: coordination
in emergencies
TEST Sphere Standards 2004): Key indicators
Turbidity 5 NTU(for purpose of disinfection)
Faecal
coliforms0 E. coli. /100mlat the point of delivery
Chloride,
Fluoride,
Iron Fe2+,
Manganese
Nitrates,
Nitrites,
Sulfates,Arsenic
No negative health effectis detected due to short-term useof water contaminated by chemical or radiological sources
Residual
disinfectant
products
(chlorine)
For piped water and all water supply in case of diarrhoea
epidemic, water is treated with free residual chlorine = 0.5mg/l, and turbidity
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WHO guidelines: health related
Parameters WHO guidelinevalues InterpretationE. Colior thermo tolerant
coliforms
0 colonies /100 ml Indicators of faecal pollution
1. Microbiological quality for drinking water
2. Chemical
substances that
have some
sanitaryrelevance for
drinking water.
Parameters WHO guidelineArsenic
(As)0.01 mg/l
Chlorine
(Cl2)
5 mg/l
Copper
(Cu++)2 mg/l
Fluorides
(F-)1.5 mg/l
Lead
(Pb)
0,01 mg/l
Manganese
(Mn)
0.4 mg/l
Nitrates
(NO3-)
50 mg/l
Nitrites
(NO2-)
3 mg/l
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WHO guidelines: health related
Parameters WHO guidelinevalues InterpretationE. Coli or thermo tolerant
coliforms
0 colonies /100 ml Indicators of faecal pollution
1. Microbiological quality for drinking water in emergency
2. Chemical
substances that
have some
sanitaryrelevance for
drinking water.
Parameters WHO guidelineArsenic
(As)0.01 mg/l
Chlorine
(Cl2)
5 mg/l
Copper
(Cu++)2 mg/l
Fluorides
(F-)1.5 mg/l
Lead
(Pb)
0,01 mg/l
Manganese
(Mn)
0.4 mg/l
Nitrates
(NO3-)
50 mg/l
Nitrites
(NO2-)
3 mg/l
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WHO guidelines: non health related
3. Drinking water substances and parameters that may lead to
acceptabilityproblems in emergencies.
Parameters WHOrecommendations
Aluminium
(Al)0.2 mg/l
Ammonia
(NH4)1.5 mg/l
Chloride
(Cl-) 250 mg/l
Hardness 200 mg/l
Hydrogen
sulphide
(H2S)
0.05 mg/l
Sodium
(Na+)200mg/l
Sulphates
(SO4-)250 mg/l
Iron
(Fe++)
0.3 mg/l
Zinc
(Zn)
4mg/l
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Analysis concept
Frequency
Sampling method
Equipment
Results
Results sharing
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Sampling
Representative analysis / systematicanalysis
Sampling method
Storage and transport
of the samples
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Equipment: mini lab
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Conclusion 1
Water quality validation
Water quality monitoring
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To validate the choices (feasibility)
To validate the quality before handing over
To control the quality all along theutilisation of the water point
Conclusion 2 monitoring
What?
When?
How?
Why?
Where?
Who?
Physico-chemical parameters
Chemical parameters
Biological parametersAt the beginning (feasibility)
At the hand over
During long programmes: monitoringMini laboratory
Chemical analysis material (Merck)
Biological analysis material (Delagua)
Treatment plant
Tapstands
HH storageACF team
Person from the partners e.g. MRRD, etc.
External laboratory
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Conclusion 3
Emergency Long term
rapid action, nosustainability
long term view: sustainabilityis key point
chemical analysis limited large chemical analysis
water quality is the onlyfocus
focus points are water pointquality; management &maintenance efficiency
systematic biologicaltreatment difficult treatment
biological risk is key point chemical risk & acceptancerisk are key points
Monitoring: high frequency;done by ACF
Monitoring: low frequency;done by water point committeeor local partner