m ysore district - fsi on inventory of...m ysore district (karnataka) forest survey of india ... the...
TRANSCRIPT
(For officia1 use only)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS
REPORT ON
INVENTORY OF FOREST RESOURCES OF
M YSORE DISTRICT (KARNATAKA)
FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA
SOUTHERN ZONE
BANGALORE
1995
(For official use only)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRV OF ENVIRONMENT AND
FORESTS
REPOR .• · ON
INVENTORV OF FOREST RESOURCES OF
MVSORE DISTRICT <KARNATAKA)
FOREST SURVEY OF INDIA SOUTHERN ZONE
·BANGALORE 1995
P R·E F -A C E
The inventory of forest resources of Mysore District was taken up
during 1991-93 by the Forest Survey of India. Southe~n Zone. Bangalor~.
The report highlights the detai~s regarding area inventoried. methodology
adopted. processing of the data and finding~ with regard to the forest , resources of the district.
The net forest area of Mysore District is 3.730.59 sq.kms. out of
which tree forest area is 3.498.06 sq.kms. Of the n~t forest area,
65.85% is cover~d with dense and moderately dense forest and 687.48
sq.kms. is having ope~ forest. To the extent of 95.09% of the crop
composition is miscel1aneou~. The farest af the. district ha$ good repr~~
sentation of all the size classes containing 36.71% pole crop. 24.28%
small timber, 10.4% big ·timber. 17.92% mixed size class and 10.691. is
regeneration crop. Regeneration is inadequate. The total number of stems
of all the·_species in the forest area is about 58.22 millions which works
. out to ~n average of 166.45 stems'lha. The total standing volume in th~
tree forest area is about 18.86 million cubic metres, whith works out to
be 53.92 cubic metres per hectare. The growing stock is dominated by
three species namely Anogeissus l.ati'folia (17.31.), Tedona .grandis
(13.47%) ~nd Terminalia c~enulata (12.11%). The bamboo forest of the
district ha~ the potential of producing 30,370 tonnes of bamboo each
year. A large portion of bamboo stock. <about 28.9%) consists of partial-
-ly dry and damaged culms underlyning the need for more intensive manage-
ment of bamboo.
The inventory work was carried out by the field staff of the Forest ~ .
Survey of India, Southern Zone,. Bangalore under the supervision of Shri
M. Muni Reddy. Joint Director, and Shri Devendra Kumar. D~puty Director.
The field parties were led by Shri K.S. Reddy, Jr. Technical Assistant,
Shri G.S. Trivedi. Jr. Technicai Assistant and Shri S. Sampath. Jr.
Technical Assistant and the data processing was done by Shri Madugani
Omprakash Sr. Technical Assistant and Shri S. Sampath, -Jr. Technical
Assistant iM PC AT 286 using the softWare dev~loped by Southern Zohe,
Bangalore. The ~ooperation .nd help rendered by the Karnataka Forest
Department at every stage is highly appreciated and thankfully acknowl-
edged.
It is hoped that the report will be useful for foresters in planning
developmental programmes in forestry sector at different levels.
Dated: 11th January, 1995. Dr.S.N. Rai Director
Forest Survey of India Dehradun-248 195
CHAPTER-I
CON TEN T S
PART-I
SUMMARY
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
1 • -1 1.2 1.3 -1.4 1.5 1.7
Location Physical Features Forests Climate & Rainfall Araa & Population Other Socia-Economic conditions
CHAPTER-II DESIGN & METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY
Forest Area Defined Sampling DeSign Methodology Intensity of the survey
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
Difficulttes envisaged during the field work Plot status
CHAPTER-Ill DATA PROCESSING
3.0 Preparation of data for processing in 3. -1 Area computation 3.2 Volume Estimation 3.3 Enumerated tree volume and plot 3.4 Stand Table 3.5 Stock Table 3.6 Standard Errors 3.7 BAMBOO 3.7.1 Area 3.7.2 Clumps per hectare 3.7.3 Culms per Clump 3.7.4 Culms per hectare 3.7.5 Total number of Culms 3.7.6 Bamboo Stock 3.7.7 Dry weigh~ equivalent of Bamboo
CHAPTER-IV RESULTS OF THE INVENTORY
4.1 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.6. -1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 4.6.5 4.6.6 4.7 4.8
Land use pattern LeIJa! Status Topography of the forest area Ro ck i ness. STATE OF SOIL Soil Depth Soil Te:{ture Soil Consistency Humus Erosion Status Coarse Fragments Accessibility of the area Origin of the Stand
volume
Stock
computer
Page No.
-1
3 4 5 7 8 9
-11 12 12 -16 16 17
18 18 18 20 21 21 21
23 23 23 23 24 24 25
26 32 32 33
34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39
TABLE NO.
4.9 4. '10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4. '14 4. '15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4. '19 4.20 4.2'1 4.21.1 4.21.2 4.21.3 4.2'1.4 4.22 4.22.1 4.22.2 4.22.3 4.23
1 • 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 • 12., '13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2'1. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29 .• 30. .
Crop Composition Canopy Layer Size Class Top Hei';Jht Regeneration Status In j u r, i est 0 .c r 0 p Fire Incidence Grazing Incidence Presence of Weeds Presence of Grass Plantation Potential State of Forest (Degradation) OCCURRENCE OF 8AM800 Bamboo Density Bamboo Quality Bamboo Flowering Bamboo Regeneration GROWING STOCK Growing Stand (Stem) Growing Stock (Volume) Growing Stock (Bamboo) Standard Error
LIST OF TA8LES
Land Use Net Forest Area Tree Forested Area Division wise Net Forest Area Division wise Wooded Area Legal Status General Topography Rockiness Soil Depth Soil Te~<ture Soil Consistency Humus Soil Erosion Coarse Fragments Accessibility (Distance to Road) Origin of Stand Crop Composition Canopy Layer/Storey Size Classes Top Height Intensity of Regeneration Injuries to Crop Fire Incidence Grazing Incidence Presence of Weeds Presence of Grass Plantation Potential Degradation (Due to Human Factors) Degradatio~ (Due to Natural Calamit~es) Bamboo DenSity
40 40 4'1 42 43 45 45 46 47 48 48 49
5'1 51 53 53
54 59 64 67
26 27 29 29 31 32 33 33 34 35 35 36 37 38 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 49 50 50 5'1
MAP
ANNEXURE
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.
1 • 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII
Bamboo Quality Bamboo Flowering Bamboo Regeneration
.,.
Growing Stand (Stem) Stratum wise Growing Stand (Stem) Species wise Growing Stand (Stem) Division wise Growing Stand of Teak Forest Growing Stand of Bamboo Forest Growing Stand of Miscellaneous Forest Growing Stock (Volume) - Stratum wise Growing Stock (Volume) - Division wise Growing Stock (Volume) - Species wise Growing Stock of Teak Forest Growing Stock of Bamboo Forest Growing Stock of Miscellaneous Forest Bamboo Area (Quality & Species wise) Average Height, Green & Air Dry Weight Standard Error I. Legal Status wise Standard Error I. - Stratum wise Standard Error I. - Forest Division wise Standard Error I. for Bamboo estimates
LIST OF MAPS
of Bamboo
National Map showing the Inventoried area State Map showing the Inventoried area Map showing Soil Depth classes Map showing Soil Erosion classes Map showing Crop Composition classes Map showing Grazing Incidence clas~es Map showing Bamboo Quality Classes
PART-II
ANNEXURES
Growing Stand per hec. of MySQre District Growing Stand of Mysore District Growing St~nd per hec. of Teak Forest Growing Stand of Teak Forest Growing Stand per hec. of Bamboo Forest Growing Stand of Bamboo Forest Growing Stand per hec. of Miscellaneous Forest Growing Stand of Miscellaneous Forest Growing Stand per hec. of Hunsur Division Growing Stand of Hunsur Division Growing Stand per hec. of Mysore Division Growing Stand of Mysore Division Growing Stand per hec. of Chamarajnagara Division Growing Stand of Chamarajnagara Division Growing Stand per hec. of Kollegal Division Growing Stand of Kollegal Division
52 53 53 54 55 56 57 58 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 68 69
2-3 3-4 34-35 37-38 40- 41 46-47 52-53
Growing Stand per hec. of Bandipur Tiger Project Area
X'~TtI Growing Stand of Bandipur Tiger Project Area XIX Growing Stock per hec. of Mysore District XX Growing Stock of Mysore District XXI Growing Stock per hec. of Teak Forest XXII Growing Stock of Teak Forest XXIII Growing Stock per hec. of Bamboo Forest XXIV Growing Stock of Bamboo Forest XXV Growing Stock per hec. of Miscellaneous Forest XXVI Growing Stock of Miscellaneous Forest XXVII Growing Stock per hec. of Hunsur Division XXVIII Growing Stock of Hunsur Division XXIX Growing Stock per hec. of Mysore Division XXX Growing Stock 6f Mysore Division XXXI Growing Stock per hec. of Chamatajnagara Divi~ion XXXII Growing Stock of Chamarajnagara Division XXXIII Growing Stock per hec. of Kollegal Division XXXIV Growing Stock of Kollegal Division XXXV Growing Stock per hec. of Bandipur Tiger Project Area XXXVI Growing Stock of Bandiptir Tiger Project Area XXXVII Mean No. of Bamboo Clumps/hec. by Quality & Clump Size XXXVIII Mean No. of Bamboo Culms/Clump by Quality & Soundness XXXIX Mean No. of Bamboo Culms/hec. by Quality & Soundness XL Total No. of Bamboo Culms by Quality & Soundness XLI Mean No. of Bamboo Culms/Clump by Quality & Age XLII Mean No. of Bamboo Culms/hec. by Quality & Age XLIII Total No. of Bamboo Culms by Quality & Age XLIV Bamboo Stock XLV Dry Weight Equivalent of Bamboo Stock
APPENDIX
Specimen of Field Forms used in Forest Inventory
1. Plot Approach Form 2. Plot Description Form 3. Plot Enumeration Form 4. Sample Tree Form 5. Bamboo Enumeration Form 6. Bamboo Weight Form 7. Herbs & Shrubs Data Form
SUMMARY
This report deals with the inventory of forest resources of
Mysore District carried out by Forest Survey of India, Southern .Zone,
Bangalore from 1991 to 1993.
It includes the details of the area inventoried, methodology of
data collection and its processing and analysis of the r~sults. The
salient ·features of the survey can be summarised below:
a) Net forest area is 3730.59 km2 and tree forest area is 3498.06
km2, 65.85 % of the net forest area is covered with dense and moderately
dense forest. 798.69 km2 • area is having dense tree forest and 1658.04
is containing moderately dense tree forests. 687.48 km2 • area is
having open forest.
b) The forest has been categorised into three strata, namely Teak,
Bamboo and Miscellaneous and the latter forms 95.09% of the crop composi
tion.
61.26% of the area is having ~edium to deep soil and 38.73% of
the area is covered with shallow to very shallow soil.
d) 45% of the area is devoid of humus layer.
e) 95.09% oY the area containing natural forest of seed origin.
4.62% of area is covered with man made forest.
f) The tree fo~est has good representation of all the size classes.
It contains 36.71% pole crop. 24.28% small timber. 10.40% big timber,
17.92% mixed size class and 10.69% regeneration crop.
g) Regeneration is absent in 20.52% of the area and is inadequate
in 63.58% of the area.
h) The total number of stems of all species in tree forest area is
5.82,23,490 which works out to an average of 166.45 stems/ha.
i) The total standing volume in the tree forest area is 1,88,60,869 m3
which works out to be 53.920 m3 /ha. About 43% of the growing stock is
comprised of three species namely Anogeissus latifolia (17.3%', Tectona
grandis (13.47%) and Terminalia crenulata (12.11%).
j ) The total green bamboo stock in the district is 1,37,844 tonnes.
The average greeM bamboo stock works out to 1.39 tonnes per hectare.
k) The bamboo forest .in the district have a potential of producing
30.370 tonnes every year.
1 ) A large portion of green ,bamboo stock (about 28.9%) consists of
dry and damaged culms. underlining the need for more intensive management
of bamboo growing stock.
. .... " ...... " .. .
2
-I~
10 -
100
MAP OF INDIA SHOWING THE
CHI II ,.
."1' 01'
Ar ••
• 11-
OF INVENTORIED AREA
SCALE -I: 20,000,00...0
BHARMA
• Q
.11-
I 1
_CHAPTER - I
BACK GROUND INFORMATION
1.0 The evaluation of forest resources both qualitatively and quan
titatively is the essence of the forest inventory. The main objective of
the forest ~nventory work is to collect qualitative and quantitative
information on forest resources within optimum precision limits so that
the data are useful in State and National level planning. The inventory
taken up by the Forest Survey of India comes under the category of Na
tional Forest Inventories which require general estimate of all the
elements of a forest inventory including the charasteri~tics of the
trees. land on which they grow. estimation of growing stock and estimate
of growth and drain. All these details are necessary for effective
resource management of our forest wealth.
The inventory of the forest of Mysore District was undertaken by
the Forest
-199-1-1993.
Survey of India. Southern Zone. Bangalore during the year
The field work was started in December. 1991 and was complet-
ed in March. 1993. The design followed in the survey is Systematic
Cluster Sampling selected in a random manner.
LOCATION:
The survey area consists of entire Mysore district lying between
11°30\ and 12°50' North latitudes and 75°45' and 77°45\ East longitudes.
It is situated in the Southern part of Decan Peninsula and forms the
Southern most part of the Karnataka State. It consists of 11 Taluks and
3
MAP OF KARNATAKA
SHOWING FOREST INVENTORIED AREA
18
ANOHRA •
ARABIAN SE A
REFERENCE
S'.'. bou"dor,
Ololrlc' boundory
Dlltrlct H Q. o
INVENTORIED AR E A o
5 Forest Divisions namely Mysore, Kollegal, Chamrajnagar and Hunsur
(part) and Bandipur Tiger Project area. It is bounded on the North by
Hassan and Mandya Districts, on South by Cannanore District of Kerala
State and Udhagamandalam (Nilgiri) District of Tamilnadu, on the East by
Salem and Coimbatore District of Tamilandu and the west by Kodagu dis
trict of Karnataka.
1.2 PHYSICAL FEATURES:
Physiographically the region in which the district is situated
may be classified as partly maidan and partly semimalnad. The ground is
generally undulating and the land of the district forms an undulating
table land with granite rocks protruding at odd intervals. The principal
range of hills are the Biligirirangana betta in Yelandur Taluk and the
Male Mahadheshwar hill in Kollegal Taluk: the former rising to a height
of 5090 feet (1697 ~etres) above the sea level.
The extreme South forms a terrain of dense forests and the major
portion of the land here is uniformly co~ered by red loamy soil. The
Western Taluks are bounded by the lofty mountain ranges of the Western
Ghats. The main forest area are located in the Southern and South
Western Taluks of kollegal, Yelandur, Chamrajnagar, Gundulpet and Hegga
dade van Kote, Periyapatna and Hunsur.
The drainage is towards East and comprises mainly the Cauvery
river basin besides those of Kabini, Lakshmanthirtha and Suvarna Kote
which are t~ibutaries of Cauvery.
The Mysore District is endowed with rich wild life which is very clear
from the fact that it supports two National Parks i.e. Nagarahole and
4
)
Bandipur Tiger Reserve and Si:< Sanctuaries viz. Cauvery Wildlife Sanctu
ary, B.R.T. Hills Sanctuary, Ranganet~itoo Sanctuary, Nugu Wildlife
San~tuary and Arav~thittu Sanctuary. The total extent of area under
these National Park~ & Sanctuaries are approximately 2250 square kilome
tres.
The major fauna that is abundant in the National Parks and
Sanctuaries are Elephants, Bisons, Tigers and Panthers. Apart from this
Ranganathitoo Bird Sanctuary attracts huge number of rare bird species
and becomes an maJor attract~on for the tourists corning to Mysore.
1 .3 FORESTS:
The forests of the district is mixed and fall under the broad
classification of South Indian Tropical Forest of Deciduous types.
Evergreen type is also noticed in the Eastern portion of the District.
As per Champion & Seth's classification, the forest of the district falls
under the following categories of forest types.
1. Southern Tropical Evergreen Forests (1A/C 3 ).
2. South Indian Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests{3B/C~).
"3. Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forests (SAlCe)'
4. The Scrub Forest (SB/DS~ - Dry Deciduous Scrub
Champion & Seth).
The higher elevation of Kollegal Range near Bellaje are cha
racterised by the existence of Evergreen Type of Forests. The forests
mainly occur in the valleys of these high hills and are surrounded by
grass lands forming almost the 'shola' type of vegetation. The species
commonly met are- Artocar(;!us hirsuta, Artocarp-us integrifolia, Bischofia
5
javanica, Canal'"iulTt strictum, Cinnamomum .§..I~ecies • .e..g~ I'"o:<burghiana,
Elaeodendron .']laucum,. Evodia ro)<bul'"ghiana, Garu'l~ .I~innata, Lin.Justrum
'§"Qecies, Mecaran9,2 ro:<burghii, Litsea lingustrina, Man'1ifera i'ndica,
Machilus macranthi3., Mesua fel'"l'"ae, Michelia charrq~aca, Nep-helium 1 on.;jana ,
Odina wodier, Olea ,glanduUfera, Palaguillm e11iQticurn, Polya.1thia .§..f:;.ecies
and Vitex altissima.
Moist deciduous forest is common in Western and Southern region
of t~e district. The forests towards the Western side are more moist and
are typical of the moist type. The chief species that are found are
Tectona .grandis, Dalbergia latifolia, Lagerstroemia 1anceolata, Termina
lia tomentosa, Pterocarpus ITtarsuf:;.ium. Anogeissus 1atifolia, Grel,o,oia 1ati
folia, Terminalia Raniculata, Mangifera indica, Cassia fistula, Albizzia
lebbek. Albizzia odoratissima, Shorea talura.
Both types of common bamboo viz. Bambusa arundinacea and Dendro
calamus strictu~ occur as under storey.
The common undergrowth is characterised by the presence of Helic
teres i.sora, Lantana camera and PterolobiulTt indicum, EUQrlatorium '§.J~ecies.
Dry Deciduous type is characterised by poor site quality with
shallow hard soil, relatively low rainfall and stunted growth of trees
with
the
open canopy. A fair good proportion of the total forest areas of
~ysore District falls in this type only. Main species fo~nd under
this type are - Santalum album, Tectona grandis, Anogeissus latifolia,
Pterocar[.us marsuQium, Da1bergll latifolia, Grewia tiliaefolia, Albi.zzia
lebbek, Albizzia amara, Acacia leucot.hloea, Acacia sundra, Dalbero;lia
6
Raniculata, Terminalia belerica, Schleichera oleosa, Shorea talura,
Hardwickia binata, Chlorox,Y.lon swietenia, Gyrocarr~ous .2..1~ecies , Bauhinia
racerrlosa, Diosr!~ montana, Diosl=.!~ melano:{~, I~x:.F.,hus J.i>.::l .. QJtt.r~.
Thorny scru6 type exists in the low lying areas of the hills on
the Kollegal plateau, Heggadadevana Kate, Punjus and Chamrajnagar and
Hunsur Range. It is associated with poor rainfall and impoverished soil
devoid of humus. Good size trees are very few and occasio~ally found.
The trees have very poor growth and are bushy in nature due to heavy
grazing~ browsing, repeated fires and indiscriminate cutting by men. The
vegetation comprises of species like Shorea talura , Santalum album,
Terminalia chebula, Anogeissus latifolia, Azadirachta indica, Albizzia
lebbek, Chloro:<,Y.lon swietenia, Acacia leucoRhloea, Acacia catechU, Acacia
sllndra, Sterios(;!ermum chelenoides, Boswellia serrata, Diosrty-ros rrlelano!<,Y.
lon, Dalber'lia .I~aniculata, Dalber'1ia latifolia, Dendrocalamus strictus,
PterocarRus mar-sup-ium, Terminalia belerica, I,Y.ZY-Rhus J.i>.::l.Q_F.!>.::ra.
1.4 CLIMATE & RAINFALL:
The climate of the district is moderate throughout the year.
The temperature from Nove~ber to Februa~y ranges from 16.7°C to 31.3°C
while that in Summer (March to April) ranges from 19.7°C to 35.1°C. The
Rainy Season is fram June to October. There is extreme variation in the
rainfall from locality to locality. The average rainfall varies from
'1200 mm. in the Western region to 690 mm. in the Eastern region. The
average rainfall for the whole district comes to 900 mm. approximately.
The portion of Chamrajnagar and Kollegal Division receives rainfall both
from South West monsoon and North East Monsoon. The South West monsoon
precipitation is heavy and continuous and North East monsoon is lighter
and intermittent in the areas of Kakanakote, Begur and Aini ~arigudi
Ranges in Chamrajnagar Forest Division. In Kollegal Forest Divisioln
7
South West Monsoon does not pr~cipitate considerably.
1.5 AREA & POPULATION:
As per 1991 Census the total area of the district is 11954 sq.km.
with a total population of 31,65018. 70.31. of the inhabitants of the
district live in rural areas. It has density of popoulation ot 265 per
sq.km. It has decennial growth rate of population as 21.571., Sex ratio
953 (Rural 958, Urban 943), literacy 401.. The proportion of main workers
to total population is 37.441. out of which 33.741. are cultivators, 27.891.
are agricultural labourers, 2.821. are workers in household industry and
31.551. are other workers.
1.6 LAND USE PATTERN:
The following table shows the land use pattern in Mysore
District:
----------------------------------------------------------------8.NQ. Land use Area in I. of total
kml!!!. land use. ----------------------------------------------------------------
'1 •
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Geographical area (acc0rding to village papers).
Forest area
LAND NOT AVAILABLE FOR CULTIVATION
Land put tb non agricultural uses
Barren and uncultivable 1and
OTHER UNCULTIVATED LAND EXCLUDING FALLOW LAND.
Permanent pasture and other grazing lands.
Land under miscellaneous free crops and groves not included in the net area.
'Cultivable waste
Fallow lands
Net area sown
12,460 1001.
3,380 271.
860 71.
670 51.
920 71.
110 11.
340 31.
1,370 '111.
4,810 391. . ~
--------------------------------------------------~~--____ w __ _
Total 12,460 1001. -------------------------------------------------------------
Source Statistical abstract of Karnataka, 1991-92.
B
1.7 OTHER SOCIO- ECONOMIC CONDITIONS:
The per capita land availability for cultivation in this dis
trict is 0.49 ha. Majority of the land holdings fall under small (1-2
ha.) and marginal (below 1 ha.) categories.
Rice and Ragi are the most important food-grains produced in the
district. It ranks third among rice producing districts of the State.
It accounted for 10.3% of the total rice out put in the State and 10.9%
of Ragi production of the State during 1991-92.
This district is known for mulberry cultivation and production
of silk. Mysore silk sarees is famous item of production. Silk weaving
factory is also located in the district . There are practically no mineral
based industries in the district. However. the M.M.Hills in Kollegal
Taluka is famous for Black Granite of export qualit~. The Government
Company. Mysore Minerals are extracting granites from this locality apart
from private enterpreneuers. The district is cent percent electrified.
As per 1991 Census. 40% of the popUlation of the district is
literate.(30.2X of the rural people and 63.5% of the urban people comes
under literate category).
9
The district being the third richest district in the forest
wealth in the State, the forest provides raw material for industries like
paper·, rayon, sawmills, safety matches, sandal wood oil and agarbatti
factories located in and around the district.
10
CHAPTER - 11
DESIGN & METHODOLOGY OF THE SURVEY
2.0 The toposheets prepared by Survey of India is taken as base map
for carrying out inventory work. The scale of the map used was 1:50 , 000.
In these maps the extent of forest areas was shown in green colour. The
toposheet of the above scale was divided into 36 grids of 2~/2' x 2 ~/2'
intervals which farms our basic sampling units. Data was collected from
the two plots of 0.1 haw falling in each grid only in forest areas •.
Thus, the sampling design adopted was a CLUSTER SAMPLING, in which grids
have been taken as cluster. Actually the samp1in9 design was cluster
sampling of unequal size because of the fact that in many grids only one
plot was laid out.
2.·1 FOREST AREA DEFINED:
The following categories of lands were treated as FOREST AREA
for the purpose of the forest inventory:
i) All those areas shown in green wash on Survey of India
toposheets.
ii) All such areas in which words such a~ thick jungle, thick
forest, dense jungle, open forest with bamboo etc. are
rrlentioned.
iii) All those areas indic~ted by dotted line or s potted line
or ~ pillar line as FOREST AREA.
11
iv) Any other area reported to be forest area by local Divi
sional Forest Officers.
2.2 SAMPLING DESIGN:
After dividing the toposheet of 1:50,000 scale into 36 grids of
2~/2· x 2~/2· each, the length 'X' and width 'Y' of each grid
was measaured to the smallest convenient scale. The length (d) of the
side of the plot on the map corresponding to 0.1 ha. of square plot in
the ground was calculated. After substracting the side 'd' from length
and width of the grid, the number X' = (X-d) and Y' = CY-d) was obtained.
From the random table, two numbers in the range of 0 to X' and 0 to Y'
were seletted. Let it be p~ and P2. To these numbers half of the
plot side (d/2) was added to get x and yeo-ordinates 6f the first plot
centre considering left hand bottom (S-W) corners of the grid as the
origin. To get the centre' of the second plot in the same grid, the
centre of the first plot was joined with grid centre and is extended in
the opposite direction upto the distance equal to distance between the
grid centre and the first plot centre. This point became the centre of
the second plot.
Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the
sample plots falling in the forest areas only. The data regarding ter
rain, soil, tree canopy and bamboo etc. were collected. Qualitative data
sauch as forest types were col,lected by obtaining 2 ha. area surrounding
the plot centre.
2.3 METHODOLOGY:
The field data was collected by three field parties ~ach headed
12
I~· I~
05
04
~
02
01
I~CI 0'
00 01
GRID NO.O~DI
02 03 04
Somple tree plot ~
- DIAGRAM-I DIAGRAM SHOWING IDENTIFICATION OF GRIDS
ON I: 50pOO OR 1:63,360 SCALE TOPOSHEETS
O' ORIGIN
DIAGRAM-3 DIAGRAM SHCMtING
LAY-OUT· OF ~OT
z
~-+-----ll-- Herbs and Shrubs plot
~~~~ Regeneration plot
by Junior Technical Assistant who worked as Crew Leader. The crew leader
was assisted by two fieldmen. The services of camp khalasai and un
skilled labourers engaged locally on Muster Roll were also utilised. The
crew leader was provided with camp equipment~, a set of toposheets and
instruments used in survey work such as silva compass, blumeleiss hypsom
eter, caliper and measuring tape etc.
The camp locations were decided by the Crew Leaders based on th~
number of plots to be tackled from that locality. After selecting the
plots to be surveyed on the day, the crew leader along with his crew
members and the local forest staff proceeded to reference point located
on toposheet which could be identified on the ground. After reaching the
reference point, the crew leader took the bearing of that reference point
and measured the distance of the plot centre from that point on topo
sheet. The crew lead~r proceeded to the plot centre traversing the same
distance in the same direction as indicated from the bearing of the
reference point.
After reaching the plot centre, a square plot of 0.1 ha. with'
diagonal measuring 44.72 metres in NS-EW direction was laid on the
ground. The required data was collected frcim the plot in the following
prescribed forms. The sketch showing layout of the plot on the ground
is appended in the report.
(i) PLOT APPROACH FORM:
This is filled by the Crew Leader when he starts from the c~mp to the
sample plot and returns to the camp. It is not used in data processing.
Only it is used in locating the plot during re-survey in"future.
'13
(ii) PLOT DESCRIPTION FORM:
By observing 2 haM around the plot centr~, the qualitative data
such as land use, tre& crops co~position and its density, erosion status ,
intensity of fire and grazing, regeneration s~atus, bamboo data etc. are
recorded·in the form.
( I I I ) PLOT ENUMERATION FORM:
The trees and bamboo in 0.1 haM plot are enumerated and recorded
in the form. The trees with 10 em. diameter and above at breast height
over bark only are enumerated. The dead trees of having utility less
than 70X are not enumerated. The diameter of a bamboo clump is meaiured
at its base.
(iv) SAMPLE TREE FORM:
This is filled after filling the plot enumeration form. The
data of trees with diameter 10 em. and above at SHOB are collected from ~
1/4th. of the total plot, starting from N-W quadrant. For each
sample tree, diameter at breast height, bark thickness, tree height,
length of clear bole, form of tree etc. are recorded. Abstract of this
information is written on the Sample Tree Card which is nailed to the
respective tree. This facilitates the supervising officers for checking.
(v) BAMBOO ENUMERATION & CLUMP ANALYYSIS FORM:
The data of individual culms occurring in the selected clumps
are recorded in this form. The clumps bearing serial No.1, 9 , 17, 25,
33 etc. (first and every eighth clump thereafter) of each bamboo species
14
are selected for detailed analysis. The Qumber of bamboo culms per clump
classified on the bais of age, greenness and soundness are recorded.
(vi) BAMBOO ENUMERATION FORM (Non cll1m~' f'orrrtin.ll.!.
In this ·form information is collected for non-c1ump forming
bamboos ococurring in the sample plot. For the purpose of counting the
cl1lms only 1/8th. area of the sample plot touching northern semi
diagonal is taken. Counting is done in 1/2 NW quadrfant only i.e
in 0.0125 haw Culm are classified on the basis of soundness, age and
.~reen-ness •
( vii) BAMBDO WEIGHT FORM:
For determining the correlation between green and dry weight of
the utilizable length of bamboo culm, sample pieces of matured culms are
cut and weighed at regular intervals of time till a con~tant air dry
weight is obtained. The green weight of utilizable culms of different
dia class (2( 5, 5< 8 and 8 and above) and that of 30 cms. long pieces
obtained in each from the top, middle and bottom portions of the utiliza
ble culms from each dia classes are recorded in this form.
This form is filled up for plots in which bamboo have been found
in 2 ha. areas in and around the plot. Specimen of the above field
forms have been given in Appendix.
2.4 INTENSITY OF THE SURVEY:
A total of 391 sample plots were marked on the toposheets in the
forest areas of Mysore District. The total extent of forest area depict
ed on the Survey of India toposheets was estimated by using the dot-grid
method. The total forest area came to be about 3953.51 kme. Hence,
area represented by each sample plot i.e. Area Weightage = 3953.51/391 = '10. 11 km2.
Even though certain plots selected is shown as green wash area
having forest cover in toposheet, it was seen after visiting the plots
that about 22 plots were put under non forestry use. Out of 22 plots,
20 points were under agriculture, one under barren lands and one under
habitation.
manner:
"1.
2.
Thus the net forest area comes to (391~22) x 10.11 = 369 x 10.11
= 3730.59 km2. The data pertaining to 369 plots were recorded.
The intensity of survey has been calculated in t~e following
Total extent of forest area sampled = 3730.59 km2 = 373059 ha.
Total area of the sample plots = 369 x 0.1 ha.= 36.9 ha.
36.9 Intensity of the survey = x 100 = 0.00989 = 0.01
3,73,059
2.5 DIFFICULTIES ENVISAGED DURING THE FIELD WORK:
(a)
field party
points.
Due to heavy infesta~ion of wild elephants in groups, the
was not in a position to have an access to eight sample
16
(b) Forty five plots in Kollegal Talu~ coiuld not be tackeld due to
the sensitiveness of the area where Sandal Wood-Cum-Elephant Poacher
Veerappan's gang was in operation. The forest authorities a~ well as
Special Task Force headed by Police Officers had advised not to enter to
this area which being the core area for their activities •
... Thus. in all 53 plots were extraploated with nearest sample
point to get inventory result for the entire district.
(c) In thirteen plots our field parties could get access to the
plot but could not reach upto the plot centre because of reasons men-
tioned in (a) and (b).
2.6 PLOT STATUS:
The details of the plot status are:
S.N. Plot Status
1 • Sample plot visited
2. Vicinity visited
3. Extrapolated
• 17
No. of
plots.
325
-13
53
Area in
sq.km.
3285.75
13-1.43
535.83
Percenta.Je
83 . 13
3.32
13.55
CHAPTER -III
DATA PROCESSING
3.0 PREPARATION OF DATA FOR PROCESSING IN COMPUTER:
The basic field inventory data recorded in the field forms were
checked at Zonal office to detect any inconsistencies and the corrections
were effected where-ever necessary. The checked data were entered into
the PC AT 286 Computer for processing. A computer programme was de
veloped to produce the desired out put. The output was tabulated in the
desired format.
3.'1 AREA COMPUTATION:
The extent of the forested area as depicted on the Survey of
India toposheet was c.alculated in the Zonal Office with the help of a dot
grid method. The area of forests under various categories such as forest
type, soil erosion status, grazing incidence, fire incidence, canopy
density classes etc. was calculated by multiplying the number of sample
plots ococurring in that class by the area weight of each sample point.
3.2 VOLUME ESTIMATION:
Felled tree data were not collected for preparation of generalvol
ume table. Sample tree data were not sufficient to develop local volume
equations. Therefore, volume e.~uations developed by FAD· durin';:) the p"re-
18
investment Survey of Forest Resources of Southern Zone in the year 1967-
68 have been adopted for volume estimation.
For Teak, Boswellia ~;errata, Diosp.,:t.!:..Q..§. melano:{~ and rest of
the species, volume equations developed for Adilabad (A.P.) area have
been used.
For Santalum album and Hardwickia binnata, the formula developed
for rest of the species in Mahboobnagar (A.P.) survey has been used.
The following are the volume equations used for different spe-
cies:
1. Anogeissus latifolia
V = 0.289 - 2.653 D + 11.771 D2.
2. Dalbergia latifolia
V = 0.296 - 2.829 D + 12.207 De .
3 • La .;] e r s t roe m i a Ian ceo I a t a
V = 0.07 - 1.295 D + 9.429 De.
4 . PterocarRus marsup-ium
V = 0.07 - 1.295 D + 9.429 D2.
5. Schleichera triju~
V = 0.023613 - 0.531006 D + 6 . 731036 De.
6. Tectona ~randis
V = 0.023613 - 0.531006 D +·6.731036 De.
7. Terminalia tomentosa/crenulata
. V = 0.289 - 2.653 D + 11.771 D2.
'19
8. Terminalia Qaniculata
V = 0.07 - 1.295 D + 9.429 02 •
9. ViteM altissima
V = 0.289 - 2.653 0 + 11.771 0 2 •
10. Oios P-~ melano!<tl.Q.n
V = 0.024814 - 0.578532 0 + 6.110170 D2.
11. Boswellia serrata
V = - 0.076369 + 0.710215 0 + 0.497600 0 2 + 11.38700 0 3 •
12. Grewia tiliaefoLia
V = 0.070 - 1.295 D + 9.429 0 2 •
13. Santalum album
V = 0.058 4.598 0 3 •
14. Hardwickia binnata
V = 0.058 + 4.598 0 3 •
15. Rest of the species
V = 0.088183 - 1.490948 D + 8.984266 D2.
[Where 0 = Diameter at breast height in metre over bark.
V = Volume (excluding bark) in m3 )J
3.3 ENUMERATED TREE VOLUME AND PLOT VOLUME:
By feeding the data of diameter at breast height over bark of
20
each enumerated tree in the volume equation, the individual tree volume
of that particular species in a plot was found. By simple summatioin the
total volume of all ihe trees in the plot is determined. By addiqg the
plot volume of all the plots in each strata (forest type) and by dividing
by the tota} number of plots so surveyed we arrived at the average volume
per plot. By multiplying the average volume per plot by a f~ctor of ten
we got the volume per ha. in that strata. This data was stored in the
tree/plot volume file.
3.4 STAND TABLE:
The elements of the tree/plot volume file we r e utilized to classify
the tree by species, diameter, crop composition etc. The estimates of
the number of stems per ha. and total stems by species, diameter classes
were obtained for each crop compositioin and was given in computer out
put.
3.5 STOCK TABLES:
The estimates of volume per hectare and total volume by species and
diameter classes were obtained for each crop composition from the
tree/plot volumi file and were given in computer output.
3.6 STANDARD ERRORS:
In order to estimate the sampling error, the sample was consid
ered of unequal size, since in many grids only one plot was enumerated.
Therefore, ratio method of estim~ting sampling error has been used.
21
• n
x = 1/n r x~ = Average No of plots per Grid 1-1
n
r y~ Estimate of average vol :1.-1 per hectare over
R = = all Gri ds. n
r X~ :1.-1 .
Estimate of Variance of R
1 n a n "'8 n s: V(R) = Y:I. - 2R r X~Y:I. + R r X:l.
-2
n (n-1) X
Estmate of the Standard Error (SE) of R
SE = } VCR)
SE SE I. = * 100
where
n = Total No of ')rids in the sample.
Y'/,. = Sum of the pe r Hectare volume / stem in the ith grid i • e • the sum of per hec volume/stem of each plot in that tJ rid. ( pe r hectare volume/stem is calculated by summin'J the vol/stem of each tree in a plot then multiplying it by 10. )
X", = Number of plots in the i't.h grid .
Standard errors have been estimated,for the growing stock in
22
each forest type and over the entire area irrespective of the strata.
3.7
3.7.1
BAM B 0 O~
ARE A:
The occurrence of bamboo was examined in an area of about 2 ha.
around the plot centre and its density and quality were recorded in the
plot description form. By.applying the area weight of the plot, the area
under bamboo was estimated. Area under each quality bamboo was also
estimated from the number of p~ots falling in each quality.
3.7.2 CLUMPS PER HECTARE:
The bamboo clumps 6cocurring in each sample plot were enumerated
by species and diameter of the clump. This information was utilized for
assessing the number of clumps per ha. by species and clump s ize class.
Separate estimate for each species were obtained. To estimate the number
of clumps per ha. in each quality and clump si2e class, the data of plot
description forms and plot enumeration forms were merg~d together.
3.7.3 CULMS PER CLUMP:
In every eighth clump starting with the first clump in a sample
plot the number of culms by age and soundness was enumerated and record-
ed. The culms were further classified by culm diameter class. This
information was used for estimating the number of culms per clump in
different classes.
3.7.4 CULMS PER HECTARE:
The estimates of the number of clumps per ha. and the number of
23
culms per clump gives the number of culms per he. under different classes
of each species.
3.7.5 TOTAL NUMBER OF CULMS:
The estimates of the number of culms per hectare and the extent
of area under specific quality classes gives the total number of bamboo
culms in the inventoried area.
3.7.6 BAMBOO STOCK:
Weight of the utilizable length of green culms of diameter 2 to
5 cm. 5 to a em.,a em. and above, were recorded by felling bamboo culms
from the first clump in each plot. Average green weight of a culm was
thus obtained in above diameter classes for ~ach species. Only two
species Bambusa arundinacea and Dendrocalamus strictus were found
in Mysore District.
The following correlation factors were used for various, catego
ries of culms to find out green weight of the bamboo culms.
Dry Sound Culm = 1/2 Green Sound Culm.
Dry Damaged Culm = 1/4 Green Sound Culm.
Green Damaged Culm = 1/2 Green Sound Culm.
Decayed Culm = O.
Applying the above factors to the green weight of bamboo culms
and the total number of culms, the total bamboo stock (green weight) was
estimated.
24
3.7.7 DRY WEIGHT EGUIVALENT OF BAMBOO STOCK:
Green weight of all the three 30 cms. pieces obtained from the
top. middle and basal parts of utilizable culm of each species was re
corded to the nearest 5 gms. for different diameter classes. Air dry
weight (after 90 days or when the air dry weight of samples became con
stant) of the corresponding three pieces of each diameter class was
taken. Utilizing this, ~ factor for dry weight correlation was de-
veloped. Using this factor, green tonnage was c6nverted into dry ton-
nage.
25
CHAPTER -IV .
RESULTS OF THE INVENTORY
4.0 The results of the inventory have been presented here.
4.1 LAND USE PATTERN:
Utilization of the forest land and their extent under various
categories were estimated by the total number of sample plots falling in
that category multiplied by area weightage.
The details of land use pattern in the Surveyed area of Mysore
district can be summarized as follows:
Table No. ·1
S.N. L a n d u s e No. of Area in Percental.;Je plots. km~.
·1 2 3 4 5
1. Dense Tree Forests 79 798.69 20.20
2. Moderately Dense Tree 164 ·1658.04 4 ·1 .94· Forests.
3. Open Tree 68 687.48 17.39
4. Scrub Forests ·15 151.65 3.84
5. Young crop of forestry spp.29 293.19 7.42
6. Govt. grass lands 2 20.22 0 . 51
7. Barren lands 2 20.22 0.5·1
S. AI] rio land without tree 8 80.88 2.05 in surrounding.
26
LAND USE PA T ,. E R 1\1
,/ ~ / \
: I ,
\
I:" \y
I. Habitation 0·26 °/0 2 . Govt . Grau lands 0·51 °/0 3 . Bor ren land. O ' ~I -/0 4 Youn9 Plant 0 ti Dna 1·02 0/. 5 . Wo ter Bodies 1·28 ./. S . Aari . land without tree In aurround 2·05 ""I. ." Aori lond wit h trt. III ,urrollnd :3 ,07 ·1. S. Scrub Fortsta 3· 94 "I .. 9 . YOII"Q crop of for.~lry ·"P. 7 '''l? "'/~
I " ,"1 I' fll' tr ... 1 "~9 "1. I I. Dense tree forests ?.0·20 °/. 12. M odp! r a hi)' Dense t ' : 1 e foro sh '11 ' 94 °/ ..
~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 2 3 4 5
#
9. Agri. land with tree '12 '121.32 3.07 in surrounding.
10. Habitation 1 10.11 0.26
11. Water Bodies 5 50.55 -1.28
12. Young Plantations 4 40.44 1.02
TOTAL 391 3953.01 100.00
Out of 391 plots, 20 plots pertain to agri. lands. one plot each
to habitation and barren land outside the R.F./P.F. boundary. Thus, the
net forest area is represented by 369 plots equal to 3730.59 km2. which
is 94.37% of the area surveyed.
Net forest area is further classified into various categories
which is given in the following Table <Table-2).
Table No.2.
S.N. Net Forest Area No. of Area in Percentae plots kme.
1. Dense Tree Forests 79 798.69 21.41
2. Moderately Dense Tree 164 1658.04 44.44
Forests. 3. Open Tree forests 68 687.48 18.43
4. Scrub Forests -15 '15".65 4.07
27
S.N. Net Forest Area No. of Area in Percentae plots KmE!.
5. 8aITIboo brakes 2 20.22 0.54
6. Young crop of forestry spp.29 293.19 7.86
7. Govt. Grass Lands 2 20.22 0.54-
B. Barren Lands '1 '10.11 0.27
9. Water Bodi.es 5 50.55 1.36
'10. Young Plantations 4 40.44 1.08
Total 369 3730.59 100.00
From the above it is clear that the dense tree forest. mod~rate-
ly dense tree forest constitutes 65.85/. of the total net forest area.
Thus, 65.85/. of the area is having crown density varying from 30/. to 70%
and above.
It is also observed that the sc~ub forest categories constitute
about 4.07/. of the net tree forest which are subjected to heavy biotic
interference.
About 1B.43/. of thw net forest area falls under the category of
open forest with crown density varying from 51. to 291..
Out of 3730.59kmE!.of net forest ar~a. the tree forestEd areas
constitute 3498.06 km~.r the details are given in the following table.
28
S.N.
1 • 2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
Tree forested area
Dense Tree forests Moderately Dense t r·ee forests. Open tree Bamboo brakes Youn.~ crop of forestry Yo un';:) plantations
TOTAL
Table No.3
No. of plots.
79 164
68 2
spp.29 4
346
Area in kmZ!.
798.69 1658.04
687.48 20.22
293. '19 40.44
3498.06
It is clear from the above table that -
Average
22.83' 47.40
'19.65 0.58 8.38 1. '16
100.00
i) the major tree forested area constitutes the moderately dense forest accounting to 47.4-1. ;
ii) 22.831. of the tree forest area constitutes dense tree forest having the crown density 70X and above
iii) majority of the young crop of forestry species and young planta tion constituting 9.51. of the tree forest area are having ~eak as a main species.
The division-wise break up of net forest area and tree forest area <wooded area) is given in Table 4 & 5.
Table No.4
S.N. Net forest area division No. of Percentage wise. Plots
, HUNSUR
1 . Dense tree forest 2 20.22 9.52 2. Moderately dense tree 10 101. '10 47 . 62
forests. 4. Scrub forests 2 20.22 9.52 5. Bamboo forests 2 20.22 9.52 b. Barren lands 1 10.11 4.76 7. Young plantations 1 10.11 4.7b
TOTAL 2'1 99.99
29
MYSORE
1. Dense tree forests. 16 16'1 . 76 40.00 2. Moderately dense t ... ee 13 '131.43 32.50
forests. 3. Open t re'e forests 3 30.33 7.50 4. Youn l;} crop of forestry 6 60.66 15.00
species. 5. Water Bodies. 2 20.22 5.00
TOTAL 40 100.00
CHAMRAJANAGARA
1. Dense tree forests . '14 '14 '1.54 29.17 2. Moderately dense tree 13 '13 '1.43 27.08
forests. 3. Open tree forests 7 70.77 4.58 4. Scrub forests 2 20.22 4.17 5. Young crop of forestry 10 10 '1.10 20.83
species. 6. YounlJ plantations. 2 20.22 4.17
• TOTAL 48 100.00
f(OLLEGAL
1 • Dense tree forests. 22 222.42 12.36 2. Moderately dense tree 94 950.34 52.8'1
forests. 3. Open tree forests. 45 454.95 25.28 4. Scrub forests 8 80.88 4.49 5. Young crop of forestry 3 30.33 1.69
species. 6. Govt.Grass Lands. 2 20.22 1.12 7. Water bodies. 3 30.33 1.69 8. Youn.;} plantations 1 10.11 0.56
TOTAL 178 100.00
BANDIPUR TIGER PROJECT
1 • Dense tree forests. 25 252.75 30.49 2. Moderately dense tree 34 343.74 41.46
forests. 3. Open tree forests 10 '101.10 12.20 4. Scrub forests. 3 30.33 3.66 5. Young crop of forestry 10 101.10 12.20
species.
TOTAL 82 100.01
GRAND TOTAL 369 3730.59
30
Table No.5
S.N. FOi"est Divisi,on No. of Area in Percentage (Wooded area) plots. kmP..
1. H U N S U R 18 181.98 5.20 2. M y S 0 R E 38 384.18 10.98 3. CHAMRAJANAGAR 46 465.06 13.29· 4. KOLLEGAL '165 '1668. '15 47.69 5. Bandipur Tiger Project 79 798.69 22.83
TOTAL 346 3498.06 99.99
31
4.2 LEGAL STATUS:
97.56% of the net forest area comprises of Reserve Forest and
National Park. Only 0.54 X are Protected Forest and 1.90% are Unclassed
Forests.
The break up of the forest area as per legal status is given in
the table-6.
Table No.6
S.N. LelJal Status No. of Area in Percentage plots. kme.
1. Reserved Forests 243 2456.73 65.85 2. Protected Forests 2 20.22 0.54 3. Unclassed Forests 7 70.77 1.90 4. National Park ·1 ·17 1182.87 3·1.71
TOTAL 369 3730.59 ·100.00
4.3 The data regarding terrain and soil are recorded for the net
forest area (e:{cluding water bodies in forest area) whereas data such as
crop composition. top height, size class. intensity of regeneration etc.
are recorded for the plots falling in actual tree forest area.
4.4 TOPOGRAPHY OF THE FOREST AREA:
Majority of the forest area are found to be hilly and very
hi 11 y'. 49.18% of the ar&a comes under hilly category and 10.75% under
32
very hilly category. 39.29X of the area having gently rolling terrain
and only 0.B2X of the area is flat. The ct-etails of break up is 'Jiven in
the table-7.
Table No.7
S.No. General topo']raphy No. of Area in Percentage plots. km2!!.
1 . Flat 3 30.33 0.82
2. Gently rollin'] 143 ·1445.73 39.29
3. Hilly 179 1809.69 49.18
4. Very Hilly 39 394.29 ·10.71
TOTAL 364 36BO.04 100.00
~ • 5 ROCK INESS :
The following table shows the status of rockiness in the forest area:
Table No.8
S.No. Rockiness No. of plots Area in km2. Percentage
1 • Hi']h 2 20.22 0.55
2. MediulTI 43 434.73 ·11.81
3. Low ·150 1516.50 41.2 ·1
4. No rock ·169 ·170B.59 46.43
33
46.43% of the area falls under the category of NO ROCK and
41.21 % of the area is LOW ROCKY. It inliicates that sufficient soil
cover exists in the surveyed area which can support forest cover.
4.6 STATE OF SOIL:
Soil depth, texture. consistency, humus, erosion status ,and
coarse fragments indicate the state of soil in the forest area.
4.6.1 SOIL DEPTH:
61.26% of the forest area is covered with medium and deep soil
which indicates that it has potential to support deep rooted forest
species.
Nearly 38.713% is covered with shallow and very s hallow soil
which can support shellow rooted species.
The details of areas covered under various soil d~pth categories
are given in the following table:
Table No.9
S.No. Soil de pth No. of plots Area in kml!!.
1 • Very shalloow 22 222.42 6.04
2. Shallow 1 '19 '1203.09 32.69
3. Medium 178 1799.58 48.90
4. Deep 45 454.95 12.36
"
TOTAL 363 680.04 99.99
~,
34
o • . .., E • ... ;: 3
iii
" D
o • o <:>
» Q
C
ii
'~ .' . __ -, .. - I
I
1>
z
Cl ~ >
•
--- " VI
." n ... r
'"
.? o _0
o o o
o "'T1
(J) C :;0
< fT1 -< fT1 o l> :;0 fT1 >
:J: o ~ Z C)
(J) o F o fT1 -0 -i X
(')
rl> (J) CJ) fT1 (J)
4.6.2
pattern:
S.No.
1 •
2.
3.
4.
4.6.3
The
fo11·0 ..... 5:
B.No.
1 •
2.
3.
SOIL TEXTURE:
The texture of soil found in the forest area shows the following
Soil tel<ture
Clayey
C 1 aye y lOc'lff,
Loam
Sandy loam
TOTAL
SOIL CONSISTENCY:
Table No. 10.
No. of plots
63
233
28
40
364
Area in km2,
636.93
2355.63
283.08
404.40
• 3680.04
Percenta'Je
17.31
64.01
7.69
-10.99
100.00
pattern" of soil consistency in the forest area is as
Soil consistency
Friable
Slightly compact
Compact
TOTAL
35
No. of plots
5
297
62
364
Area in km:e.
50.55
3002.67
626.82
3680.04
Percenta'Je
1.37
81.59
17.03
99.99
Majority of the area comes undef slight compact category with
81.59% followed by compact soil type with 17.03%.
4.6.4 HUM U S:
Majority of the area are devoid of humus layer which is clear
from the following table:
S.No.
1 •
2.
3.
4.
H u IT! U S
Shallow
Medium
Deep
No humus
TOTAL
Tabl e No. '12
No. of plots Area in kme.
131 1j24.41
59 596.49
9 90.99
165 1668.15
364 3680.04
36,
Percentage
35.99
16.2 '1
2.47
45.33
'100.00
4.6.5 EROSION STATUS:
Erosion status of the forest area is indicated by the foll owing
table:
Table No. -q
S.No. Soil Erosion No. of plots Area in km:l!. Per centage
-1. Heavy -16 -161.76 4.40 2. Moderate 1-18 1192.98 32.42 3. Mild 157 1587.27 43.13 4. No erosion 73 738.03 20. 05
TOTAL 364 3680.04 100.00
It is seen that erosion occurring in the forest area is of mild
(43.13%) and mode r ate type (32.42%) and as seen that small percentage of
the forest area (4.40%) is heavily eroded. In 20.05% of the area there
is no erosion.
4.6.6 COARSE FRAGMENTS:
Coarse fragments is absent in 44.51% of the forest area. State
of coarse fragments is indicated in the following table:
37
I l-L
~
.. :: 0-"
~ ~
n :r 0 --. " • ;:
J:
...
r
z > "0
C
~ .. ~
" 0
" ...
:\ \
J:
" ... .. a .
:c <It . !!. " .. .... '"
~
g ..
, _" \ ,.
I
--j "> !:
<:> '" ~ ;; ;
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.. " " Do
j '<
I ~ I I I I I I ,
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.. ~
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I I
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I:'~~ /,. ~'\"i ';"r:--
;t \- 'Z.I,"~ _,
' ;~r;rl . ., ,-' .. ; __ . ~ .'1 "
~'I:, '. ~
7
'.?
..#C
1-
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(5 Z
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-6
, L I ~-
l
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Table No. 14
Coarse fragme'nts No. of plots
Loose stones 21
Bouldery 93
Gravely 88
No coarse fragments 162
TOTAL 364
4.7 ACCESSIBILITY OF THE AREA:
2'12.31
940.23
889.68
1637.82
3680.04
5.77
25.55
24.51
44.51
100.0'1
94.23% of the area is having access to the road within 5 kms.
from the forest. Due to accessibility within 5 kms. working ope r ation
can be smoothly handled. The following table indicates the e xten t of the
area covered under different accessibility zone.
S.No.
1 •
2.
3.
4.
5.
Distance to Road
Distance '1 KM
Distance 1 & 3 KM
Distance 3 & 5 KM
Distance 5 & 7 KM
Distance 7 & 10 KM
Tabl e No. -15
No. of plots
38
165
132
46
'12
5
Area in km2 •
-1668 . 15
-1334.52.
465.06
'12-1.32
50.55
45.33
36 . 26
12.64
3.30
1.37
S.No. Distance to Road No. of plots Area in km2!.
6. Distance 10 & 15 KM 3 30.33 0.82
7. Not applicoable 1 -10.1 -1 0.27
TOTAL 364 3680.04 99 . 99
4.8 ORIGIN OF STAND:
95% of the forest arcia is natural forest of seed or i gin and . 4.62% of forest area is covered under Man-made forest. It is also seen
that natural forest of coppice origin is almost negligible in this area .
T~e extent of area covered under different categories is given
below:
Table No. 16
S.No. Origin of stnad No. of plots Area in km2!. Percentage
1. Natural forest of 329 3326.19 95.09 seed orb~in.
2. Natural forest of 1 -10.1'1 0.29 coppice orilJin.
3. Man-made forest -16 '161.76 4.62
TOTAL 346 3498.06 100.00
39
4.9 CROP COMPOSl~ION:
The break up of crop composition is given below:
S.No.
1 •
2.
3.
Crop composition
Teak
Bamboo Forest
Miscellaneous
TOTAL
Table No. 17
No. of plots
15
2
329
346
Area in km2!:.
151.65
20.22
3326.19
3498.06
Percentage
4.34
0.58
95.09
'100.0'1
95.09% of the forest cover is of .miscellaneous type. In the
miscellaneous type teak is present in good proportion. 4.34% of the area
is teak forest in which Teak is more than 20% in the crop composition.
Pure bamboo forest is negligible although bamboo is one of the
important species which is extracted in the Mysore district.
4. '10 CANOPY LAYER:
The area covered under various categories of canopy layer is
indicated in the following table:
40
· Table No.18
S.No. Canopy layer~storey No. of plots Area in kml!. Percentc.ge
1 • No storey 33 333.63 9.54
2. One storeged forest 125 1263.75 36. '13
3. Two storeyed forest 181 1829.91 52.31
4. Three or more storeyed 7 70.77 2.02
TOTAL 346 3498.06 100.00
Majority of the crop (52.31%)i5 two storeyed crop. 9.54% of the
area is having young crop in ~hich canopy formation has not taken place.
4 •. , ., SIZE CLASS:
The trees in the sample plots were categorised according to
the i r tim b e rut iIi t Y . The d iff ere n.t s i z e cl ass e sad opt e din the pre 5 e n t
study depending upon predominance of diameter classes are as follows:
Diameter class
a. Re'Jeneration '10 em.
h. Pole crop 10-20 cm.
c. Sma 11 timber 20-30 em.
d. Big timber 30 em. and above.
e. Mixed size class Tree crop with no marked domination
of any size class.
The following table shows the crop of ·different size classes and
extent of areas represented by them.
41
" • • ;;-
I: ;; .. • iI " • o c ·
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--l
J>
CD • ~ or .. ..
31:
r
Z
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0
c
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,. .. " '" c ... .."
" " '" a. ~ ~ '-C
,. '" z n
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IE I ~
~
W
;:<;
0
0
J>
Cl
c
o .... .. ~ (....-; " a. ... c ,, ) ~ ~
s:
J>
z
0
-<
J>
. .. , :::-..
'" n ,.. r
'"
.?' 0 _0
0 0 0
. .. " ;0-
. -
<fl
<fl
n r > (J) (J)
fT1 (J)
0
"'" (J)
C :;0
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· Table No. 19
S.No. Size class No. of plots Area in kml'!:. Percental,]e
1 • Regeneration 37 374.04 10.69
2. Pole crop ·127 ·1283.97 36.71
3. Small t i mbe r 84 849.24 24.28
4. Big tilTlber 36 363.96 10.40
5. Mi:<ed size class 62 626.82 17.92
TOTAL 346 3498.06 100.00
It is seen that pole crop is occupying 36.71% while sm~ll timbe r
occupies only 24.28. 10.69 % comes under the r~generation class.
4.12 TOP HEIGHT:
The top height is arrived by taking the average height of domi-
nant trees occurring in the plot or in the surrounding area of 2 ha.
The following table indicates the distribution of the crop area
under different top height classes:
42
Table No.20
S.No. Top height No. of plots Area in kme. Percentage
1 • 0001-0005 M 20 202.20 5.78
2. 0006-00'10 M 108 '109'1.88 31.21
3. 0011-0015 M 114 1152.54 32.95
4. 00'16-0020 M 5'1 515.6 '1 14.74
5. 0021-0025 M 34 343.74 9.83
6. 0026--0030 M 18 181.98 5.20
7. 0031-0040 M '1 10. '11 0.29
TOTAL 346 3498.06 100.00
It is seen from the above that forest is three storeyed in which
lower storey ranges from 1 to 10 m. consisting of 37% of th e crop, t he
middle storey ranging from 11 to 25 m. con~tituting 57.5% and the top
canopy rangin'J from 26 to 40 m. constitutin,,;J about 5.51. of the crop.
4.13 REGENERATION STATUS:
Regeneration status for economically important species wa s
considered. Established re'Jeneration of all sample trees (dia!1'leter of 2
to 10 em. at breast height) in a plot of 4 M x 4 M laid at the centre of
the sample plot was counted. The different categories a r e -
43
S.N.
1 •
2.
3.
S tat u s
Ad~quate
Inadequate
Absent
Regene' ration
8 or more seedlings.
Upto 8 seedlings.
No regeneration.
The following table shows the intensity of regeneration in the
surveyed area:
Table No.2-1
S.No. Intensity of regeneration No. of plots Area in km~. Percentage
1 . Adequate 42 424.62 -12.14
2. Inadequate 220 2224.20 63.58
3. Absent 7 1 7-17.81 20.52
4. Not recorded 13 13-1.43 3 . 76
TOTAL 346 3498.06 -100 . 00
It is seen that vast extent of forest a~e~ i.e . 84.10% of the
area is either having inadequate regeneration or devoid of any regenera
tion. Only 12.14% of the forest area is having adequate regeneration.
44
4. '14 INJURY TO CROP:
The extent o~ forest area subjected to various kind of injuries
is indicated below:
S.No. Injuries to crop No. of plots Area in kme. Percentage
'1 • Girdling and illicit '115 1162.65 33.24 fe11in'J.
2. Lappin,] for fodder 7 70.77 2.02
3. Other injuries 76 768.36 21 . 97
4. No i nj ury '148 1496.28 42.77
TOTAL 34·6 3498.06 100.0
42.77% of the area is not subjected to any kind of injury. This
may be due to the fact that such areas are fal1 .ing under National Parks or
Sanctuary where strict restrictions are being implemented.
33.24% of the forest area is subj~cted to girdling and illicit
felling which amount to about 1/3 of the forest area. In the catego r ies
rif other injuries constituting 21.97%, it may be due to wild life dam-
ages.
4. '15 FIRE INCIDENCE:
The details of the forest covered under fire incidence are
indicated below.
45
Table NQ.23
S.No. Fire incidence No. of plots Area in kmE, Percentage
1. Heavy 3 30.33 0.87
2. Moderate 18 ·18·1.98 S.20
3. Light ·177 1789.47 S·l • ·16
4. No fire 148 1496.28 42.77
~ TOTAL 396 3498.06 100.00
Major portion of the forest area comes under deciduous and moist
deciduous type where fire occurrence is common. In most of the forest
only ground fire takes place which amount to light in the nature. Such
areas are accounting to 51.16%. In 42.77% of the area no fire incidence
was noticed which may be due to strict regUlations in National Parks and
Sanctuaries forming bulk of area in the district.
4.16 GRAZING INCIDENCE:
The following table shows the grazing incidence in the forest
area.
Table No, 24
S.No. Grazing incidence No of plots Area in kmE • Percentage
1. Heavy 61 616.7 ·1 17.63
2. Moderate 49 495.39 14.16
3. Light 103 1041 .. 33 29.77
4. No I)razinl) ·133 1344.63 38.44
TOTAL 346 3498.06 100.00
46
.. . t .
z 0
~ Q .. ;-...
~ i ~ :z: ~ --. 0 • ;:
$
0
r-;; !
r
z i> o c
:! .. ~
\
'" 0 0 ...
I
C :z: ~ 0 . :! .. 0 . < ;-...
0 ... . ;-Q. ... . ,. n • . (
--- --
~ III a • n ... 0 '" IT c
'" 0 '" ..., " ... '" ~
fT1 ... '" ~ '" ... z (')
'" I
i i ,
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0
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l>
II Gl
c
CD
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o
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. . .. ;
.. ... ., -.. .
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.'1' 0 0
0 0 0
0 r-J> (J) (J) JT1 (J)
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(J) c: ;:u < ITt ~ ITI C
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~ J> "'0 (J) ::I: 0 ~ z G')
G') ::0
~ Z G')
z o C ITI Z o rr1
I
k
~
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it is seen that grazing in different intensities occurs in
61.55% of the area, out of which 17.63% of the area is heavily grazed.
Grazing has a direct impact on the regeneration status. It also render s
the soil compact. Intensity of grazing is heavier in Kollegal Forest
Division ~nd portion of Mysore and Hunsur Divisions nearer to habitation.
4. '17 PRESENCE OF WEEDS:
In 99.42% of forest area occurrence of weeds was noticed. The
following table indicate the presence of weeds in the area.
Table No.25
S.No. Presence of weeds No. of plots Area in km~.
'1- Very dense 48 485.28 13.87
2. Dense 98 990.78 28.32
3. Moderate 87 879 . 57 25.14·
4. Scanty '111 '1 '122.2'1 32.08
5. Absent 2 20.22 0.58
TOTAL 346 3498.06 99.99
47
4.18 PRESENCE OF GRASS:
In 97.69% of the area presence of grass was noticed. In 47.11%,
presence was scanty. The details of area in which presence ~f grass was
noticed are given below:
S.No.
L
2.
3.
4.
5.
4.19
Presence of grass
Very dense
Dense
Moderate
Scanty
Absent
TOTAL
PLANTATION POTENTIAL:
Tab 1 e' NOt. 26.
No. of Plots
35
47
93
'163
8
346
Area ·in KmR • Percentage
353.85 10.12
475.17 13.58
940.23 26.88
1647.93 47.11
80.88 2.31
3498.06 100.00
Plantation potential in the entire forest land was assessed by
considering the land class to which the sample plot laid out belongs.
While deciding this, other factors such as as~ect, soil depth, drainage,
crap in surrounding area and other biotic, climatic factors were consid
ered. All those forests where the crown density is 30% or more, planta
tion potentil is not of any significance and such area has been put under
'Not applicable' category. The following table gives the plantation
48
potential in the forest area.
Table No. 27.
S.No. Plantation potential No. of plots Area in kme. Percentage
1 • Plantable 71 717.81 19.51
2. Unplantable 11 111.21 3.02
3. Not applicable 282 2851.02 77.47
TOTAL 364 3680.04 100.00
The table shows that 19.51% of the area admeasuring 717.81 km~. is
having potential for plantation which should be given consideration wh ile
preparing the future plan.
The enrichment plantations are being attempted in some of those
areas also where crown density is above 30%.
4.20 STATE OF FOREST (Degradation):
The e~{tent of degradation of the forest area was judged from two
angles, one is based upon the natural calamities such as landslide, ,
flood, rainfall etc. and other is based upon human factors like grazing,
fire, pol larding, illicit cutting and topping.
The following table indicates the status of the forest in both
the categories.
49
Table No. 28
S.No. De'Jraded forests (due No. of plots Area in km2!. Percenta'Je to human factors)
1 . Heavily degraded 39 394.29 ·11.27
2.. Moderately degraded 40 404.40 11 . 56
3. Mildly degraded 85 859 . 35 24.57
4. Not de.]raded 182 1840.02 52.60
TOTAL 346 3498.06 100.00
Table No. 29
S.No. De9raded forests (due No. of plots Area in kml!. Percentage to natural calamities).
1 • Moderately degraded 2 20.22 0.58
2. Mildly de.Jraded 47 475.17 13.58
3. Not degraded 297 3002.67 85.84
TOTAL 346 3498.06 100.00
It is seen that about half of the area is not degraded by human
interference. This may be due to the fact that regulations are strictly
enforced in the National Park and Sanctuary areas.
It is seen that the natural calamities have not affected the
forest area considerably and about 861. of the area is not degraded.
50
4.21 OCCURRENCE OF BAMBOO:
4.21.1 BAMBOO DENSITY:
The following table indicates the density tif bamboo in the
forest area:
Table No.30.
S.No. Bamboo density No. of plots Area in km2:. Percentage
1 2 3 4 5
1 • Pure bamboo 1 10.11 0.29 2. Very dense 6 60.66 1.73 3. Dense 13 '131.43 3.76 4. Moderately liens e 14 141.54 4.05 5. Scattered 20 202.20 5.78 6. Sparse 52 525.72 15.03 7. Bamboo present but clumps 5 50.55 '1.45
completely hacked by people.
8. No bamboo 209 2'112.99 60.40 9. Regeneration crop 26 262.86 7.57
TOTAL 346 3498.06 100.00
60.40% of the forest area is devoid of bamboo. The area covered
under the bamboo is 1385.07 km2. out of which 262.86 km2:. is regeneration
crop. Occurrence of bamboo is mostly sparse and scattered. Only about 6%
of the forest area is having dense bamboo
4.21.2 BAMBOO QUALITY:
The bamboo areas were classified into bamboo site quality
classes. For the purpose, the average of measurements of tallest culms
51
occurring in 2 ha. were taken into account. Quality classes were deter-
mined as per the average height in the following manner.
Quality class Average culm height
1
11
III
6 metre or more for Dendrocalamus strictus. 14 metre or more for Bambusa arundinacea.
4 metres or mor~ but less than 6 metres for Dendrocalamus strictus. 10 metres or more
but less than 14 metres forBambusa arundinacea.
2 metres or more but less than 4 metres for Dendrocalamus strictus.
2 metres and more but less than 10 metres for Bambusa arundinacea.
The following table gives the occurrence of bamboo in different
quality classes in the forest area.
Table No.31
S.No. Bamboo quality No. of plots Area in km2 • Percenta'Je
'1 • First 75 758.25 54.74 2. Second 12 121.32 8.76 3. Third 24· 242.64 17.52 4. Not applicable 26 262.86 '19.98
(Re'Jeneration crop)
TOTAL '137 1385.07 '100.00
It is seen that majority of the area covered under bamboo con-
tains quality-I bamboo which comes to 54.74% . Percentage of quality II & III comes to 8.76%, 17.52% respectively. 19.98% area is having regeneration crop only.
52
I
I - !
I z !
- 0 :" ~ . '" . 0
0-" n ;;
;; 0 ... ;;
I
I
!I }
I
~ ,.. A.
f _,-'- r;" ..... . ..
;
r
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o c
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n , ... . 0
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l -\__ \ -, '"
Co '~ '.
, -
T z :; .. ~
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c
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I
~.
,-,' o 1 ~-o ~fr N-J !'-' ! : 1-. " 0 '-- , -
o "
z
o
-<
" '" 7-o ., o
~ o
II> o ,.. ,... '"
_uo o
_o o o o
u ~
o .... ..
~ ~
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o Z .." Ci)
(/) CD C ~ :0 ~ < CD fT'I 0 -< 0 fT'I o 0 ~ C :0 ~ fT'I r ~ =t
-< o o r ~ (/) (/) fT'I (/)
.. 0 _
0_
. .. .
4.21.3 ~AMBOO FLOWERING:
Flowering has not occurred in 86.861. of the bamboo area while in
13.141. of the area. sporadic flowering was noticed. The following table
indicates the flowering status:
S.No. Bamboo flowering
Sporadic
No flowering
TOTAL
4.21.4 BAMBOO REGENERATION:
Table No. 32
No. of plots Area in krnR •
18 181.98
119 1203.09
137 1385.07
Percenta ge
13.14
86.86
100.00
The following table indicates the regeneration status of bamboo
in the forest area.
Table No.33
S.No. Bamboo regeneration No. of plots Area in kmR Percenta'_;je
1 • Dense 1 10.11 0.73
2. Medium 30 303.30 21.90
3. Scattered 92 930.12 67.15
4. Absent 14 141.54 10.22
TOTAL 137 1385.07 100.00
53
It is seen that in 67.15% of the bamboo are~7 regeneration is
scattered and in 21.90% of the area is covered with medium regeneration.
Only 0.73% of the area is having dense regeneration. Regeneration is
absent in 10.221. of the area.
4.22 GROWING STOCK:
4.22.1 GROWING STAND (STEM):
• The following table gives the number of stems in various categories as
indicated below:
S.N.
'1 •
2.
3.
Crop composition.
Teak
Bamboo
Miscellaneous.
TOTAL
No. of sample points.
15
2
329
346
Table No. 34
Area in . sq. km.
151.65
20.22
3326.19
3498.06
Stem/ha.
2'18.667
75.00
164.62
'166.445
Total No. of stems .
3316080
151650
54755760
58223490
Percentage
5.70
0.26
94.04
100.00
The total number of stems in the tree forest area is 5,82,23,490
with an average of about 166 stem per hectare. 941. of the crop falls
under miscellaneous category.
The following table gives the number of stems/ha. and total
number of stems of each species present in the Mysore forest:
54
S I. No. NalTle of species
1. Anogeissus latifolia 2. Terminalia crenulata 3. Tectona grandis 4. Hardwic~ia binata 5. Grewia tieliaefolia 6 Pterocarpus marsupium 7. Dalbergia latifolia 8. Terminalia paniculata 9. Boswellia serrata 10. Diospyros melanoxylon 11. Schleichera triJuga/oleosa
Table No.-35
No. of Stem/haM
33.410 13.353 10.607
12. Lage~stroemia lanceolata
9.19-1 6.185 5.434 3.584 2. -139 2.023 0.54·9 0.520 0.318 0."1-16 0.029
13. Santalum album 14. ViteK altissima 15. Rest of species 78.988
TOTAL
Total no. of stem.
'1'1687'160 4670820 3710370 3214·980 2163540 1900680 '1253640 748140 707700 192090 18'1980 '11'1210 40440 '10'110
27630630
58223490
Percentage
20.07 8.02 6.37 5.52 3.72 3.26 2. '15 1.29 1.22 0.33 0.3" 0.19 0.07 0.02
47.46
100.00
The three species Anogeissus latifolia, Tectona grandis and
Terminalia crenulata comprise one third of the total growing stand. Out
of 5,82,23,490 stems, Anogeissus latifolia has a tally of 1,16,87,160,
(20.9%) Teak 37,10,37(6.37%) and Terminalia crenulata has 46,70,820
(8.02%). Out of toal 66.445 stem/ha, 33.41 stems belong to Anol~eissus
latifolia, 13.353 to Terminalia crenulata and 10.60 to Tectona grandis. ~
68.67% of the crop falls in the diameter class 10-20 cm. and 86.71% of
the crop is distributed upto 25-30 cm. diameter class.
The sandalwood population in the district is 0.07% of the total
number of stems. The total number of stems comes to AO,440 according to
the survey which are of 10 cms. diameter and above. The diameter class .. wise details have been enclosed in Annexure-I & II.
55
The following table indicates the number of stems/ha and total
number of stem in each Forest Division •• oc
Table No. 36
S.N. Forest Division No. of Area in Total No. No. of Pe r centa',;)e sample kml!!. of, stems stems/ plots. ha.
1 . Hunsur 18 181.98 2992560 164.444 5.14
2. Mysore 38 384. -18 7,'329750 -190.789 -12.59
3. Chamrajnagar 46 465.06 7319640 157.39'1 12.57
4. Kollegal '165 -1668.15 25790610 '154.606 44.30
5. Bandipur Tiger 79 Project
798.69 14790930 185.190 25.40
TOTAL 346 3498.06 58223490 166.445 '100.00
The table indicating divisionwise growing stand for ~arious
species in different dia-classes have been enclosed in Annexure-IX &
XVIII.
CROP COMPOSITION - TEAK FOREST:
In Teak stratum, it is found that out of 3316080 stems, Teak has
tally of 940230(28.35'l.) stems followed by.6..rlQ.geisslis latifolia with
738030 stems, Terminalia crenulata with 293190, Dalber',;)ia latifolia with
14-1540 stems. The rest of the species put together constitute about
930120 stems in this stratum (about 28.08'l.). The following table shows
the number of stems and stem/ha species wise in Teak stratum.
56
0 ~
....... .. 2 jJl
" 0 -• at C
• 0 .. CI
"=' c 0
" ~ ....... E • (fJ
zoo
150
loa
~o
IIIYSORt: CHAMA"A"" NAGA .. ICOLLt:gAL .AIIIDtl"UIt (TI, .. prol.of'
DIVISION WISE POSITION OF GROWING STAND a GROWING STOCK
10 Noa. of .tem/he ~-Ic:m.
10 M~ /ha No.of .tem/ha _
Gro"ln9 .tock M3 /ha E3
-.
Table No. 37
S.N. Species NalTle Stem/ha. Total No . Pe I' centa'1e
1 • Tectona grandis 62.000 940230 28.35 2. Anogeissus latifolia 48.667 738030 22.26 3. Terminalia crenulata 19.333 293'190 8.84 4. Oal be r'J ia latifolia 9.333 '14'1540 4.27 5. Grewia tiliaefolia 6.667 101100 3.05 6. Pterocarpus marsupium 5.333 80880 2.44 7. Lagerstroemia lanceoilata 2.667 40440 '1.22 8. Schleichera triju'Ja 2.000 30330 0.91 9. Terminalia paniculata 1 .333 20220 0.61 10. Rest of the s pe c ie,s 61.333 930120 28.08
From the above table it is seen that 50% of the total stems
comprises of Tectona ,grandis and Ano.Jeissus latifolia. The details o f
growing stand in differnet diameter classes have been given in Annexure
III & IV.
About one third of the stems falls in the category of 10-15 ems.
diameter class. 75.6% of the crop is distributed upto 25-30 cms. diame-
tel' classes.
CROP COMPOSITION - BAMBOO FOREST:
In bamboo forest it is found that out of 151650 stems, Oalbergia
latifolia has 70770 stems which is 46.67% of the total stem in bamboo
stratum. Pterocarpus marsupium and Santalum album has each 20220
stems(13.33%) followed by Gr~wia tieliaefolia and Terminalia crenulata
each having 10110 stems (6.67%). The rest of the species put tog~ther
57
constitute about 20220 stems (13.33%) in the stratum.
The following table shows the number of stems per ha. and the
total number of stems of each species in Bamboo stratum
S.N.
." 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Species name
Dalbergia latifolia Grewia tieliaefolia Pterocar~'us marsup'ium Santalum album Terminalia crenulata Rest of the sp'ecies
Table No. 38
No. of stem/ha.
35 5
10 10
5 10
Total Rercentage of stem.
70770 10110 20220 22220 101'10 20220
46.67 6.67
'13.33 13 . 33 6.67
13.33
The details of growing stand in different diameter classes have
been given in Annexure V & VI. The two third of the crop is found to
be in 10-15 ems. diameter class.
CROP COMPOSITION OF MISCELLANEOUS FOREST:
Out of 54755760 stems in the miscellaneous stratum, 20% is Anol_;jeissus
latifolia followed by Terminalia crenulata with 8%. Hardwickia binata
with 5.87% and Tectona grandis with 5.06~.
The species wise number of stems per ha. and total number of
stems in the miscellaneous forest is given below:
S.N.
1 • 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Table No.39
Spesies Name
Anogeissus latifolia Boswellia serrata Dalbergia latifolia Dios~!~ melanoxy-lon Grewia tieliaefol~~ Hardwickia binata Lagerstroemia lanceolata Pte ra caq_;,us marsl1j;~i um SantalulTl album
58
No. of stems/ha
32.918 2.128 3.13'1 0.578 6.170 9.666 0.213 5.410 0.061
Total No. of stems.
10949130 707700
'104 '1330 192090
2052330 32'14980
70770 1799580
20220
20.00 1.29 1.09 0.35 3.75 5.87 0.13 3.29 0.04
10. Schleichera triju'Ja/oleosa 0.456 151650 0.28 11. Tectona ,grandis 8.328 2770140 5.06 12. Terminalia crenulata 13.1'31 4367520' 7.98 13. Terminalia p-aniculata 2.188 727920 '1.33 14. Vi te:< altissima 0.030 10110 0.02 15. Rest of s!;!ecies 80.213 26680290 48.73
The details of growing stand in different diameter Flasses have
been given in Annexure-VII & VIII.
About half of stem (49%) is of the 10-15 cm. ~iameter classes
871. of the crop is distributed upto 25-30 cms. diameter classes.
Anogeissus latifolia is the major species in this stratum
having 32.918 stems per hac
4.22.2 GROWING STOCK (VOLUME>:
Growing stock has been estimated for different crop composition
stratum in terms of volume per hectare and total volume. The following
table indicates the growing stock in different stratum.
S.N.
1 •
2.
3.
Division.
Table No.40
Crop composition.
No. of Area in Volume/hac sample km2. in m3 •
plots.
Teak 15 ' 151.651 102.613
Bamboo 2 20.22 11.02
Miscellaneous 34 3326.19 51.959
TOTAL 346 3498.06 53.918
Total volume in m3 •
Percentage
155613'1 8.25
22281 ' O. '12
17282437 91.63
18860869 100.00
The following table indicates the growing stock in each Forest
59
Table No. 4-1-
S.N. Forest Division No. of Area Tot'al 91"0- Growi n.~ PercentagE! sample in win.] stock stock/ plots. km2!!. (volume) ha. in
in m3. m3 •
-• Is 2 -1 • Hunsur -18 181.98 1007689 55.374 5.34
2. Mysore 38 384.18 308756'1 80.368 16.37
3. Chamrajnagar 46 465 -.06 2433263 52.321 12.90
4. Kollegal -165 -1668. '15 6145256 36.839 32.50
5. Bandipur Ti.]er 79 798.69 6-187101 77.466 32.81 Project.
TOTAL 346 3498.06 18860869 53.9'18 -100.00
After comparing this table with table No.36~ it is found that
although Kollegal Forest Division contains 44.30% of the growing stand of
the district, it has 32.58% of the growing stock in terms of volume,
while Mysore and Bandipur Tiger Project Divisions containing 12.59% and
25.40% of the growing stand respectively have 16.37% and 32.81% of the
total growing sto~k in terms of volume.
This shows that Kollegal Forest Division contains inferior
forest as compared to Mysore and Bandipur Tiger Project Divisions.
The detailS of the Division-wise growing stock of varioius
species in different diameter classes have been given in Annexure-XXVII
to XXXVI.
TOTAL VOLUME AND VOLUME PER HECTARE:
Table No. 42 shows ~he total volume distribution and volume per
hectare in the Mysore district. It show~ that out of total volume of
60
18860869 cu. mtr"., Anogeissus lati.folia has a volume of 3261483 m3 which
is 17.3% followed by Tectona grandis with 13.47% and Terminalia crenulata
with -12.11%.
Table No. 42
S.N. Speci.es Name Total volume Volumel Percental,;je in 11'13. haw
'1. Anogeissus latifolia 3261483 9.324 -17.30 2. Tectona IJl"andis 2540894 7.264 -13.47 3. Terminalia cl"enulata 2284827 6.532 -12. -11 4. Ptel"ocarpus marsupium -1-199992 3.43 6 . 36 5. Hardwickia binata 655064 1.873 3.47 6. Grewia t ,i 1 iaefo 1 ia 629376 1.799 3.34-7. Dalbergia latifolic'l 5'16700 1.477 2.74 8. Schleichera tdju1)a/oleosa 426092 '1.2 '18 2.26 9. Terminal ia paniculata 226283 0.647 '1.20 "10. Boswellia serrata '122197 0.349 0.65 11 • Diospyros melano:<ylon '18548 0.053 O. -10 '12. Lao;}erstroemia lanceolata 90225 0.258 0.48 13. Vi te~( altissima 5586 0.0-16 0.03 14. Rest of the species 6880803 19.670 36.49
The details of the growing stock in various diameter classes have been
gi~en in Annexure XIX & XX.
Out of 53.918 m3/t-la, Anogej.ssus latifalia contributed 9.324
m3/ha. On comparing the position of various species in Table No.35
where Anogeissus latifolia stood first both in terms of stem and
stems/haw and total volume and volume/ha., whereas although Terminalia
crenulat~ has more number .of stems and s~ems/ha. but in volume it stand
third after Tectona grandis. Th~ reason behind it is that aJthpugh the
number Qf stems is more in case of Terminalia crenulata these are more
spread in lower diameter classes.
61
CROP COMPOSITION TEAK:
The following table shows the total ~ol~me distribution and
volume/ha In Teak stratum (area 151.65 km2.>. It indicates that out of
total volume of 1556131 m3, Teak has a volume of 781459 m3 which is about
50.221., followed by Anogeissus lati+'olia with '16.071..
S.N.
1 • 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
Table No. 43
Species Name Total volume in m3 •
Tectona grandis Anogeissus latifolia D~lbergia lati+'olia Terminalia crenulata Schleichera trijuga/oleosa Pterocarpcus mersupium Grewia tiliaefolia Lagerstrcemia lanceclata Terminalia paniculata Rest of the species
78'1459 250081 83712 72507 6249'1 48710 4309'1 31628 1 '1077 17'1377
Volumel ha.
5'1.53 '16.491 5.52 4.78'1 4. '12 '1 3.212 2.84" 2.086 0.730
11.301
Percentage
50.22 '16.07 5.38 4.66 4.02 3. '13 2.77 2.03 0.71
11.01
The diameter class wise details of the above have been given in
Annexure XXI & XXII.
After comparing the Table No.43 with Table No.37, it is clear
that although Teak has 28.351. c,f the total number of stems, in terms of
volume, it has 50.221. of the growing stock. It is due to the reason that
Teak crop is well distri6uted in higher diameter classes while other
species are more distributed towards lower diameter class,es. Similarly
due to the same reason although in terms of number of stems, Terminalia
crenulc'lta is above the Dalbergl.~ latifolia, the former contains less
volume than the latter.
62
CROP COMPOSITION BAMBOO:
The following table gives the volume distribution and volume per
ha. in Bamboo stratum (tree: 20.22 km~).
Table No.44
S.N. Name of species Total volume Volume/ Percentage in m3 • ha. in 0'13 •
1. Dal be r.;] ia latHol ia 10684 5.284 47.94
2. Grewia tieliaef'olia 1661 0.822 17.46
3. Santalum album 1520 0.75·1 6.81
4. TerlT.inai ia crenulata 1416 0.701 6.36
5. Pterocarpous marsupium ·1·164 0.576 5.23
6. Rest of species 5837 2.887 26.20
The details of' the growing stock present in various diameter
classes have been given in Annexure XXIII & XXV.
Dalbergia latifolia is the major component in this stratum con-
taining 47.94% of total growing stock followed by Grewia tiliaefolia,
Santalum albL!!!!, Terminal ia crenulata and pterocaq:;!us marsuRium havin.J
17.46% to 5.23% of the growing stock.
CROP COMPOSITION MISCELLANEOUS:
The volume distribution of various species in the misce l laneous
forest is indicated in the following table:
63
Table No.4~.
S.N. Species Name Total v\)l urr,e in m3 •
1 . Anogeissus latifoJ.ia 3011402 2. Terminalia crenulata 2210902 3. Tectona grandis 175943:> 4. Pterocarpus mersupiurr, 1'150-119 5. Hardwickia binata el55064 6. Grewia tiliaefolia 584624 7. Dc~lberlJia l.atifolia 422304 8. S chi e i c h e r.a triju1;:Jc'l/oleosa 36360-1 9. Terrrd.nal ia paniculata 21:>207 19· Boswellia serrata -122-197 -1 -1. Lagerstroerrda lanceolata 58597 12. Diospyros melano)<ylon 18548 13. Vi te){ a 1 tis s i ilia 5586 -14. S,antal um album 128:1 -15. Rest of species 6703590
Volume/ha. in m3 •
9.054 6.647 5.290 3.458 -1.969 -1.758 '1.270 -1.093 0.647 0.367 O. -176 0.056 0.017 0.004
20.154
percentage
-17 .43 12.79 10.18 6.66 3.79 3.38 2.44 2. -10 1.25 0.71 0.34 0.11 0.03 0.01
38.78
About 40% o~ the growing stock is comprised of three species.
namely Ano.)eissus latUolia (-17.43%), Terminalia crenulata (12.791.) <~nd
Tectona grandis (10.18%).
Contribution of Sandal wood to growing stock is negligible.
This point is worth noting becuase of the fa~t that this district is
considered to have good Sandal wood forest.
Table showing the gr~wing stock under different diameter classes
have been enclosed in AnneXure-XXV & XXVI.
4.22.3 GROWING STOCK BAMBOOS:
The following table gives the distribution of bamboos by species
and quality class in the surveyed area
64·
~ I
The following table gives the distribution of bamboos by species
and quality class in the surveyed area
Table No. 46
S.N. Species Quality-I Quality-II Quality-III Total Name. ----------------------------------------------------------
No. of Area No. of Area No. of Area No. of Area sample. in sample in sample in sample in plots. kmil!!:. plots. kmZ!. plots. kml!. plots. kmil!!:.
1 • Bambusa 15 15-1.65 1 -10.1'1 3 30.33 -19 192.09 arundinacea
2. Dendrocala- 60 606.60 1 1 -1-1 -1 .21 21 212.31 92 930. '12 mus strictus.
TOTAL 75 758.25 12 121.32 24 242.64 111 -1122.21
Thus, out of total area under bamboo, 17% are covered with Bambu-
2 arundinacea and 83% are with Dendrocalamus strictus. Out of quality-I
area 80% are covered with Dendrocalamus strictus while 20Y. are covered
with Bambusa arundinacea. The percentage of quality II & III are covered
unde~. Dendrocalamus strictus is 92 and 87.5 respectively. while Bambusa
arundinacea occupies 8% of the quality-II area and 12.5% of the quality-
III area.
BAMBOO STOCK BY WEIGHT
The average height and weight of a sound green c~lm in diameter
classes 2 cm. to <5 em., 5 em. to < 8 em., and 8 ems.& above was worked
out from the data recorded in Bamboo Weight Form which is presented
below:
65
Table No.47
S.N. Species Culm Avera.~e Average Average Average Name dia. height of 9 reen wei- air dry ai r dry wei-
class. culm in .~ht of a weight of ght as a metre. cuI rrl in ,kg. a culm in culm percen-
k9· tage of the average .~re-
en wei';Jht.
1 • Bambusa 2 em to <5 6.186 4.838 1.979 40.905 arundina- em. cea. 5 cm to <8 8.550 '17.311 6.681 38.594
em. • 8 CITt & above 20.000 46.79 28.444 60.791
-------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Dendroca- 2 cm to <5 5.276 3.9'15 2.017 51.520
lamus em. strictus.
5 cm to <8 6.15 12.339 6.644 53.846 em.
8 cm.& above 0.00 0.000 0.000 0.000
Here utilizable length reckoned upto 1 cm. culm diameter only.
The above data has been used for calculating the bamboo stock of weight
in the surveyed area. The results have been enclosed in the Annexure-
XLIV & XLV.
From the result the total bamboo stock (Green Weight)
comes to 137844 tonnes and its dry equivalent weight is 23518 tonnes.It
is also seen that about 17.28% of the total bamboo stock consists of dry
culms. Out of the balance 114026 tonnes about 31.72% or 36164 tonnes are
damaged. which is indicative of the considerable biotic and wild life ~
pressure on the bamboo in the district.
66
It is also seen that 30370 tonnes out of the 137844
tonnes of the green bamboo stock i.e., 22% consists of current year culm.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the surveyed area can yield 30370
tonnes of bamboos per year if due attention on careful nurturing of the
stock is given and the dry and decayed bamboos are timely removed to
eliminate fire hazards.
4'.23 STANDARD ERROR:
Standard error is a useful indicator of the e~ror involved in
estimating the various parameters. It expresses the error as a percent-
age of the mean value of the parameter. The following tables indicate
the size of the error when the surveyed area is attempted to be strati-
fied in different ways.
Table No.48
SEX OF GROWING STOCK OF TREE FOREST AREA STRATIFIED BY LEGAL STATUS
S.N. Type of No. of Stems/ha. S.E.% Volumel S.E.% Probabi Ii ty forests. sample ha. in level.
points m3 •
----------------------------------------------~--------------------------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B
1 . Reserved 224 155.7'14 6.435 41.706 '11.929 95% Forests.
2. Protected 2 '125.000 4.000 22.215 39.410 95% Forests.
3. Unclassed 6 40.000 41.332 4.672 40.140 95% Forests.
4. National 114 195.351 8.071 81.063 12.124 95% Park
.. TOTAL 346 '166.590 5.035 53.918 8.856 95%
67
Table No. 49
SE'I. OF GROWING STOCK OF TREE FOREST AREA STRATIFIED BY FOREST TYPE
'1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
'1. Teak 15 218.667 Forests.
'13.846 '102.613 '1'1.586 951.
2. Bamboo 2 75.000 Forests.
86.667 11.020 51.815 951.
3. Misc. 329 164.62 Forests.
5.324 51.959 9.369 951.
TOTAL 346 166.590 5.096 53.918 8.754 951.
Table No.50
SE'I. OF GROWING STOCK OF TREE FOREST AREA STRATIFIED BY FOREST DIVN.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
'1. Hunsur 18 164.444 18.569 55.373 24.349 951.
2. Mysore 38 190.789 '14.300 80.368 17.080 951.
3. Chamrajnagar 46 157.39'1 16.732 52.322 23.553 951.
4. Kolle';:Jal 165 '154.656 7.523 36.839 '15.091 951.
5. Bandipur 79 185. '190 10.288 77.466 16.538 951. Tiger Project.
TOTAL. 346 166.590 5.1'19 53.918 8.857 951.
68
Table No. 51
SE% of Growing Stock of Bamboo ------------------------------------------------------------------------Species No. of Mean No. of
Sample Points culms/ha SEI. Porbabi-l i ty
Levei ------------------------------------------------------------------------
BAMBUSA ARUNDINACEA 16 1300.833 32. -152 951.
DENDROCALAMUS STRICTUS 82 2381.522 14.8-12 95%
-------------------------------------------------------------------~----
69
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