luise giani, university of oldenburg - sbcs · 2016-11-18 · frequency cm-1 assignment site of...

$: Luise Giani, University of Oldenburg - SBCS · 2016-11-18 · Frequency cm-1 Assignment Site of investigation Density fraction d < 2 g cm-3, Density fraction d > 2 g cm-3, Oldenburg$
Europes´ „Terra Pretas“?:

Plaggic Anthrosols –Plagganthrepts

Luise Giani, University of Oldenburg

Plaggic Anthrosols of Northwest Germany

(Photo: Gehrt)(Photo: Heinemann)

Plaggic Anthrosols or Plagganthrepts are terristical anthropogenic soils that have been modified

profoundly through human activities, consequently being „Cultoslols“. The anthropogenic part

buries the original soil. The anthropogenic genesis is related to the plaggen fertilisation system.

According to the German systematics Plaggic Anthrosols must

have a plaggic horizon > 40 cm depths. The characteristic

horizon combination is Ah/E/II…

According to the US Keys to Soil Taxonomy Plagganthrepts must

have a plaggen epipedon > 50 cm depths containing artefacts (not

anymore existing in actual edition 2014).

According to WRB Plaggic Anthrosols must have a Plaggic horizon

50 cm depths, containing artefacts, having textures of sand to

loam, Munsell colours with values of 4 or less (moist) or 5 (dry)

and chroma of 2 or less (moist), Corg is 0.6 % or more, base

saturation of < 50 %, P2O5 content (cidric soluble) > 250 mg kg-1,

occuring in locally raised land surfaces;

Criteria insufficient to distinguish from a Pretic horizon.

(drawn by Thierer in Höke et al., 2008)

Plaggen Management in North-West Europe

(Giani et al., 2014)

Plaggen Management in Norway

(Kvamme et al., 2004 in Eiter, 2010)

(Bt. 2715 Rastede, Oldenburger Vogteikarte 1790 (1:25000))

Distribution of Plaggic Anthrosols around the

Village of Rastede, North-west Germany

(Handrißzeichnung (Ausschnitt) 1845, Flur XXXII, (1:30000))

Partitioning of the Plaggic Anthrosol area „Hankhauser Esch“

Horizon Grain size distribution (%) pH . c. sand m. sand f. sand c. silt m. f. silt clay H2 O

1.1 Ap 2,3 29,0 54,0 6,7 2,9 5,1 5,2

1.2 E 0,7 51,7 34,4 5,9 2,7 4,8 4,8

1.3 II f Ae + Bh +Bs 0,5 24,8 62,5 6,5 2,2 3,7 4,9

1.4 Go 1,3 26,5 64,9 4,7 0,5 2,2 5,2

1.5 Go 0,5 29,8 64,1 4,0 0,4 1,4 5,2

1.6 Gr 0,5 31,7 65,4 2,2 0,1 0,2 5,5

Horizon Corg N C/N BS CEC P t Pc % % % cmolc kg mg kg

-1 mg kg

-1

1.1 Ap 2,5 0,26 9,5 19,4 10,9 1153 586

1.2 E 2,86 0,1 28,6 13,3 12,2 699 262

1.3 II f Ae + Bh +Bs 2,38 n.n n.n 6,9 13,6 518 235

1.4 Go 0,6 n.n n.n 4,1 4,4 291 12

1.5 Go 0 n.n n.n 8,8 1,6 117 41

1.6 Gr n.n n.n n.n 49,1 1,1 34 16

Selected Soil Properties of a characteristic Plaggic Anthrosol

(Bloherfelder Anger, Oldenburg, North-west Germany

(Giani et al., 2014)

Plaggic Anthrosol with Ditch System (Cross

Section) (Markhausen, Lkr. Cloppenburg)

Plaggic Anthrosol with Ditch System (Cross

Section) (Bloherfelder Anger, Oldenburg)

Part of a Ditch system below a Plaggic Anthrosol site

(Bloherfelder Anger, Oldenburg, Germany)

(Petrick 2009)

Whole Ditch system below of the Plaggic

Anthrosol site „Bloherfelder Anger“

Distibution of Plaggic Anthrosols in Europe

Plaggic Anthrosols of Norway

(Eiter, 2010)

� pH varied between 5.2 - 6.4 (H2O) and 4.3 – 5.3 (CaCl2)

� Organic carbon (Corg) concents ranged betweem 6.3 -51.6 g kg-1

� Nitrogen (N) concentrations varied between 0 – 2.9 g kg-1

� C/N ratios were between 20 – 30

� Cation excange capacity (CEC) showed a maximum of 30.1 cmolc kg-1

�Base saturation was mostly less than 50 %

� Excceeding high phosphorus (P) concentrations of up to 3,097 mg kg-1

total P and 1177 mg kg-1 citric soluble P

� Artefacts like fragments of pottery, bricks and charcoal were found

Selected properties of Norways´ Plaggic Anthrols

(Plaggic Epipedons)

(Schnepel et al., 2014)

Plaggic Anthrosols of Russia

No. Horizon Grani size disrtibution (%) Phytoliths

c. sand m. sand f. sand c. silt m.f. silt clay %

1.1.1 Ap 0.5 4.0 72.6 14.3 5.1 3.6 7.7a

1.1.2 E1 0.4 3.7 71.1 15.5 5.3 4.1 8.2a

1.2 E2 0.5 4.0 70.7 16.7 5.2 3.1 9.8a

1.3 E3 0.3 3.0 69.6 19.1 5.6 2.6 5.3a

1.4 II f Ae 0.2 2.1 66.0 24.0 6.6 1.0 1.7a

1.5 Sw Bs 0.6 2.3 81.8 9.9 2.2 3.1 n.d.

1.6 Sw 0.2 1.9 80.4 11.9 2.3 3.5 n.d.

No. Horizon pH Corg

N C/N CEC Pt Pc

H2O % % cmolc kg-1 mg kg-1 mg kg-1

1.1.1 Ap 6.9 37.1 2.7 14 11.2 1343.9 758.9

1.1.2 E1 6.8 28.3 2.3 12 9.5 1412.2 791.3

1.2 E2 6.7 20.6 1.8 12 7.6 1158.6 583.4

1.3 E3 6.8 14.9 1.3 12 5.6 864.3 456.4

1.4 II f Ae 6.8 5.2 0.7 7 1.5 123.9 58.1

1.5 Sw Bs 6.8 8.8 1.1 8 4.0 501.3 162.6

1.6 Sw 6.5 5.2 0.9 6 2.9 271.4 142.7

Selected Soil Properties of a Plaggic Anthrosol of Arkhangels, Russia

(Hubbe et al., 2007)

Frequency

cm-1 Assignment

Site of investigation

Densityfraction

d < 2 g cm-3

,%

Densityfraction

d > 2 g cm-3

,%

Oldenburg 34.9 20.9

Arkhangelsk 37.5 19.6

St. Petersburg 33.1 10.1

Oldenburg 15.2 13.3

Arkhangelsk 7.5 3.0


Oldenburg 10.0 8.6

Arkhangelsk

St. Petersburg

Oldenburg 9.2

Arkhangelsk

St. Petersburg

Oldenburg 10.7 10.7



Oldenburg

Arkhangelsk 3.2

St. Petersburg 0.8

Oldenburg 6.5

Arkhangelsk 7.1

St. Petersburg 4.7

Oldenburg 22.9 36.4

Arkhangelsk 28.3 61.2St. Petersburg 45.9 80.2

Oldenburg 0.6 0.8

Arkhangelsk 2.8 3.7


Oldenburg 1.1

Arkhangelsk

St. Petersburg

OH-stretching3400

1380OH deformation

and C-O stretchingof phenolic OH

C=O-stretchingof COOH, aldehydes and

ketons1720

The amide II band1530

Aliphatic C-H stretching2920

Aromatic C=C stretching,

COO-symmetric stretching

1620


Oxidizing level1620/1720

Polysaccharidesand Si-O of

silicate impurity1030

Index of aromaticity1620/2920

Frequency

cm-1 Assignment


Densityfraction

d < 2 g cm-3

,%

Densityfraction

d > 2 g cm-3

,%

Oldenburg 34.9 20.9



Oldenburg 15.2 13.3

Arkhangelsk 7.5 3.0


Oldenburg 10.0 8.6

Arkhangelsk

St. Petersburg

Oldenburg 9.2

Arkhangelsk

St. Petersburg

Oldenburg 10.7 10.7



Oldenburg

Arkhangelsk 3.2

St. Petersburg 0.8

Oldenburg 6.5

Arkhangelsk 7.1

St. Petersburg 4.7

Oldenburg 22.9 36.4


Oldenburg 0.6 0.8

Arkhangelsk 2.8 3.7


Oldenburg 1.1

Arkhangelsk

St. Petersburg

OH-stretching3400

1380OH deformation



ketons1720





1620






Frequency

cm-1 Assignment


Densityfraction

d < 2 g cm-3

,%

Densityfraction

d > 2 g cm-3

,%

Oldenburg 34.9 20.9



Oldenburg 15.2 13.3

Arkhangelsk 7.5 3.0


Oldenburg 10.0 8.6

Arkhangelsk

St. Petersburg

Oldenburg 9.2

Arkhangelsk

St. Petersburg

Oldenburg 10.7 10.7



Oldenburg

Arkhangelsk 3.2

St. Petersburg 0.8

Oldenburg 6.5

Arkhangelsk 7.1

St. Petersburg 4.7

Oldenburg 22.9 36.4


Oldenburg 0.6 0.8

Arkhangelsk 2.8 3.7


Oldenburg 1.1

Arkhangelsk

St. Petersburg

OH-stretching3400

1380OH deformation



ketons1720





1620






Functional groups composition in %

Obtained by IR spectroscopy in the

density fractions (d < 2 g cm-3 and

d > 2 g cm-3) in the studied Plaggic

Anthrosols of Oldenburg,

Arkhangelsk and St.Petersburg

(data are arithmetic means of all

depth epipedon samples)(Kalinina & Giani, 2005)

Similarites and differences between the Norways´, Russias´and those of Germany / Netherlands

Differences Similarities

Geology Corg enrichment

pH Anthropogenic admixtures

Base saturation P enrichment

Start of plaggen fertilisation Phytolit enrichment

Duration of plaggen fertilisation Lack of bedding materials

Kind of plaggen material Fertilisation with organo-earthy

matter from non-arable lands

(Giani et al., 2004, Hubbe et al., 2007)

Are Plaggic Anthrosols Europeans´ „Terra Pretas“?

(Glaser et al, 2001) (Foto: Gehrt)

Anthropogenic genesis

Morphological similarities

Difficulties in separation according WRB (exchangeable Ca + Mg, P)



Citation WRB (2014): „It cannot be excluded that a Pretic horizon fulfils also

criteria of a Plaggic horizon (and vice a verse)…Soil scientist should use

historical knowledge for making field decision…“



C sequestration:

in both about 250 t ha-1 m-1, pedending of horizon thickniss (here calcu-

lated for plaggic epipedon of 70-80 cm)

Carbon sequestration of the soil (1 m depth): 252 t ha-1,

in case of 140 cm plaggig epipedon:500 t ha-1

Carbon sequestration of the soil(1 m depth): 18 t ha-1


Carbon sequestration in comparison

to neighouring soils

c d

„Terra Preta“ (a) – Oxisol (b):

approx. 3 fold(Glaser et al., 2001)

Plaggic Anthrosol (c) – Podzol (d):

approx. 10 fold(Giani et al., 2014; Sauer et al. 2007)

Sample

depthTOC N

HCl-

resistant

OC

H2O2-

resistant

OC

HF-

soluble OC

cm

0 -10 21.9 1.2 18.2 49.3 8.2 17.8

10 - 20 19.1 1.0 19.1 61.8 6.8 20.4

20 - 30 17.1 0.7 24.4 57.3 21.0 30.4

30 - 40 26.0 1.4 18.6 53.5 15.0 30.4

40 - 50 26.8 1.3 20.6 62.7 8.2 32.1

50 - 60 25.7 1.1 23.4 63.0 3.5 37.7

60 - 70 20.1 0.8 25.1 59.7 3.5 42.3

0 - 10 25.6 2.2 11.6 64.4 11.3 9.4

10 - 20 22.0 2.1 10.5 54.1 11.4 15.4

20 - 30 19.5 1.8 10.8 64.1 7.2 10.8

30 - 40 20.3 1.9 10.7 50.2 5.9 29.1

40 - 50 10.1 0.5 20.2 62.4 4,9 50.5

0 - 10 25.4 1.5 16.9 65.3 11.4 18.9

10 - 20 24.1 1.3 18.5 74.3 14.5 7.0

20 - 30 22.5 1.3 17.3 74.2 15.0 nf

30 - 40 22.9 1.4 16.4 75.1 13.1 nf

40 - 50 22.5 1.3 17.3 54.2 10.7 nf

Profile 1. Oldenburg

Profile 2. Arkhangelsk

Profile 3. St.Petersburg

C/N

g kg-1 % TOC

Total organic carbon (TOC) and total

nitrogen contents, C/N-ratios, HCl-

resistant organic carbon (OC), H2O2-

resistant OC and HF-soluble OC of

plaggic epipedons Plaggic Anthrosols

of Oldenburg, Arkhangelsk and St.

Petersburg (Kalinina Giani, 2005)


Charcoal

„Terra Preta“:

approx. 70 fold (in comp. to Oxis.)

approx. 20 % of total C(Glaser et al., 2001)

Plaggic Anthrosol:

about 10 % of total C(at least even less)


(Glaser et al, 2001)

C Stability?

C Sustainability?

C Degradation following land use change?

pH, TOC, N and C/N ratios of two Plaggic

Anthrosol (Oldenburg site (agricultural used),

forest Rastede site (formerly agricultural used))

(Kalinina , 2006)

Sample

depth

Horizon pHTOC N

C/N

cm denom. KCl g kg-1

Profile 1 Oldenburg

0 -10 Ah 4.5 21.9 1.2 18.2

10 - 20 E1 4.2 19.1 1.0 19.1

20 - 30 E2 4.2 17.1 0.7 24.4

30 - 40 E3 4.8 26.0 1.4 18.6

40 - 50IIfAhe+Bh

s4.9 26.8

1.3 20.6

50 - 60 Bs 4.9 25.7 1.1 23.4

60 - 70 C 4.9 20.1 0.8 25.1

Profil 2 Rastede

0 - 10 Ahe 2.7 142.5 4.6 31.0

10 - 20 E1 2.8 26.6 0.3 88.7

20 - 30 E2 3.5 19.8 0.1 nd

30 - 40 E3 4.6 16.9 nf nd

Profile Oldenburg (top soil)

0

20

40

60

0

10

20

30

0

10

20

30

Profile Rastede ( 0-12 cm depth)

0

20

40

60

0

10

20

30

40

50

0

10

20

30

40

Profile Rastede (12-42 cmdepth)

0

20

40

60

0

10

20

30

0

10

20

30

c,msand f sand c silt m silt f silt clay

Grain size distribution (dotted, %

mass) and OC content (white, %

mass) and C/N ratios of the grain

size fractions of two Plaggic

Anthrosol (Oldenburg site

(agricultural used), forest Rastede

site (formerly agricultural used))(Kalinina, 2006)


(Glaser et al, 2001)

Conclusion. Allthough Terra Pretas and Plaggic Anthrosol show al lot of

Similarities, they differ in respect of Degradation:

To give more insight; further investigations are requested

Co working collegues:

Olga KalininaSergey Goryachkin

Dimitri LyuriOleg ChertovAlicia Hubbe

Irena NajdenkoNina KaravaevaCarolin Stasch

Thank you very much for your attention!With a view on the German coast

References:

Giani, L., O. Chertov, C. Gebhardt, O. Kalinina, M. Nadporozhskaya & E. Tolksdorf-Lienemann (2004):

Plagganthrepts in northwest Russia? Genesis, morphology and properties. Geoderma121, 113-122.

Glaser, B., L. Haumaier, G. Guggenberger & W. Zech (2001): The „Terra Preta“ phenomenon:

a model for sustainable agricuture in the humid tropis. Naturwissenschaften 88, 37-41.

Kalinina, O. & L. Giani (2005): Charakterisierung der organischen Substanz in Plaggeneschen

Nordwesteuropas, Nordwest- und Nordrusslands. Mitt. Dtsch. Bodenk. Ges., 107, 683-684.

Kalinina, O. (2006): Degradation von Plaggeneschen und Konsequenzen für ihre ökologische Bewertung.

Mitt. Dtsch. Bodenk. Ges. 108, 105-106.

Hubbe, A., O.Chertov, O. Kalinina, M. Nadporozhskaya, E. Tolksdorf-Lienemann & L. Giani (2007):

Evidence of Plaggen Soils in European North Russia (Arkhangelsk Region). J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 170,

329-334.Petrick, B. (2009): Technischer Grabungsbericht, nld. Niedersachsen.

Eiter, S. (2010):Indications of Plaggic Anthrosol in Norway: an overview. Project seminar, University of Bergen.

Giani, L., L. Makowski & K. Mueller (2014): Plaggenesch: Soil of the Year 2013 in Germany. A review onits formation, distribution, classification, function and threats. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 177, 320-329.

Schnepel, C., K. Potthoff, S. Eiter & L. Giani (2014): Evidence of plaggen soils in South-West Norway.J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 177, 638-645.

Co working collegues:

Olga KalininaSergey Goryachkin

Dimitri LyuriOleg ChertovAlicia Hubbe

Irena NajdenkoNina KaravaevaCarolin Stasch

Thank you very much for your attention!With a view on the German coast

luise giani, university of oldenburg - sbcs · 2016-11-18 · frequency cm-1 assignment site of...

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