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TRANSCRIPT
M“f
THE
ELE M ENT S
S YR IAC GRAM M AR.
BY THE
Rm . GE ORGE PH ILL IPS, M .A.
FELLOW AND TUTOR or Q U EENS,
COLLEGE , camam ncs.
CAM BRIDGE
PRINTED AT THE UNIVERS ITY PRESS , FOR
AND J . J . DE IGHTON; CAM BRIDGE ,
JO HN W. PARK E R, LONDON.
M .DCCC.XXXVI I.
1 8 3 7
P R E F A C E .
THE following“E lem en ts of Syriac Gram m ar are
intended for the assistance of those Studen ts in He
brew, who are desirous of extending their studies to
the Syriac Language. This is easily accom plished in
con sequence of the close affin ity, which exists between
the two languages both in their structure as well as
in the m ultitude of words which they possess in com
m on . A sm all portion on ly of tim e and labour is
quite sufficien t for the Hebrew scholar to obtain a
m oderate knowledge of Syriac. It is indeed so nearlyallied to Hebrew and especially to Chaldee, that afterhe has read the Chaldee part s of the Bible, he m ay
at once proceed to the reading of Syriac, and i t
is im portan t that he should '
not n eglect the acqui
sitiou of it, since the advan tages to be derived will
am ply repay him for whatever trouble he m ay bestowupon the subject. There is no n ecessity to give a
m inute statem en t of these advan tages ; but it m ay be
m en tioned that the Syriac Language supplies on e
source of valuable inform ation for the cri ticism of the
20943 30
iv P R E F A C E .
Hebrew Bible . B y an exam ination of a Hebrew word
as it is used in this language, essen tial service has been
rendered in elucidating m any difficult and im portan t
passages of Holy Writ, and it has been the con stan t
practice of comm en tators to have recourse to Syriac,
when ever the Text of the O ld Testam en t fails to estab
lish satisfactori ly the sign ification of a word . In such
case every person allows that a referen ce to Syriac is
one of the legitim ate m ean s to be em ployed in deter
m in ing the sen se of a passage, an d although this lan
guage is inferior to Arabic in the exten t and varietyof its literature ; it is n evertheless superior as regards
its m uch m ore in tim ate conn ection with the original
language of the Bible .
B ut the great claim as it appears to m e, which the
Syriac has on the atten tion of t hat class of person s,for whose use this book is in tended, con sists in the SyriacNew Testam en t. The high an tiquity of thi s Versionand its use in the early establi shed Syriac Church stam pan im portance on it, which can be assigned to n o other,and if to these circum stances be added another, that
the Syriac Language is so n early the sam e as that
spoken in Palestine in the first age of Chri stian ity ,that by m any person s it has been term ed the vern acularlanguage of our Lord, it m ust be allowed that the
Syriac New Testam en t possesses a value inferior on ly
P R E F A C E .
to that which belongs to the Original . M ichaeli sdevoted his great talen ts to the study of Syriac and
to an exam ination of the Syriac Version . In his In troduction to the New Testam en t, he has endeavouredto fix the period when that Version was m ade, and
after bringing forward m an y cogen t argum en ts in favour
of its high an tiquity has in ferred that it m ust haveexi sted, either at the end of the first or the beginn ing
of the second cen tury . Th is great age an d its frequen tdeviation from the comm on reading in passages of im
portance m ust recom m end the use of it to every critic,and the truth is that i t has been m ore used than all
other sources of cri tical assistance together .
From these rem arks it will obviously appear desirablethat the Hebrew scholar should acquire a knowledge
of the Syriac Testam en t ; especially as that kn owledge
can be so easily obtain ed . To facilitate the acquirem en t
of it has been m y chief inducem en t in sending forth
thi s elem en tary Gram m ar to the public. I have beenalso further en couraged to do it froni the growing
atten tion there is at the'
presen t tim e to Hebrew and
orien tal studies in th is Coun try . It is to he wi shed
that this atten tion wi ll con tinue to increase, and that
before the lapse of m any years som e acquain tan ce w ith
the Hebrew Bible will be gen erally sought after by the
m in isters of our Church . There m ay be som e person s
vi P R E F A C E .
who will not join‘
in this w ish , and I am aware that i t
has been urged by m any, who are indifferen t or are
opposed to the cultivation of Hebrew learn ing, that no
new doctrin es can be discovered from the Hebrew Bible,and that therefore the Engli sh Tran slation will supplyevery wan t . To this it m ay he replied that the GreekTestam ent con tain s n o doctrines which are not to be
found in our English Version ; that thi s Version is
not inferior to that of the O ld Testam en t in the fidelityof its execution , and that therefore the sam e reasonm ay be brought forward for the abandonm en t of the
original.
It is on e of the Articles of our Church that “the
Old Testam en t is not con trary to the New ; for both
in the Old and New Testam en t everlasting life is
offered to m ankind by Christ.” I do not see thereforeon what principle the Hebrew Bible is n ot to be deem ed
as im portan t for all purposes of divin ity as the GreekTestam en t : indeed no argum en ts can be advanced infavour of a knowledge of the latter, which will n ot
m ost certainly apply with equal force for a knowledge of
the form er . But although the Hebrew Bible will not
disclose to its reader any n ew doctrin es of religion ;there is som ething else which i t will do. It will teach
him the prim ary sign ification of words, and thus presen tto him m an y expression s with additional force and
P R E F A C E .
enable him to form his own opin ion and put his own
in terpretation on m any particular passages . Th i s is a
benefit which is to be acquired from the Hebrew Bible,and which will be found of im m en se value to the
M in ister in his publi c Exposition of the Scriptures . It
m ay be also observed that if the candidate for Holy
Orders were encouraged to en ter on the study of Hebrew,
the circum stan ce could n ot fail to be ben eficial to himin no ordinary degree. It would com pel him to readthe Scriptures m ore frequen tly , to exam in e im portan tparts m ore critically, and would con sequen tly m ake him
m ore fam iliar with the con ten ts of the Bible than would
otherwise be the case . That pursuit which obl iges theM in ister, or the candidate for the m in i stry , to studythe Scriptures cannot be adopted without advan tage. It
will exercise an influence over all the powers of his m indand the whole ten our of his life . It will fix h is thoughts
on those m atters which pertain to h is profession , and
it m ay serve as the beginn ing and be m ade the basis
of a sound course of Theological reading . In the earlyperiods of the reform ation , when the great question s ati ssue between the con tending parties could be decided
on ly by a reference to the Scriptures in their original
tongues , Hebrew and orien tal literature were zealouslypursued, and there arose in those
'
tim es m en , who have
rendered their nam es im peri shable as m uch by theirprofound skill in Hebrew learn ing, as by the part which
v'
i ii P R E F A C E .
they sustained in em ancipating their coun try from
Popish tyranny . That was the tim e when orien tal
literature flourished m ost in England, and it was be
cause of the great proficiency which our ven erable re
form ers possessed in th is branch of study , that with the
aid of God’
s Holy Spiri t, they were enabled to dispel
the superstition s of Papacy .
There is also another poin t n ot to be forgotten in
estim ating the im portance of the subject n ow under
con sideration . In these day s m any laudable attem pts
are m ade to con vert the Jews to Chri stian ity . These
attem pts deserve every encouragem en t ; for it m ust be
confessed that of all the people who are sitting in dark
n ess, non e possess a greater claim on our exertion s ;non e can appeal m ore strongly to our sen se of duty
and our feelings of gratitude ; than the d escendan ts
of that people, to whom were en trusted for so m any
ages “the oracles of God,” and from whom '
sprung the
first di sciples and teachers of our faith . But whilstwe ought to take an in terest in the eternal welfareof our Jewi sh brethren and to use every effort to
bring them within the pale of the Christian Church ;it m ay at the Sam e tim e be safely affirm ed that the
subscribers to the Jews’ Society n eed never to look
for any great m easure of success ; un less the person s,who are em ployed to conduct its operations are ao
P R E F A C E .
quain ted with the H ebrew language. Every person
who has had any experience in the feelings and
opin ion s of Jews m ust be aware of the£1j prej udice
wh ich they possess in favour of Hebrew . The Bible
they read in Hebrew ; indeed they n ever like to
read any religious book unless i t is in Hebrew ; and
i t is certain that they are n ot un skilful in pervertingthe Text of Scripture and rendering it subservien t
to their own pecul iar sy stem . It is therefore incum
ben t on all, who are engaged in the conversion of
the Jews to m eet th is prejudice by in form ing them
selves ou the Hebrew Language . It is highly n e
cessary that they shoul d be com peten t to prove to
the Jews from their own Hebrew Scriptures that
Christ in whose death we rest our hope of salvationis indeed he of whom M oses and the Prophets havewri tten . Neither will i t be enough that they are
acquain ted wi th the H ebrew Bible. The rel igion of
m odern Jew s is learn ed prin cipally from the Talm ud
and the writings of their Rabbi s . The Jewi shTeachers,like the Priests of the Rom ish church, exercise a
spiritual dom ination over their flocks, and it is fromthe oral law that they propound their dogm as and
derive their authority . The Jews are ever ready to
give a bl ind adhesion to these dogm as and to sub
m it to the yoke which is im posed upon them . Who
ever, therefore, wishes to com bat effectually the e rrors
P R E F A C E .
of Rabbin ism , m ust m ake the study of the Talmud
his business for m any years .
An objection has been frequen tly m ade to Hebrew
and its fam ily of languages that they are barren in
their literature, and that a knowledge of the Bible
is the on ly inform ation to be obtained from thi s de
partm en t of study . Such is assuredly n ot the fact.
The works written in these languages, which have
been tran sm itted to us, are not deficient ei ther in
the quan tity or variety of subj ects on which they
treat, n or in the in terest and im portance which these
subjects possess. There are the Chaldee Targum s, !
or Paraphrases of the Bible, som e of which are m ore
an cien t than the Chri stian era. In them we read the
In terpretation ,which the pious Jews of old put on
m any im portan t passages involving prediction s of the
character and offices of the M essiah, and which can
n ot fail to afford great sati sfaction to the Chri stianStuden t. There are also the m odern Jewi sh com
m en taries. They are very volum inous and although
they con tain m uch of m y sticism and folly ; it cannot
be den ied that m any of them abound with rem arks of
I beg leave to recomm end a Chaldee Gram m ar and Chrestom athy,
published a short tim e since by M r Riggs, a Pupil of Professor Stuartin Am erica. The Gram m ar is ch iefly a Translation of Winer’
s and isadm i rably adapted to prom ote the study of the Chaldee Targum s.
P R E F A C E .
great philological value. In Syriac we have the New
Testam en t of which m en tion has been already m ade ;
besides a great quan tity of ecclesiastical and hi storical
writings . It m ust also be especially born e in m ind
that a very great portion of the history , scien ce and
literature of the m iddle ages is locked up in the
Syriac and Arabic languages.
In the execution of thi s book, I have con sulted
the Gramm ars, wh ich have been publi shed in Ger
m any during the last fifty or sixty years ; as well
as others of a . m ore ancien t date . I have endeavoured
to be sim ple in the arrangem en t, to accoun t for the
vowel changes and the various inflexions of words,by the operation of a very few prin ciples, and to
exhibit in a concise form the gen eral structure of the
language. H ow far I have succeeded in these m attersI leave for others to decide. At the end is gi venan analysi s of the 2nd . Chapter of St . John ’s Gospel,which I tru st will be found useful to the Studen t
in the early stages of h is progress.
It was m y expectation that thi s Gram m ar wouldhave m ade i ts appearance about a year ago . The
delay has been occasion ed by the n ew Syriac Typesat the Un iversity Press, which were not obtained so
soon as I expected . I take this opportun ity of m en
P R E F A C E .
tion ing the circum stance in order to express m y thanks
to the Syndi cs for their kindn ess in procuring them ,
and also to offer an apology for the tim e which has
elapsed since the first announcem en t of the in tended
publication .
C O N T E N T S .
THE Alphabet
VowelsDiph thongsProperties and changes of ConsonantsChanges of th e VowelsTh e Diacritic Points, Kushoi and RukokRibn i
Linea Occultans, St e.
M arhetono and M ehagyono
O ther Diacritic Poin ts
The letters I O a
Accent
M ethod of expressing num bers
Reading ExercisesNOUN S
States of Nouns
Num erals
PRONOUNSDem onstrative Pronouns
Relative and Interrogative Pronouns
Nouns w ith AffixesExam ple of a m asc. noun with Affixes
Exam ple of a fem . noun with Affixes
VERBSTenses, of the verbs 1501 and lb ]
Paradigm of w
C O N T E N T S .
Verbs which have a guttural for a rad .
The Present Tense , &c.
IRREGULAR VERBSVerbs 12; or h u g
Verbsca
Parad igm of M ]
Paradigm of
Verbs 0A or “A
Verbs L's
Verbs l]
Paradigm of
Paradigm of
The Objective affixes attached to Verbs
Paradigm of
Observations on Objective AffixesDoubly defective VerbsQ uadriliteral Verbs
PARTICLESAdverbs
Prepositions
Conjunctions and InterjectionsSYNTAX
Syn tax of NounsConstruction of Adjectives
Num erals
Syntax of Pronouns
P wpositions
Particles
Enallage of Persons and NumberEllipsis
APPENDIXS t. John
'
s Gospel, Chap. u .
Analysis
ERRATA.
Page 1 4, line 2, for Iii-N i read ri p -N ]
last line, for D1 ] read all
34, lines 1 7 and 1 8 , no brackets.
63, line 1 2, f or from this last remark read remark
but one .
66 , last line, for readM ‘h
2 m r nonucr oav OB SE RVAT IONS .
Care m ust be taken to distingui sh between the
following letters, which have n early the sam e figure,and differ chiefly in their m agn itude.
r.) k
3
2
One letter is joined to another by a sm all horizontal line drawn from its extrem i ty ; as, 01 in
The exception s to thi s are 3 4 5 and which when
joined to another letter assum e the form s Aa and A.
All the letters except the eight 1 g 61 o 1 55 Z
m ay be joined to the following letter of the word .
The n ine letters a N 4 m 9 .o term inatinga word, receive a slight additional stroke, and are
written a w A u m fi a q . The five
z: 5 So J x alter their figure at the end of a'
word,
and are called final s . They retain their usual power,but assum e the form s E , 50 , c
orQ
s .
The following com pound characters are frequen tlyused .
O laph-Lom ad X\ for k l
Lom ad-Olaph u 13
Lom ad-Lom ad Q Li
As Letters of the sam e organ are frequen tlychanged for on e another in the process of derivation ; Gramm arian s have divided the whole Alphabetin to classes according to the organ of speech by whichthey are enounced .
VOWE L S .
Gutturals l 01 \S
Linguals a 4 E J A
Palatal 9 aS
Den tal s I m5
Labials a 0 SD 2
The con sonan ts l o will frequen tly becom e quies
cen t, i .e . lose their power as con sonan ts ; as is the casewith the Hebrew urns.
2. Vowels.
There are five vowels, which are written , eitherabove or below the con sonan ts wi th which they are
conn ected and are pronounced after them . There are
two sets, on e derived from the Greek vowels, and the
other expressed by di fferen t position s of one or two
poin ts . The following Table exhibits their nam es,powers and form s :
Nam es. Power.
l.»A2 Pethocho a a Alpha
l325 Revotso e a 2 a Epsilon
l Chevotso i Iota
Zekofo é Om icron
1SSA Etsotso u 02 02 Upsilon .
The poin ts of the vowel Z ekofo m ay coalescewith the poin t of the letter 5 , as,
-1 5 Rois-tin .
The vowel E tsotso is alway s accom pan ied wi th 0
except in the two word s cul, m M’
tul .
When no vowel is expressed, then as in the
Hebrew, a Sheva (or one of its substitutes) will beim plied and read accordi ngly .
4 VOWE L S .D I PHTHONG S .
Vowels m ay be divided in to two classes: p ure, i . e .
those which com plete their syllables : and imp ure,
i . e . those which do n ot com plete the syllable wi th
out the addi tion of a term inating con sonant.
Pure vowels are
$156 M a- lepb.
M 12] E lke/rel.J
li .
When followed by
a quiescen t ] 0 or
v as in
Final syllables are often , as in Hebrew, anom a
lously long, on account perhaps of the accen t ; as,
ri g ]
,
A-p in , where occurs with two consonan ts,
so also [h i phi],
t“é-ll" &c.
The Greek vowels are m ore frequen tly used in
m odern books.3 . Dip hthongs.
There are several diphthongs m ade by the lettersV an and Yud, which losing their own powers coalesce
with the preceding vowel and form one syllable.
V au m akes four diphthongs an, en, ia, ou.
K’
i llo-bo .
Ne-pulc.
Impure Vowels are
cad. EDI; ddd -m o.
M en .
PRO PE RT IE S AND CHANGE S o r con sona n r s. 5
The first occurs in the beginn ing, m iddle and end
of words and is produced by the vowel v preced ing0 ; as, ho of au-hel, he f ed, 1500; Tsau-mo, the f ast,
ho-n
fl
au, this is.
The second eu, by the vowel e preceding as,
u mm fu l, E sh - teu, I will dr ink it.
The third in by a Chevotso preceding as,
“m od ify” , N
’
shad- riu, he will send him .
The fourth ou is when 0 is preceded by another
0 with a; as, Lied ; Shou-do-yo, p rom ise.
Yud m akes two diphthongs, ai and oi : ai byv
before as, tux G’
laith, thou hast revealed : oi is
effected by0 before a ; as, “51 502; 871 3
4. Prop erties an d Changes of Con son an ts.
Con sonan ts possess various properties and undergocertain changes ari sing from the influence of vowels ;or other causes, which we proceed to m en tion .
The letters 1 o when they are not pronounced ,
but rest in the sound of the vowel on the precedi ngletter are called quiescent.
Olaph final rests in 0 or a; as, 122Athe man ,
la the m en except the four verbs he was
imp ure, L; he was comf or ted, ll;he p olluted, llsil ]
Olaph in the m iddle of a word rests in a or
E lse to ea t, $5150 to say . Yud is som etim es
6 PROPE RT IE S AND CHANGE S OF CONSONANT S .
Also to beget,o
m
changed into Olaph quiescen t in
for Am .
G I
Yud usually rests in a or I
; as, H F; he begun ,
As ] is, (a ; but.
V au deprived of a vowel is for the m ost part qui
escent in a; as, we}: r ise, we: day . It is also used
as the fulcrum or, as it is techn ically term ed, the
mater leetion is of thi s vowel ; as, Rolli n s.
In foreign words V au is frequen tly found to be
quiescen t in the vowel 0 ; as, m oiAz: Peter , 41 303050
2.
The letters 1 o when they are placed after an
other con sonan t, which is wi thout a vowel, cannot be
pronounced ; but they are n evertheless written for the
sake of orthography or etym ology . In such in stancesthese letters are said to be otiose.
Olaph in the pronoun s (DZ-ll?
and(R AJ, when they
are added to participles for the sake of form ing the
presen t ten se is otiose ; as, eh ] 65 3-0 hot- litun ,
and6 9-1] {Ago hot- loten
, ye slay , m asc. and fem .
V au and Yud in the end of a word, when the
preceding letter has n o vowel, are also otiose ; as,
GLAD h’
tal, they slew, m asc. “SA-D k
’
tal, they slew,
fem . “Lol a h’tul, slay thou, im per. fem .
Yud is likewi se otiose in the pronoun H mf at,
thou ; in certain affixes ; as, m m ath, my hing ,
PROPE RTIE S AND CHANGE S O F CONSONANT S .
'
7
fl a s h h’tho-beh, thy book. And in some substan tives
and adverbs ; as, shel, tranqudlity , “M al, when ?
It is supposed by m any gram m arian s that Y ud was
pronounced in ancien t tim es and this supposition derives
support from the usage in Arabic and Hebrew ; for we
have(jh ’
”f ig ht , which are pronounced ch ali and akaari ,‘
we have also in the New Testam en t paBBovw,John xx . 1 6.
T alufld soil/u , M ark v . 4 1 . and other Sim ilar expression s.
Con sonan ts are som etim es om itted in wri ting ; as,
if; end for especially in com pound words ; as,
man for(al
l for Q @i although. The
first radical N of Hebrew word s Som etim es drops off ;
as, H3 one, Heb.7738 . Words which have the m iddle
radical doubled , on m any occasion s lose one of them ;
thu s, h au l. » and he p erceived, to nest from
V an and Yud fall off in n early the sam e m annerand in the sam e situation s as in Hebrew, wh ich m ay
be im m ediately observed by in specting the paradigm sof the classes of verbs beginn ing wi th these letters.
Letters are som etim es added to words for the sakeof euphony . Thus, Olaph is prefixed to m any words
beginn ing wi th Yud ; as, hand for 15mm ] day
for
Olaph prosthetic occurs al so in the verbs “A. and
as, he drunh, and he f ound .
8 CHANGE S OF THE VOWE L S.
We have also 19 4k hero from 53-
343, where the Nun
seem s to be a com pen sation for the Dagesh fortein Hebrew and Chaldee. In som e words of Greekorigin there is a duplication of the Nun ; as, m el on
“)
sy nod, for m oriom .
A great number of Hebrew words becom e Syriacwords by the change of one or m ore of their letters.
3 is changed in to 3 as, gold, 1201
x ~é “mt rock.
It} A 353} snow, 6 2
l 01p m he run
, “421 5
n ”23 he revealed, N or REv som etim es in to my; f
lesh, 453
DEW.
4 he wandered K4.
5 . Changes of the Vowels.
Inflexions of words are in num erous cases effected by vowels ; certain vowels being selected as
characteri stic of di fferen t form s of the sam e word .
The correspondence between Syriac and Hebrew vowelsis as follows
Pethocho (V) to Patach as, 01 2550 , 5355; hishing .
The vowel Revotso (a) corresponds generally to
the Hebrew "
7 ; as, thou shalt visit.
1 0 CHANGES OF TH E VOWE L S .
1LQ for ]N the letter , ASAEJM for ASA-O i l she was
slain, lAw ofi a l g lory for mu g -L. Thi s is analo
gous to the Hebrew, when the form er of two Shevascom ing together
.
in the beginn ing of a sy llable, isgenerally changed in to
Vowels are som etim es cast away : when anothersyllable is added to a word, the final vowel is castaway ; as, the fem in ine of
ri g he visited . But
i t is preserved, 1 st. if a letter on ly be added ; as,
thou hast visited ; 2nd. if the con sonan t fromthe analogy of the Hebrew ought to have a D ag esh
fi rte ; thus mi p eop le ; in the defin ite state3rd . the vowels and
'
0 are preserved ; as, fi g) ,
(w as. o Ab ,
Ta lia .
Z ekofo in n oun s of the defin ite state, when it is
followed by 001 is, is changed in to Pethocho so that
it m ay m ake a diphthong with o ; as, 001
lau, he is a liar, for co
il HQ , 0401 ho- nau, this is,
for 001 1351 and thi s for ooh 1501 .
Tran sposition of vowels takes place ; especially inn oun s of one syllable ; thus, man defin ite state1°
holiness defin ite state m any otherexam ples will be given in the Chapter on n oun s ; alsothe preposition s M o}: and with the prefixLom ad becom e M OS and ” i9 03 , and in certain
THE D IACRIT IC Po INT s; xU SHO I AND Rnxox . 1 1
com pounded particles a tran sposi tion takes place ; as,
150; for isp i until.
6 . The Diacr i tic Poin ts, Kushoi an d Rukok .
The Syrian s have n o m arks corresponding to the
Sheva and Dag esh f orte of the Hebrews ; but theyuse a poin t for the letters M o
ms .
Thi s poin t when i t is situated above a letter takesaway the aspiration and when placed below preserve s
it. In the form er case i t is called K ushoi which
sign ifies hardness, and in the latter fi e? Ruhoh' ,
There is m uch difference of Opin ion respecting thesepoin ts. It is sufficien t to observe that K ushoi is usedfor the M a
rta letters in the sam e m ann er asD ag esh
lene of the Hebrews : viz . 1 st. In the beginn ing of
words . 2nd . In the m iddle of a word after a letter
which is without a vowel : as, K en -
p e, his wing .
3rd . In the second radical of the pael and ethpaal con
j ugation s of verb s ; if that radical be on e of the
A21 9.
letters ; as, p l he hrahe . 4th . It is u sed
to supply the defect ari sing from the ab sen ce of the
first radical in verbs beginn ing with Yud or Nun ; or
of the second, when the second and third radi cals arethe sam e, or to supply any other sim ilar defect.According to Am ira and the old gram m arian s i t n everdoubles a letter ; but on the other hand i t m ust be said
that the Eastern Syrian s In thi s respect followed the
1 2 THE D IACRIT IC PO INT S , RIRU I .
analogy of the Hebrew,we have also PaBfii, M aster ,
John iii . 2. and in the writings of S t Paul we haveABBa , F ather . If thi s duplication be not adm itted,
then it is im portan t to state that in such cases wherei t would be im plied, the preceding vowel will com plete
the syllable ; thus, al
l,
tab- bar or ta-bar .
The Ruhoh is placed under a M are
letter ; ifit be without a vowel and in the m iddle of a word ;as wisdom . But the in sertion of these poin ts
is m uch n eglected in m odern edition s of the SyriacScriptures and other Books and it is unnecessary to
say any thing m ore on the subject .
7. Ribui .
M any noun s and verb s have the sam e form in
both numbers. In such cases it was found n ecessaryto employ som e m ark of distinction . For thi s purpose
Gram m arian s have inven ted the sign Ribui (H afii )
con sisting of two horizon tal ! dots placed above the
word, to denote the plural num ber. The followingwords will illustrate the use of th i s sign .
156A: orphan, 155A; orphans.
1 276 book, 12A2 books.
was covered, “ 1 1 15 1 1 were covered.
1 Q
h aw he arrived, 4 M they arrived. (fem .)
Ribui is placed obliquely in k and thus, 5 ,
L INE S . 1 3
A plural n oun ending inc " or l has n o n eed
of the sign Ribni ; since the num ber is already indicated by the term ination .
It is som etim es u sed with a n oun of m ultitude ;
as LL; a f lock of sheep , to di stingui sh it froma sheep .
If it be placed over the letter Ri sh ; on e of the
poin ts coalesces with the poin t belonging to Ri sh ;as, lief-1 5 a herd of oxen .
8 . - Lines.
A sm all lin e is som etim es found above and
som etim es beneath a letter of a word .
It is found above a letter principally in the
following in stances,1 . In abbreviated words ; as, r
ip for 14 -7 5 holy .
‘
2. When letters are used to express n umbers ;as, "
t1 3 .
3 . In the Particle of Exclam ation cl 0 ! to
distingui sh it from the particle oi, or .
When i t is found beneath a letter ; i t directsthat such letter is not read and is therefore generallycalled the linea occultans. Thus, B ath not
B arth, a daughter . It is found,
(1 ) In noun s wi th the m iddle radical doubledas M anna, M a stag .
(51 for that is, occurs frequen tly in ecclesiast ical
writings, and especially in the Comm entaries of Ephraim Syrus.
L INE S .
With Olaph in the beginn ing of a word
in m any in stances ; as, a man , Er ]another ; especially in the pronoun Li] , as
Often as it is used in the place of thesubstan tive verb ; as, 13] I am .
Wi th Dolath when it is wi thout a vowel
and placed before Than ; as, 1 1 ; new.
With H e in the following cases,
In affixes ; as his hings :
he called him .
In the verb 1501 was ; when it is redundan t, when it is the logical copula, or
when it assists in form ing the im perfect
and plusperfect ten ses ; as, 1 501 “m oda l he
was, 1601 rag he was visiting , 1601 £32 ;
he had visited . But when it is used in the
sen se of to be, to ex ist, the lin e is n ot
found .
In the pronoun s oc
'
i and “01 ; when they
are put f or the l ogical copula ; as, 001 “Em a
m y body is.
In words derived from the Greek M 5
Rome .
In the verb c ox:he g ave.
With Lom ad in som e form s of the verb
N1 ; as, 11 1 ] departing , fem .
L INE S . I 5
(6) With Nun in the four pronoun s A41,
C‘A’j and in som e noun s ; as, 1m
(7) Ri sh in a daughter .
When a lin e is found under a letter in a verbof the im perative m ood of a passive conjugation ; itim plies that such letter is deprived of its vowel as
M 5 1 1 E thhatl.
The application of these li nes is very little attend
ed to, and therefore no particular notice of them is
n ecessary . They serve principally to m ark the divi sionand em phasi s of syllables in poetry .
M arhetono is a sm all lin e above a con sonan t, whichought to have a vowel, but is to be pronounced wi thoutit.
The M ehag yono is a line beneath a letter whichbeing wi thout a vowel denotes that i t is to be pronounced wi th one , for the m ost part wi th short (r );as With M eh . TALL;
1 0. Other Diacr itic Poin ts.
A poin t is som etim es used which , by its positioneither above or below the word, will determ ine the
true pronunciation and m ean ing ; when without it and
wi thout the vowel poin ts, the word would be ambigu
ous: thus, 01 5 for 01 3 to him : m i for 01 5 to her .
1 6 OTHE R D IACR I T IC PO INT S .
This was apparen tly the ancien t Syriac usage prior
to the in troduction of the Greek vowels . It is‘
fre
quently used as a note of In terrogation , Exclam ation ,
Adm iration ,Com m and, &c. For various oflices which
this poin t perform s, see the Appendi x.
There are also certain sign s for m arking the end
of a sen tence, and subdividing i t into clauses, of wh ich
the following are the principal .
(1 )
(2)
(3)
At the end of a peri od are found four point sor (zz).
Two poin ts placed obliquely from the righthand towards the left, fin i sh a clause ,and are equivalen t to our colon ; thus,
sel f.a“; liw ,
5 When Jesus
saio the m ultitudes.
N. B. These poin ts are som etim es put as
a sign of in terrogation .
Two points placed obliquely from the lefthand to the right, thus split the clausein to di fferen t m embers, and are equivalentto our com m a or sem icolon . They are fre
quen tly placed perpendicularlyN. B . These poin ts are som etim es foundafter a long interrogation , see M att. xi i . 1 0.
(4) On e poin t frequen tly ends a period .
1 1 . The Letters ] 0
These letters are differen tly pronounced in di fferen tsi tuation s . Olaph is pronounced as Yud .
1 8 ACCENT .
second syllable ; as, rk . I - le
'
d , he begat, rQ -é’ Po-hed,
visi ting . Should each syllable be form ed in that m an
ner, then each is affected with the accen t ; as,
Pékd dt/z, she has visited .
3. In words con sisting of m ore than two sylla
bles, the accen t is generally placed on the penulti
m ate ; as, 1A~Zé > Po- ra'
ch-tho, bird, M e-hzil
tho, meat, M arth-
yo-nzi -tho, admon ition .
1 3 . The M ethod of exp ressing Num bers.
Thi s is done by the letters and by the assi stanceof a few m arks. Num bers of any m agn itude m ay be
expressed, as in the following Table.
i a ”
Aa 01 o 1 4
l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
a >o J m \8 Q5
i [a 3 61 6 i i1 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00
s l
0 1'
70R
.
>6 3 é3
200 300 500 600 700 800 900
1 1 000 c‘
: 2000 &c. 1 &c.
Fraction s are written thus, J.) g l g&c.
If it be required to add a sm aller num ber to a
greater, that is, to express a number con si sting of un its,ten s, hundreds, &c. the letter indicating the greater is
'
put on the right hand of that indicating the less ; thus,N 235 .
RE AD ING E XE RC I SE S .
1 4. Reading E xercises.
M AT T E . V I. 9—1 3.
sea s we s f» 1m S5 1M im i A 0 51 l i d-i: s i
p
iii i'
ri b ;fl li c
as e -u(3 J un him é é d a im
xs‘i’ i” v
i i 13° e —e m kcom
vl '“
lAa afig é o M o 1 1 0.5k H m A?W LA
? (5?
The sam e i n E ng lish Characters.
A-bun dvash -m a yo n eth -ka-dash sh’
m oc. T i - the
m al- cu- thoc n eh-ve tsev-yo-noc ai-ka-no d’
vash -m a-
yo
oph bar-ho . Hav lan lach - m o d
’ sun -ko-nan yau-m o—n o.
Vash-buk lan chau -bain ai -ka-n o doph ch’
nau sh’
vakn
l’
cha-
yo-bain . V
’
lo tha- lan l’
n es- yu -no e- lo pa- tson
m en bi - sho m e- tul d’
di- loc h i m al-cu- tho v’
chai - lo
v’
thesh-buch - tho l’
olam ol -m in .
LUKE xxn . 63—65 .
01 9 0501tu ni ng : Q Q L A 0501
fi rm ly fla k:
“01 0.2
7
1 M Ofi Oémca—a35 50
1M p 0 10
“S on gs6 559 16 0501
The sam e in E ng lish Characters.
V’
gav-re da-ch i -din vau l
’
ye-shu m
’-vaz- chin vau beh
,
vam -cha-
pen vau leh . V’
m o-chen vau leh al a-
pau
vom -rin eth-n a-bo m a- nu m’
choc vach - ron -
yO- tho
sa-
gi-
yo-tho m
’
gad-
pin vau vom -rin a- lau .
N O UN S .
1 5 . THE sim plest form s of n oun s are those which
con sist on ly of the letters com posing the root ; as,
f kgo hing , w 5 > sacrifice . Such word s are evidentlyQ
in their prim itive state.
The augm en ted form s will con sist of the rootaugm ented by on e or m ore of the letters 1 0 0 .
which to assist the m em ory m ay be called “M 0551 .
Thus, an altar from sacrifice : fam i l y
d iscip le from rm; he learned .
These letters are probably abbreviation s of wordsand the sign ification of them qualifies that of the
prim itive word to wh ich they are un ited .
Nouns having (3) with the first radical and (o i )wi th the second, are generally n oun s sign ifying person s ;as, a f r iend ; whilst those having (03) withthe first radical, or ending in 1 0 1 , are ab
stract nouns ; as, holiness, streng th.
Two words are som etim es com pounded in sen se ;0 o 7
115 a vocce. Som etim es the two words are
j o ined together ; as, lord of enm ity , i . e. an
NOUN S . 21
enemy . A great num ber of com pound words occurringin Scripture m ay be found bv referring to the Lexicon s
of Schaaf and Castell under the words
M y 1 5-56, 9 5, $ 5, 850.
‘h
1 6 . Gen der .
There are two genders : the m asculin e and fem in ine.
Of the m ascul ine are ,
(1 ) The n am es of m en and their offices ; as,
L uhe, 1301 5 p r iest, m usicians .
(2) Nam es of nation s, rivers, and m oun tain s ; as,
Canaan ,Jordan .
7
Of the fem in ine gender are the nam es of wom en ,
the offices of wom en , coun tries, cities and n am es of
the double m em bers of the hum an body .
The fem in in e gender of noun s is also known by
the term ination . These term in ations are o
i
,
as, p raise, g oodness, confession ,
Ai m a p art. The noun s n ot ending with an y of
the foregoing letters and n ot included in the precedingparagraph, are generally m asculine.
The fem in ine gender of adjectives is derived from
the m asculine by the addition of 1°
to the end of
the latter ; thus, 15 4°
g ood from 5 4 m asc. Thoseending in quiescen t convert it in to m oveable ;as, p ure, fern . lb i
22 NOUNS .
A few adjectives insert Y ud imm ediately before the
9, 0.
1k 0 7
fem . term ination ; as, 505 ] sm all
,fem . la m -M ; $0a
obedien t, fem . W ALD
Som e noun s are used in both genders and are therefore
P P 0 0
term ed comm on , such as, 1 1 . 5 tongue , 1 1 4 ; cloud , &0.
1 !
The rules indeed fo r distingu ish ing gender are for the
m ost part the sam e as in Hebrew . The sam e words, when
occurring in both have the sam e gender ; as, flap and
33 3m book , D1” an d 500: day , are m asc. YfiN and 1 30
517
earth , WP.
) and sou l,are fem .
Words derived from the Greek do no t observe the
foregoing rules ; but generally retain their own gender ; as,
tim ed/(77, fem .
1 7. Num ber .
There are two n um bers, the singular and the plural.M asculine n oun s m ake the plural num ber
,l st. by
adding (a
!
to the singular ; as,«m an , v'
p i m en .
2ud . Those words ending in 1 or 5
7
throw away the
l,
or H y and the term inationv;is added ; as, 1l.4 boy ,
v‘é ‘é boys, 5 3 mg
?
) plu .
cm rep robated .
Nouns of the fem . gender form the plural bychanging the term ination 1
"
in to L; and I in to
(5,and 5
!
in to as, hem skip ,
(4—1 2m
skips,
sim ilitude, {1 50 5 sim ilitudes, A1 50 p or tion , p ortions,
“5:usury , in the plural
NOUNS .
M any of the Syriac noun s have the m asculine form
in the sing. and fem . in the plural ; as, p hysician ,
plu é é f ; 52?p lace, plu . em”
; 1 5 505 thron e, plu .
There are others which have the fem . form in‘
the
sing. an d m asc. in the plural ; as, 15
0
01v
ell, plu .
(1 501
5
;
wall, plu tear, plu . 15 50 5 ; talen t,
plu .
( 45 5 ; 141 . y ear, plu . 1
Nouns com pounded of two words som etim es adm it a
o D D 0 0 Yplural i n the form er ; as, 15 4 5 44 ; sons of m an or m en ;
0 c 9
som etlm es m the latter ; as, en em i es, and som e
‘3 ‘h
tim es in both ; as, 11 641 1 9 (daughters of words) words,
Som e n ouns are found in the plural form only ; as,
1 5 55 he aven s, 1L: lif e, 1 155 water .
Som e n ouns have a double form ,one m asc. and the
other fem . ; such as, 3 17
f ather , plu .
C“Cy an d
{510
9 15
There are other n oun s wh ich are very irregular ; as,
M any words o f a Greek origin retain the Greek ter
m ination in the plural ; as,W; 30W“, plu . 1215N>3doy na
'ra . Others term inate in m o1 , m o, or m ,
resembling the term ination a s of the Greek accusativeplural ; as, di aemcn, plu . m afi a AL, draemcag,
24 STAT E S o r NOUNS .
1 8 . S tates of Noun s.
To the absolute and con structive state of n oun s,which the Hebrews have, the Syrian s add a third,the Defin ite, or as it has been m ore gen erally called,
the E mp /zatic. Thi s is indicated by the term inationand is equivalen t in general to the article n beforea Hebrew noun . It happen s however that the prim arysign ification of thi s state has been departed from in
m any instances, and n ouns are found in the def. statewhen only an indef. sense is in tended to be expressed.
The rules for passm g from on e state to an other dependeither upon the gender, the num ber, or the final letter,or on m ore than on e of these . First for
1 9. M ascu lin e Noun s.
In the singular num ber the absolute and con
structive states are the sam e.
The defin i te state is obtain ed by the addi tion of
1°
to the end of the absolute . Hence the defin itestate of m asculine n oun s and the absolute state of
fem in in e noun s have the sam e form .
Those n ouns ending in 1 in the absolute state,in the defin ite , the 1 is changed in to
The constructive state plural num ber is form ed bychanging the term ination of the absolute in to
and45
,
into
The def. plu . is form ed from the absolute by chang
ing the term ination in to 1 and v“ in to 1 1
7
; this
and the preceding rules will be illustrated bysom e
exam ples, which will presen tly follow.
26 STATE S or M A SCUL INE NOUNS .
Abs.
mornings l
I
7 Y 7
His) ;
e gg } servants
w ings
v v
cap tives
1 . In the forego ing exam ples, that which is m arked
(1 ) com prehends all those noun s having v on the second con
sonan t, and rem itting it to the first in the process of infiexion ;such are
Fwy
g body , Peru dust,
(5 1 tim e,
CE)? beard .
2. In the second exam ple, we have those nouns wh ich
take V in the second consonan t, but in inflexion , it is changed
to m and rem itted to the first. The truth is, the vowel m is
the proper vowel in both places, and the reason of the change
is that in such n oun s the last letter is a guttural or Rish .
3 . In the third exam ple are in cluded those noun s whose
form s are w and M , such are” 5 50 king ,w on e
,
M 5 husband , an athem a , sou l .
4. The fourth exam ple belongs to that class of n ouns
whose form s are M g and M o .
5 . Nouns having the third radical Olaph , take the form s
which are exh ibited in the exam ple 1 5 , but 1l\\m an ifest,
1m covered, have their definite form s M k M S 1 14
STATE S or M ASCUL INE n oun s. 27
boy , m akes in the def. plu . 1 . as if from the obsolete‘h
o 0 o 7 0
word “L4,we have l ikewi se 1 15 5 , as If from 150,
6 . All noun s of the form s and“of: are repre
sen ted by the sixth exam ple .
co p herb, def. 1,5 ” ,
y
m ay be con sidered as belonging to
the sam e class of n oun s, as 9 5 . The Y ud has Chevotso,
because this letter is n ever without a vowel when it begin s
a word . If the last con sonan t be a guttural or Rish , i t is
preceded by the vowel Pethoco instead of Revotso ; as,
m on th , heap of ston es.
Such noun s as, eye, x 0: day , correspond to the
Hebrew segolate n oun s. In these, the vowel is changedin to V
, in the def. state sing. , and all the states pluand thi s n ew vowel m akes a diphthong with 0 or
thus °
S ingu lar .
Abs. and Constr.
T“; ey e
I
classes of n oun s
day s.
are the following.
28 STATE S or M ASCU L INE NOUNS .
1 .Such noun s as adm it no change of vowels in
inflexion ; thus,
S ingu lar .
Abs. and Constr.
4 m evil.
The vowel Z ekofo is im m u table, and therefore m ono
sy llables w ith this vowel are represen ted by 9 as, A550
p ortion , G
O
A: book . Noun s also having two or m ore sy lla
bles, if the penultim ate term inate in a con sonan t, or if the
ultim ate sy llable be perfect without the term inating con so
nan t, belong to this class ; as, “ M exp lan ation ,15 505 2
I
discip le. Som e nouns wan ting an absolute state m ay be re
ferred to i t ; as, the stag , the lion , 1 1 05 1 the ser
pen t, 12055 death , 1045 ) w in ter , 1203:con versation , for
the form of the defin itey
state rem ain s in all the parts of
their inflexion . F inally , nouns which possess either of the fol
lowing
.
form s preserve their vowels imm utable, viz . “L ol a
def. 1 15 540 , w def. M D A few nouns appear
to correspond with the segolate noun s in Hebrew, but which
really belong to th is class ; as,231 . carcase, 503] sm all,
“(Leo m agi cian .
2. M onosyllables, the vowel of which is V or a,
noun s of m any syllables, the last of which is m utable,
are exem plified in the following Table .
S TATE S O F M A SCUL INE NOUNS .
Abs.
species
C5 .1 01 9
CL N 501 Paths.
7 oThe noun 1 5 son , m akes i n the plural son s ;
as if it were derived from a differen t root . Also $0. is
peculiar in receiving the con sonan t 01 in the plural ;thus,
TJ O
'
IXO
JJ ,
3 . Noun s of m ore than on e syllable, term inatingin Olaph or Yud m ay con stitute another class.Such are,
S ingu lar .
Abs. and Constr.
h u g) seen
M drunk.
30 S TATE S or M ASCUL INE NOUNS .
A few noun s double the last letter in the plural ;but the linea occultans is placed under the first of
the two letters ; thus, sea , plu.
45 5 0505 3 5050:
150505 , p eop le, is also an other in stan ce .
20. S tates of Fem in in e Noun s.
In the singular num ber the con structive state,
changes 1°
of the absolute in to A; thus, year
Nouns, which in the absolute state term inate in
9; o o 9. 9,
0 or l n the con structi ve, end i n 1 0 or as, 05 1
victory , con str. 3 5 5 usury , con str. A3 5 51 7 !
Fem . noun s having a m asc. term ination ; as, m p
belly , those ending in Z; as, A1 50 p ortion , m ake the
abs. and con str. states the sam e.
The defin ite state of fem . n oun s, which have a
m asc. term ination is the sam e as that of m asc. n oun s ;as, m p belly , def . 1 555
In the def. state the 1°
of the abs. is changed in to
12; as, 11 50 word , def. 1A350
If the word in the abs. state term inate inthe Yud becom es quiescen t in the def. state and
the preceding consonan t takes I
; if the term inationin the abs. be 15 ; then V au becom es quiescen t in A
in the def. E X . 4. 5 .
Noun s ending in 5 or m ake the def. by the
addition of 12; those ending in La
add on ly 1°
in the
def. EX . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9.
STATE S or FE M ININE n oun s. 31
To avoid the concourse of several con sonan tswi thout a vowel, or which is the sam e thing, to
facilitate the pronunciation ; a vowel, n am ely7 or a
is placed wi th the second or third radical ; as, 115051widow, def. 123 5551 .
A few n oun s ending in in the abs. m asc. ; in- the
def. state fem . assum e I under the Nun , wh ich is
followed by 1A.; as,C505 .550, def. fem . com
In the plural num ber the con str. state is derivedfrom the abs. by changing the final
\in to 1 and
the def. is derived from the abs. by changing K
in to
12
The E xam ples in the following Table wil l fur
ther illustrate what has been here said on the statesof fem . n oun s.
I 1 !
compan ion
g irl
beast 5
ten thousand, or a my r iad 6
32 STATE S or FE M ININE NOUNS .
1459 »
A5 3 4
my r iads
divisions
A30
3 ;(l s ; usuries
1 6330 {0330 por tions 9
1 . In No . 1 ; we have an exam ple of those n oun s
ending in 1 which undergo no change of vowels in their
differen t states ; such are, evi l, an egg, BO
OKcircum cision .
2. Noun s which assum e an additional vowel in the
def. state singular.
3 . This exam ple represen ts noun s in which the vowel
on the l st. rad . of the abs. sing . is rem oved to the 2nd .
rad . in the def. They partake of the character of segolate
n oun s in Hebrew .
4, 5 . In these exam ples we have n oun s whose term i
nations are 1 . and 15 A few nouns belonging to the latter
cast away the vowel of the first rad . in the def. state sing. ;
as, blow, def.
34. ADJ E CT I VE S .
M to tbe king ; “M to Jesus ; Lmdfl; to
tile blind man .
M OSv i “ we have seen his g lory ; la xa w ]
,
Nik i ; God loved tlze world . Som etim es we see A;
in im itation of the Hebrew rm. See Gen . i . 1 .
ilAJl cl 0 ! woman . See also Acts i . 1 .
153521 9 with the king , &c.
Adj ectives.
22. The Syriac adjectives are few, but thi s defectis supplied by other words, which when placed in cer
tain position s obtain the use and sign ification of adj ectives. For in stance, the state of con struction will supplythe force of an adjective ; as, AL
rsp city qf
'
l wli.
ness, i . e. Italy city , M atth . iv. 5 . Also a substan tiveput absolutely wi th 3 prefixed ; as, m
y
; T37
a natural
body , filt
er; a sp ir itual body , l
fi
Cor. xv. 44. Alsoin other way s ; as, thefire, f] ; wbicli is not emlin
guished, i . e . inextinguis/zable) 951 ; a ];i },
{5 they to w/zom li e slzowed himself a live,
lit. (as living.)
Adjectives are di stinguished by gender, num ber andstates, which are the sam e as in the substan tives. Itis on ly n ecessary to n otice that in adjectives, them asc. def. and the fem . abs. have the sam e form ;but they are easily known one from the other bythe substantive or the verb with which they are
ADJ E CT I V E S . 35
con n ected. The degrees of comparison are n ot to be
found in a change of the adjective, but , are merely,
marked by certain particles and conn ections.
The com parative is expressed by the positive con~
strued wi th é ? either preceding or following it ; as,
0b"
! a )!M
(So greater than . all ; there,
is sometimes
added p owerfully ; or, “A: m ore ; as, Leon -Jae
(n il ; Li z ard) (
Sp
and sharp er than a
two edg ed sword, lit . very m uch sharp er . B lessed
is he who g ives e m f ) 1L]?
é o “A: m ore than he
who receives. The com parative is som etim es m arkedby the sen se of the passage on ly ; as, loom l-n - a- n-CS
be
efing the elder shall be servant to the young er .
The superlative is often form ed by the duplicationof the positive ; as, w u é least ; som etim es
by adding the particle (42 very , which is equivalen tto the aim of the Hebrews ; as, c l ? La l o worst,
plu . ; som etim es again by Q m uch ; as, h u
tch
1
HM m ost honoured ; or, by a prefixed to the
plural ; as, lp sflsmall among hings, i . e.
the least of hings ; or as, la v-43 3 ; (achi ng;least of
I
the Ap ostles, literally , least of those who (are) the
Apostles ; or i t is expressed in the following m an
ner ; whosoever therefore shall break one é o
1 303 1 6-361 of these least comm andm ents. M atth . v.
1 9. see also two other places in thi s verse .
36 ADJE CT IVE S .
M any adjectives are form ed by the addition of L
to the words from which they are derived ; thus,Lan ai corp oreal, L3E4
“m ountainous, Li‘ f
g p r im i
tive ; so also adjectives havi ng a Greek origin ; as,
barbarous, Lisp
fi aer ial. In som e in stances the
term ination L1 is added to the prim itive word to formthe adjective ; as, p r imary , hairy ,
p rop er .
Num erals.
Num erals cardinal (M ), ordinal
(10
20 0 0
Ordinal. Cardinal.
M asc. M asc.
fi rst
M il second
1
third
[Li e sf ourth
fifl k
LilUu sixth
li i x .» seventh seven
ii i eighth
Lli u l n inth
LiLm s tenth .
K» r":
Constr.
“BKv
.31 two
AS2 1232 three
“5 51'
Ka i l'
f our
Lisa; j ive
A: 1&
“3 17
m ;
NU M E RAL& 37
From ten to twen ty the n umbers one, two, &c. are
prefixed to ten , in the following m anner.
M asc.
seventeen
7 o 7 Y a V 7 oM i M i eighteen
Y 7 o 7 7
M l m l. n ineteen .
Ordinal.
Fem . M asc.
lLM eleventh
imm m thirteenth.
&c. &c.
The law.
for deriving
.
them from the cardinal is suffi
cien tly obvious.
Cardinal numbers from three are for the m ost par tjo ined to the thing numbered by Apposition in the abso
f !
8 NU i IE'
RAL s.
4 D,
70
9
Ili te state ; 21 5,(M 3; b f] f dur m on ths ,
(S el a
ten vi rg i n s. But the‘
constructive state is occasionally
used ; thus in M atth . iv . 25 .«we have m ; ten
ci ties,literally , a decad of cities.
These num bers are frequently found to occupy the
place df Ordinzils. In Luke i . 59. we have 1550;
the day which '
(is) eig ht, i . e. the eighth day , A,
six th hour .
Denary n um bers from 20 to 90 are expressed in the
plural and are of the ~com m on gender ; thus,
gym twen ty ,
(ASA f orty , fif ty , we
“siwty ,
(A 9: seven ty , eig hty , $ 2 n in ety .
The ordinals are derived from these by adding the
term ination L, for the m asculin e, and LA: for the fem i
n ine ;’
as, twen tieth .
The rem ain ing n um erals are,“050 a hun dred,62155
two hun dred, llfioM three h un dred , which are form
ed by prefixing the less n um ber of the fem in in e gender
before “050 ‘Also, .9 S\
o
or .gf§\y
a thousan d , fem .
M , PIU A , la x , ten thous an d .
Twice, thrice, &c. are som etim es expressed by cardinals,
with the nounT
’sl tim e after i t ; as, on ce,lit.
on e tim e .
Words deno ting a part of the whole a re,zTAk oz a
third part, Lu g; a fourth:part,
‘
gfii o a ten th , Si c.
NumE RALs 39
M ultiples, as double, treble, &c. are expressed by g i t
and a cardi nal num ber following with a prefixed , or
som etim es without it ; as, j i g r
’: seven f old, li t. on e
in or in to seven , H3 double .
The day s of the week are, lg’
1 9 H3 f irst day of
the week, secon d day , &c.
PRONOUNS .
24. PRONOUNS are som etim e s sep arable , i . e . con
sist of words, and som etim es insep arable, i . e. they are
expressed by certain particles called afi xes placed at
the end of n oun s, verbs, or other particles. The
following is a Table of the personal pron oun s .
Plu ral. S ingu lar .
Com . M asc. Com . M asc .
Li] 1 , 1 st person .
Lu] Thou, 2d .
O‘h
7 o001 and u m are also used for the dem on strati ve
pronoun s ; as, 051 1 .5 3.7
Kthat m an, “51 M il-li that
wom an .
G31 andv.4 1 are for the m ost part found after
a tran sitive verb ; as, 93] Qfi m they have fi lled
them, John ii . 9.
25 . The Dem on strative Pron ouns .
this, fem . this, m asc.
1401
these, m asc.
these, of both genders.
C“M 1 01 these, fem .
42 A FF IXE S .
Care m ust be taken n ot to con found é éw ith the
preposition é o B efore the use of vowels the form er
‘A
word was written(50 with a po in t above it and the
latter
27. The following Table exhibits what are called
p ronom inal afiixes, which are added to the end of
noun s . They are certain abbreviated term ination s or
inseparable particles and have the signification of pos
sessive pronoun s .
7
com . gender . my
thy
thy
7
(“ i
com . com .
‘k 7
m asc.
Y
(A . fem .
Q 7S
\OO
'
Ls m asc.
\OO1 m asc.
V
v.01 . f em .
C.CJ
'
1 fem .
28 . T here are separate possessive -pronoun s . Theyare expressed by the letters which are put be
forethe affixes ; thus, A 3 my , A. ) thy , m asc., H a l .
thy , fem ., 01 k . ) his, her , our , your ,
NOUNS W I TH AFF IXE S . 43
m asc., 6-3 3 " your , fem , p o
i
their , m asc.,(d o
-A.
their , fem .
Di stributive pronoun s are expressed by L231 ,
and the prepositi on é o ; som etim es t he substan tive
is taken away and the di stributive pronoun is in
dicated by CS?
on ly ; thus, som e of
them , or som e of them . Also or é'
QLS
whosoever , or whatsoever . The latter
pronoun is c om posed of all, and something ;
or, any thing .
Other pronoun s are form ed by . adding the affixesto the noun s La b soul or p erson , and
substance, or p erson ; as, 1523save thyself
Q E. N Nb -and he went, hanged himself:a
0 1 50034 353 in himself See , also John vi . 5 3 .
29.
‘
Noun s w ith Afi a es.
We com e n ow to n oun s With affixes. The vowelchanges of n oun s
’
receiving the affixes -in Hebrew are
m any and com plicated ; but . in Syriac are few and
sim ple . The following is an exam ple of a m asculin e
noun , which is first put in the defin ite state and
then takes the afiixes in the place of the term ina
tion
NOUNS WI TH AFF IXE S .
S ingu lar .
Def. State .
l st. pers. sing . com .
2ud . m asc.
3rd . m asc.
l st. pers. plu . com .
2ud
2nd
3rd .
3rd .
P lural .
l st. pers. sing. com .
2n d .
2nd.
3rd .
l st. pers. plu. com .
2nd .
em7 7
y our
2ud.
y our
3rd .
their
3rd.
E S L their .
‘b
1 . The word 0 .0s is pronounced M al/tbeing otiose .
NOUNS W ITH AFF IXE S . 45
2. Noun s in the singular n um ber the defin ite
state of which term in ates in L1 , form the affix of the
first person singular in and the second and th ird
person s plural in95 " V
‘ s" ecu , « on ; thus,
l—A -é boy , 4 my boy , M your boy , M
their boy . L4 55 Lord , which takes the affixes from
is an exception to th is rule .
3 . Those n ouns having the abs. state ; as, em:
and the defin ite ; as, L301 : retain the r wi th the
affixes of the first person Si ng. and second and thirdperson s plu . ; as, my p r iest. Again , those in
the abs. state having the vowel ‘7 on the last syl
lable, and any other vowel on the preceding syllable ;
the V is preserved with the affixes of the abovem en tion ed person s ; as, L1 9 5 , abs. altar ,
m y a ltar .
4. T here are som e n oun s, nam ely , m onysyllables ;
wh ich have the vowel v in the abs. state ; and
which lose it in the defin ite.
' Such noun s preservethe r with the affixes of the above-m ention ed per
son s ; as, >0 3 def. Lb, blood, my blood .
5 . Som e n oun s in the plural num ber receive the
affixes both in the def. and con st. states. They are
those wh ich term inate in the absolute state in (a ;
the defin ite in L7 and the con structive in 0 0 1 .
Note, has two sign ifications. 1 st . m y kings.
2nd . hings of ; as, M king s of the ear th .
46 NOUNS WITH AFF IXE S .
Three nouns, nam ely , f ather , L3]y
brother ,
f ather- in - law, take the affixes in an irregular m an ner .
l st . pers. sing. com . my f ather
2nd .m asc. thy
2nd .fem . thy
3rd .m asc. “01 0231 his
3rd . fem . her
1 st. pers. plu. com . Q 57
our
2nd . m asc.
A Q 7
y our
2nd . fem . y our
3rd . m asc.\O$1 0:Q y
their
3rd . their
The o ther two nouns take the affixes in the sam e
way ; except that m akes Ag “ m y f ather - in - law .
S ee obs. 4, p. 45 .
30. In fem in ine n oun s the sam e affixes are u sedfor both num bers ; nam ely, those which are an nexedto the singular num ber of m asculin e n oun s. They are
put to the end of fem in ine n oun s in the con structivestate in the first person singular, and in the secondand third person s plural, and at the end of theirdefin ite state in the other parts, the term inationhaving been taken away . The reason of th i s difference is, that in the pronom inal affixes m en tion ed ;
if they were placed to the defin ite state of the n oun ,
there would be a concourse of several con sonan tswithout a vowel .
NOUNS WI TH AFF IXE S . 47
The following is an exam ple of fem inine n oun s
10
9: f am ily con st. def. TAD -
F ;
l st. pers. sing . com .
2ud.
2ud .
3rd .
3rd. fem .
l st. pers. plu . com .
2nd m asc
2ud
3rd
7 7
3rd o o o o o o o o o o
ti c
-
1m ;
Plural.
1 st. pers. sing. com .
2ud .
2ud
3rd .
1 st. pers. plu. com .
2ud
2ud
3rd .
48 NOUNS WI TH A FF IX E S .
with the affix tran sfers the V from the
first to the following letter ; thus, m y daughter ;
but i t rem ains in the others ; as, thy daughter ,
your daughter
3 1 . Num erals an d Particles w i th Afi a’es.
Num erals also receive the affixe s of m asculin e n oun s
in the plural n um ber ; thu s, {pdtb yf these two, m asc. ,
K“cr
a
n i al,
these two, fem .,
A
M these three, m asc
Q ai hi s al'
these f our , oofij m these five, odu Zh;
these six, ociLhm ; these seven , ocifihifibl these eight,
edu hi fil ”1 3 33 ” i71 6 , ema
i
l -Em ; these ten .
When the singular affixes are an nexed, they havethe power of possessive pronoun s, and possess there
fore an other sign ification . For exam ple, 01 41 13; h is
ten, thy ten , 05-141 5; their ten , and we find
very frequen tly in the New Testam en t 01 4 1 135 52. his
twelve, speaking of the twelve di sciples of Christ.
A great num ber of particles take the affixes ; as,
a in , “a in m e, in thee ; L ta, 953to y ou, é o
f rom , “i f f rom him , f rom us, 52m g qfler ,
ed'
l ihm? af ter them , &c. Som e particles take the
affixes of m asc. n oun s plu . ; as, >o:_o before, “Signbefore m e, before thee ; so likewise, on or
up on , £ 33“ j b r , instead of ; and others.
50 V ERB &
E thpeel is the passive of the preceding conjugation ,
and like the other passive conjugation s has the syllable
Z] prefixed " .
Pael is the Piel of the Hebrews, when the sigmification of the Peal conjugation is in tran sitive, the Pael
m akes it tran sitive ; as, 0 31 he was j ust, Pael a ny
he
j ustified ; som etim es it expresses the Peal sen se with
greater energy ; as,“L. he sought, Pa . he sought d ili
gently . Thi s conjugation has a causative sen se in som e
verbs ; as,(5 1 he bought, (
a ; he caused to buy , i . e .
he sold . To the Pael is som etim es assign ed the sen seof commanding , p erm itting and declar ing what is ex
pressed by the Peal, and som etim es these two conj u
gation s have the sam e sign ification .
E thpaal is the passive of the preceding conjugation .
As the Pael, in m any in stances, sign ifies to make or
cause to do whatever is indicated by the Peal ; the
E thpaal will necessarily sign ify to be m ade to do, that
which is denoted by the Pea] , and hence it is that
the Peal and E thpaal conjugation s in som e verbs possess the sam e m ean ing ; as, c l .» he thought, £ 1 . .the was m ade to thinh, i . e . he thought.
Professor Lee in h is Heb . Gram .,supposes l l to be a frag
m en t of the verb Ml he cam e ; that it was originally w ritten in
full ; but in process of tim e it was pron oun ced and afterwards
written with the verb, the sense of which it qualified . See in
hi s Chap . on Heema nti nouns, h is accoun t of the force of thisand other particles wh ich are prefixed to prim it ive words.
VE R B S . 5 1
Aphel corresponds to the Hiphil of the Hebrews .
In sen se i t is usually causative of Peal ; as, g ig he
rem em bered ; Aph . gigf he caused to be remembered
he comm emorated . It is al so found to possess the sig»
n ification of desir ing , p erm itting ,declar ing , exhibiting ,
&c. whatever is indicated by the Peal ; as, $53 np erm itted, or g ran ted p ower , M ]
,
he exhibited trou
ble . In som e in stances it has an in tran sitive m ean ing ;
as, it shone . The characteristic is Tprefixed to
the root .
The preceding conjugations are of very frequen t use,
and are ackn owledged by all Gram m arian s. Those which
follow are of m uch rarer occurrence.
The E thtaphal is the passive of the preceding con
jugation . It is form ed from the Aphel by prefixing
the particle Z] , and changing the Olaph, the charac
teristic of the Aphel conjugation , in to Thau . Exam plesof thi s form are seldom found. S ee M ark xiii . 24.
(Philox. vers.) the sunyL JZAp
shall be darhened .
The Shaphel conjugation is generally con sidered to
have the sam e sign ification as the Aphel ; it is form ed
by preflxing J to the root, and like the Pael and
Aphel take a under the second radical in stead of 7.
By m any person s th i s conjugation has been referredto quadriliteral verbs ; but i t is found so frequen tly ,m uch m ore so than the E thtaphal, that M ichaelis andothers have m ade it a separate conjugation of triliterals.
4— 2
5 2 V E RB &
E xam ples are, a s; hem ade or caused to serve,
‘
he infl am ed, M he m ade p erf ect .
E shtaphal is the passive of the preceding conjugation , and is form ed from i t by prefixing Z] , tran sposingthe L wi th the q , and changing ,
a under the secondradical in to 7
.
The E’
shtap hal conj ugation agrees in form w i th the
tenth conjugation of Arabic verbs.
If the first radical of a verb be 1 , m , 3,a ; i t is
tran sposed with Z of the particle Z] in the E thpeel and
E thpaal conjugation s ; as, o a th ] he was lef t, in steadof m i ] ; toi hm ] he was lif ted up , in stead of a i rbl ]After I, the L is changed in to 3, and after
5in to 4 ;
as, H a n] he was conquered , he was crucified .
Verbs are either reg ular or irregular . The form erclass includes all those verbs which preserve their radicals unchanged throughout all their infiexion s, the latterthose, which lose or undergo a change of one or m ore
radicals .There are two ten ses, the praeteri te and future .
Their form s are W and and these form sdeterm ine the past and fut . timbs m ore accuratelythan they do in Hebrew. The presen t ten se m ay beexpressed by the active participle wi th the aid of thepersonal pronoun s. By m ean s also of the auxiliaryverb two other ten ses are defined ; n am ely , the im ~
perfect and plusperfect, of which som e accoun t w illbe afterwards given .
VE RB S . 5 3
The differen t numbers, person s and genders are
form ed by prefixes and affixes join ed to the root of
the verb as in the Hebrew .
The Im perative form is u sed in an affirm ativesen se. A n egation or prohibition is expressed by the
future ten se and the particle 1 ] not placed before i t:The Infin itive is in i ts nature an abstract n oun ,
and as such receives the pronom in al affixe s. It has
an active, n euter, or passive sen se ; and when added
to the verb will give in ten sity to the sign ification .
33 . Before we proceed to give the tables of the
differen t classes of verbs, i t is desirable to presen t thereader wi th the ten ses, &c. of the sub stan tive verb
lécn he was, and of [u ] is, which are pecul iar in
their form s and because the form er is m uch u sed inthe gen eral conjugation s.
Praeter ite Ten se .
Sing. Num ber.
L 001 I was
7
L 001 thou wast
7
“L 001 thou wast
lo0'
l he was
1 001 she was
P lural Num ber.
9
QA CO1 we were com .
A 7
y ou were
7
(B L OG ! y ou were
7
0001 they were
7
“001 they wer e
5 4, VE RB S .
P lural .we shall or will be
63501 1 y e shall or will be
{365012 y e shall or w ill be
they shall or will be
(a do-u they shall or will be
Infin i tive .
150-q to be.
Imp erative.
S ingular.
2 “001 , or L OO1 be than
2 “L 001 be thou
P lural .A 7
elb ocn be y e
(3 A.001 be y e
m asc.
m asc.
m asc.
m asc.
fem .
m asc.
Fu ture .
S i ngular.
lam ] I shall or will be‘h ‘h
l001 1 thou shalt or wilt be
001 2. thou sha lt or w ill beI ‘h
loom he shall or w ill be‘h fl
lo01 2. she shall or w ill be
VE R B S .
Presen t Ten se .
S i ngular.
thou art m asc.
m asc.
m m
7 7
lT
'LN(
‘LN com .
A Q 7
\Q . Il Q M ] ye are m asc.
7
Tan ] y e are
‘X D D
\Q . 101 they are m asc.
3tu m they a re
Particip le .
Singular.
lo01 being or is m asc.
LOO1 being or is
P lural .
t.so01 being or a re m asc.
being or are fem .
The personal pron oun s are frequen tly u sed in the
place of the substan tive verb after a participle, bywhich m ean s the presen t ten se of verbs m ay be ex
pressed, as will be afterwards seen . We have also
5 6 vn a ns
the personal pronoun in such an in stance as, om
he is g ood . In these cases, 93]‘70
andv
.4 1 are em
ployed in preference to { 1331 an dCh i c
-
1 .‘h ’b
34. We com e n ext to [u ] is, which is the sam e as
the Hebrew m'
i. It takes the affixes in the following
m ann er.
Person . P lural . S i ngular .
77
l(d b l we are “Ai l I am
GAIL] y e are WA ]:
thou art m asc.
7
2Th an k ] y e are u na lb l tho u art fem .
A 7
they are H ULL] he is masc.
3(a
fg ha l they are she is fem .
If to [L] wi th i ts affixes be joined the verb him ,
the im perfect ten se will be form ed ; thus, [L501thou wast, 1501 w ou ld he was .
The verb Ad ] sign ifies to have, when i t is followedby Lom ad with the pronom inal affixes ; as, “A A ]there is f or me , i . e.
I have.
P lural.S ingular.
vi m we “a
t
A!(3.5L lb ] y e have A tn ] thou hast m asc.
gunk M arr /lave g as A.) thou 1m fem .
(acid . A.) they have L 1 he has m asc.
(n
ew: M they have 013 tn} she has fem .
5 8
Praet. 3 . m asc.
m asc.
com .
Plur. 3 . m asc.
m asc.
com .
m asc.
CONJUGAT I ON O F REGULAR VE R B S .
Ethpee l. Pael E thpaal
E”
L]“
9s
:0 7
M 151 4“
E XAM PLE W he slew .5 9
Shaphel . Eshtaphal .
sis ter
:0 Y
AJ LM
60 RE GULAR VE R B S .
36 . Observation s on Regu lar Verbs .
The Praeter ite.
The first letter of the root is generally without
a vowel, the second has for the m ost part V ; but
som etim es it has i s; especially in in tran sitive verb s
and verbs den oting the affection s, qualities, or sen sation s of the m ind ,
as, “qu a he ceased, he
blushed, a s : he cleaved, 7-5?
he slep t, he
trembled , a s .he la id down ,
(3 . he inhabited .
Also verbs whose m iddle radical is
fl
Olaph ; as, “L:he enquired , e lm he was hoary . Those also whose
first radical is Yud have frequen tly a under the second ;as, 3 A. he set.
The Yud of the fem in ine gender, third person ,
plural num ber is som etim es om itted and the verb is
written as, M g they slew, fem . The sam e occasionallyhappen s to V an of the m asculine gender. The reasonis that these letters are n ever pronounced .
Nun paragogic is added in som e in stances bothto the m asc. and fem . genders of the third person ,
plural num ber ; but m ore frequen tly to the latter ;
as, e go ,third pers. plu. m asc. and fem .
The force of th is particle is supposed to be that
of giving energ y or certainty to the expression s inwhich i t is found to occur.Som e verbs are found to have Olaph prosthetic ;
as, w i g ] he f ound .
REGULA R va n e s 1 6 1
The num bers and person s of th i s ten se are form edby affixing a particle of on e of the personal pronoun s
to the radical letters ; thus, Q M O forp lu] M o .
The Fu tu re .
This Ten se seem s to be form ed in the active con
j ugation s by prefixing certain abbreviated form s of
the personal pronouns to the im perative m ood ; thus,
t han ] for and l-Jo
l ; for “Ergo and
m”
.
In the passive conjugations the sam e form s are
used in stead of l of the particle Z] .
Verbs having a under the m iddle radical of the
praeterite, in the future take V ; as,Tga l ; these also
whose third radical is a guttural or Ri sh take 7.
A few verbs subm it to n o rule as to the vowel swhich they receive ; thus, “l l I will receive, which
has the sam e vowel s as the Heb . 1132s
The second and third person s sing ular fem in in esom etim es adm it Yud Otiose or paragogic at the
end ; thus, M L and
The praeform ative letters are n ot four as in Hebrew ;
nam ely , INN ;but on ly three ; n am ely ,$1 . The third
person sing. and plu . of both genders take\for
probably from 1301 .
62 RE GULAR V E E B s
is the third pers. sing. m asc. and the first
person plu . ; but the con text will determ in e the person
which is to be taken .
The verb m%
-é he obey ed , receives u
:
for a through
the whole of the E thpeel conjugation ; except the infin .
which is regular ; thus, praet. “h f -41 1 im per . M 1 1part . M AM .
I
Infin itive .
The Infin itive of all the conjugation s has M em
praeform ative. The Peal is m asculine . The others
have the term ination 0 and are fem in in e .
Imp erative .
The observation on the vowel placed over the secondradical of the future holds good in the im perative ; as,
org ; m ahe ye, 00 5
7
0 ; sleep ye. In the E thpeel and
E thpaal conjugations, the m iddle radical has n o voweland under it is placed the linea occultans. Thi s peculiari ty has probably ari sen from the general practice of
people to utter a comm and in a hasty and an abruptm ann er.
Nun paragogic is som etim es found with the form s
of the im per . in the Peal, Pael and Aphel conjugations ; as, ék dgm for
Particip les.
The Participle active Peal is alway s written as
w wi thout the V au , which is in serted in the H e
brew participial n oun Kal . Thi s circum stance ari sesfrom V an n ot being used wi th the vowel 0 ; but
RE GULAR VE R B& 63
with On the con trary the passive participle has
0 . wi th the vowel I
; as, \L1 .0 . The participles of
all the other conjugations are derived from the praeterite by prefixing M em . Thi s letter is very probablya particle of the pronoun é b, t sh, or 156 ; so that,
M 05 0 is he who slayeth, i . e . one slay ing . In
thepassive and Aphel conjugation s the Olaph is om it
ted and its vowel taken by the M em .
The part. M 0 som etim es takes the vowel V on
the first rad . ; especially on in tran s. verbs ; as, e m f
aston ished , Luke I . 21 .
I
From this last rem arkkm ust be exem pted som e
0 n ~
verbs of the Aphel conjugation , wh ich retain the
Olaph when an other letter is prefixed ; as,(H e lge
p erm itting to live . Thi s is also the case in the fu
ture .
The Olaph of the Aphel conjugation is changed
in the E thtaphal in to L; as, m ime for M o lAso .
This is likewise true in the whole conjugation .
37 . T he gu tturals produce a few anom alies and on ly a
few ; for the Sy rian s have not so great a variety of vowel
changes as the Hebrews. Verbs, the th ird radical o f
which is 01 , w , u or 5 , have in the future and im perativePeal for the m ost part the vowel V un der the m iddle
radical . In the o ther conjugation s and th e active participle Peal, they have V in the place of m
; as, w i g;
w orship ing , g lory ing , w ig; he m ocked, F9“,he com memorated .
64 R EGULAR VE R B S .
The verbs LI1 3V
he consoled , 1564,
he defiled ,“3 he
pollu ted , in the Pael and E thpaal conjugations, have the
sam e changes of the vowels as the gutturals which are
m en tioned in the preceding paragraph .
38 . The Presen t Tense is form ed by the participles
(form M 0 ) and the personal pronoun s placed after
them thus,S ingular.
13] M E: I am slay ing
AJT thou a rt slay ing
H AJ] D1 0 thou art slay ing
081 M 0 he is slay ing
she is slay ing .
Plural .
we are slay ing
Q AJ] (3 3A0 y e are slay ing
&c.
(i n we are slay ing
(a AJl y e are slay ing
The third pers . plu . is expressed sim ply by the
m asc.
act. part. in the plural num ber .
These auxiliary pronoun s are som etim es con tractedand affixed to the verb ; as, A31 0, A31 0 thou ar t
slay ing , second pers . sing. m asc. and fem .
The substan tive verb added to the participialform M 0 will som etim es express the im perfect ten se ;
66 VE RB S 10 0 1 1
also are usually denoted for the sake of brevity by one,
of the letters in“23 ; thus,"
Lg ,
"
Ca , st
and for,
verbs the first radical of which is or J ; 1 ;
4 5 , (u ;those the m iddle radical of which is l, Q or
or the second and third radicals the same an d finally
“3 ; those the last radical of which is l or
40. Verbs 12; -or “a ,
1 . In accoun ting for the anom alies which exi st
in thi s class ; it is to be observed that Olaph or
Yud beginn ing a word m ust have a vowel ; as, 0 3]he was anxious, é: he begat, and not e a] , 3 .
See 5 .
2. In the m iddle of a word Olaph or Yud and
the preceding letter cannot be both without vowels .This is the con sequence of what is stated in
for in those form s where two con sonan ts wi thout
vowels com e together ; the Olaph or Yud would begin
a syllable and would consequen tly require a vowel as
m uch as at the beginn ing of a word.
3 . Thi s vowel of the Olaph'
or Yud is. generallyrem itted to the preceding letter ; but when an ad
di tion is m ade to the end,
of the word ; to avoidthe concourse of several letters without vowels ; the
Olaph or Yud retain s its vowel ; thus, 3 2} he was
“R EM “
VE R B 67
4. In the Aphel, Shaphel and their passive con
j ugation s, the Olaph or Yud is changed i n to V au
which coalesces wi th the preceding 7 and m akes thed iphthong an ; as, M 0]:r
3 04 .
5 . Olaph and Yud are dropped in the futurefirst person singular ; as, 1 05 ] I shall ea t for W023“,
- 6 .
'
Verbs are regular in the Pael and
E thpaal conjugation s, which are therefore exception sto
”
7 . In the Peal conjugation, the vowel of t he
O laph isa in the praet. In the pass . participle it is
In the im per . in those cases where the secondvowel is e
, the first is 7 ; as, eat thou m asc. ;
but if the second vowel be V, the first is a; as,
33] say thou m asc. A sim i lar rul e is observed in
the future ten se ; n am ely , when the second vowel isr
‘
the first is a and when the second is V, the first is I
8 . The Olaph i n the E thpeel and E thpaal con
j ugations is som etim es changed into A; as, rN LL] from
rig ] he took, M 322] he lamen ted . Indeed Olaph pre
ceded by Thau is frequen tly changed in to Than for
the sake of euphony .
9. Olaph or Yud in the m iddle of a word restsin . gen eral in a
‘
or x . The latter is som etim és'
chang
ed into the form er .5—2
68 means lg , o n ” La .
The verb . 1“he dep ar ted , m akes its im perative mood
of the Peal conjugation thus,
The of Ki] has the lin ea occu ltan s as often as i t
ought to have a vowel from the analogy of the regular
verb, and Zain by the sam e rule is without on e. In such
cases the vowel of Lom ad is rem itted to Zain ; as, A3 1 ]she dep arted .
In the passive part. Peal the radical in som e verbsreceives the vowel 7 instead of I
; as, fi g); taught,
Rom . ii . 1 8 .
Yud in the verb eg o-
1: has no n eed of the vowel I;
because the second radical is not pronounced and therefore its
vowel is rem itted to the first. In the imper. we have
The Y ud rem ains in the Aphel conjugation in the verbsK ]
,
he ej acu lated, m ] he sucked .
ego] he was f aithfu l, in the Aphel conjugation takes '
01 as the characteristic and is changed into J ; thus,
he believed ; so, Heb. rpm , Arab . 0 49 .
Som e verbs beginning with Y ud reject this radical inthe inf . and fut. Peal ; as, a; he kn ew, inf. “230 ;a A, he set, fut. Q
'
AJ
4-1 Verbs
The anom ali es belonging to thi s class of verbsare only few ; the principal one is the rejection of
Nun in certain situation s and the rule is thi s ; whenever Nun is at the end of a syllable and wi thout
a vowel according to the analogy of the regular verb,i t is rejected . We have therefore fut . Peal
Ne-p uh for Nen -
p uh. inf. 0 050 for
In the im per. Peal , the Nun is thrown away at
the beginn ing of the word ; as, for The
reason of thi s eli sion is perhaps the difficul ty of pro
noun cing i t with rapidity in such a situation and it
has therefore been n eglected in wri ting.
The E thpeel, Pael and E thpaal conjugation s of
these verbs are quite regular in all their form s.
Verb s of thi s class are not found in the Shaphel
and its passive conjugation .
The vowel of the second radical in the fut. and
im per. Peal observes generally the sam e rule as regularverbs ; thus, i n he cut, he breathed, 4 4
-34
ff
7g;~
cornm cusvr ror: OF VE R B S Lea.
Ethpeel. E thpaal .
Praet. Sing . 3 . m asc.
2. m asc.
1 . com .
Infin itive .
Im per. Sing. m asc.
Plur . m asc.
Fut. Sing. 3 . m asc.
2. m asc.
2. m asc.
1 . com .
\&9T M 1 100 M 1523 M 1350‘fi ‘h ‘h Q
EX'
AM PLE “i f he eat . 7 1
AS Q OLT
SALE:
c l aw 8.5.50M’
V
TaSDOA.’ Z
.
72 CONJ UGAT ION OF
Sing. 3 . m asc.
2. m asc.
2. m asc.
1 . com .
Infin itive.
Im per. Sing. m asc.
Plnr . m asc.
Sing . 3 . m asc.
com .
m asc.
com .
VE RB S,
E thpeel .
74. VE R B S a;
he fixed, take the vowel a; but he adhered,
520 it fl owed down , have 7.There are a few excep
tion s ; as, AM . ) he descended , which takes a in the
fut. and im per.
The rule for the rem oval of Nun does n ot apply
to verbs of thi s class, when the second and third
radicals are the sam e ; n or when the m iddle radical
is one of the quiescent letters ; nor in som e verbs whose
second radical is H e.
m he ascended is anom alous and takes som e of its
form s from the obsolete verb as, 0 5 13 inlper .
in f. a ns] fut.
Olaph characteristic of the Aphel conjugation is oc
casionally retained w ith the prefixes ; as, [Li ll y thou w i lt
bring down from A“.
42. Verbs a ; or A ,
Verbs having V au and those having Yud for
their m iddle radi cal letter differ so little from each
other in their conjugation s ; that they m ay be
both com prehended in on e class . These letters are
some tim es placed in such situation s as to lose theirconsonan tel power and defects in con sequence ari sein those form s of the verb where that power is lost .
1 . V au deprived of a vowel for the m ost partrests in the vowel a
. In such a case whenever anothervowel is required by the analogy of the regular verb ;the V au is usually changed into Yud ; as, w i l l
for m m , M for law
VE RB S a; i s . 75
2. V an for the m o st part takes the vowel 0 or
When therefore another vowel is requi red by the
analogy of the regular verb ; the V an is taken away
or changed in to Olaph or Yud ; as, for >oé_o ;
for >000 .
3. In the Aphel conjugation , the V au is changed
in to Yud ; the vowel m which belongs to V an is alsochanged in to
I
, and th i s vowel is rem i tted to the preceding letter ; as, for
There are som e verbs, which preserve the o in the Pael
and E thpaal conjugations ; as, 29; he disturbed ; 3652] hewas disturbed .
In the part -Peal the Vau is changed in to Olaph and
is pronounced Y ud . When the third radical is a guttural
or Rish ; the vowel m is changed in to 7 . See 37 .
Throughout the E thpeel conj ugation L“of the
‘
syl
lahle L] is doubled , except in the 2nd pers. fut. Th is
is the sam e as in Chaldee, except in the latter Ian:
guage the duplication is m ade ' by-Dagesh forte.
The verb s of thi s class are n ot found in the Sha-i
phel and E shtaphal conjugation s.
There are som e verb s having the m iddle radical V au,which are n ot conjugated after the paradigm ; nam ely ,
(1 ) Those which have Olaph or Yud for the
third radical ; as, he was”
equal, 0 0!
he adhered .
76 V E RB S
(2) Such verbs ; as, “ 51 0 he desired,“emf he
In som e verbs a difference of sign ification is m arked
by the m iddle radical V au being m oveable or othero a Ct
wrse ; as, i t was whi te, he saw.
Verbs having Yud for the m iddle radical letter,preserve it in som e of the form s of the Peal conjuga~
tion ; for in stance, in the praeterite .
P lural. Singular.
OM
{LAO
In the fut. Peal the preform ative letters have n o
vowel except that which belongs to the first personsingular.
From verbs of thi s class quadriliteral form s are fre
quen tly derived and m ake two additional conjugation s ;nam ely, Palpel and its passive E thpalpal ; as, “is; hemade a commotion , from “of, >0Ao§ he exalted, from
S ee quadriliteral verbs.
00 o o
In La , he li ved , when ever a preform atl ve 1 8 annexed,
the Y ud is taken away and its vowel rem itted to the pre
ced ing consonan t ; as, in f. LAO for L 05 0
VE R B S 1 ; i]
43 . Verbs"
Ls .
There are a few anom alies in these verbs, but theyare not so num erous n or of a kind to require a paradigm . M ost of them m ay be accounted for on the
principle stated in 40 ; nam ely, that Olap h rem its its
vowel to the p receding letter which was p reviously
without a vowel. Agreeably to th i s law we have
he was g ood , 0 1m he was old ,“I. he enquired ; im per.
4d) p ut on the
t
shoe. So also in E thpeel we have“MPI'Olaph is som etim es placed before the first radical ;
we have indeed the following form s,
9 1 1 1 , d ell}i
In Aphel we have, he did badly , he
p ut on the shoes, he did well.
In Pael and E thpaal conjugation s Olaph is changedin to Yud ; as, he p rep ared, he was p re
44. Verbs i]
Thi s class com prehends the two classes of Hebrewverbs term inating in s and n , and the three classes
of Arabic verbs ending in l Q 5
In the con sideration of these verbs, we '
observe
l st. Wh en they receive an addition to the end, .
the Olaph is either taken away or changed into~ Yud ;
78 CONJUGAT ION OF VE R B S Q A ,
Sing. 3 . m asc.
2. m asc.
k I ‘h
2. masc. om i t]
1 . com . w i l l"
' Imper. Sing .
Plur . m asc.
2. m asc.
1 . com .
2. masc.
(52>a é oa0
' I
a“
EXAM PLE >oo_5 . 79
at in Ethpeel.
M imi
M im i Asolm'
szf
050250;
“5 025031 1“
M M
80 V E n ns u
thus, Aik’ H Thi s arises from the circum stance
I
that Olaph is seldom found in the m iddle of a word
beginn ing a syllable, or quiescen t in the m iddle of
a syllable .
2ud . Participles form the fem . gender accordingto the rules given in the Chapter On Noun s ; as,
fem . LAWfit s?)fem . li ke .
3rd. Olaph in the 3rd. pers. sing. praet. of all the
conjugation s, except Peal, becom es Yud quiescen t in r
;
as, “Li .
4th . The infin . is subject to the l st . rule ; butin other respects it is regular.
5 th . In the im per. Peal and E thpeal sing . m asc.,
Olaph is changed into Yud ; in the form er it rests inI
, in the latter it m akes a diphthong with 7 ; thus,A\
and g i g] . But in the other conjugation s
Olaph rem ain s and rests in 0. In the fem .
0 m akesa diphthong with In the plural form s the 3rd .
rad . is taken away in all the conjugation s ; thus,
6th . In the fut. ten se and participles, Olaph restsin a
; but before the affixes(3 and
t‘ i t is taken
away . Before the affix { Olaph passes into Yud
m oveable as, N .
In the plu. praet. Peal of the third person we
have N and A for OR M ilk. In a few in
8 2
Praat. Sing . 3 .
2
2.
l
Infin itive .
Im per. Sing.
Plur .
Fut. Sing . 3 .
2
2
I
m asc.
m asc.
0 com 0
m asc.
m asc.
m asc.
masc.
0 m asc.
com .
CONJ UGAT I ON o n VE R B S
E thp eel .
E XA M PL E 1 ] he revealed .
Aphel . Ethtaphal . Shaphel
84 VE R B S u
45 . Verbs u ,
Verbs which have the second and third radicalsthe sam e lose the m iddle radical in the Peal, Aphel,E thtaphal, Shaphel and E shtaphal conjugation s. The
vowel of the m iddle radical expunged is rem itted to
the first. With the exception of th i s defect an d a
pecul iarity in the act. part. Peal ; the whole inflexion
is quite regular. The E thpeel, Pael and E thpaal
conjugation s retain both the radicals and are in everyrespect regular. But for the two last conjugation s thePalp el and E thp ahaal form s are m ost frequen tly used ;as, "
fi
t i he drew, w he ag itated, 010 ; he m ag
72
The im per. and fut . Peal receive on the secondradical the vowel a or V, according to the rule laiddown for these form s in the reg. verbs ; thus,
‘h
he will sp oil, { g he will desire .
In the act. part. Peal the m iddle radical is chang
ed in to Olaph ; but i t is pron ounced as Yud ; thus,
0 15 is pronounced Ito-
yes 1 1 . When an addition is
m ade to the end of this parts the Olaph with its
vowel is taken away ; as,v
‘m ” v.1 5 . The verb
“5. is an exception ; for it preserves the Olaph in
the plural ; as,(A l l; m asc. and
{A1 5 fem .
Verbs which have Olaph for the second and third
radicals preserve both o f them in inflexion ; see doublyirregu lar verbs.
Pratt. S ing. 3 . m asc.
2. m asc.
2. m asc.
Infin itive .
Im per. Sing . m asc.
Plur . m asc.
Fut . Sing. 3 . m asc.
2. m asc.
2. m asc.
CONJ UGAT ION OF VE R B S u ,
EXAM PLE fig he destroy ed .
Shaphe l. Eshtaphal .
8 8 O B JECT IV E A FF IXE S .
Vowel p receding .
S i ng.
0 01 0
m (cl-f)
It is on ly necessary to gi ve exam ples of a regular verb ; because irregular verb s receive the affixes inn early the sam e m anner. The chief exception con si stsin those verbs which have Olaph for the third radical ;of which on accoun t of som e striking peculiari tiesparticular n otice m ust be taken in the properplaces. It is also n ot n ecessary to extend the paradigm beyond the Peal conjugation : for the othersare in flected like it. Whatever deviation s there are
wi ll be given .
The first and second person s of both n um bersthrough both the ten ses do n ot take the objectiveaffixes of the sam e person , otherwise the sign ificationwould be reciprocal wh ich is usually expressed by
certain conjugation s .In the prset. the third pers . plu . fem . has two
form s “Aim and A 0 on e the sim ple and the
other the paragogic ; each of them takes the affixes.There is also a m asc. paragogic form
Verbs of the sec. pers. plu . praet. o f both gendersdo n ot receive the affixes and in stead of
them are used the separate pronoun s 031 and
90 O BJECT I V E AFF IXE S.
l st. p ers. sing . M AD .
thee, m asc., 0 0m thee, fem .
,
e5m you, m asc., e0m you, fem .,
m ékhohim , 05m her , {241 fi g?
them , m asc., Luge them , fem .
3rd. p ers. p lu. m asc. or
M 03 33 ,.Ol g0
thee, m asc., 0 :30AM ) thee, fem . , 00m
you, m asc.,(00 0m you, fem ., 0 01 05 3 0
him , her , (34 1 ohm them ,
m asc.,(“l Q i h-D them
, fem . The other form
takes the affixes of the 2nd . pers. sing. m asc.
3rd. p ers. plu. f em . A l e or M D .
M me,{L g}; us, M
thee, m asc.,
you, m asc., you, fem .,
him , cfi gfi her . The other form takes the
affixes of the 2ud . pers. sing. m asc.
2nd . p ers. p lu. masc.
GM .
0 9. 7 o
o m e,(”M o us,
him , m om he r .
O BJE CT IVE AF F IXE S .
2nd . persr p lu. f em .
cam .
‘h
“
M a
y
him , a n .
"
M 0
,
1 st. p ers. plu . é léfi )
09
m thee, m asc., 0 045 150‘h
t o 7 0 V
fem . , em you , m asc., Mfl
fem ., 0 om him , 01 .i_\lg0 her
7
you,m asc., ( M 050
fl 1 h
him, 51 39-0 50 her .
2ud . p ers. sing . masc.
1 £ 8go m e,(“AH-AD
"
him , M GM her .
2ud . pers. sing . f em . A w .
A CE-AI ) m g, (i nks o o o o o o as, “m o—Am
I
99, O BJECT IV E A FF IXE S .
P lu. numb. 2ud . pers.
m e, us, 0 01
him , 01 dk400 her .
2ud pers. f em .
F uture Ten se .
3rd. p ers. sing . masc.
a s si gn ; thee, fem ., 055 q‘h ‘h
g age, y ou, fem ., 0 01a
2nd. p ers. si ng . f em .
(A gn i
0 0 0 0 0 0
96 Q UADR I L I TE RAL VE RB S .
two con secutive letters can be at the sam e tim e sub
jcet to defect. It will be sufficien t to con sider a few
in stances of doubly irregular verbs, wh ich m ay be dividedin to the following classes .
l st . Verbs with the first radical a Nun and the
third Olaph ; as, 13 4 he inj ured, E thpeel, Where
Olaph is changed in to Yud . Aphel H a l, where the
final Nun is dropped ; so, hm he temp ted , im per . Aph .
emf .
2ud . Verbs having the first and third radicalsOlaph ; as, 12] he cam e, fut. Peal 1 1 1 1 , wh ich possesse s
the defects both of and R3rd . Those with the first radical Yud and the
third Olaph ; as, he swore, I have sworn ,
he will swear , 156150 to swear .
4th . Verbs having the second and th ird radicalsOlaph . 1 15 he f orbade, whence 3rd . pers. praet. plu.
915 inf. 1 15 50 im per. 0 15 . 0 1] he laboured, Aph .
we will mahe thee wear ied .
fl, it is fi t, and a few others are altogether defective and anom alous.
5 0. Q uadri li tera l Verbs.
The Syrian s have som e verbs com posed Of m orethan three letters ; they are not num erous, and as in
Hebrew and Arabic, are chiefly derived from triliteral
Q UADR I L ITE RA L V E B B s. 97
roots. They are form ed by the addition or repetitionof a letter, and undergo little or n o alteration when
the prefixes and affixes are annexed .
I . B y the repetition of on e or two of the lettersof the triliteral root, and ch iefly in those cases whenthe secon d and third radicals are the sam e, or the
m iddle radical V au ; see 42, 45 ; thus,
"Th he dragged along , from 5Khe dragg ed ,
he was exasp erated, from 5250 he was bitter .
he did often , or p ractised, from 0.x he d id ,
or m ade . he was m ad e, or becam e lazy , from
<5“ he was lazy . It will be seen from these and
the following exam ples, that the gen eral effect of the
duplication is to give increased in ten sity to the sign i
fication of the original word .
I I . In stances of two of the radicals being repeated,are M o i ] he dream ed f or a long tim e, from xx.“
he dream ed, w he sta ined
, from“50 ,he
exalted, from x 85 he was high .
II I . Som e appear to be com pounded of two verbs ;he thought basely , from “555 he was base,
and As he quarreled .
IV . B y the addition of a letter to the beginn ingof a word .
7
96 Q UADR I L I TE RAL V E B B s.
two con secutive letters can be at the sam e tim e sub
j ect to defect. I t will be sufficien t to con sider a few
in stances of doubly irregular verbs, which m ay be dividedin to the following classes .
l st . Verbs wi th the first radical a Nun and the
third Olaph ; as, he inj ured, E thpeel, where
Olaph is changed in to Yud . Aphel u -Dl, where the
final Nun is dropped ; so, hm he temp ted , im per . Aph .
emf .
2ud . Verbs having the first and third radicals
Olaph ; as, 12] he cam e, fut . Peal wh ich possesses
the defects both of K5] and R3rd . Those with the first radical Yud and the
third Olaph ; as, 150. he swore, A0 0, I have sworn ,
he will swear , 150150 to swear .
4th . Verbs having the second and third radicalsOlaph . 1 15 he f orbade, whence 3rd . pers. praet. plu .
010 inf. 1 1050 im per. 0 10. m l] he laboured, Aph .
we will mahe thee wear ied .
‘
(L it is fi t, and a few others are altogether defective and anom alous.
50. Q uadri li teral Verbs.
The Syrian s have som e verbs com posed of m orethan three letters ; they are not num erous, and as in
Hebrew and Arabic, are chiefly derived from triliteral
98 Q UAD R I L I TE RAL VE R B S .
(1 ) 50 ; as, e m s?)he made p oor , e m fol ] he be
came p oor , from the Arabic he was p oor .
(2) m ; as, 0 01 45 he hastened, he burned, from
(3) 1 ; as, he taught, from ri nk he learned .
The letter V au is som etim es in serted in the m iddle
of a word ; as, he twisted , he was p er
p lexed, from the root 0.x. he bound ;$0413 he exp ected,
from
Som etim es we have as, from “h . >0 ;
as, he p ersevered, from (i n he was strong .
5 ; as, he andRA?
he revolved .
At the end of a word we find som etim es the letteras, H ALL : he m ade domestic, H u i ] he was
treated f am iliarly , from a house, “Ll-M L he sub
dued, from AN Z under, beneath .
It is unnecessary to give m ore exam ples ; we wi ll
onl y observe that in the process of conjugation , theseverbs follow in general the principles laid down for
tri literals.
5 1 . PARTICLES .
Under thi s term m ay be com prehended words whichare used in explain ing, m odi fying and connecting the
principal parts of a sen tence. They em brace, therefore, Adverbs, Preposition s, Conjunction s and Inter
j ections.
Adverbs.
1 st . Of tim e.
once, tog ether , 5 2001 when ? M 61 1 yesterday ,
in the end, at leng th, afterwdrds, 6 4 3
9
1
then ,now, tod ay}, 4
7
29 already , riow,
>o;0 05 befor e, immediately , to-morrow,
>OCA50 at any time, not yet, 0 001 ] 15015
as long as, howlong ? 105 until now , 15?
2ud. Of place .
where ? 15 here, hither , 150 hence,
whither ? which way ? 0 01 5 1505 hitherto, é ol'
thither
Adverbs of various kin ds.
how ? g reatly , powerfl lh/ ,
1 00 PRE PO S I T IONS AND Con JUNCT IONs.
swif tly , f ormerly , A551: (for as I have
said) namely , esp ecially , c‘l so, >0; whether ? A0 01
truly , where ? wh ich is form ed from the adverb
and the personal pronoun 001 , 5 01 50; f rom thence,
aswholly , efiectually , really , 05 not
, 10; 11 not ?
A1 20 ] lastly , Algoré.
fi rst, secondly , A ja x
9 Q P 7O 0
f rom whence ?w now, “Km i n va i n ,
divinely , L 100 ; j ustly .
Som e preposition s are prefixed to verbs, n oun s&c., and others are separate word s. Those m ost com
m ouly u sed are 0 in, 5 to, 1 05 to, with, 5 0 f rom ,
0 . 15 .0
y
or A0 5 0 between, A 0 without, 11 9 , with
out, Sy
Am0, 520 after , A5 O3, 0 5 0 f or ,
about, ag ainst, m because of; u upon
or against, 503 with, >o:_o before, 1 023 near ,
against, 152) ;o before, or M L under
“3
Conj unction s an d In terj ection s.
These are 01 or , as, m
4U] if ”Of, “7218 8 8 , if; 1] 055 if not,
also, besides, 5020 but yet, however,
S Y N TAX .
5 2. S yn tax of Noun s.
THE noun which is put in a state of con structionm ust precede that wh ich qualifies it or lim its i tssign ification ; thus, 01 501 $09 the wom b of his m other,
division ef m y g oods. Th i s is the
reverse of what takes place in Greek and Latin , wherethe second n oun is the one whose form is m odifiedand this m odification is term ed the gen itive case.
A noun is often found in the con structive for theabsolute state, when i t is followed by another havinga preposi tion prefixed ; as, accep tors ef
f aces, i . e. hyp ocr ites ; where we have for
M atth . xvi . 3 . A94 9 blessed am ong
wom en , where we have A94 9 for hi p Luke i . 28 .
19 9 deny ing kindness i . e. ung rateful,
£9 9 forT. 2 Tim . i ii . 2. The preposition is
som etim es separated from the n oun ; as, 1 79 ; “m 9 .-y
1 Tim . i . 1 0, where we have for
SYNTAX OF sunsr a n r rvn s. 1 03
The defin ite state in i ts prim ary office is undoubt
edly in tended to express a defin ite sen se, i . e . i t is usedto direct the atten tion to a particular object or objectsknown either by their un iversality , preem in en ce or
described previously by som e circum stance ; as, 1 1 5 .
1 153 : the hour was com e, Mfl 141 131 I am the vine .
It occurs in all the cases where the Hebrew article
is u sed, as m ay be observed by com paring the He
brew Bible with i ts Syriac version . From the sam e
com parison , it m ay be also seen that syr. n oun s are
put in the def. state in n um erou s in stances where
the Hebrew article in the corresponding word s isom itted.
The def. state is very frequen tly found, wherein Hebrew the con structive would be em ployed ; in
such cases is u sually prefixed to the followingword ;but n ot alway s ; as, 1 ~ S9
> 1 ;1x f east of the p assover ,
John xi ii . 1 . 12099 9 1 the g lory ef God,
John xi . 4.
‘
see 21 . This con struction m ay be equi
valen t to 5 "
mike in Hebrew, wh ich serves som etim es
as a circum locution for the constructive state .
The proper nam es of m en do n ot adm it a defin itestate. A few appear to have it , because they term inate with the radical Olaph ; as, Peter ; but
such n oun s are in the absolute state.
A p lural of excellence the Syrian s have not ;
except a few in stan ces which are found in the ver
1 04 SYNTAX on ADJ E CT I VE S .
sion of the Old Testam en t, and which m ay be cousequen tly regarded as Hebraism s. See Ps. V. 1 .
The repeti tion of a noun som etim es denotes diversity, or a m ultitude ; as,
T..5
(4 5 9 with divers
tongues, Acts x . 46 ; (91 in var ious tim es, Johnv. 4 ;
(“A afi cted with m any evils
,
M ark i i . 1 7. It den otes also a distributive sen se ; as,
1 L.) each a p enny , M atth . xx. 9.
In the Philoxen ian version som e dim inutive nouns are
found . T hey are deno ted by the term in ationQ“or m e
“;
as, a little son , Hoh i a li ttle m an , M-L
fma sm all f oun tain ; 1&3o a little m an , a little
lamb ; 1 0031 9 5 5 a li ttle dog . There is no doubt thatG
1
is the sam e as the Greek term ination on, and that is
identical with the Latin ending us.
5 3 . Con struction of Adj ectives.
Adjectives, whether they are u sed as qualifyingwords, or whether they are em ployed as praedicates,agree generally wi th their substantives in gender andnum ber. The exception s to this rule are the sam e as
in Hebrew.
When an adjective has the office of the praedicate,the logical copula being expressed or understood, i tis put in the absolute state with the sam e gende
rand
n umber as i ts substan tive and before i t ; as, 9 01
5 0 my sin is g reater than Gen . iv. 1 3 .
1 06 SYNTAX or PRONO UNS .
also, C 3 5 . AXLE; in three hours, 1 . e . in the third hour ,
M atth .xx
. 3 ; A.. six hours, i . e . the sixth hour ,
M atth .xv. 33 . In m any places cardinal num bers are
used for ordinals, and the n oun n um bered precedes
in the con structive state ; as, A54 5 to the first
year , lit. the year of one, Dan . i . 21 . 1 156 A, A34 9
lit. in the y ear ef six hundred and one, i . e . in
the six hundredth and first year , Gen . viii . 1 3 . AL .
“9 510 1 150 A. six hundred th and f our th y ear , B ar.
Heb . p . 1 00. The n ounQ5 . .n is occasion ally expressed
after the num eral ; see Gen . vi i . 1 1 . A cardinal num
ber is in a few in stan ces put before i ts n oun in the
constructive state ; as, in M atth . iv. 25 . we have 1 19 5
1205 50 ten cities, lit . a decad ef cities.
In designation s of weigh ts and m easures, the n oun
wh ich expresses the weight, &c. is som etim es om i tted,
though n ot so frequen tly as in Hebrew ; as, 9 55°
a thousand (shekels) of silver , Gen . xx. 1 6 ;where theword is understood .
5 5 . S y n tax of Pron ouns.
The logical copula, as has been already stated, isfrequen tly expressed by one or other of the personalpron oun s, and that with the linea occultans : as, 131
I am , we are discip les. B ut when
existence is m ean t, the substan tive verb is used, and
thi s without the linea occultans ; as, 1001 01 9 in
him was lf e , John i . 4.
SYNTAX on PRONOUNS . 1 07
A pecul iari ty of the Syriac language is to be m et
with in the redundan t use of its pronoun s ; in such
cases as,1 . Aflixes when they are placed before Dolath of
the gen itive ; at least they are of n o use when
0. 7
tran slated 1 n to our language ; as, 01 5 50.
fl
lit . the f am e ef him who is Jesus, i . e . the
f am e of J esus. 1 1 30301 ) 01 29,
the daughter
The afiix of the verb, when the noun to which
i t refers is placed after it ; as, 53 0
and he sen t, cut it of"
(I m ean; his head ,1 . 2.
l
and he sen t, cut qr his head , M atth .
xiv. Som etim es the n oun has a particleprefixed to it ; as, 0 1 5 0: lit. he tooh
him (I sp eak as to) the childj i . e . he tool: the
child , M atth . ii . 1 4.
When the afiix is ann exed to a preposition , a
sim ilar con struction is :ob served ; as, 019
in it, the hour , i . e . in the hour . Som etim esthe preposition is redundan t as well as the affix ;as, 1M (
5 ; 6301 9but in the days, M atth .
i ii . 1 . 1 01 0 1 505 with him , with Christ,
i . e . with Chr ist, Rom . vi . 8 .
C5 5 01 1
(5 0 {10 1 45 0
f rom these, 1 T im . i . 6 .
4. The pron oun 001 in such in stances ; as,N1
0
001 g oeth to the belly ; 001 1 1 04504 01 9 ;
1 08 SYNTAX on PRONOUNS .
The pronoun s he himself and the sam e, the Syrian shave not, but they are expressed by a little circumlocution as,
1 . B y a repetition of the person al pronoun with
the particle 9, placed between ; as, 9 £ 401
{5401 these sam e sacr ifices, Heb . x. 1 .
2. By the juxta-position of the pronoun s 001 051 ;
as, 1 001 1500: 001 001 0 and that same
day was the sabbath, John v. 9.
An affix annexed to the word is frequen tlyem ployed as a possessive pronoun , 11 . 28 ; when the sen
tence would be rather am biguously expressed by placingthe affix to the noun or the verb ; as, 1 1 09 5 50
thine is the hing dom , M atth . vi . 1 3 ; 121
5 0105 99 1] he cam e to his own and liisx
own
fl
rece
i
iv
x
ed
him not, John i . 1 1 . These possessive pronoun s servealso to give a particular en ergy to the word to which
they belong ; thus, 9 5 5 ; m y tim e, John vii .
thi s is especially the case when the affix is likewi seadded to the noun ; as, my words, John
v. in thy eye, Luke vi . 5 1 1 509 150
my m eat, John iv. 34.
A pronoun is in som e in stances found before the
noun to which it refers, and is placed at a con siderable interval from it ; thus, 9 01 041 1 1 1 .
1 1 0 SYNTAX on V ERB S
in him was lif e, John i . 4 ; 1 35 3 9 ;
an d the life is the lig ht of m en , sam e place. The’
former
is gram m atically term ed con structio ad sen sum , and the latter
con structio ad f orm am . Several o ther exceptions are found
to the foregoing general rule, wh ich although not 80 fre
quen t, are of m uch the sam e character as those which exist
in Hebrew .
When several substan tives com e together, the verb belong
ing to them is pu t in the plu. numb . m asc. gender .
Occasion al uses of the Tenses.
E ven ts of future occurrence, which are con sideredas certain to happen , have thi s certain ty represen tedby the verb being placed in the praeterite ten se ; as,
the p eop le sitting i n darkness 193 1501 03 01» shall see
(have seen) g reat light, I saiah ix. 1 . 1 1 10
1 1 0505 0 01 5 11 1 he com eth
“
not to co
i
n:
dbm nation, ‘ but“
shall p atss f riom death to life, John
There are a few in stances in which the praeterite
of the verb 1001 , followed by a participle or an adjective,represen ts the im perative ; as, A..001 A41
”
9 10“1
95:g o thou also (and ) do the sam e, Luke X . 37 . ThiS
application of the ten se is undoubtedly to give em phasi sto the sen tence. For as a praeteri te is em ployed to
express our belief that som e future even t will certain lytake place, so is i t readily seen that on the sam e principle thi s tense m ay be regarded as the emphatic formof the
‘
im perative , whenever i t is so applied ,
S YNTAX or vn ans 1 1 1
The ten ses, especially the future, either alone or in
conn ection wi th on e or m ore particles in m any casesexpress a poten tial, subjunctive, or hypothetical sen se.
Q SALQL'
: 11 éAL N
'
l 53} if y e had saved them
alive I would not slay you, Jud . vi ii . 1 9 ; A51 1
a lthough I should walh, Psal . xxiii . 4 ; 15 5:whocan say ? Prov. xx . 9. B ut the participle with the
praeteri te of the sub stan tive verb is perhaps m ore fre
quen tly em ployed for these purposes ; as, h r. OK
“Adam if thou hadst huawu, John iv. 1 0.
Use of the Infin itive.
An infin itive conn ected wi th a fin ite verb add sin ten sity to i t, or denotes what is sign ified by the verbto be cer tain , fixed or continual ; as, L
tm l
’
0.1;tI will g r eatly m ultip ly , Gen . xxi i .
{255 01 $050ye shall not surely d ie, Gen . iii . 1501 “5 hath
been accurately dep icted, Gal . i ii . 1 .
When an infin itive is govern ed by som e verb sig
n ifying will, p ower or comm and, it has gen erally Pre
fixed ; as,
’
six); M and how
are we able to
’
hnow the way .?
I
Joh 1i xiv.
he sen t him to f eed swine, Lukexv.
m éga s’oki
1501 and he wished to slay him , M atth .
XiV o 5 5
1 1 2 SYNTAX OF VE R B S .
Use of the Imp erative.
The im perative is n ot on ly em ployed to express a
comm and, but also an exhortation , adm on ition or a p er .
m ission ; as, John xi . é bhk 02 5 51 let us g o thither
see also M ark i . 38 .
The im per. of the verb 121 is frequen tly found in
connection with a fin ite verb i n the fut . ten se ; thus,
LED-LO M 12 1300
1 0 and now com e we will m ake
a covenan t, i . e. and now com e let us m ake a covenan t,
Gen . xxxi . 44 ;N1 : 02 com e we will g o, John xi . 7 .
We have also the im per. in such con struction s as
the following ; I will g ive y ou the best of the land of
E gyp t, 1351; 0135 054 05 53 15 and eat y e the f a t of
the land, Gen . xlv. 1 301 this do and
live, i . c. this do and ye shall live:Gen. xlviii . 1 8 .
Particip les.
The participle is tim eless ; i . c. i t has n o tim e
of its own ; but partakes of every tim e with wh ich
i t m ay be conn ected . Thus, pres. m ost frequen tly .
The fut. as, 001 £ 459 Q
M ) WTherefore that which shall be born of thee is holy ,
Luke 1 . 35 . 1 g thy wf e shall bear
to thee a son , Gen . xvii . 1 9. The Praet. ; as, B ehold
their Lord, M 0 hpi f a llen and dead , Judges
iii. 25 . Participles, when they are taken as such , and
1 1 4 SYNTAX OF vn n ns
Verbs used for Adverbs.
It is not uncomm on to see a verb put before
another verb to which it perform s the office of an
adverb ; as, $53. $ 1 ; who has taken m uch,
2 Cor. viii . 1 5 . $ 1,
hath g reatly exalted
him , Phil. E51“
I will ag a in f eed
thy fl och, Gen . xxx . 3 1 . 1 1 3 50 £01505 £ 11 001 Ag ain he
sp ahe a p arable , Luke xix. 1 1
1
. They entreated
901 50; M AJ $5 021 . 11 ; that it should not be sp oken
to them any m ore, Hebr. xi i . 1 9.
he chang ed the letter craf tily , B ar. Heb . p . 1 00.
M iscellan eous Observation s.
The ordinary m ethod of expressing a reciprocal or
reflexive sen se is by a tran sitive verb with the n oun
un ited to the affixes . B ut i t 1 8 also in som e
in stances don e by m ean s of the passive conjugation s ;as, he turned him self; M atth . ix . 22. See also
John VI II . 6 , 7 , 59.
Neuter verbs have som etim es a passive sign ification ;as, 1né to wander for to be deceived , arka vaafla z, Luke
xxi . 8 .
rel . he burnt for was burnt, M atth . xiii . 30.
he jfiell for he was cast down , John iii . 24.
he ascended for was extracted, was torn up , as
trees which are torn up by their roots.
SYNTAX or PRE POS IT IONS . 1 1 5
Com pound word s in Greek are tran slated in to Syriac,by sim ple words, either alon e or in conjun ction wi th
another word or particle ; as, f ore/m owing , Acts
xxvi . A5orb I predicted , M ark xi ii . 401 5
01 505 he ran before h im , or did outrun him , John
xx . so with m any others .
5 7 . S yn tax: of Prep osi tion s.
Preposition s are em ployed in conn ection with verb s ;thus, a is found with verbs sign ify ing to confess or
deny , also m any verbs of sen se are con strued wi thy
a ; as, 0 0 9 who shall confess m e,
who shall deny me , 01 20509 11 let me not see
The prepositionT50 is used with verbs of enter
ing or ascending ; as,(50“13 eh whoever
does not en ter by the door , John x. l , 2.
with verbs of cover ing or com mand ing ; as,
M he covered, M atth . xvii . 5 .
ri g ; he comm anded,
2 Chron . xxxvi . 23 .
Am with verbs of separating or disting uishing ;
as, God sep arated 15d ; 1301 03 between the
light and the darhness, Gen . i . 4.
526 wi th verb s of com ing ; as, 121 he cam e,
M ark i . of g oing , as,“11 he dep arted , John vi . 2.
he ran ,1 Cor . xiv. 1 .
1 1 6 SYNTAX o r PART ICLE S .
The preposition s M 085 ag a inst, ag ainst, 505
with, and m any others are frequen tly u sed with verbs ;as, 11 ; resist not evil, see also
M atth . xxvi . Acts iv. Rom . vii . 23 Actsxxv. Hebr. vi . &c.
5 8 . S y n tax of Par ticles.
The repeti tion of adverbs like that of n oun s expressesinten sity ; as, very badly ; or diversity ,
as, 155 6 1 3 5 here and there ; or con tin uation ; as,
M E23 by little and little .
Adverbs som etim es qualify n oun s by being placedbefore them in the con structive state ; as,
a little water , 125 501 a f ew days .
0
The particle 11 placed before adjectives assigns a
privative sign ification to them ; as, 11 f oolish,
12055 0 11 imm ortal .
In terjections, which den ote threats, for the m ostpart causeWto be prefixed to the n ext word as,
(S.
woe to us !
j ar be it is con strued with of the person ,
and g prefixed to the verb ; as, fig ) 01 5 m l. f ar
be it f rom him that he should do, Job xxx . 1 0.
5 9. E n allage of Person s an d Num ber .
The enallage of person s does n ot occur so frequen tlyin Syriac as in Hebrew, and especially as in the Hebrew
A P P E N D I X .
IT is stated in 1 0, that a sim ple poin t is som e
tim es used for various purposes. The practice of the
Syriac writers appears to have been to em ploy a
poin t, which by i ts position above or below the let
ter to which it is annexed, would determ ine the truesign ification of a word that would otherwi se, in the
absence of the vowels, rem ain am biguou s . It is pro
bable that the sign ification of thi s poin t defin ed in
som e degree'
the kind of vowel in tended to be sup
plied, and thus served as a guide in the pron unciation .
The following in stan ces of its application , taken principally from the Gram m ars of Am ira, Hoffm an and
De Dien , wi ll illustrate the nature and utility of thi sSlgfl .
fl;
”lg
.
APPEND IX . 1 1 9
they , m asc.
1 20 APPEND IX .
It appears from the foregoing exam ples that thi spoin t perform ed the office of vowel s ; that when i t
was placed above the letter, i t denoted for the m ostpart one of the vowels 7
,0, and when ben eath the
letter, i t denoted I
,m, or a
.
Thi s poin t was further used to di stingui sh the
person s and ten ses of verb s . When it was put be
neath the letter, i t denoted
1 . All the person s of the praateri te, the first of
the sing . n um b . being excepted . The th ird personsing. fem . has thi s poin t frequen tly on the left-handside of the last letter Z.
2. The im perative and infin itive when ever any
poin t is found .
3 . All person s of the future, the first of each
number being excepted .
When i t is placed above a letter in verbs it
denotes
l . The first person of the prwteri te .
2. The active participle ; as in Peal conjugation
M 0 W ’ Pael m m ; un less on e of the
letters 1 o 0 . requires i t to be placed below ; as,
or m .
3 . The first person of both num bers of the future .
The following paradigm of the Peal conjugationof M o will exem plify what has been n ow stated .
1 22 APPEND I X .
Thi s point in som e places is found with one letter,and in other places with another letter of the sam e
word . The di stinction is produced on ly by i ts situationabove or below the word .
The Nam es of the M on ths.
We give here the nam es of the Lunar M on ths,which occur very frequen tly in the Scriptures .
>oro October,
154 4 1
>c,.c
\Q .L:J January ,
«Q2 . February ,
07
) 31 M arch,
(m u Apr il,
0 10
August,
S eptember.
The E strangelo Characters.
The E strangelo characters are the m ost ancien t .
They are found in the oldest Syriac M SS ., are principally ornam en tal, and often used for Titles of Books.The following Table exhibits their form s :
END OF THE APPEND IX .
ST. JOHN’
S GOSPEL,
CHAPT E R II .
12m g , 1. 1 . Qn s 12°t ?1 501 1550
’
c 1
“in:801 09 102 1 001
1001 3 120114 505 ms. “01 0
,13 1e
Gas. i s r2as: “an ; 01 591 “5. 125515
1 4 13 .12o A 150 as. $131 4
$515 -M u se] M m . 221
1 L: 1
29152 12g é oly
(a ; A..1 6
95;
A 5“
v ii t.sz 1 19 5s 1 a m
M y; 0 5 5A] .
\00
1
1 .k A01 8 fl akT11 11
A ?! 001 50x; £1 0 9 105mm 05 10
(A? 1001 n: 0501 ; Ls;
L}? 93032 0501C
‘Ar:
ve i l-1 4 5 04 5 0 zlécn
0513 1 0 14m 155000 $ 5 li-o i d ol 9-11m g i li 1550 1 133 5 152 win ch 0 0 33 5
1 26 S T . JOHN’
S GOS PE L , CHAP . I I .
AI1 v.5 0 . 1M A4 1 0 . 1 1 01
£1 22 .m lta
v
; 1001 A010
o0h 21
1301 ; 0 01 0;m <1 ;
0613 1 a 1001 as]
>0L 3 501 9 1001 r; 23
v.3
1
501 24 120210
cm
. M 1001 <$m
0. 01 50 1]
1001 11 0 25 1001 x».
M as a d fl om d ss ss u mx
1 . And on the day , com pounded of the
conjunction V au and, 5 . on or up on , equivalen t to
M and 1560 1 the defin ite form of the m asc. n oun
1 9.
of three, i . e . third, cardin al num bers with2 prefiXed, are som etim es used for ordinals, 5 4 ; a
is here the sign of the gen itive.
1 001 was, third pers. sing. fem . of the subs . verb
1001 praet. ten se .
120m f east, a fem . n oun def. state derived from
the verb see 1 5 .
M 59 in Cana, com posed of a in , and
a proper n am e.
1h .,50 a city , a fem . n oun def. state, the line
under the Nun is the linea occultans, 8 . It is
derived from\5 he j udg ed .
1L$é of Galilee, and M a proper n am e .
and his m other , 0 a conjunction , 1561 fem .
n oun def. state, and the suffix 01 which is pleonastic,5 5 .
1 28 ANA LY S I S .
(5 01
,
there, an adverb.
1 501 was ,subs. verb, 8 rd pers . sing. fem ., wi th the
linea occultans, because it is the logi cal copula, 8 .
2. .9 15 and also, 0 a conj . .9 1°
a conjunction .
061 he, a personal pron oun used wi th the followingword as reciprocal, Q. 5 5 . p . 1 08 .
J esus a S aviour , from W H iphil yfimn
he saved .
“a cm e and his d iscip les, 24 9 5 1
,
a discip le,
a m asc. n ouny. Def. form is li—‘XAZ from the verb
336; he learned . The sign indicates the plu. num b.
“01 0,
is the aflix third pers . sing. to a plu . n oun .
4 321 was invited, a verb, th ird pers . sing. m asc.
E thpeel conj . from
0513 to it, which is redundan t, referring to the fol
lowing word , 5 5 .
3 . 1 001 gi n s the pluperfect ten se Peal conj . of
the verb 8 8 . The lin e under the o1
'
of 1501
shows that it assists in form ing a ten se, 8 .
wine, def. state m asc. , Arab .
JOA it f er
m ented .
125516 and she says, part . act . of the verb £01 fem .
’
gen . Peal conj . ; the vowel Z ekofo which belongs tothe Olaph is rem itted to the preceding letter, 40.
1 30 ANALY S I S .
0 7
M to the servants. 1 1 . IS a m asc.
m 7
noun , def. state, and is derived from the partic. Pael
conj . of the verb a m ; he served ; the over 50 is
the sign Ribn i, and denotes the plu . num b .
A01 ; >ors2> whatsoever he saith . 3 mfg?) any thing
which or whatsoever .
GA; to you, pron . afiix second pers . plu . num b .
annexed to 5 .
do, second pers . plu. m asc. im per . of the
verb A ; the regular vowel under the sec. rad . is
E tsotso, the Revotso in thi s word is an anom aly ,
36 .
6 . “001 A..1 there were . A..1 is pleonastic, and is
thus frequen tly used . $501 third pers . plu . fem . praet.of the verb 1001 .
(a ? but, Gr. Se
‘
a conj .
(5v there, adverb .
EQ'
water p ots, def. form plu. num b . of the n oun
liq, Heb. 1gno
15 15 ; g”
stone, this is one of the way s of expressingan adjective by m ean s of a noun , 22.
A. six, a card . numb . fem . gen .
ANA LY S I S .
0 .
(Liam ) which were p laced , a re] . pron . M
pass. part. fem . gen . plu . n um b . of the verb barf: he
p laced ; see paradigm of >oo.o
1M 3M f or the p urification . 1m fem . n oun
def. state , from the verb 15 ) to be pure . 1;
of the J ews, 5 a sign of the gen .
con ta in ing , or which con ta in , rel . pron .
act. part . Peal conj . of the verb fem . gen . plu.
n um b . ; is the Sign Ribn i .
e’l two each , that is, each water pot con tain s
two.
(a g o ; firhins, m asc. n oun plu . num b . def.
form is 10
x5 3
£31 or, the dot over 0 was probably put to distin
gui sh thi s part . from 01 the in terjection . three,
a card . num b .
7 . 05 37 Ji ll, im per . second pers. plu . num b . Peal
conj . of the verb ”So he filled .
v.4 1 them , govern ed by the verb see 5 6 .
water plu . n oun def . form m asc. gen . It is
u sed only in th is form .
3 0
11 in the water p ots ; Q has the sign ificationof in . S ee Schaaf
’
s Lexicon .
1 32 ANALY S I S .
until, com posed of the particles ,5'
and 155
Kl ; to the top , an adverb with prefixed . Root
Heb . ning he ascended .
8 . draw y e, im per. second pers. plu . num b.
of the verb It occurs on ly in thi s place in the
New Test.
M now, an adv . com pounded of >0 andI “
055 16 and br ing , the second pers . plu . num b . im per .
of 121 ; thi s verb is doubly irregular, or defective, 49.
to the g overnor of the f east, a
m asc. n oun ; it is frequen tly u sed with another n oun ,
0 o D 0 7 oas i n the presen t i n stance, 1 3 5090 from 7
5003 to recli ne ,
m asc. noun def . state .
a nd they brought, th ird pers . plu . num b .
Peal conj . praet. ten se . See above .
9.
who and when , com posed of 0 and, 5 as.
m he tasted , third pers . praet . sing . Peal conj
this verb has the vowel Revotso, for reason s, see 36 .
051 a pers . pron ., and is redundan t in thi s place .
.0351 they , referring to 155 5
1 34 ANALY S I S .
3 1523 when ,af ter that, 150 followed by the rel . 3
has frequen tly an adverbial sign ification .
0. .051y
they had drunk snfiicien tly , Aph . conj . third
pers. plu . num b . praet. of the verb 1 55 ; the vowel of
the Olaph is rem itted to the Dolath , 40.
c”5 0:1 then , an adverb .
'
3 that which, rel . pron .,
35 3 worse, an adj . m asc. gen . ; the def. form is
“01 5 2550 thou hast hep t it, Peal conj . second pers.
sing. num b . of the verb the suffix is re
dundan t, referring to the following word ,5 5 .
1523; un til now, adverb .
1 1 . 1 301 this is ; 1 301 dem on s . pron . fem . gen .
u m a pers . pron . in the place of the substan . verb, 25 .
121 sig n , or m iracle, a n oun fem . gen . def. state,
Heb . m’
x .
1&5 50 , c
'
3 fi rst, an ordinal num ber fem . gender .
$55 which he d id ;ran Peal conj . third pers. sing .
prwt.
“5015 and he m ade hnown, or m anifested , Aph .
conj . third pers. sing. praet. ten se of n; ; the Yud is
ANA LY S I S . 1 35
changed in to V au, the vowel 7 is rem itted to
the conj . 0 .
his g lory . m asc. noun def. state ;
the abs. state is 1 9 ; the root is he
p raised, Pael conj .
04 563 61 0 and they believed , Aph . conj . th ird pers.
plu . num b . praet. of the verbc561 . It is irregular in
the Aph . conj . being form ed as the Heb . Hiphel . It
is gen erally con strued wi th a or W
01 9 in him , a a prep. 01 affix third pers . sing.
‘h
m asc.
0
1 2. 5535 af ter , a preposition .
1 361 this, a dem . pron . fem . gen . sing. numb .
A» ; he descended , Peal conj . th ird pers . sing. praet.
the vowel Revotso is found in the place of Pethocho,
being an in tran s. verb, 15. 36 .
A 7 7 7
x m m k to Cap ernaum , a proper nam e .
7 7 0
and h is brethren , n oun m asc. gen . plu.
numb . ; the sing. is plu . abs. state . def.
state
0601 they were, third pers. plu . n um b . of the sub
stan . verb 1601 .
1 36 ANA LY S I S .
f ew, adverb con n ected with the following
n oun ,5 8 .
125 355 days, noun plu . num b . def. state fem . ter
m ination , in the sing. we have def. 15001 .
1 3 . and n ear , an adj . m asc. gen . def.
state 15 5 56 from the verb
1601 was, substan . verb .
-
p assover , m asc. n oun . def. state . Am ira say s
that this word in Greek 7ra
'
axa ,.found in all the Gos
pels sign ifies j oy , and derives i t therefore fromhe rej oiced . Pref. to h is Gram . where he gives a listof Syriasm s in the New Testam en t.
0 5 5 3 he ascended . Revotso under the second rad .,
11 . 36 .
1 4. and he f ound, Peal conjugation with
Olaph prosthetic, 36 , con structed with Q .
c5 .42 .13 that were selling , or selling , act. part. Peal.
0 0y
1 301 oxen , m asc. n oun def. state, sm g . 1 3017
; Heb .
“rid , vi is put for l , 4, Greek 7 1 1 51009, Lat . taurus .
153 550 and sheep . One poin t of the Sign Ribn i in
this and the preceding word coalesces wi th the poin tof the letter Rish , 15. 7 .
1 38 ANALY S I S .
1 6 .
(5 5 4 31503 selling , act. part. m asc. plu. Pael
conj . of the verb 6 31 .
tahe, second pers. plu. im per. Peal conj .
of the verb“i n;12150 hence, i . e. é o f rom , 153 here.
m o
i
gzu l 1 10 and m ahe not it ; a proh ibition is
generally expressed by the fut. ten se. The suffix 01
is pleonastic, 5 5 .
7 o Y
mm the house of h im ; 145 5 2 Is a m asc. n oun
derived from or A5 he remained, or tarr ied the
n ight. The suffix 01 is pleonastic before Dolath of
the gen itive, 5 5 .
1256Q4 merchandise, a fem . noun , from
1 7 . and they rem embered , the E thpeel
conj . third pers . plu. prae t. of the verb Heb.
the I being changed in to2, 4.
that which is written ; 9 5 A: pass . part . Peal
conj . Root a ha he wrote.
that the zea l of it ; m asc. n oun def.‘h
state, from to be envious ; the affix is pleonastic,being before 3 of the gen ., 5 5 .
ANALY S I S . 1 39
hath eaten m e, the vowel " 1 belonging to
Olaph is taken away when the obj ect. affix is ann exed,and 7 belonging to 3 is rem i tted to the Olaph , 48 .
1 8 . they answ ered , from third pers. plu .
prwt. ; Heb . ngg.
showest, act. part. Pael conj ., root
(S to us. It is com posed of k. and
K_V first pers .
plu. affix.
1 9. 0502\m destroy , im per. Peal conj . second pers.
plu . of the verb Shm .
131 503 0 3 131 I will ra ise up ; is the
act. part. Aphel conj . of the verb m ote ; the secondpron . is put in the place of the substan tive verb ; thepart . in th i s in stance denotes future tim e, 5 6 .
20.
CS . 1 . 9 AJ 0 af ter f orty and six years
Win thi s place has the sign ification of af ter , see Actsxxiv. 1 7 .
.3 1 3 41 was bu ilt, E thpeel conj . third pers. sing.
m asc. gen . praet. of the verb
21 . 160 1 357
010
was sp eahing , or sp ahe ; 1601 has
the linea occultans, becau se with the act. part. 3561 i t
form s the im per. tense of £5 51 , 8 .
01 5K§33 of his body ; 2 the m ark of the gen . pre
ceded by a n oun in the def. state ; 1 5 th.» m asc. n oun ;
1 40 ANA LY S I S .
Chaldee spas ; fi'Wécorp oreal, the adj . and [uni
tes
carnally , the adv.
22. 1M Am house of the dead, for sep ulchre,
pass. part. plu . numb . def. of [LAD
1 3031 ; that this, to the dem ons. pron . is understood
the noun‘h
1501 $61 he had sp a/sen ; 1501 in this place assistsin form ing the pluperfect ten se of the verb £01 , 38 .
m i d dle , see ver .
$61 ? wh ich he had sa id, thi s verb denotes the plu
perfect ten se in thi s place .
23 . 1601 was, the subst . verb being joinedto [L1 wi th i ts aflixes, the im perf. ten se is form ed, 34.
f east, m asc. n oun def. state, root'
Arab . 9 L:
he visited , second conj . N 2 he f easted .
nixgfl m any , adj . plu . num b. def , from the verbhe m ultip lied .
when they had seen ; 2 has here the sign ifi
cation of when . See Schaaf’
s Lexicon under thi s letter.
24. “84 : ooh B ut J esus himselfi see 5 5 .
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