lucerka kao potencialno enrgetski usev

7/25/2019 Lucerka Kao Potencialno Enrgetski Usev

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Alfalfa as a potentialAlfalfa as a potentialenergy cropenergy crop

DOE Photo


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Forget Oil. This Plant is the Future of EnergyForget Oil. This Plant is the Future of EnergyForget Oil. This Plant is the Future of EnergyForget Oil. This Plant is the Future of Energy

The New Science of Ethanol


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US DOE Biofuels Initiative

DOE Biofuels Initiative

Cellulosic ethanol cost competitive with gasolineby 2012

Replace 30% of gas consumption with biofuels by2030

Assumptions (DOE biofuels goals) Modest growth in ethanol production from grain

Double current production

>80% of growth in ethanol is from cellulosic

fermentation Forestry and wood byproducts

Crop residues

Perennial energy crops


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0 100 200 300 400 500

Crop residues

Perennial crops

Process residues

Grain to ethanol

Forestry and residues

DM Tons/yr (millions)

One billion tons of agricultural

biofuels potential

DOE Billion Ton Vision - 2006

Summary of potential forage and agricultural biofuel resources

Alfalfa fits here


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Why Alfalfa?

Environmental benefits

Deep rooted, perennial legume

Net nitrogen contribution to rotation

Net carbon credits in rotation

Soil erosion benefits vs row crops

Improved soil tilth

Rotational benefits

Nitrogen credits to following crop

Yield benefits to following crop


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Advantages of perennial crops

High yield

Use full growing season Reduced runoff

Reduced nutrient losses

Reduced soil erosion

Deep and extensive rootsystem

Efficient water use Improved soil tilth

Carbon sequestration

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Image courtesy of Mike Russelle

Alfalfa


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Alfalfa CornNormal

Wet

Russelle, 2000


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Risk of Groundwater

Contamination

Alfalfa can help mitigate

risk in these areas

Russelle, 2000


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Average U.S. Farm Price

Anhydrous Ammonia

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Source: NASS 2006

In 2005 nitrogen cost was 22% of total operating cost of corn production (U of Illinois)


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Alfalfa N-credit for Corn

ISU PM 1714

Alfalfa N contribution 1st year corn after alfalfa 150lbs N/acre

Alfalfa N contribution 2nd year corn after alfalfa 100lbs N/acre


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Why Alfalfa?

Economic rationale

High value leaf co-product

50% of DM is stems cellulosic fermentation

$40-50/ton

50% of DM is leaves feed protein source

$100-150/ton

Existing seed/breeding/biotech/agronomy expertise

and infrastructure.

Biotech trait pipeline supporting new biofuels use Relatively low input costs

Rotational benefits to succeeding crop


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Stripped Leaves

Leaf Fraction: 60%

Purity: 90% leaves

Protein: 27%

Fiber: 20%

Remaining Stems

Stem Fraction: 40%

Purity: 90% stems

Protein: 13%

Fiber: 50%

Designing Harvest Equipment to

Separate Alfalfa Leaves/Stems

Efficient one-pass separation of stem and leaf material is technically feasible

Kevin Shinners and Matt Digman

(U of Wisconsin and USDFRC)


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Potential Alfalfa Co-Products

Alfalfa leaf products

Animal feed utilized directly by producer Animal feed processed and sold to end user

Pellets, cubes or compressed bales

Balage

Value-added products from alfalfa leaves Lutein a nutriceutical for eye health

Industrial proteins

Cellulase and other industrial enzymes Spider silk protein


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Alfalfa Leaf Products


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NuTein to start alfalfa lutein scale-up

12/20/2005 - Eye health supplement makers could soon

have another source of lutein at their disposal, as

Minnesota company NuTein starts scaling up

production from alfalfa.

Landmark research shows lutein

supplementation may reverse

symptoms of macular degeneration.


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Lab Spins Artificial Spider Silk

Tougher than Kevlar and stronger than steel, spider silk has longintrigued engineers and scientists because of its potential industrial and

medical applications.

Now, a biotech company in Canada has developed a method for

producing artificial spider silk by inserting the genes for spider silkinto the cells of mammals. Scientists are now trying to insert spider

silk genes into plants, specifically alfalfa, which would be a cheap way

of producing artificial spider silk

January 2002

Transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa) expressing

spider silk protein: A value addition to the Queen

of forages. Kariyat Ramachandran, et. al.


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Alfalfa Stems A Biofuels Feedstock

Approximately 50% of

alfalfa biomass is stems.Conversion efficiency

of alfalfa stems is similarto switchgrass or corn stover.

Technology for modificationof lignin content and composition in alfalfastems has been developed and is now in

commercial development. Improvement in ruminant digestibility

Improvement in ethanol conversion efficiency


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lignin NDFD

CCOMT

null

commercial

Reduced Lignin Alfalfa

Alfalfa Stems


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Lignin modification improves fermentable sugar yields for biofuel productionChen and Dixon, 2007

pretreatment

Without pretreatment

With pretreatment RL = increased pretreatment efficiency

Reduced lignin transgenic plants


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Existing Alfalfa Infrastructure ~120,000 acres of seed production harvested annually.

Professional seed growers

Seed processing industry established

~ $10M annual industry investment in alfalfa breedingand product development.

>$2M/yr on biotech trait development Consortium for Alfalfa Improvement Biofuels focus

USDFRC, Noble Fdn, FGI and Pioneer

~ 24M acres of forage production, supported by dozens

of public/private expert agronomists and several decadesof agronomic research.


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Alfalfas niche as a biofuelA crop rotation partner w/ corn or switchgrass

Short rotation (2-3 yrs) Maximize rotational benefits w/ corn or switchgrass

Sufficient to maximize N contribution

Provides sufficient nitrogen for next 2-3 years of

corn or switchgrass production.

RR Alfalfa provides excellent tool for managing

weeds in preparation for switchgrass rotation.


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From Mallarino & Ortiz-Torres, 2005

Alfalfa Provides Rotational Benefits: Nitrogen and Other

Alfalfa Benefits in Crop Rotation


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Combining corn with alfalfa for biofuels

makes energy and economic sense

Net Energy Yields improved with corn-alfalfa rotations

vs. corn alone or switchgrass alone less fertilizer used

Income per acre equal to or better than corn after corn

USDA Dairy Forage Research Center, 2007 study


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Genetic ImprovementsReduced lignin alfalfa

Increased value of stems

fermentation Lower fermentation cost, higher ethanol yield

Tannin alfalfa Increased value of leaves for ruminants

Increased bypass proteinNew yield genes for alfalfa Drought tolerance

Increase biomass

Delayed floweringRRA enables short rotation system Direct seeding, high yield in establishment year


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Other relevant research Ongoing breeding for biomass

types, including improved lodging

tolerance under less frequent cuttingschedule (note: reduced lignin value

here)

Development of one-pass fieldharvester separation of leaf and stem

fractions (UW and USDFRC).

Research on in planta expression of

cellulytic enzymes, potentiallyenabled by RL alfalfa.

USDA St. Paul, MN

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