Lula A. Beatty, Ph.D.Special Populations Office,

National Institute on Drug Abuse/NIHMiami, 2011

Finding Your Way: Pathways to Career Success in

Drug Abuse Research

Finding your bliss,Pursuing your career

Guiding QuestionsWhat do I need to have a successful

career in sponsored drug abuse and addiction research?

What role can NIDA and NIH play in advancing my research career? What do they offer me?

What do I need to do to have a fulfilling research career?

ObjectivesBrief overview of NIDA

Introduction to the Special Populations Office

Brief Descriptions of Pertinent Programs

First, People

Then Money,

Then Things

(Thanks, Suze Orman)

People People to

listen guide and navigate open doors teach critique confirm your competency identify resources provide opportunities share/give credit encourage/console/carry you when you need it show you the money

Money

Money to Pursue scholarly activities/ Pay tuitionEnsure physical well-being (e.g., food and

shelter)Have/Support your familyParticipate in career and professional

development activities, e.g., attend CPDD

Stay sane, reduce stressBuy things

Things

Things such asEquipmentBooksTripsWorkshopsResearch data/expensesTraining and career development experiencesComputer software Services (editing, library)

NIMH

NCI

NIAIDNIAAA

NINDS

NICHD

NIBIB

NIDCD NHGRI

NCMHD

FICNHLBI

NIA

NIAMS NIDCR

NIDDK

NIEHS

NEI

NIGMS

NINR

NCRR

NCCAM

NLM

CIT CSR CC

NIDA

NIH

NIH 10127 (changing!) institutes and centers (ICs)

with distinct disease or research mission, separate budget, and administrative autonomy

Common NIH mechanisms available to but not required of ICs

Unique programs offered by ICsGrantees are institutions, not individualsCommon review criteria and system

NIH 101 Primary mission is to uncover new

knowledge that will lead to better health for everyone

Research is primary activity (not service, demonstrations, evaluations)

Research training and health information dissemination are other key activities

National Institutes of Health Resources

Has annual budget of about $30 billion dollars Supports about 50,000 + extramural projects

annuallySupports about 18,000 pre- and post-docsHas staff of about 18,000 Supports about 1200 intramural projectsIs currently in an period of budget decline

NIH and NIDA MissionsNIH Science in pursuit of fundamental knowledge about the

nature and behavior of living systems and the application of that knowledge to extend healthy life and reduce the burdens of illness and disability

NIDA To lead the nation in bringing the power of science to bear on

drug abuse and addiction, through support and conduct of research across a broad range of disciplines ensuring rapid and effective dissemination and use of research results to improve prevention, treatment and policy

Substance Abuse: The Nation’s Number One Health Problem (Schneider Institute for Health Policy, 2001)

One in four US deaths can be attributed to ATOD (alcohol, tobacco and other drugs)

Economic burden of substance abuse to the US economy is $414 billion annually (alcohol abuse alone is about $166 billion)

One dollar out of every $14 of the nation’s health care bill is spent to treat those suffering from smoking-related illnesses

Drug offenders account for more than one-third of the growth in the state prison population and more than 80% of federal inmates since 1985

Substance Abuse: The Nation’s Number One Health Problem (Schneider Institute for Health Policy, 2001)

Children from families with substance-abusing parents are more likely to have problems with delinquency, poor school performance and emotional difficulties

Six to eleven percent of elderly patients admitted to hospitals exhibit symptoms of alcoholism as do 20 percent of elderly in psychiatric wards and 14 percent in emergency rooms

For American women age 60 and over, substance abuse and addiction to cigarettes, alcohol, and psychoactive prescription drugs are at epidemic levels

Leading causes of death and actual causes of death in the United States, 2000

                                                                  

World Health Organization: Causes of Disability by Illness (Insel & Scolnick, 2006)

Mental illness 26.1Alcohol and drug use 11.5Respiratory diseases 7.6Musculoskeletal diseases 6.8Sense organ diseases 6.4Cardiovascular diseases 5.0Dementias 4.8Injuries 4.7Digestive diseases 3.4

Drug Use in the United StatesAbout 20.1 million Americans aged 12 and over were

current illicit drug users in 2008 (8% of the population)About 70.9 million Americans aged 12 and over were

current users of tobacco products; about 59.8 million used cigarettes

About 126.8 million Americans (51.6 percent of the population) aged 12 and over were current users of alcohol; 58.1 million were binge drinking; 17.3 million were heavy drinkers

Rates of use is decreasing between boys and girls (girls’ rate is increasing to equal that of boys)

Rates and patterns of use vary by race/ethnicity and gender

Men use more than women

Persons with Substance Dependence/Abuse, 200822.2 million persons were dependent on

substances18.3 million were dependent on alcohol

(7.3% of the population)7 million were dependent on illicit drugs

4.2 on marijuana 1.7 on pain relievers 1.4 on cocaine

(The U.S. population in 2009 was about 307 million people)

Current Illicit Drug Use by Race/Ethnicity, 2008

Race/Ethnicity %Two or more races

African American/Black

American Indian/Alaska Native

White

Native Hawaiian

Hispanic

Asian

14.7

10.1

9.5

8.2

7.3

6.2

3.6

Substance Dependence by Race/Ethnicity, 2008

Race/Ethnicity %American Indian/Alaska Native

2 or more

Hispanic

White

Black

Asian

11.1

9.8

9.5

9.0

8.8

4.2

AddictionA state in which an organism engages in a compulsive behavior

Behavior is reinforcing (rewarding or pleasurable)

Loss of control in limiting intake

How Do People Become Addicted?

Something happens in the brain and the environment: Research is needed to understand the “something” so that it can be understood and effectively prevented and treated

NIDA ResourcesHas a knowledgeable staff with mission and interests directly

matched to yours Supports a great majority of the world’s research on the health

aspects of drug abuse and addictionHas an annual budget of about $1 billion Is a leading supporter of behavioral research on HIV/AIDS Supports primarily extramural, investigator initiated researchHas commitment to research and career development Has commitment to diversity in research scientists and research

programsSupports research across the disciplines

National Institute on Drug Abuse

Special Populations OfficeLula Beatty, Ph.D.

Office ofExtramural

Affairs

Teresa Levitin, PhD

Office of Planning& Resource

Management

Mary Affeldt

Office of Science Policy & Communications

Susan Weiss

Center for theClinical Trials

Network

Betty Tai, PhD

Intramural ResearchProgram

Office of the DirectorNora D. Volkow, MD

DirectorTimothy P. Condon, Ph.D.

Deputy DirectorMary Affeldt

Associate Directorfor Management

AIDS Research ProgramJacques Normand, Ph.D.

Division of ClinicalNeuroscience,

Development &BehavioralTreatment

Joseph Frascella, PhD

Division of Basic Neurosciences

& Behavior Research

David Shurtleff, PhD

Division ofPharmacotherapies &Medical Consequences

of Drug Abuse

Phil Skolnick, Ph.D.

Division ofEpidemiology,

Services & Prevention Research

Wilson Compton, MD, MPE

Division of Basic Neurosciences & Behavior ResearchModels of AddictionPain and AnalgesiaCognitive ProcessesVulnerability to Drug AbuseNeuropsychopharmacology of Drugs of AbuseGenetic Basis of Vulnerability of Drug AddictionNeuroimmune Relationships including Studies of

HIV/AIS Related to Neural or Infectivity Processes

Division of Pharmacotherapies & Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse

Medications Research (medications for treatment of cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, opiates, marijuana, club drugs and hallucinogens, prescription medications, non-chemical dependencies such as pathological gambling

Chemistry and PharmaceuticsClinical/Medical Branch

Division of Clinical Neuroscience and Behavioral Research

Clinical Neuroscience Clinical neurobiology of addictionCognitive neuroscienceNeurobiology of treatmentBiological etiology

Behavioral TreatmentBehavioral therapies developmentPharmacotherapyAIDS risk reductionComorbid Mental and Drug Abuse DisordersDrug abuse in primary settings

Division of Epidemiology, Services & Prevention Research: Major Goals

Promote the development of new theoretical approaches to epidemiology, services and prevention research

Determine how intrapersonal and environmental factors interact with each other and with genetic factors, across development in the course of drug abuse/addictions

Blend science and services to measurably impact public health outcomes

Clinical Trials NetworkConducting studies of behavioral,

pharmacological, and integrated behavioral and pharmacological treatment interventions of therapeutic effect in rigorous, multi-site clinical trials to determine effectiveness across a broad range of community-based treatment settings and diversified patient populations; and

Ensuring the transfer of research results to physicians, clinicians, providers, and patients.

To Thine Own Self Be True Do you really want to do research?

Assess your motivation to do research Personal passion or commitmentWant to make a difference or contribution

through researchInstitutional or professional requirementWant to be competitive , recognized and

valued for research in academia, among peersWant the prestige and power that research

bringsWant to be listened to, not dismissed What’s your bottom line?

Barriers: Racial/Ethnic Minority Scientists

Do not applyMistrust/Rejection of NIDA/NIHLittle/No experience with sponsored research including

grant application developmentLimited awareness of range of research

opportunities especially research training and career development opportunities

Not in a research rich environment (e.g., mentors, colleagues, graduate students, equipment, space)

Isolated in research rich environment (e.g., minorities in majority institutions)

Conflict between service, teaching and research

How Will You Be Evaluated?NIH Review Criteria

Significance: Does this study address an important problem? If the aims of the application are achieved, how will scientific knowledge or clinical practice be advanced? What will be the effect of these studies on the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field?

Approach: Are the conceptual or clinical framework, design, methods, and analyses adequately developed, well integrated, well reasoned, and appropriate to the aims of the project? Does the applicant acknowledge potential problem areas and consider alternative tactics?

NIH Review CriteriaEnvironment: Does the scientific

environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Do the proposed studies benefit from unique features of the scientific environment, or subject populations, or employ useful collaborative arrangements? Is there evidence of institutional support?

NIH Review Criteria• Innovation: Is the project original and

innovative? For example: Does the project challenge existing paradigms or clinical practice; address an innovative hypothesis or critical barrier to progress in the field? Does the project develop or employ novel concepts, approaches, methodologies, tools, or technologies for this area?

Investigators: Are the investigators appropriately trained and well suited to carry out this work? Is the work proposed appropriate to the experience level of the principal investigator and other researchers? Does the investigative team bring complementary and integrated expertise to the project(if applicable)?

Assess Your Readiness and Capacity To Do Research Using NIH Review Criteria

Available time - Personal and professional

Commitment – Self and employer

Knowledge of the problem area, especially research already done, significance of the proposed research, needs of the community, neglected/understudied issues, content and methodological research issues, leaders in the field

Assess Your Readiness and Capacity To Do Research: NIH Review Criteria

Research experience you have

Publications in proposed/related research area Previous supported research/Principal

InvestigatorResearch administration experience

Assess Your Readiness and Capacity To Do Research: NIH Review Criteria

Research Support Available To You

- Institution (e.g., Office of Sponsored Research, office space, clerical assistance)

Collaborations/Access to people and systems

- Graduate students/Research staff support

- Colleagues with research experience

Should I be doing NIH-sponsored research?Yes, if…

You are ready to make the needed long-term commitment

You are ready for frustration and rejection

You are ready for opportunity and acceptance

Special Populations Office: Vision and Goals

Preparing underrepresented researchers

Stimulating/Encouraging research that will lead to more effective drug abuse and drug abuse related prevention and treatment approaches for racial/ethnic minority and other health disparity populations

Increasing the number of diverse scholars, racial/ethnic minority researchers engaged in drug abuse and related research

Major Programs Diversity Supplement Program

Summer Research with NIDA

Research Development Seminar Series

Diversity-promoting Institutions Drug Abuse Research Program (DIDARP)

Expert Racial/Ethnic Minority Work Groups Asian American/Pacific Islander Researchers and Scholars National Hispanic Science Network African American Researchers and Scholars American Indian/Alaska Native Researchers and Scholars

NIDA has a summer intramural program, Baltimore; contact Dr. Jean Cadet

SPO Major Programs Diversity Supplement Program

Summer Research with NIDA

Research Development Seminar Series

Diversity-promoting Institutions Drug Abuse Research Program (DIDARP)

National Hispanic Science Network

Expert Racial/Ethnic Minority Work Groups Asian American/Pacific Islander Researchers and Scholars African American Researchers and Scholars American Indian/Alaska Native Researchers and Scholars

SPO StaffPamela Goodlow

Program OfficialDiversity Supplement Program

Tamara Willis, Ph.D.Summer Research with NIDAWork Groups

Flair LindseyResearch Seminar SeriesOther Student Support Programs

SPO Staff

Ana Anders, MSWNational Hispanic Science NetworkAsian American/Pacific Islander

Work Group

Charlotte AnnanOffice Support

Research Supplements to Promote Diversity in Health-Related Research

NIH-wide program (Research Supplements to Promote Diversity in Health-Related Research PA-08-190)

Supplements certain active grants that have sufficient time

ICs vary on participation and implementationProvides mentoring/training for an identified

individual from underrepresented or disadvantaged population

Racial/Ethnic Minority Disabled Disadvantaged Background

Diversity SupplementsSupports persons at five levels:

High schoolUndergraduatesGraduate studentsPost doctoral Investigators

Type/Amount of support varies with levelsReview by NIDA committee with program

representatives (exception: undergrads reviewed within office)

FY New Awards Continuing Awards Total AwardsFY 1994 21 21 42FY 1995 35 18 53FY 1996 41 26 67FY 1997 34 28 62FY 1998 35 32 67FY 1999 41 20 61

FY 2000 30 41 71FY 2001 38 23 61

FY 2002 31 23 54

FY 2003 32 26 58

FY 2004 40 24 64

FY 2005 38 28 66

FY 2006 38 38 76

FY 2007 35 36 71

FY 2008 29 26 55

FY 2009 32 19 51

FY 2010 38

Total 588

Diversity Supplement Awards New & Continuing

FY 1994 – FY 2010

FY Gender Level of Support Ethnicity

M F HS U Pre Post I Black Hispanic NA PI Asian

FY 1994 5 16 3 4 10 4 0 11 5 2 4 0

FY 1995 16 19 2 1 19 1 12 19 13 1 2 0

FY 1996 10 31 0 3 22 5 11 23 16 1 1 3

FY 1997 15 19 0 4 12 8 10 18 12 0 1 0

FY 1998 12 23 0 3 26 3 3 20 10 0 4 1

FY 1999 9 32 0 2 18 10 11 28 10 1 1 1

FY 2000 15 15 0 2 11 11 6 17 9 2 2 0

FY 2001 11 27 0 2 22 8 6 23 9 2 2 2

FY 2002 11 20 0 4 15 9 3 14 12 3 0 2

FY 2003 8 24 0 6 15 7 4 14 11 2 1 4

FY 2004 14 26 1 3 19 5 12 25 10 1 1 3

FY 2005 13 25 0 3 17 8 10 23 12 1 1 1

FY 2006 10 28 0 2 23 6 7 19 14 0 1 4

FY 2007 11 24 0 2 16 12 5 19 9 0 2 5

FY 2008 7 22 0 4 8 4 13 16 8 1 1 3

FY 2009 10 23 1 0 19 4 9 17 13 1 1 1

FY 2010 11 24 1 1 18 9 6 16 16 2 0 1

Total 188 398 8 46 290 114 128 322 189 20 25 31

New Diversity (Minority) Supplement AwardsFY 1994 – FY 2010

Gender, Level of Support & Ethnicity

Minority Supplement Recipients, 1995 and 2000

72 recipientsNo. and percent who submitted

applications to NIH: 27, 37.5%No. and percent awarded NIH grants: 12,

44.4% of those who submitted applications

No. and percent of recipients published (PubMed): 8, 66.7% of those with grants

Diversity Supplement Recipients: Current NIH Submission and Funding Overview

Data obtained from NEPS/QVR search Current refers to years 2005 – present Identified 24 applicants, not exhaustive 15 (62%) are female 11 (46% ) are African Americans; 10 (46%) are Hispanic, 1

Native American, 1 Asian 14 (58%) are currently funded (excludes those funded

previously, i.e., funding recently ended) 13 currently funded by NIDA Funding awards include: RO1, KO1,RO3, F31

Diversity Supplement Funding Highlights

Approximately 11 -12 (50%) of all the applications addressed minority health and/or diversity issues (conservative estimate)

Approximately 6 of the applications addressed “basic” research including brain imaging (RO1 awarded)

Two supplement recipients received the PECASE awards:Deborah Furr-Holden, NIAAA grantee Laura O’Dell, NIDA grantee

Summer Research with NIDASupported by Diversity Supplement Program Observed that high school and undergraduate students

were underrepresented in the programExplored reasons for their underrepresentation:

PIs did not have ready access to students Students are “needier”, require great deal of teaching and

supervision Reluctant to take on students long-term responsibility

SPO assumed recruitment, selection and placement responsibility on behalf of interested Pis

Pilot program received early support from NIMHD

Summer Research with NIDAProvides 8-10 week research placement with a NIDA

investigator High interest in NIDA PIs: 2011 program offers 142

sites with 64 in “social sciences” and 78 in “life sciences”

Yearly increases in student interest: Approximately 280 expressed interest in 2010 and 2011

Total cumulative cost of about $6.2 million; about $500-600 thousand per year

Expect to place about 65 -70 students in 2011

Total Cost Gender Ethnicity

F M Black Hispanic NA API TOTAL

FY 1997 $180,559 16 6 16 5 1 -- 22

FY 1998 $184,921 15 7 17 3 1 1 22FY 1999 $320,634 31 8 31 4 3 1 39FY 2000 $276,421 25 7 19 6 3 4 32FY 2001 $334,587 25 15 25 3 3 9 40FY 2002 $637,025 54 22 46 12 8 10 76FY 2003 $583,328 48 24 43 11 5 13 72FY 2004 $523,177 52 18 56 6 2 6 70FY 2005 $630,533 58 26 50 21 3 10 84FY 2006 $572,336 63 14 49 17 2 9 77FY 2007 $421,902 37 15 29 14 -- 9 52FY 2008 $430,547 36 18 28 13 3 10 54FY 2009 $514,434 45 17 33 5 -- 24 62FY 2010 $548,890 46 21 34 15 3 15 67TOTAL $6,159,294 551 218 476 135 37 121 769

Summer Research with NIDA Program Participation - All Years

2009 Assessment: StudentsStudent response rate of about 65% (n=42)Student profile:

Race/Ethnicity: 48% African American, 33% Asian Mean age: 20; Range: 15 - 43

Majority were undergraduate freshmen (39% ) and sophomores (35%)

16% attended HBCUs99% rated experience as excellent (44%), very good

(43%) or good (12%)97% rated mentoring as excellent (64%), very good

(19%) or good (14%)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

17%

21%

29%

31%

36%

38%

52%

67%

76% Broadened my view of career possibilities.Influenced me to try to ob-tain other research expe-riences. Influenced me to further my studies.Made me realize that I had abilities that I was not fully aware of.Improved my academic performance.Influenced me in other waysMade me re-examine what I wanted to do in life.Influenced me to pursue a career in drug abuse re-search.

Impact of Internship

Seminar SeriesTwo meeting, technical assistance program established

in 1980s for underrepresented scientists who are ready to apply for independent awards

Eligibility requirements: Must have written concept to participate, Research interest must be related to NIDA’s mission and

priorities, Must be able to submit an application to NIH (have an

institutional affiliation and standing within the institution) Provides science and proposal development lectures,

small group discussion, and one-on-one mentoring in two-session seminars (about 6 months apart)

Seminar Series

Mentoring provided by staff and extramural scientistsSecond session centers on mock review led by NIDA

SRA Expectation is that application will be submitted within

6 – 12 months after last session Usually 2 -3 workshops are held per year Seminar Series accepts participants from other SPO or

NIDA efforts, e.g., persons participating in work group activities

Seminar Series Outcomes

18 - 19 persons who participated at some point in the series are current NIDA/NIH grantees; all NIDA except 1

5 – 6 recent grantees (funding expired within last 5 years)

Diversity-promoting Institutions Drug Abuse Research Program (DIDARP)

Capacity development program, provides Institutional resources and supportFaculty developmentStudent developmentResearch support

NIDA reviewDivisions fund

Current DIDARP Programs Howard University (Kathy Sanders Phillips) Morehouse School of Medicine (Ronald Braithwaite ) Meharry College of Medicine (Hubert Rucker) University of Hawaii (Linda Chang) University of Houston (Avelardo Valdez) University of Puerto Rico (Albizu-Garcia) Universidad Central Del Caribe (Eddy Rios-Olivares) Hunter College (Vanya Quinones-Jenab) California State University San Bernandino (Cynthia

Crawford) City College of New York (CCNY) (Eitan Friedman) Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science

(Theodore Friedman)

Recent Programs since 2005

Florida International (Mario de la Rosa) Morgan State University (Fernando Wagner) SUNY, College at Old Westbury (George

Stefano) Hampton University (Hugh McLean) Morris Brown College (Jeanne Stahl)

DIDARP: Selected Outcomes(Source: Progress Reports)

SUNY, Old Westbury (undergraduate program) PI and faculty participant (most recent PI) awarded patents

dealing with mu3 opiate receptor subtypes Faculty participant received Fogarty MIRT grant and

NCMHD MHIRT grant 80% of students have gone to graduate, MD, or MD/PhD

programs Students received prestigious awards including:

University’s Presidential Award for Academic Excellence, Excellence in Research, Chancellor’s Research Award (selected from entire SUNY system)

Initiated program for high school honors students. Some of these students received scientific and academic awards: Siemens Westinghouse, Intel Science, International Science and Engineering, American Mathematics Award of Distinction

SUNY, Old Westbury continuedDIDARP: Selected Outcomes(Source: Progress Reports)

Student won 2nd prize at 2007 COR colloquium Studies included: morphine induced analgesia;

distribution of endomorphine in the tissues of the snail; Planorbarius corneus cloning and sequencing

Student research published in peer reviewed journal

Student received MHIRT support for 10 week study at the University of Lille, France, to work on nitric oxide and nerve regeneration

About 40 publicationsSignificant research: morphine is present in

invertebrate ganglia; normal healthy human white blood cells can produce morphine

DIDARP: Selected Outcomes(Source: Progress Reports)

Morgan State U. (undergraduate and graduate students) Focus on drug use, mental health, HIV, nicotine in urban and

minority communities PI received NIHMD support: reducing tobacco smoking among

residents of low income urban settings Graduate student won best dissertation award for work on

depression and onset of tobacco use in adolescents Held writing institute for faculty from Morgan and Coppin State Established two courses for public health degree program

including methodological and analytical issues in substance abuse research

13 publications, some with students and well-established colleagues (e.g., Ialongo, Jim Anthony

Publications on topics such as: high risk sexual behaviors in African American males at HBCUs, risk behaviors in Mexican middle school students, covariates of early substance abuse use among African American 5th graders

DIDARP: Selected Outcomes(Source: Progress Reports)

Florida International (graduate) Focus on drug abuse among Latinos (Cuban,

Dominican, Colombian, Honduran, Nicaraguan descent) PI received P20 from NIMHD in 2007: Center for

Substance Use and AIDS Research on Latinos in the U.S.

Required students and faculty to submit to NIH Faculty member received R21 from NIAAA Two students received F31s from NIDA (drug use and

dietary patterns among Latinas; commitment language in adolescent AOD treatment)

28 publications Special journal issue on substance abusing Latinos

Racial/Ethnic Minority Work GroupsResearchers and others involved in drug abuse

research/programs representing the interests of African American, Native American, Alaska Native, Asian American, Pacific Islander, and Hispanic/Latinos populations

Originally convened to provide advice to NIDA on Researcher development needs and obstacles Research needs within the population Barriers to research Research dissemination

Provide mentoring and stimulate research

Racial/Ethnic Minority Work GroupsResearchers and others involved in drug abuse

research/programs representing the interests of African American, Native American, Alaska Native, Asian American, Pacific Islander, and Hispanic/Latinos populations

Provide advice to NIDA on Researcher development needs and obstacles Research needs within the population Barriers to research Research dissemination

Provide mentoring and stimulate research

Selected Work Group Activities

Native American/Alaska Native Individualized mentoring program

Asian American/Pacific IslanderMentoring meeting, 2010

National Hispanic Science Network Summer graduate student research training

African American Mini-medical school on addiction and Addiction

Research Training Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine

Race And Ethnicity Representation of Research Grants

Fiscal Year White1

African Amer.1

All Hispanic2 Other3

2000 86.2% 1.3% 2.9% 11.4%2001 85.7% 1.3% 2.9% 12.1%2002 85.2% 1.5% 3.1% 12.4%2003 84.4% 1.6% 3.3% 13.2%2004 83.5% 1.7% 3.3% 14.1%2005 82.8% 1.7% 3.5% 14.8%2006 82.1% 1.8% 3.5% 15.4%

1Race Data may contain individuals reporting Hispanic Ethnicity, as well as individuals reporting more than one race

2“All Hispanic” includes Hispanic Race, plus individuals reporting Hispanic Ethnicity (for these individuals the data includes individuals who are represented in one or more of the racial groups).

3Includes Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, and American Indian or Alaskan

1995 276/926 233/720

3 /19 10/25 18 /67 22/124

1996 264/1003 229/824 2/14 5/31 15/83 22/74

1997 312/971 253/787 2/14 10/28 37/96 21/68

1998 328/1072 275/865 2/28 10/34 26/85 22/90

1999 338/996 290/805 6/29 9/30 25/90 20/71

2000 355/956 301/764 5/18 12/29 30/93 19/78

2001 432/1200 356/947 4/17 11/41 41/140 31/102

2002 353/1149 292/936 7/31 14/39 31/112 24/82

2003 425/1224 357/997 10/35 12/38 43/137 21/66

2004 394/1465 339/1194 3/43 13/58 36/163 18/84

2005 376/1727 315/1383 5/42 21/65 31/166 27/143

2006 367/1853 288/1422 5/55 10/64 43/215 34/178

2007 414/1766 328/1349 6/40 17/73 40/227 43/166

Race and Ethnicity of NIDA Applicants andAwardees Based on NIDA Success Rate

Overall African FY Total White American Hispanic Other Unknown

1995 29.8 32.4 15.8 40.0 26.9 17.7

1996 26.3 27.8 14.3 16.1 18.1 29.7

1997 32.1 32.1 14.3 35.7 38.5 30.9

1998 30.6 31.8 7.1 29.4 30.6 22.2

1999 33.9 36.0 20.7 30.0 27.8 28.2

2000 37.1 39.4 27.8 41.4 32.3 24.4

2001 36.0 37.6 23.5 26.8 29.3 30.1

2002 30.7 31.2 22.6 35.9 27.7 29.3

2003 34.7 35.8 28.6 31.6 31.4 31.8

2004 26.9 28.4 7.0 22.4 22.1 21.4

2005 21.8 22.8 11.9 32.3 18.7 18.9

2006 19.8 20.3 9.1 15.7 20.0 19.1

2007 23.4 23.9 15.0 23.3 17.7 25.9

Race and Ethnicity of NIDA Applicants andAwardees Based on NIDA Success Rate

Overall African FY Total White American Hispanic Other Unknown

Mechanisms Instruments or ways in which money is

transferred from NIH to recipient

Mechanisms for New Investigators?

Select based on science/research needs first

Common first independent award mechanismRO3s, e.g., A Start (HIV/AIDS), B StartR01 (consideration for early career/first

award)

Mechanisms Vary . . .

In Intent

Dollar Amount

Length of Support

Review Criteria

Watch Your Ps & Qs …

and your

“R”s, “U”s, “F”s, “K”s, “T”s

The Alphabet Soup of NIH

R AwardsSupport original investigator-initiated research

and research development activitiesNo maximum amount of support unless stated;

request for over $500,000 in direct costs per year must be approved before submission

Grants usually range from 3 –5 yearsReview criteria include significance, originality,

investigator experience, research resources

R Awards: Examples RO1 – original research, confidence in researcher

and research environment, “gold standard”RO3 – small grant, for pilot work, new investigatorsR21 – exploratory, new ideaR13 – research conference grantR15– Academic Research Enhancement Award

(AREA grant) , for institutions without strong research experience

R24 – often capacity development awards, can vary by IC; for NIDA it’s DIDARP

F AwardsProvide research training for studentsSeparate budget line (NRSA)Stipends are uniformly established by NIHSupport is usually from 3-5 years, time limit on

eligibilityReview criteria includes student’s grades,

recommendations, and mentor’s credentialsStudent must be working with person/environment

with active research

F Awards: ExamplesF30 – Predoctoral M.D./Ph.D. FellowshipsF31 -- Individual Predoctoral FellowshipsF32 -- Individual Postdoctoral FellowshipsFellowships specific for Minority Students are

available Pre and Postdoctoral Fellowships are

available through T32 grants (Training Centers)

K Awards: ExamplesEarly Career KO1– Mentored Research Scientist

Development AwardK08 – Mentored Clinical Scientist

Development AwardK12 -- Mentored Clinical Scientist

Development Program Award (educational institution)

K23 -- Mentored Patient-Oriented Career Development Award

K AwardsSupport professionals wanting to enter

research career or strengthen research skills

Awards are usually for 5 yearsAmount is a certain percent of salary (up

to 75% or more) plus research expenses, varies by IC and specific award

Review criteria varies if mentored award or independent award

Mentored Career Development Awards (K Awards) Mentored Research Scientist Development

(K01) Mentored Clinical Scientist Development (K08) Mentored Patient-Oriented Research Career

Development (K23) Mentored Quantitative Research Development

(K25)

Features of Each:Duration: up to 5 yearsMentor required: YesSalary: up to $90,000/yrResearch costs: up to $50,000/yrRenewable: No

K Awards: ExamplesMiddle CareerK02 – Independent Scientist AwardK24– Mid-Career Investigators in Patient-

Oriented Research Award

Senior CareerK05 -- Senior Scientist Award

R03 – Small Grants ProgramIntended for newer, less-experienced

investigatorsIdeal for investigators at institutions that

are not traditionally well developed in research

Good for exploratory studies or research methods and techniques

Up to $50,000/yr in direct costs for up to 2 years

PAR-10-021 (R03) – A/Start (AIDS-Science Track Award)

This funding opportunity announcement seeks to facilitate the entry of both newly independent and early career investigators to the area of drug abuse research on HIV/AIDS.

2 years support, at a maximum of $100,000/yr in direct costs

Funded investigators expected to submit R01 grant applications intersection of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS

DESPR (epidemiology, prevention, services research) program contact is Dr. Richard Jenkins, jenkinsri@nida.nih.gov

Funding Opportunity Announcements Drug Abuse Dissertation Research in Epidemiology, Prevention,

Treatment, Services and/or Women and Sex/Gender DifferencesPAR10-020 (R36)

Health Services Research on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug and Alcohol Abuse

PA-08-263 (R01)PA-08-264 (R21)PA-08-265 (R03)

Drug Abuse Prevention Intervention Research PA-08-217 (R01)PA-08-218 (R21)PA-08-219 (R03)

Drug Abuse, Risky Decision Making and HIV/AIDSPAS-07-324 (R01)PAS-07-325 (R21)PAS-07-326 (R03)

Funding Opportunities in which NIDA Participates

NIH Pathway to Independence Award PA-10-063 (Parent K99/R00)

Social Network Analysis and HealthPAR-10-145 (R01)PAR-10-146 (R21)

Women's Mental Health in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period

PA-09-174 (R01)PA-09-175 (R21)

Research on Teen Dating ViolencePA-09-169 (R01)PA-09-170 (R21)

NIH Loan Repayment Programs (LRPs) are a vital component of our nation's efforts to attract health professionals to careers in research.

How they work:

Increase the number of biomedical and behavioral research scientists

NIH: Repays up to $35,000 per year of your qualifiededucational debt and covers the resulting taxes

You: Commit to perform research for 2 years

Preparing Yourself: Read the Funding Opportunities (PAs and RFAs)

Explain the purpose, eligibility, objectivesIdentify the mechanism(s) to be usedProvide application receipt dates – AIDS and non-

AIDSList participating ICsIdentify program contactsGive review criteriaMay give some background and source material

Preparing Yourself to Seize NIH Opportunities

Know the mission, funding priorities, and culture and style of the sponsoring organization.

Become knowledgeable about research and researcher development activities at NIH but particularly the ICs that support work related to your interest (e.g.,NIDA, NIMH, NCMHD)

Prepare a short concept paper (1-5 pages) on your research ideas for review by program staff and colleagues

Contact program officials at the ICs Develop a relationship with your sponsored

research office

Preparing Yourself to Seize NIH Opportunities

Never submit an application without conferring with program

Know who will likely review your applicationExpect not to be funded the first time around;

it’s not the normBe prepared to be funded the first time aroundCultivate a strong support system that

understands the process

After You Are Funded (Post-award) Publish!Know your and your institution’s

responsibilities and authorityKnow your institution’s financial

administrator for your grantKnow who your NIH Program and Grants

Management Officials are; know their roles; establish relationship with Program Official

Make no programmatic or budgetary changes without permission

Post-Award Did I say Publish?Turn in reports on timeAnticipate/Explain delaysParticipate in NIH meetingsServe on review committeesConsider diversity supplementBegin revised or new grant application

submission earlyAnd Publish! (The beginning, middle and end)

Keep in Touch Establish and maintain relationships

with staff and colleagues

Lula Beatty lbeatty@nida.nih.gov301-443-0441