Transboundary Use and Protection of Natural Resources Project (TUPNRP) in the SADC Region

Lubombo Eco Trails Program (LETP) Funding Proposal

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Background and Introduction1The Eco Lubombo Program (ELP) and the Lubombo Eco Trails Initiative3Managed Partnership Network for Program Implementation4The Eco Lubombo Program and the LTFCA Integrated Development Plan4Lubombo Eco Trails Program (LETP) Funding Proposal5LETP Objective5Components and Activities5Component 1: Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Development5Component 2: Eco Business Planning (EBP)6Component 3: Eco Trails Design and Implementation8Component 4 Research Monitoring and Evaluation9Potential Value of Eco Trails to the SADC TFCA Program11Economic benefits, improved participation and decision-making for local communities11Mobilizing and consolidating the support of the private sector and NGOs11Enhancing ecological connectivity and ecosystem resilience11Proposed GIZ Technical Support Activities to the Lubombo Eco Trails Program11ANNEXES14ANNEX 1: Indicative Budget for Eco Trails (10 years) with proposed GIZ support budget (3 years) in USD14ANNEX 2 Lubombo Eco Trails Program (LETP) Link to Logical Framework for the SADC TFCAs Program (STP)15ANNEX 3 Lubombo Eco Trails Program Partners20Annex 4 List of Mozambique NGO partners with project details (communities and activities)21Annex 5 Proposal for the Lubombo Spine Biodiversity Corridor to link the Swaziland-South Africa TFCA and iSimangaliso Wetland Park29Benefits beyond Boundaries:31

Background and IntroductionThe General Transfrontier Conservation and Resource Area Protocol was signed between the Governments of the Republic of South Africa, Republic of Mozambique, and Kingdom of Swaziland on 22 June 2000 establishing the Lubombo TFCRA, now generally known as the Lubombo TFCA.

The objectives of the LTFCA as defined in the protocol strongly emphasize the importance of optimizing the use of natural assets for economic benefits, holistic and integrated planning to ensure ecosystem integrity and the participation of local communities in economic development, governance and decision-making processes.

The future of the LTFCA will largely depend on maintaining its major assets: the integrity of its extraordinary mountain, savannah and coastal landscapes and ecosystems; the cultures of the Swazi, Tonga, Zulu and Tembe peoples, and the remarkable biodiversity that has made it a globally recognized biodiversity hotspot.

Capitalizing on these outstanding assets to provide meaningful benefits to local communities requires a comprehensive long-term strategy that takes into account the SADC regions rich experience of Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) and valuable and well-documented lessons learned on Community Based Tourism (CBT), both regionally and globally.

Equally important to achieving this objective is to create an equitable partnership of government and civil society, managed as a network of motivated stakeholders, all sharing a vision, but each with clear roles and responsibilities and a harmonious framework for collaborative action.

The Lubombo Eco Trails is proposed as a large scale and long-term program with substantial benefits to the conservation of the biodiversity, landscapes and ecosystems of the LTFCA and to the empowerment and economic development of local communities. The landscape and ecosystem management approach will be implemented at both the micro community landscape scale, as well as that of the broader TFCA. This approach will result in increased ecological and social connectivity and a network of community conservation areas, recreational zones and sustainable land use practices in a more integrated TFCA. Apart from benefits to biodiversity, this will have positive results in addressing climate change impacts. The Research, Monitoring and Evaluation component will maximize benefits to biodiversity conservation and climate change by ensuring that adaptive management measures are implemented in a timely manner.

The quality of life for participating communities will be greatly enhanced through knowledge and skills gained through the participatory and knowledge sharing Eco Business Planning process, by the development of ecotourism and associated enterprises, and the enriching interactions between local communities in the three countries, which will help maintain and strengthen the integrity of the regions rich cultural assets.

Governance systems within the Lubombo TFCA will be strengthened at the local and regional level through community based natural resource management and enterprise development forums, and by strengthening and expanding institutional frameworks at sub TFCA levels (Conservation and Resource Areas) to be more participatory and inclusive of civil society.

The Lubombo Eco Trails is an effective means of bringing TFCA stakeholders together: the rapidly growing partnership network inspired by the Lubombo Eco Trails vision and goals has provided strong evidence for this.

Under the GIZ Transboundary Use and Protection of Natural Resources in the SADC Region Program, technical assistance is being offered to selected TFCAs to support programs which give focus to cross border CBNRM and local governance, improve cross border collaboration and demonstrate benefits to local communities.The alignment between the proposed GIZ support and the Lubombo Eco Trails program is clearly demonstrated in this proposal. The implementation of the Lubombo Eco Trails Program (LETP) detailed in the funding proposal, will support the objectives of the GIZ TUPNR Program, while closely supporting the strategy outlined by the SADC TFCA Program (see Annex 1). The Eco Lubombo Program (ELP) and the Lubombo Eco Trails Initiative The Lubombo Conservancy in Swaziland initiated its Eco Lubombo Program (ELP) in 2013 in partnership with the Swaziland National Trust Commission (SNTC) with the aim of strengthening and expanding the Conservancy and supporting Swazilands role in the Lubombo TFCA. The programs primary objective was to ensure the long-term sustainability of the Conservancy through significantly increasing the appeal and significance of its tourism and conservation product. To this end, the Conservancy initiated a collaborative program around establishing a community based Lubombo Eco Trails network within an ecosystem management framework. Eco-agriculture and other sustainable livelihood activities are supported through the ELPs main implementing partner, COSPE a rural development NGO.

The Lubombo Eco Trails envisages an adventure network including hiking, mountain biking, 4x4 routes, bird-watching, cultural routes, river rafting and horse back riding. Figure 1 Proposed Northern Circuit of Lubombo Eco Trails. In the Lubombo TFCA showing targeted and potential Eco Trail participating communities. Links to Jozini-Pongola and iSimangaliso form the Southern Circuit not shown here.

Initial market research has underscored the potential for the Lubombo Eco Trails. For instance, South Africa has literally hundreds of formally established and popular adventure trails, while Swaziland and Mozambique, with access to similar markets, to date have not a single one.

The Eco Trails will initiate a number of community-based enterprises, such as eco lodges, campsites and cultural attractions. To ensure the maximum opportunities in terms of ecotourism and multiplier effects, the Eco Trails will develop within an integrated landscape and business planning framework defined as Eco Business Planning (EBP). This will be applied at both the micro (community) and the macro (landscape) level, as mutually reinforcing processes.

Figure 2 The map shows the different circuit options that can be explored during early project implementation. The different hubs identified in the circuits represent a well balanced and exceptionally diverse tourism, conservation and cultural product

Managed Partnership Network for Program ImplementationThe Eco Lubombo Program is implementing its strategy through a managed network of partners, identified as key stakeholders or for their relevant academic and technical skills, local knowledge and experience.

Over the past two years of implementation, the Eco Lubombo Program has attracted the interest and support of a number of NGOs, donors and private sector agencies and individuals. These are listed in Annex 2. The Mozambique partner NGO activities related to community based natural resource management (CBNRM) are listed in Annex 3. The Eco Lubombo Program and the LTFCA Integrated Development PlanThe Eco Lubombo Program and the Eco Trails Initiative was presented at the Usuthu-Tembe-Futi TFCA Integrated Development Planning (IDP) meeting in June 2014, resulting in the following recommendations:

1. To consolidate the Lubombo Conservancy-Goba and the Usuthu Tembe Futi TFCAs into one TFCA. 2. To use the Lubombo Eco Trails initiative as the basis for the development of cross-border tourism products for the LTFCA.

The three countries making up the LTFCA are working together, and have proposed the supporting Governance Structures for a consolidated area that combines the Lubombo Conservancy-Goba and Usuthu Tembe Futi TFCAs. The possibility of further connectivity between the sub-TFCAs was raised and is being followed up in this proposal.

The Eco Lubombo Program (ELP) and the proposed Lubombo Eco Trails network were presented to the Lubombo TFCA Commission in December 2014 in Maputo. The ELP was endorsed by the Commission together with a funding proposal of USD 10 million for the Lubombo Eco Trails. This document is based on the approved Lubombo Eco Trails Program (LETP) proposal.Lubombo Eco Trails Program (LETP) Funding ProposalLETP ObjectiveTo substantially increase benefits and equity for communities and improve biodiversity and ecosystem management in the Lubombo TFCA by establishing a community based Eco Trails network, consolidating and strengthening the LTFCAs conservation and tourism assets.Components and ActivitiesComponent 1: Institutional Strengthening and Capacity DevelopmentObjective: To strengthen institutional frameworks, collaboration and capacity of LTFCA stakeholders to implement and manage the Lubombo Eco Trails within an integrated business planning and sustainable landscape and ecosystem management approach.

The main outputs envisioned here are:

1. To strengthen the existing LTFCA structures2. To create a well managed network of partners in which different stakeholders have a clear and complementary role in implementing the eco trails and business plans3. Key stakeholder groups (government, communities, private sector, NGOs) form equitable governance frameworks in the identified Conservation and Resource Areas (CRAs) with emphasis on expanding community conservation and sustainable enterprise opportunities4. Training program identified and designed in partnership with regional institutions with focus on local communities5. Strengthening and expansion of cross border stakeholder natural resource management and enterprise forums

To fully enhance opportunities for community empowerment, and the sustainability of the Eco Trails, it is planned, in the long term that all participating communities are consolidated into a single, overarching Community Based Organisation (CBO). This will take the form of a corporate governance structure whereby communities will combine all Eco Trails related products. The CBO will develop its own management and equity structures, including branding, marketing, training and human resource development. This concept is based on lessons learned in community tourism, which has identified capacity, long-term business planning, and issues of scale as critical areas of concern. The CBO will be given external support throughout the timeframe of the LETP (10 years) after which it is expected to be sustainable.

The initial stages for this type of institutional development have been established between the Mhlumeni and Shewula communities in Swaziland and the Goba community in Mozambique with the communities participating in a transboundary natural resource management forum (GIZ and CEPF funded).

It should be noted that capacity building is also addressed in the Eco Business Planning process through participatory spatial planning and knowledge exchange on the value of ecosystems, biodiversity and landscapes.Component 2: Eco Business Planning (EBP)Objective:To ensure that at the local and regional level sound business planning is integrated with landscape and ecosystem approaches through a holistic and participatory spatial planning process and implemented through equitable and effective governance structures, thereby laying the foundation for the long-term sustainability of the Lubombo Eco Trails network.

Eco Business Planning has been piloted successfully in the Mhlumeni Community in Swaziland[footnoteRef:1]. This is a carefully designed participatory planning process ensuring that the local community is fully engaged in the management and protection of its ecosystems and biodiversity, as the basis for sustainable enterprise development. [1: This was an important test case, as the community was historically hostile to conservation. The EBP process reconciled the community with the conservation authorities, and resulted in the allocation of communal land for an ecotourism facility, recreational use and conservation management. An eco trails network is being established linking the community to the formal conservation areas of the Lubombo Conservancy.]

The Mhlumeni EBP was evaluated by GIZ, which concluded that it potentially represents best practice for community participation and a model for an integrated community ecotourism and sustainable livelihoods program.

While community based Eco Business Plans (EBPs) are key to ensuring this high level of community engagement and capacity development, the full economic benefits and opportunities for ecotourism can only be unlocked at a higher landscape level, where communities are able to engage with more mainstream actors in conservation, tourism and ecosystem management.

To address landscape level conservation planning and ecosystem management issues, and to maximize economic development opportunities, the EBP process will take place in the formally established Conservation and Resource Management Areas (CRAs) with a focus on 1) establishing equitable and effective collaborative governance arrangements including civil society (communities, private sector and NGOs) necessary to identify and unlock greater economic opportunities for local communities[footnoteRef:2] and 2) establishing business plans and investment frameworks linked with ecosystem and landscape management plans for the CRAs. The EBP will also identify the possible expansion or modification of the CRAs to achieve their full economic and ecological potential. [2: The Lubombo Conservancy in which government, private sector and local communities have equal authority in the management of the conservation area is a possible model for the CRAs. ]

The Conservation and Resource Areas (CRAs) are:

1. Maputo Special Reserve-Tembe Elephant Park2. Lubombo Conservancy-Goba3. Mambane-Usuthu Gorge-Ndumo4. Jozini-Pongola-Mkhuze5. Kosi Bay-Ponta do Ouro

These CRAs have 1) existing institutional frameworks within the Lubombo TFCA; 2) exceptional potential as hubs and anchor points for the Lubombo Eco Trails and as catalysts for rural development. In total they represent a balanced circuit consolidating the LTFCAs major conservation, tourism, cultural and landscape assets.[footnoteRef:3] The southern anchor of iSimangaliso Wetland Park provides an important contribution, as it is the major tourism draw card for the region both for the regional and domestic markets. [3: In future, the remaining CRA or sub-TFCA, Malolotja-Songimvelo, could be incorporated into the Lubombo Eco Trails circuit. This area has a lot to offer in terms of added value and the linkages through the Swaziland landscape are feasible.]

CRAs 2 and 3 have been integrated as a combined TFCA, and it needs to be established at what level the EBP can most effectively be implemented.

It should be emphasized that the CRAs are seen as hubs and anchor points to the Eco Trails, and that the emphasis of the Eco Trails program is on the creation of new opportunities for connectivity economic, social, ecological and infrastructural. Social connectivity is being created at different levels through the networking of TFCA professionals and other interested experts and through trans-border community forums; ecological connectivity will be established by implementing a landscape approach using proven methodologies for conservation planning in the region; infrastructure linkages will be defined through business planning and feasibility studies identifying the key constraints and opportunities to the Eco Trails network, such as the crossing of the Usuthu River at the 3 Corners where the three TFCA countries meet.

These potential linkages are essential to enhance the viability of the community based Eco Business Plans, addressing issues of linkages, scale and critical mass, often outlined as major constraints to the success of CBT.

At the community level, the EBP is based on two components: 1) participatory mapping, assessment, evaluation and zonation of ecosystem services and natural resources, including landscape features and ecotourism assets and 2) identification of economic values of all assets, market opportunities, and the definition of an integrated investment framework and management plan within the context of the overall Eco Trails initiative. An EBP implementation manual is presently being formulated with support from the Netherlands Government. The participatory process is described in Annex

The EBP process ensures that community conservation and development is based on strong ownership, sound governance structures, and fully informed decision making, while optimizing the economic opportunities available.

Ecotourism sustainability will be enhanced by the creation of supportive conservation areas and recreational zones and the application of protected landscape principles. Conservation planning process are integrated into the EBP to ensure maximum connectivity and opportunities for the trail networks and larger scale ecosystem management through community forums and the CRA governance structures.

Within the CRAs, the communities residing in the areas of Licuati, Tikhuba, Catuane, Hlatikhulu, and Ubombo have been identified as important potential linkages and satellites.

In particular, the importance of the ecological link along the Lubombo Spine needs to be highlighted. The ecological integrity of the Lubombo Mountain Ecosystem forms a critical aspect for the conservation of biodiversity in the Lubombo TFCA and conservation linkages through various types of protected areas following the national legislation of the three countries is proposed, such as community conservation areas, protected landscapes and protected environments. Furthermore, a form of protected area linkage between iSimangaliso and Nsubane-Jozini-Pongola TFCA is required to conserve the existing but threatened ecosystem integrity of the Ubombo Communal land which forms the critically important ecological connection between the Lubombo Mountain Ecosystem and the Wetland, Forest and Coastal Ecosystems of iSimangaliso. A proposal for the Lubombo Spine Corridor is attached in Annex 5.Component 3: Eco Trails Design and ImplementationObjective:To create a globally recognized and inspirational community based ecotourism product by consolidating and strengthening the LTFCAs conservation, tourism and cultural assets through a process of increased participation, connectivity and integrated product development.

While the Eco Business Planning process is designed to ensure the long-term sustainability of the Eco Trails initiative, the Eco Trails component can be seen as the economic driver. Combined, the EBP and the Eco Trails will comprehensively address the many constraints that have bedeviled CBT and CBNRM in the region and elsewhere. Primarily, the key factors relate to issues of scale, capacity, quality and time. CBNRM and CBT require long term time frames in order to establish the economic base to derive incomes that can be directly linked to TFCAs. These incomes need to be linked to quality products that are commercially viable, which are in turn based on the strength of the broader destination. The Lubombo Eco Trails is designed to help ensure that the strength of the LTFCA as a destination provides the programs long-term sustainability, and continuing and growing benefits to the communities and the environment.

Outputs include:

i. Eco Trails feasibility study and scoping, including identification of project areas, participating communities, key stakeholders, markets and economic opportunities, associated enabling infrastructure, cost-benefit analysis etc.ii. Selection of target communities based on well defined criteria, such as quality of potential product, location, governance structures, etc.iii. Eco Trails design and construction (hiking, mountain biking, birding, 4x4, cultural, river rafting etc.)iv. Eco Lodge design and construction v. Associated enabling infrastructure (roads, bridges, border posts).vi. Product (destination) development, management and marketingvii. Training of communities in all associated skills and livelihoods (linked with component 1)viii. Enterprise development facilitationComponent 4 Research Monitoring and EvaluationObjective:To establish a comprehensive research program supporting knowledge management, data collection and an appropriate participatory monitoring and evaluation system to ensure effective adaptive management of the LTFCA

Significant data has been collected related to the LTFCA, in particular the Maputaland Conservation Assessment (MCA) undertaken by Durrell Institute for Conservation and Ecology (DICE) at the University of Kent, to guide conservation planning in the Lubombo region. It used a geographic information system and a systematic conservation planning approach to identify priority areas and corridors for conserving the regions important vegetation types, species and ecological processes whilst minimising impacts on local livelihoods. This work was published in the journal Biological Conservation in 2008 and has subsequently informed a number of land-use planning decisions, including the development of the corridor linking Maputo Special Reserve in Mozambique with Tembe Elephant Park in South Africa.

One advantage of the Maputaland Conservation Assessment is that it provides a regional conservation context that can inform local- and landscape-level decision-making. This is especially relevant for the Eco Lubombo Program, as it allows stakeholders to identify priority areas for conservation that have local value but also conserve globally important biodiversity and create a network of conservation areas, thus reducing the impacts of climate change. However, the biodiversity data in the Maputaland Conservation Planning System has not been updated since 2011 and it lacks the latest information on where new conservation areas and initiatives have been established or planned. Thus, there is a need to update this information and rerun the analyses to provide information to guide the Eco Lubombo Program. This work would be done by Masters students and staff from DICE and would involve the following:

1. Use the latest Landsat 8 and Aster satellite imagery to update the Maputaland land cover map to reflect changes in land cover through urbanisation, infrastructure and the expansion of agriculture. Check the accuracy of the changes by ground-truthing the map through visiting randomly selected points and comparing the actual landcover type with that predicted from the satellite imagery.

2. Update the distribution maps for the 44 vegetation types, 53 species and 14 ecological processes based on changes in the land cover map and import the data into the Maputaland Conservation Planning System.

3. Collect the available data on the boundaries of the current and planned conservation areas found in the Lubombo region and digitise maps or paper plans where necessary, so they can be imported into the planning system. Collect similar data on areas that are not suitable for conservation, given current and planned development projects.

4. Work with local experts and stakeholders to rerun the Maputaland Conservation Assessment to identify priority networks of conservation areas and linkages that achieve conservation goals and fit in with ecotourism and other development goals.

The University of Florida and the University of Tarleton have expressed an interest in supporting the development of a comprehensive research program for the LTFCA, as well as to utilize the facilities of the community eco lodges as base camps for their research students.

All community eco lodges will therefore be designed and constructed with research activities in mind, enabling the lodges to be also used as research facilities.

M and E activities will be defined in the context of further project development in terms of performance indicators established through the design and implementation of the components. There will be an emphasis on adaptive management and community participation in these activities. Potential Value of Eco Trails to the SADC TFCA ProgramEconomic benefits, improved participation and decision-making for local communitiesThe Eco Trails program represents an important initiative for the Lubombo TFCA and other TFCAs where there is significant potential for the TFCAs to catalyse local economic development for communities. In the Lubombo TFCA, agricultural opportunities are limited, and existing livelihoods increasingly threatened by climate change. The outstanding natural assets of the LTFCA represent the best means to achieve economic development, yet this is predicated on the conservation and sustainable use of these resources. The Eco Trails initiative is carefully designed to maximize the economic opportunities available while ensuring long term sustainability.Mobilizing and consolidating the support of the private sector and NGOsThe concept of the Eco Trails as a comprehensive and long-term community focused program with the potential to transform the LTFCA into an outstanding and integrated ecotourism product of international significance has been a source of inspiration and motivation for many stakeholders in the region. The rapidly developing network of partners attests to the success of the concept.Enhancing ecological connectivity and ecosystem resilienceIntegrating the creation of the Eco Trails with a participatory and integrated spatial and business planning process that balances ecological sustainability and biodiversity conservation with economic development at the local and regional levels ensures that all stakeholders are involved in the maintaining critical ecological infrastructure and ensuring long-term ecosystem resilience.Proposed GIZ Technical Support Activities to the Lubombo Eco Trails Program

The Eco Trails initiative is part of the Eco Lubombo Program, which has been implemented successfully through the partnership of The Lubombo Conservancy, with the support and guidance of the SNTC and the Italian NGO Cospe. GIZ, CEPF and the Netherlands government have provided critical and innovative funding as well as technical advice. PPF has shared their extensive knowledge of the area and of trail design and development. Space for Elephants has facilitated collaborative activities in South Africa and the Mozambique NGO Consortium, with extensive local knowledge and experience, is formalizing its role as partners in the Eco Trails. The foundation for the Eco Trails program is well established, but needs to move from pilot and conceptual stage to full implementation. The GIZ program will support this implementation for the first 3 years of its proposed 10 year program, during which GIZ will help strengthen the projects viability and funding resources to take it to the next phase.

1. Title of the support area: GIZ Support to Lubombo Eco Trails Program (GS-LETP)

2. What should be achieved with the support (objective)? To take the LETP from conceptual stage and pilot activities to first phase of implementation, defining full activities and work program, required technical expertise, commencement of participatory planning activities at local and regional hub level (CRA), and supporting M and E.

3. Would the support project build on previous project (experiences)? Is the project embedded in a bigger project, which is currently being implemented or planned to be implemented?The support project will build on the experiences of the Eco Lubombo Program and its ongoing Lubombo Eco Trails initiative. Eco Business Planning has taken place with GIZ support together with the formation of the Mhlumeni-Goba Transborder Community Forum as part of the Mhlumeni-Goba Cross-border Tourism and Conservation Initiative (MG-CTCI).

4. Who from the TFCA would be involved in the project (organizations)? Government agencies including SNTC (Swaziland), ANAC (Mozambique), Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife and iSimangaliso Wetland Authority (South Africa) as well as all Lubombo Eco Trails Partners (see Annex 2), many of whom are part of the TFCA network.

5. Where would the support project take place? Which countries are involved?Swaziland, Mozambique and South Africa

6. What are potential partners for the support project?A broad range of stakeholders involved in and supporting conservation and tourism, ecosystem management, eco agriculture, community sustainable livelihoods, but primarily local communities. See Annex 2 for LETP official partners

7. What budget is required to implement the support project (not including salaries of staff)?USD 790,000 or Euro 695, 000.

8. How are communities involved in the support project? Communities are involved in the pilot phase, through Eco Business Planning in Swaziland (Mhlumeni, Tikhuba, Mambane) Eco Lodge and Trails (Shewula) and in CBNRM-CBT Forums (Mhlumeni-Shewula-Goba).

9. What is the own-contribution from the TFCA in this support project?Swaziland with support from GIZ, CEPF and the Netherlands has contributed to the development of the pilot phase through the Eco Lubombo Program (USD 500,000) and will continue to support through its recently approved GEF-SNPAS (Strengthening National Protected Area System) project. Mozambique has resources available for community development through its Community Development Fund (CDF)from the World Bank (MOZBIO) and the COmON Foundation.

10. What could be the contribution from communities in this project?In the pilot phase the communities have shown willingness to have land zoned for conservation and ecosystem management, to create conservation areas, and to be fully engaged in community based tourism. They have contributed land, labor and time. It is expected that this type of engagement will continue and improve as communities interact and engage more intensively in the project. 11. Is there a possibility to place a Technical Advisor at the TFCA level? Where would a TA best be placed? Would there be an office space? Who would be the partner organization hosting the TA (in which TFCA country)?A Technical Advisor would be valuable in supporting the many complex technical aspects of the project, identifying and supporting the consultancies required, and supporting the Eco Lubombo Project Unit based in Siteki in Swaziland. The TA could be placed in Siteki at the ELP offices or at the SNTC HQ in Swaziland. The TA would need to have a broad range of skills: experience in TFCAs, ecotourism and conservation, community engagement, networking skills and proven expertise in raising funds.

Figure 3 Goba (Mozambique) and Mhlumeni (Swaziland) communities at First Transborder Community Forum visiting Mhlumeni Community Eco Lodge Site. Funded through GIZ Mhlumeni-Goba Community Tourism and Conservation Initiative (MG-CTCI). See http://youtu.be/vLq-K-XSvO0

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1: Indicative Budget for Eco Trails (10 years) with proposed GIZ support budget (3 years) in USD

ComponentActivitiesTotal cost10 yrGIZ share 3 yr

1. Institutional StrengtheningTraining Communities500,000150,000

Training NGOs (training of trainers, training for funding proposals)220,00050,000

Forum meetings and exchange activities70,00030,000

2. Eco Business PlansParticipatory GIS and ecosystem assessment, including biodiversity and rangeland assessments, etc.250,00080,000

Zonation and conservation and NRM management plans100,00050,000

Community based Eco Business Plans200,000100,000

CRA Eco Business Plans 160,00080,000

Landscape wide ecosystem management plan/business plan50,00050,000

3. Eco Trails Design and ImplementationFeasibility study60,00060,000

Trail design (all trails)100,00020,000

Trail Construction and management (10 years)1,500,000100,000

Eco lodge construction and management, and associated infrastructure (10 years)6,000,000

4. Research, Monitoring and EvaluationDesktop surveys40,00020,000

Research programme formulation50,000

Research activities 100,000

Monitoring and Evaluation100,00050,000

Project Preparation, Management and Logistics (10 years)500,000

TOTAL10,000,000840,000

ANNEX 2 Lubombo Eco Trails Program (LETP) Link to Logical Framework for the SADC TFCAs Program (STP)

Overall Goal of the STP

A function and integrated network of transfrontier conservation areas developed where shared natural resources are sustainably co-managed and conserved to foster economic and social development, tourism and regional integration for the benefit of those living within and around TFCAs and mankind at large.

Overall Goal of LETP

To substantially increase benefits and equity for communities and improve biodiversity and ecosystem management in the Lubombo TFCA by establishing a community based Eco Trails network and integrated planning framework, consolidating and strengthening the LTFCAs conservation and tourism assets.

LETP Component and objectivesLinks to STP Components and ObjectivesLETP OutputsLinks to STP Outputs

Component 1: Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building

Links to Component 3: Capacity Building for TFCA stakeholders

Objective:To strengthen institutional frameworks, collaboration, networking and capacity of LTFCA stakeholders to implement and manage the Eco Trails and Eco Business Plans within an sustainable landscape and ecosystem management approach

Links to Component 3 Objective:To enhance capacity for the successful development and management of the TFCAs1) Create a well managed network in which different stakeholder groups have clear and complementary roles in implementing the Eco Trails network, and Eco Business Plans, incorporating landscape and ecosystem approach;

2) Key Eco Trails stakeholder groups (communities, private sector, government, NGOs) form governance frameworks in the Conservation and Resource Areas (CRAs) with emphasis on expanding community conservation and development opportunities

3) Training program designed by regional institutions for community members and NGOs and establishment of cross border forum for knowledge exchange

1) Different stakeholder groups have an improved understanding of their role in TFCA development

2) Capacity of key TFCA stakeholder groups strengthened

3) Regional partnerships between training and educational institutions established

Component 2:Eco Business Planning

Links to Component 5: Enhancement of Local Livelihoods

Objectives:

To ensure that at the local and regional level sound business planning is integrated with landscape and ecosystem approaches through a holistic and participatory spatial planning process, and implemented through equitable and effective governance structures, thereby laying the foundation for the long-term sustainability of the Lubombo Eco Trails network. Link to STP Component 5 Objectives:

1) Empower local communities, especially women, to participate in TFCA decision making processes; 2) Increase opportunities for investment in income generating activities for local communities

Facilitate public and private investments in transboundary infrastructure, trade and tourism projects

1) CRAs established with Eco Business Plans (EBPs) incorporating Community based EBPs. The CRAs will have governance frameworks ensuring full and equitable participation of communities.

2) Development opportunities identified for local communities with CRAs based on Eco Trails and other sustainable livelihood activities

3) TFCA wide Business Plan based on Eco Trails development identifies infrastructure and investment requirements to create sustainable community based tourism productLink to Component 5 Outputs

1) An enabling environment for local participation in TFCA decision making processes created;

2) Benefit flow to local communities; 3) Local economies improved

Links to Component 7: Development of TFCAs into marketable regional tourism products

TFCA wide Business Plan based on Eco Trails development identifies infrastructure and investment requirements to create sustainable community based tourism productLink to Component 7 Outputs

Private sector and community partnerships in tourism improved

Links to Component 6: Reducing the vulnerability of ecosystems and people to the effects of climate change

Community based Eco Business Plans incorporate participatory GIS mapping and planning, and other educational tools to create awareness and understanding of value of ecosystems to peoples livelihoods and to improved climate change adaptation, leading to ecosystem management planning integrated into business plan

Vulnerability of ecosystems and communities living in and around TFCAs to the effects of climate change reduced

Component 3: Eco Trails Design and Implementation

Objective:

To consolidate and strengthen the LTFCAs conservation and tourism assets through increased participation, connectivity and integrated product development

Links to Component 7: Development of TFCAs into marketable regional tourism products

Creation of Integrated TFCA wide Community Based Tourism Product effectively promoting adventure trails and cultural assets.

Link to Component 7 Outputs

1) Tourism to the region increased

2) Private sector and community partnerships in tourism improved

Links to Component 5: Enhancement of Local Livelihoods

Component 4: Research, Monitoring and Evaluation

Objective:To establish a comprehensive research program supporting knowledge management, data collection and an appropriate and participatory monitoring and evaluation system to ensure effective adaptive management of the Lubombo TFCA

Link to Component 4: Establishment of data and knowledge management systemsUpdate the Maputaland land cover map to reflect changes in land use; update all biodiversity data; update data of current and planned conservation areas to improve planning system; work with stakeholders to identify priority networks of conservation areas and linkages to achieve conservation goals to fit in with ecotourism and other development goals.

Establish an M and E system based on updated data, improved conservation planning and output indicators from Eco Business PlansInformation exchange between stakeholder groups, TFCAs and SADC Secretariat enhanced

Mechanisms for data capture and dissemination

ANNEX 3 Lubombo Eco Trails Program Partners

CountryCommunityNGO Academic InstitutionPrivate SectorDonor/Government

SwazilandShewula TrustThe Lubombo ConservancyUNISWASwazi TrailsSNTC

Mhlumeni TrustCOSPEHall and Stacey ArchitectsSEA

Tikhuba TrustOperation HopeTimes of SwazilandSiteki Town Council

Mambane TrustAll Out FoundationLinda Loffler Biodiversity Specialist

MozambiqueNtava Yedzu GobaLUPAANAC

VIDA

Kuwuka JDA

AACEM

CESVI

South AfricaNkosi Myeni, Nsindi Traditional AuthorityPeace Parks FoundationAfrican InsightDEA

Nkosi Nyawo, Nyawo Traditional AuthoritySpace For Elephants FoundationUtshwayelo LodgeEzemvelo KZN Wildlife

Nkosi Tembe, Tembe Traditional AuthorityKingsley Holgate FoundationHluhluwe River LodgeIsimangaliso Wetland Authority

Nkosi Gumbi, Somkhanda Traditional AuthorityWildlands Conservation TrustWhite Elephant LodgeBoundless Southern Africa

Birdlife SABluegreen Planning and Design

Penny Parker MBA

Prof Kevin Mearns, UNISA

Professor Munyaradzi Chitakira, UNISA

InternationalBirdlife InternationalUniversity of FloridaGIZ

University of TarletonCEPF

University of KentNetherlands Government

Annex 4 List of Mozambique NGO partners with project details (communities and activities)

VIDA

CommunityPA (Admin Post)ActivityKey AreaPotential Eco Tourism Opportunities

DjabulaBELA VISTA1) DJABULA COMMUNITARY DEVLOPMENT CENTER CDCD were since 2002 and up to 2015 over 80 short term courses on improving farming and cattle herding techniques, honey production; and usefull skills like handicrafts, sewing and on making bread. (2) DJABULA COMMUNITY traditional houses improved, wells opened, promotion of cattle ownership (5) DJABULA COMMUNITY Legal constitution of local rural Association 'Pfukani Djabula' APD (6) PFUKANI DJABULA ASSOCIATION Legal constitution of rural handicraft brand 'Djabula' 100% owned by APD (7) APD Small store about to open in Boane for 'Djabula' brand (8) UAAMAT-APD is now member of the first small scale (familiar scale) farmers Union 'Unio das Associaes Agrrias de Matutune' UAAMAT

Lubombo- Goba- Licuati OR Lubombo - Catuane- Licuati

CDCD/Licuati - ecotourism and eco-trails. Off-road adventure

Ncassane

CATUANE1) NCASSANE Built Ncassane only Primary school (2) NCASSANE 2 wells opened (3) NCASSANE COMMUNITY was benneficiary of the short term courses held in CDCD since 2002 and up to 2010 (3) NCASSANE COMMUNITY Legal constitution of local rural Association 'Hundzuka Ncassane'

Lubombo- Goba- Licuati OR Lubombo - Catuane- Licuati

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

ManhianeBELA VISTA1) MANHIANE COMMUNITY was benneficiary of short term courses held in CDCD since 2002 and up to 2015 (2) MANHIANE COMMUNITY Legal constitution of local rural Association 'Thutuca Manhiane' ATM (3) UAAMAT-ATM is now member of the first small scale (familiar scale) farmers Union 'Unio das Associaes Agrrias de Matutune' UAAMAT

Lubombo- Goba- Licuati OR Lubombo - Catuane- LicuatiLicuati- ecotourism . Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

ManhanganeCATUANE1) MANHANGANE FARMERS ASSOCIATION Beneficiary of around 15 short term courses on improved agriculture, cattle herding techniques and associativism since 2011 to the present date (2) UAAMAT-MANHANGANE farmers Association is member of UAAMAT

Lubombo- Catuane- Licuati

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

TinonganineBELA VISTA1) TINONGANINE FARMERS ASSOCIATION Beneficiary of around 15 short term courses on improved agriculture, cattle herding techniques and associativism since 2011 to the present date (2) UAAMAT-TINONGANINE farmers Association is member of UAAMAT

MSR-Buffer Zone OR Catuane- MSR

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

CaiadoBELA VISTA(1) CAIADO FARMERS ASSOCIATION Beneficiary of around 15 short term courses on improved agriculture, cattle herding techniques and associativism since 2011 to the present date (2) UAAMAT-CAIADO farmers Association is member of UAAMAT MSR-Buffer Zone OR Catuane- MSR

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

SalamangaBELA VISTA1) SALAMANGA FARMERS ASSOCIATION Beneficiary of around 15 short term courses on improved agriculture, cattle herding techniques and associativism since 2011 to the present date (2) UAAMAT-SALAMANGA farmers Association is member of UAAMAT MSR-Buffer Zone OR Catuane- MSR

Hindu Temple built in 1908/ Economic centre of Matutuine. Ecotourism. Zx``A1~ZEco-trails . Off-road adventure

Fabrica De CalBELA VISTA1) FABRICA DE CAL FARMERS ASSOCIATION Beneficiary of around 15 short term courses on improved agriculture, cattle herding techniques and associativism since 2011 to the present date (2) UAAMAT-FABRICA DE CAL farmers Association is member of UAAMAT MSR-Buffer Zone

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

MacassaneBELA VISTA(1) MACASSANE FARMERS ASSOCIATION Beneficiary of around 15 short term courses on improved agriculture, cattle herding techniques and associativism since 2011 to the present date (2) UAAMAT-MACASSANE farmers Association is member of UAAMAT MSR-Buffer Zone OR Catuane- MSR

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

Ponta DouroZITUNDO(1) PONTA DOURO FARMERS ASSOCIATION Beneficiary of around 15 short term courses on improved agriculture, cattle herding techniques and associativism since 2011 to the present date (2) PONTA DOURO FARMERS ASSOCIATION Legal constitution of farmers Association 'Hilua Ni Ndlala' Ponta Douro(2) UAAMAT-PONTA DOURO farmers Association is member of UAAMAT Tembe-Kosi Bay-Ponta

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

ZitundoZITUNDO(1) ZITUNDO FARMERS ASSOCIATION Beneficiary of around 15 short term courses on improved agriculture, cattle herding techniques and associativism since 2011 to the present date (2) UAAMAT-ZITUNDO farmers Association is member of UAAMAT

Tembe-Kosi Bay-Ponta

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

MachiaBELA VISTA1) MACHIA FARMERS ASSOCIATION Beneficiary of around 15 short term courses on improved agriculture, cattle herding techniques and associativism since 2011 to the present date (2) UAAMAT-MACHIA farmers Association is member of UAAMAT

MSR-Buffer Zone

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

HindaneBELA VISTA(1) UAAMAT-HINDANE farmers Association is member of UAAMAT

Licuati

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

CuacheMUGAZINE1) CUACHE APE Communitary Health Agent (through District Health Services) improving food and nutritional status of the community Licuati

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

PochaneBELA VISTA(1) POCHANE APE Communitary Health Agent (through District Health Services) improving food and nutritional status of the community

Licuati

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

NguenhaBELA VISTA(1) NGUENHA APE Communitary Health Agent (through District Health Services) improving food and nutritional status of the community MSR-Buffer Zone OR Catuane- MSR

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

MussongueZITUNDO1) MUSSONGUE APE Communitary Health Agent (through District Health Services) improving food and nutritional status of the communityMSR-Buffer Zone

HucoZITUNDO(1) HUCO APE Communitary Health Agent (through District Health Services) improving food and nutritional status of the communityMSR-Buffer Zone

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

GuebezaZITUNDO(1) GUEBEZA APE Communitary Health Agent (through District Health Services) improving food and nutritional status of the community MSR-Buffer Zone

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

MatuvulaCATUANE(1) MATUVULA APE Communitary Health Agent (through District Health Services) improving food and nutritional status of the communityLubombo- Catuane- Licuati

Eco-trails . Off-road adventure

KUWUKA JDA

CommunityPAActivityKey AreasPotential Eco TourismOpportunities

MassohaneBELA-VISTA(1) CBNRM for biodiversity Conservation and sustainable use of forest resourcesMSR-Buffer ZoneEcotrails. Canoe- Crocodile view. CBNRM committees for biodiversity conservation . Camping

ZitundoZITUNDO(1) CBNRM for biodiversity Conservation. (2) Community nursery for reforestation Tembe-Kosi Bay-PontaTembe-Kosi Bay-PontaEcotrails. CBNRM committees for biodiversity conservation . Nursery with native and medicinal plants. Camping

Ponta DouroZITUNDO(1)CBNRM for sustainable use of forest resourcesTembe-Kosi Bay-PontaEcotrails. Beach. Water sports . Camping

ManhanganeCATUANE1)CBNRM for sustainable use of forest resources for income generation activities(charcoal,firewood)Mambane- Usuthu- Ndumu- Catuane. Ecotrails. CBNRM committees for sustainable use of forest resourses. CBNRM- fishing. Bird watch. Community cultural groups

ChuchaCATUANE1) CBNRM for biodiversity Conservation and sustainable use of forest resourcesMambane- Usuthu- Ndumu- Catuane. Ecotrails. Canoe- hippo view. Bird watch. Community cultural group . Camping

LUPA

CommunityPAActivityKey AreaPotential Eco Tourism Opportunities

MachiaBELA-VISTA(1) Environmental education in schools; (2) Handicraft production with direct connection to the markets in Maputo; (3) Beekeeping with direct link to the markets in Maputo through Natura (4) Community Based Tourism MSR-Buffer ZoneEco trails

ChiaBELA-VISTAMSR-Buffer ZoneEco trails

SalamangaBELA-VISTAMSR-Buffer ZoneEco trails

MadjedjaneBELA-VISTAMSR-Buffer ZoneEco tourism

GalaZITUNDOTembe-Kosi Bay-PontaEco tourism

CESVI

CommunityPAActivityKey AreaPotential Eco Tourism Opportunities

NtavaYedzuGOBA(1) Environment; (2) Livelihoods; (3) Small scale fishing

Lubombo- Goba-LicuatiBird watching, local culture interaction, village tours

ChiaBELA-VISTAMSR-Buffer Zone

MachiaBELA-VISTAMSR-Buffer Zone

GuebezaZITUNDOMSR-Buffer Zone

MassaleZITUNDOMSR-Buffer Zone

MussongueZITUNDOMSR-Buffer Zone

HucoZITUNDOMSR-Buffer Zone

Annex 5 Proposal for the Lubombo Spine Biodiversity Corridor to link the Swaziland-South Africa TFCA and iSimangaliso Wetland Park

This is a submission from Lubombo Eco Trails partner, Space For Elephants Foundation (an NGO with a long history of working with local communities) as a contribution to the overall conceptual development of the Lubombo Eco Trails focusing on the key linkages along the Lubombo Ridge to iSimangaliso.

Rationale To establish informal conservation linkages from the Lubombo Conservancy in Swaziland to Hluhluwe in South Africa, along the lines of such a protected environment, with key joint management areas such as the MSR (Maputo Special Reserve) TEP (Tembe Elephant Park) core area, and eventually the area around the Pongola dam across the international boundary, and others. To link the Swaziland TFCA (Transfronteir Conservation Area) with the iSimangaliso Wetlands Park (formerly Greater St Lucia Wetland Park, a World Heritage Site), through Nsubane, Pongola Game Reserve and Mkuze Game Reserve including Senekal private land and Nkosi Myeni and Nkosi Nyawo Traditional Authorities, and to create a corridor along the Lubombo Mountain to link the Swaziland South Africa TFCA (Transfronteir Conservation Area) with the Mozambique/South Africa TFCA (Transfronteir Conservation Area), to enhance the biodiversity potential of the Maputaland Conservation Area Hotspot and to promote and enhance general biodiversity by eliminating the Island effects of small reserves by allowing wildlife to migrate and disperse naturally, thereby creating source sink effects and taking the pressure off local vegetation. To protect several endangered species of fauna and flora (e.g. cycads, butterflies, fish, amphibians, rhinos and elephants). Finally to integrate the needs of the edge communities and promoting economic opportunities. Creating the linkages does not necessarily mean removing fences between existing protected areas which operate autonomously.

To achieve the four key goals of linkages: ecological, economical, institutional and cultural, according to the Benefits Beyond Boundaries principles as set out by the World Parks Congress.

The areas to be included are:Greater Lubombo Conservancy - Goba;Mambane - Usuthu Gorge - Ndumu;Tembe Elephant Park - Maputo Special ReserveBorder Cave - Nsubane - Greater Pongola Game Reserve;Mkuze - Phinda -ISimangaliso Wetland Park (with a possible link to HIP Hluhluwe Umfolozi) - Terrestrial componentMarine component - PPNR (Pongola Port Nature Reserve) and iSimangaliso Wetland Park This would cover all the key protected areas, current and potential, and address aspects such as the supporting and restoring of landscape dynamics, ecosystem functionality and cultural connectivity, and form the basis for integrated regional tourism development.

Expected projects by Space for Elephants FoundationNkosi Myeni, Nsindi traditional authority, Jozini MunicipalityMavela Community Project, Emaweni View Site, Puza Moya Campsite Nkosi Nyawo, Nkosi Nyawo traditional authority, Jozini MunicipalityMountain Lake Adventures gorge Nkosi Tembe, Tembe traditional authority, Umhlabuyalingana MunicipalityBhekamanzi Community Project Nkosi Gumbi, Somkhanda traditional authority, Zululand District MunicipalityJozini Dam Community Project

Project Motivation - Micro tourism projects Small tourist business ventures that can be run by one or several people from the local communities and that live in the area of a proposed biodiversity corridor, such as hiking and birding trails, handcrafts, fishing and canoeing, medicinal plant propagation and usage etc., are essential for the future prosperity and economic development of our country.The proposed Corridor not only links a variety of habitats: Sand forests, Lubombo grasslands, Lubombo woodland, wetland, forests, aquatic etc. (For details see Smith et al. 2008.) but is in the center of the Maputaland Centre for Endemism (MCE). The conservation importance of this MCE (Smith et al. 2008) is globally recognised, as it forms part of the MaputalandPondolandAlbany biodiversity hotspot, which contains the iSimangaliso Wetland Park World Heritage Site, five RAMSAR sites and ten Important bird areas (Steenkamp et al. 2004; Smith and Leader-Williams 2006). Several community owned game reserves have developed in the area (Gaugris et al. 2004; van Rensburg et al. 1999). It also proposes to link three Transfronteir Conservation Areas (TFCAs): the Lubombo TFCA initiatives between South Africa, Swaziland and Mozambique. The area includes several endangered or endemic species such as the endemic and endangered cycad (Encephalitis lebomboensis), the endemic white sapphire butterfly , four bird species (see van Rensburg et al. 2000), black and white rhinos and elephants. The proposed corridor links two of the defined aquatic biogeographic regions of KwaZulu-Natal, Pongola and Zululand. (Rivers-Moore et al. 2007). Therefore it is important that the patchy distribution of protected habitat be linked through a corridor system, to allow movement and dispersion. The region still contains much of its natural vegetation and its low agricultural potential makes nature-based tourism and the sustainable use of natural resources economically competitive. However the area falls into the low water area as defined by Rivers-Moore et al (2007).

A high proportion of the region, private and state, already has protected area (PA) status, and these PAs are the responsibility of Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife and the iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority in South Africa and the Swaziland National Trust Commission in Swaziland, and the appropriate Mozambique authority. However, some biodiversity elements remain under-represented in these PAs in relation to their conservation targets (Smith et al. 2008). Moreover, many of the PAs are not large enough to contain viable populations of wide-ranging species, or to conserve important ecological processes.

Examples of Space for Elephants achievements in this endeavor are: Building of class rooms, water supply, soccer field and equipment at Mykene primary school situated in Somkhanda traditional authority focusing on nature conservation linked to Pongola Game Reserve. (SEF and Rotary International). Securing a 3 year contract with volunteer organisations. The focus of the projects was conservation, rehabilitation and protection of the wilderness areas within impoverished communities including the establishment of a conservation research centre at Thanda/Mduna Royal Game Reserve. (SEF) Active mediator with Nkosi Gumbi. (SEF and private international funding) Establishment of Rhino monitoring and security project at Pongola nature reserve. (SEF and private funding) Completion of a stewardship programme leading to the proclamation of 15 000 HA of private and community land as a protected nature reserve under the national biodersity act. (SEF, Conservation international CEPF) Establishment of Mavela community centre adjoining Pongola poort nature reserve and Nsindi traditional authority. Acquiring of approximately 100 HA Stannards land adjoining Mavela which is being used for biodersity protection of endangered species and a conservation training base for local community. Establishment of a traditional Thonga village at Tembe traditional authority.

Biodiversity will balance once again, bringing visitors to areas previously neglected by tourism, with many opportunities for the edge communities to practice Benefits beyond Boundaries. (An example is iSimangaliso Wetlands Park.) Benefits beyond Boundaries: Indigenous knowledge skills training, storytelling, Bush Theater as well as printing and binding of story books African tales from long ago (e.g. How the Rhino got his horn) and short stories written by famous early game rangers, using elephant dung paper. Geology and gemstone trails. Canoeing, donkey cart trails, photographic safaris, and tracking of Elephants and Rhinos 4x4 trails, ancient man and other cultural sites. Overnight accommodation, indigenous food hospitality venues. Tiger and fly Fishing Birding and butterflying There are over 6 million birders and butterfly enthusiasts registered with birding and lepidopterist associations. Establishment of hiking trail camps Promotion of ecofriendly bio fuels and stoves Vegetable Gardens -- These need to be established along the routes , to supply the overnight camps and lodges in the area Security Guards These will be necessary for the protection of visitors motor vehicles and guarding the overnight villages Resource management and litter control

The Proposed Corridors (outlined in red)

In conjunction with PPF and EKZNW, SEF have developed a proposed corridor to follow the southern end of the Greater Rift Valley and eventually link the Kruger National Park in the North with the iSimangaliso Wetland Park in the South and Swaziland. The current proposal deals with the first section of this corridor, between Swaziland TFCA and iSimangaliso Wetland Park. The exact locality and size of the areas to form part of this corridor system can only be defined once a survey has been completed, meetings with the relevant authorities and communities have been held and a general agreement has been reached. To this end the FIRST PHASE of the proposal consists of surveys and meetings. The overall idea is to link existing national Game Reserves with international TFCAs and including communities living in the area. There are no larger towns or major roads in the Maputaland biodiversity conservation area, therefore this is an ideal opportunity to create a corridor system, already planned with EKZNW.

MethodologyThe implementation will need to follow a phased development plan. SEF together with Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (EKZNW), iSimangaliso Wetlands Park and Peace Parks Foundation (PPF) will develop an integrated development and management plan. Working groups involving private land owners, Traditional Authorities (TA) and other interested and affected parties have been established. A number of exploratory meetings have been held.

FundingA suitable task group to steer the initiative needs to be established. Funding requirements for 3 years has been documented, and attached. It is estimated that this project is a 10 year project.

Proposed Phased ProgrammeA three phased programme is suggested: A planning Phase, Implementing phase and maintenance phase.

Planning and Implementation Phase Total costs 1 YearEstimated Cost of this phase will be R3, 445 490

Maintenance Phase Total costs per year thereafter, a 2 year budget has been submittedEstimated Cost of this phase will R626, 415 for year two (2) and R653, 490 for year three (3)

The most important initial steps will be:1. A feasibility study. For this it is imperative that meetings with all stakeholders can be implemented. These will need funding. Tribal authorities as well as all land owners and governmental bodies need to be part of the consultation process. Only once a common consensus has been reached, can the corridor implementation process begin, which will include developing ecological management plans, micro tourism projects, land use and zoning plans, and setting up of local management committees.

2. List landowners and agreements. A comprehensive list of all interested and affected landowners along the corridor must be compiled.

3. Survey - A topographical survey of the corridor will establish estimates of where fences and other infrastructure obstacles or barriers exist and the solutions to overcome these established. It will be necessary to fly over the area taking aerial photographs to identify residential homes and access points. Biological considerations will guide this planning. Zoning, mapping and business plans will have to be done together with government bodies and land owners.

References:

Linkages in the Landscape IUCN Andrew F. BennettThe Ecology of Natural Resource Management. ML Hugo, AT Viljoen, JM MeeuwisDe Boer WF, Ntumi CP, Correia AU, Mafuca JM. 2000 Diet and distribution of elephant in the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. East African Wild Life Society, Afr. J. Ecol., 38,188-201.Belton LE, Dalerum F, Van Rensburg BJ. 2008. Factors associated with suni distribution in Tembe Elephant Park, South Africa: implications for management and conservation of a small antelope. Afr. J. Ecol., 46, 631636Gaugris JY, W.S. Matthews WS, Van Rooyen MW, Du P. Bothma J. 2004. The vegetation of Tshanini Game Reserve and a comparison with equivalent units in the Tembe Elephant Park in Maputaland, South Africa. Koedoe 47/1Guldemond R, and van AardR. 2007. The impact of elephants on plants and their community variables in South Africas Maputaland.,Afr. J. Ecol., 45, 327335.Harris GM, Gareth J. Russell GJ, van Aarde R, Pimm SL. 2008 Rules of habitat use by elephants Loxodonta africana in southern Africa: insights for regional management. Oryx Vol 42 No 1Ntumi CP, van Aarde R, Fairall N, de Boer WF. 2005. Use of space and habitat by elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique South African Journal of Wildlife Research 35(2), 139146.Smith RJ. et al. 2008. Designing a transfrontier conservation landscape for the Maputaland centre of endemism using biodiversity, economic and threat data Biological Conservation 14, 2127 2138Rivers- Moore NA., Goodman PS. and Nkosi MR. 2007. An assessment of the freshwater natural capital in KwaZulu-Natal for conservation planning.Water SA Vol. 33 No. 5 October 2007van Rensburg BJ, McGeoch MA, Chown SL, Van Jaarsveld AS. 1999 Conservation of heterogeneity among dung beetles in the Maputaland Centre of Endemism, South Africa. Biological Conservation 88, 145-153van Rensburg BJ, Chown SL, van Jaarsveld AS, McGeoch MA. 2000. Spatial variation and biogeography of sand forest avian assemblages in South Africa.Journal of Biogeography, 27, 13851401TFCA Annual Budget - R3,445,490 - Year One

Description Totals

Institutional Strengthening R 72,900

Training and facilitation of workshop with Ndunas and Nkosi R 18,000

Travel costs for members R 18,900

Forum meetings and exchange activies R 6,000

School and community training R 30,000

Project Implementation R 382,090

Salaries/fees R 162,000

Project co-ordinator R 78,000

Financial controller R 60,000

Desktop surveys R 9,000

Research program including travel and accomm for surveyors R 15,000

Local Community R 220,090

Educator R 72,000

View Site, and trail construction team (1 teams of 4 people for 21 days of month - 8 months) R 65,520

Administrator R 48,000

Road Construction team (1 teams of 4 people, 90 days ) R 24,570

Plumbing and Water team R 10,000

Eco Business Plans R 385,000

Gis and ecosystem assessments excl ARCGIS software R 35,000

Biodiversity rangeland and fire assessments R 30,000

Natural Resource management plans R 45,000

Business plan for small eco trails and camp site R 45,000

Business plan for Isimangaliso Wetlands Park Ubombo R 200,000

Landscape wide ecosystem plans R 30,000

Equipment, materials

Purchase of equipment as required R 263,500

Laptop or desktop for admin and registration details R 6,500

2 x 10 000 l water tanks, Borehole, piping and cement slab R 200,000

Radios and support security infrastructure - Parrot repeater R 47,000

Repairs to existing Gate for entrance to Stannard land/Elephant R 10,000

Operational Costs R 342,000

Petrol, maintenance and tollfees R 204,000

Accommodation and per diems (Management/trainers/technical assistants) R 96,000

Administration R 6,000

Cellphone/communication R 30,000

Security R 6,000

Buildings R 2,000,000

Eco lodge - Ubombo (Isimangaliso Wetlands Park initiative) R 2,000,000

Budget total R 3,445,490