m. sc. engineering policy and technology management miguel amaral teresa costa 28 fev 2003 an...

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M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

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Page 1: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

Miguel Amaral

Teresa Costa

28 Fev 2003

AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATIONAN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION

Stephen J. Kline and Nathan RosenbergStephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

Page 2: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

2

“The commercial or industrial application of something new – a

new product, process, or method of production; a new market or source

of supply; a new form of commercial, business or financial

organization.”

Joseph Schumpeter, 1934In The Theory of Economic Development

INOVAÇÂO

Page 3: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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"An invention is an idea, a sketch or model for a new or improved device,

product, process or system... An innovation in the economic sense is

accompanied with the first commercial transaction involving the

new product, process, system or device, although the word is used to

describe the whole process."

Christopher Freeman, The Economics of Industrial Innovation, The MIT Press

(1982)

INOVAÇÂO

Page 4: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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. "Engineers say that a new idea has been 'invented' when it is proven to

work in the laboratory. The 'idea' becomes an innovation only when it can be replicated on a meaningful scale at practical costs...In these

terms, learning organizations havebeen invented, but they have not yet

been innovated."

Peter Senge, The Fifth Discipline, Doubleday Currency (1990)

INOVAÇÂO

Page 5: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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INOVAÇÃO

OUTIN X

X X

Page 6: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Marketing

Production

Development

Research

Linear Model

- No feedback

- Centralized input

- Science vs. Design

- Technology as app. science

Page 7: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Marketing

Production

Development

Research

Marketing

Production

Development

Demand

Technology Push Market Pull

Linear Model

Page 8: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Chain-Linked Model

RESEARCH

POTENTIAL MARKET

INVENT AND / ORPRODUCEANALYTIC

DESIGN

DETAILEDDESIGN

ANDTEST

REDESIGNAND

PRODUCE

DISTRIBUTEAND

MARKET

KNOWLEDGE

5 paths of activity

Page 9: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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RESEARCH

POTENTIAL MARKET

INVENT AND / ORPRODUCEANALYTIC

DESIGN

DETAILEDDESIGN

ANDTEST

REDESIGNAND

PRODUCE

DISTRIBUTEAND

MARKET

K N O W L E D G ED SIK K K

R R R

Chain-Linked Model

Page 10: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Conclusões do Modelo Não Linear

•Dimensão central da inovação

SPECTRUM

•Incerteza vs Avanços da Inovação

•Incerteza vs feedbacks do Modelo Chain Linked

Page 11: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Conclusões do Modelo Não Linear

Produto

Incerteza

•Incerteza vs Ciclo de Vida do Produto e do Processo

LançamentoCrescimento

MaturidadeDeclínio

Processo

Page 12: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Conclusões do Modelo Não Linear

•Incerteza vs Gestão

Fase Inicial

Caos

Economias de escalas

Design estável

Aprendizagem

Redução de Custos

Fase de maturidade

•Prevenir a perda de capacidade de inovação radical

•Downsizing

•Burocratização

•Over the wall

Page 13: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Conclusões do Modelo Não Linear

•Incerteza vs Conhecimento cientifico

Descritivo

Taxonómico

Regras e hipoteses gerais Modelos

Prescritivos

+ Demorado

+ Caro

+ Incerteza

Guided EmpirismGuided Empirism

Conhecimentoexistente

Design

Construção

Teste

+

+

+

+

Page 14: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Conclusões do Modelo Não Linear

•Incerteza vs Planeamento

Planeamento

Negócio+

+

Inovação e incerteza reduzida

Inovação Radical

Conflito entre gestores e inovadores

Planeamento pode ser contra produtivo

Page 15: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Conclusões do Modelo Não Linear

•Deve haver planeamento no processo de inovação?

Sim Não

• Pré-planeamento focado nos grandes objectivos estratégicos

• Calendarização e orçamentação rudimentar

• Comunicação de resultados e mudanças

• Gestão de Inovação Gestão produção/ Vendas

Page 16: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Dimensão Económica da Inovação

•Aumento dos custos de desenvolvimento

>Produtos e processos com melhorias substanciais>Risco Financeiro >Boeing - Excepção>Biotecnologia

>Barreiras à entrada

>Industria automóvel

Page 17: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Dimensão Económica da Inovação

•Resistência à Inovação Radical

>Separação entre I&D e Produção

>Troca de ideias In-House

>Isolar ideias novas das ideias preconcebidas

Page 18: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Dimensão Económica da Inovação

•Risco Financeiro

>Incerteza de Longo prazo

>Velocidade de lançamento de novas inovações

>Vantagens de ser o “fast second”

Page 19: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management

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Dimensão Económica da Inovação

•Dialética entre Técnica e Economia

>Criação de mercados

>Inovação é um processo transversal à organização e que vai além da organização

>Necessidades de mercado

>Marketing

>I&D

>Produção

Page 20: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

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Conclusões

•Inovação é o preço de estar no mercado

•Dimensão técnica e económicas estão intrinsecamente associadas ao sucesso da inovação

•Inovação é incerta, desordenada, surge em sistema complexo e é difícil de medir

•Primeiro passo da inovação é o design

““Business has only two basic functions – Business has only two basic functions – marketing and innovation.marketing and innovation.””Peter DruckerPeter Drucker

Page 21: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

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Conclusões

•Papel da ciência:

•Armazém de conhecimento

•Investigação

•Processo de inovação é um sistema não linear:

•5 caminhos do processo de inovação

•Incerteza da inovação

•Economia da Inovação

Page 22: M. Sc. Engineering Policy and Technology Management Miguel Amaral Teresa Costa 28 Fev 2003 AN OVERVIEW OF INNOVATION Stephen J. Kline and Nathan Rosenberg

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Conclusões

RESEARCH

POTENTIAL MARKET

INVENT AND / ORPRODUCEANALYTIC

DESIGN

DETAILEDDESIGN

ANDTEST

REDESIGNAND

PRODUCE

DISTRIBUTEAND

MARKET

K N O W L E D G ED SIK K K

R R R