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Lubrication Needs for Next Generation Gasoline Passenger Car Engine Technology

V Simpósio de Lubrificantes, Aditivos e Fluidos São Paulo , Brasil, October 24, 2012

Ravi Tallamraju

© The Lubrizol Corporation 2012, all rights reserved

Passenger Car Motor Oil Global MarketEngine Oil Market Drivers

The engine oil market undergoes constant change as a result of three factors:

Changing emissions legislation

© The Lubrizol Corporation 2012, all rights reserved2

Increased fuel economy requirements

Durability under severe operating conditions

Diesel vs. Gasolinehead-to-head on fuel economy and emissions

PFI / Cat

TurboDI Turbo

LNT / SCR

GOALClean

Em

issi

ons


IndirectInjection

DirectInjection

Common Rail

DPF

DirtyFuel EconomyThirsty Economical

Em

issi

ons

Euro 5/6 Diesel Fuel Economy Compromised by aftertreatment

DPF = Diesel Particle FilterLNT = Lean NOx TrapSCR = Selective Catalytic Reduction

• Many countries implementing regulations to limit CO2

Actual and Projected GHG Emissions for New Passenger Vehicles

270

m (

NE

DC

test

cyc

le)

Passenger Car Motor Oil Global MarketLegislation Focused on Reducing CO2 Emissions


Source: Passenger Car Vehicle Greenhouse Gas and Fuel Economy Standards: A Global Update, January 2009.

90

110

130

150

170

190

210

230

250

270

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Gra

ms

CO

2 pe

r km

(N

ED

C te

st c

ycle

)

Japan European Union

China

United States

California, USA

S. Korea

Canada

Australia

Dotted line: Proposed or contestedSolid lines: Enacted

• EU average new car CO2 emissions and proposed targets

CO2 fines

Pha

sing

in p

erio

d

210

230

(g/

km)

186 g/km (1995)

CO2 fines

1st

g/km €5

Passenger Car Motor Oil Global MarketExample: EU CO2 Passenger Car Legislation


Pha

sing

in p

erio

d90

110

130

150

170

190

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

CO

2 em

issi

ons

(g/

km)

186 g/km (1995)

152 g/km(2008)

130 g/km(2012) 95 g/km

(2020)

Target emissions

Actual emissions

g/km

2nd

g/km€15

3rd

g/km€25

4+ g/km

€95/g

per g CO2 above emissions limits

Source : European Union statisticsBased on 2008 sales, the fines payable in 2015 would be over €29 billionSource : European Union statistics

FE-Emissions Link

50

60

70

80

Fue

l Eco

nom

y (m

pg)

MPG (UK) Diesel

MPG (US) Diesel

MPG (UK) Gasoline

MPG (US) Gasoline

21.3 KMPL

34.0 KMPL

29.8 KMPL

25.5 KMPL


0

10

20

30

40

50

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

CO2 Emissions (g/km)

Fue

l Eco

nom

y (m

pg)

130g/km means about 43mpg (US) for gasoline(or 18.3 KMPL) 4.3 KMPL

12.8 KMPL

8.5 KMPL

21.3 KMPL

17.0 KMPL

• OEM positions in 2008 compared to 2012 CO2 target• Bubble size indicate relative volume of vehicle production

180

200

CO

2 em

issi

ons

(g/k

m)

Ford

Volkswagen

MazdaDaimler

GM

HondaNissan

Passenger Car Motor Oil Global MarketExample: EU CO2 Passenger Car Legislation

© The Lubrizol Corporation 2012, all rights reserved7Source : European Federation for Transport & Environment, 2009

Each OEM may identify different ways to reduce CO2 emissions

100

120

140

160

1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 1,600

Manufacturer's average vehicle mass (kg)

CO

2 em

issi

ons

(g/k

m)

PSA Renault

BMW

Fiat

FordMazdaSuzuki

GM

Hyundai

Toyota

Passenger Car Vehicle Hardware Changes

• The introduction of more sophisticated hardware will provide significant challenges for engine lubricants

Gasoline Euro 32000

Euro 42005

Euro 52009

Euro 62014

Engine design PFI PFI + GDI T-GDI T-GDI


Aftertreatment TWC TWC TWC TWC +GPF

HD Diesel Euro 32000

Euro 42005

Euro 52009

Euro 62014

Engine design IDI + DI DI DI DI

Aftertreatment EGR EGR +SCR EGR + SCR EGR +DPF +SCR

KEY Engine design types Aftertreatment system typesPFI Port fuel injection gasoline TWC Three-way catalystGDI Direct injection gasoline GPF Gasoline particular filter T-GDI Turbo charged GDI EGR Exhaust gas recirculationIDI Indirect injection diesel DPF Diesel particulate filterDI Direct injection diesel SCR Selective catalytic reduction

Source : Lubrizol

Passenger Car Motor Oil Global MarketEngine Design Changes• Gasoline direct injection (GDI)

– Involves injection of the gasoline directly into the combustion chamber, rather than into the intake port

– Gives power and efficiency benefits


T-GDI engines are compact with high power output

• Adding a turbocharger (T-GDI) – Gives the engine designer the ability

to provide the right amount of air for optimum combustion

– Further increases power and efficiency

GDI-New Sales Projections


Source: IHS Global insight

Passenger Car Motor Oil Global MarketT-GDI: Performance Challenges for Engine Oils

• Increased power density

T-GDI Engine PFI Engine

Comparison of Engine Oil Viscosity Increase in PFI and T-GDI


T-GDI engines run hotter and harder, leading to increased oxidation

Test conditions- Similar power outputs

- Same fuel and oil used- Conditions slightly different to account for different engine types

Passenger Car Motor Oil Global MarketT-GDI: Performance Challenges for Engine Oils • Turbocharging

– Turbocharging increases the severity on the lubricant– A critically hot area for the oil is the turbocharger bearing– Accelerated oxidation rates can lead to a rapid degradation of the oil,

causing deposits in the turbocharger and other areas


Turbocharging leads to increased oxidation and oil degradation

Turbo bearing seizure

Turbo shaft failure

Oil pickup blockage

Pickup deposits (solvent washed)

1cm

Passenger Car Motor Oil Global MarketT-GDI : Performance Challenges for Engine Oils• Downsizing

– More torque from a downsized engine means higher loads on smaller bearings – a challenge to the lubricant film strength

T-GDI engine connecting rod bearing

Comparison of these bearings40

+39%GDI vs PFI


Downsizing leads to the need for increased wear protection

PFI engine connecting rod bearing

-10

0

10

20

30

-20

Torque

Width

Stress

+10%

-21%

+39%GDI vs PFI

TEM - Visual Comparison of Lubricant Drains: Diesel soot vs. GDI contaminates

Typical Diesel Soot


Typical GDI Contaminates

GDI engines create increasingly severe environment for wear

Field Testing SummaryGDI engines create an increasingly severe environment for lubricant

Lubrizol has globally accumulated over 3 million miles on our lubricant formulations in GDI powered vehicles

© The Lubrizol Corporation 2012, all rights reserved15GDI engines create increasingly severe environment for lubricant

The Changing Market : Vehicle Hardware Changes

Indirect injection

Direct injection

Greater deposit protection and soot handling =

Vehicle hardware change Impact on lubricant technology


Changes in hardware lead to higher quality lubricant technology

Non-turbocharged

Turbocharging

Greater protection against thermal degradation

Basic or no aftertreatment

Advanced after-treatment

Requirement for after-treatment compatibility

=

=

• New legislation for energy efficiency improvement standards for Brazil*

Fuel Economy Improvement drivers for Brazil

Fuel Current Average Fuel Economy*, KMPL

Proposed Average Fuel Economytarget (for 2017)*, KMPL

Gasoline 14.0 17.26

Ethanol 9.71 11.96


• New tax incentives* introduced for improvements in fuel economy for Brazil

– 15.46% improvement in fuel economy (2017) � up to 1% IPI tax credit

– 18.84% improvement in fuel economy (2017)� up to 2% IPI tax credit

• Incentives & new standards can influence changes in technology towards GDI engines for Brazil

• GDI engine models already introduced/ being introduced to Brazil & are expected to grow

– Examples : VW Passat ; Peugeot 3008 ; Hyundai/ others ?

* Source : INOVAR-AUTO energy efficiency rules – October 2012

GDI Sludge Concern with Low Quality Lubricants/ Fuels

Low tier oil : High temperature oxidation drives viscosity increase and sludge deposits


18

High tier oil : No significant sludge deposits

“Higher Performance” lubricants are required for new GDI Engines

Issues of concern for Brazil & other emerging market s Impact of lubricant quality – misapplication of lubricant?

Impact of ethanol / other bio-fuels?Impact of severe operating conditions?

Impact of “stop & go” city operation; fuel dilution?Impact of drain interval ?

Low Tier Oil : API SG level ; High Tier Oil : ACEA A3/B4 + OEM level of performance

Passenger Car Motor Oil Global MarketImproving Fuel Efficiency• Engine oils both enable and directly contribute to

improving fuel efficiency

Enabler• Providing high performance robustness

that allows changes to engine design


that allows changes to engine design technology without impacting fuel economy

Direct Contributor• Formulated to maximise fuel economy:

e.g. choice of viscosity grade, friction modifier selection and use, viscosity at high temperature high shear (HTHS), base oil viscosity index

The roles are interlinked

• Legislation focused on reducing CO2 (GHG) Emissions and improving

Fuel Economy � significant penalties for non-compliance

– Primary drivers for move to GDI/ T-GDI technologies for new gasoline cars worldwide

• New GDI/ T-GDI engine technologies require high performance lubricants

– Much higher power densities � higher thermal and oxidative stress

– Lighter viscosity grade for fuel economy �Increased need for wear protection

– Turbo charger protection needs � higher thermal and oxidative stress

Summary


– Turbo charger protection needs � higher thermal and oxidative stress

– Higher level of abrasive contaminants � better wear protection needs

– After treatment devices � elemental limits on lubricants

• Need to upgrade the lubricant quality significantly to

address Durability concerns with:

– Higher overall performance needs

– Lighter viscosity grades (0W-xx / 5W-xx)

– Higher quality base oils ( Group II and Group III )

– New additive technology


With you every step of the way.With you every step of the way.

lubrication needs for next generation gasoline …...lubrication needs for next generation gasoline...

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