I~OR ltELEASE UPON DELIVERY

AN ADDRESS

By

HONORABLE TOM C0 CLARK

Attorney General of the United States

Prepared for Delive~J

Before the.

AMERI CAN SOCIETY OF BAKERY ENG TI\JEERS .

Chicago, Illinois

I1arch 10, 1947

It is a pleas1.lre ~.nd privilege to b,e iAlith you todayo

I look ,at this large gathering, -:a11 devoted", in varying capacitiec J

to the production of bread and bread products~ ,

The thought is in my mind that it must be very satisfying to be

dealing-actually-" with what has been called, from time immemorial,. the

"Staff of Life."

You are the technicians" chemists' and general production' men---in short,.

those in the bakery industry entrusted with the actua.l development and produc

tion of bakBry productso

You represent the s~ll retail bakeries which produce and sell the

breads, cakes and cookies that constitute a temptation to the homeward-bound

householder 0

You. represent the large instItutions, with many branches, from which

flow the breads that appea.r in our grocery stores or are delivered to our

doors.

You actually make the bread that is our, "Staff of Lifeo If We others

merely talk about ito

We, of my generation, when-we think of bread,. think of baking days

at home with our mothers or grandmothers mixing the doughs in the kitchen,

the children hanging around. for trimmings (I'

We think of the breads as they came frGm. the family ovens, and

appea.red on the family'tables"

This old household manufacture has largely vanished". Like everything

else in modern life, machinery has revolutionized the old custoInS o

We are 'glad of this 1)' How much drudgery . are the women . of our nation

saved through all these marvelous mechanical devices 1,

The fact" that 'yo~,~$ooiety- wa$ organize9., in ),.924, ,witne~ses the fact." ~ '., .,:.;.... . thk:-t 'f'or a 'qua'rt'er of ~:' century new, and at: an, eyer ,ip.creasing p~ce, life is

becoming a watter organization, and machines 0'

r, " -, Today, specializati,on~~s, e~e:r::~he:r;e Individual,~,., ,,:_i~h ~inrl.lar skills

arid problems, organize'into a~.s9qiationsfl Theae ,associations grow ~n prc:por

tion to the growth of the basic activity they represento

... !.-.. .. / '; The:-:..JJepartment of Justipe, is ncr exception...,

'In the earliest days of :~his nation the Department was not a Depart

ment, but an office: Edmund Rando:p~ of Virginia.vvas the firs~ ~J. ~

Attorney :"

,: General0 ,

His "compensation was the ,modest sUl1}. of $1500 per year!) He \ivas ex

pected to furnish his own quarter's, fuel, stationer.! and clerieal helpa

','r' By 1818 'Congress had provided $1000 for emplqym

States ~arshals and their deputies and c~arical employeeso In addition there

is t~,e pers

; '" . '.~

the Pres:ldeni aridheads~::of. :govarnmetrt;.:. depar..tro!3ntso ':..... . " , .! ... ; ~ ..: . ": ' :.: :" I '.~:- .. ;' f~ .~'!-

:,~, ~

Ti1:e ~:.'~ ~ '( F t_ ..-'~ f~ -, ,', "'. ,,-, 'foo "~ :" .':' ",~: .f

Cr'iiirlria:fDivicSion(,he,aqed ..pyan. ASf?-:tstant Attorney Generai; . .'

has " "'", : '. ~ ~: . ~: .. ,:: .:. .

the respo~~fbiiitYfar liives.tigatinR atl:9. p,rosec;t;i.ng . Its ..... ; ". .....

Federaloff~n.s~s. ; . , ,

field is the Federal field, which it covers through seven. Sections: an ta' ;:. ~ "";..

Adnrlnidtrative Regulations .Section;:, '~' -9ivi~ ,Rig~;t~ Section;' ap.ini~;~~i Security Section; a War Frauds, -S,'ectiop.;, a ,Q:en~ral

.' . , t .' '. ~ ~. : ',: ..' . Crimes

Section; an Appeals ~ . ..... "

and ResearchSebtionj and a Foreign Agents -. " I

Registration 1 .' ~: "'; :_. . _

Section.'

It is a large and highly-diversified, Divi~ion; yet the primary ..: :.

respon~ibility for' enforcementot .F:edera~.stEl~utes, lies, howev~r, with 'the ' ," 1.

'. ::

United States Attm.'neys and Marshals D : The. Crimina+ Division, in addition to

many other' a ct'i'Vities}'advises -and counsels: with them inconn~ction with the

many investigations, -graud jUI'y proceedings,9. preparation .,".. .:

of indictments and

trial procedureo " .. . ~ ~, ,,'

.. ,

As 'you' krio\~i~ ,the ageney !orthe ip:~'.e~tig~tion_:- of crimeS in the pepart....:.

'~ent of Jus'tice' 'isthe'Federal B:l,lTeau. ,0 ,'rnve:st:igationo .~..

... " ~ .

U~def "Mr~ ~

:'-:{j. Edgar:Hoover 1'rthe, Fede:r~;L . Bureau of Investigation has " ~ ,'., ". ' '\>t-:, ~.~.~.

successfully ; '., ',' I'

demonstrated "", .

that it is :po$.sib,le. to h?-ve an effective investiga.....

Th:l~':was ':pro'treh:l.mder C'o.nditions.o:: ..~*,ea.t difficulty during the war, : : .~';: ',"t,. ~.;. '~'. ,". ":: '

when the country had; to

yo~ are perhaps familiar with theInahy situations--rob?ery, .1

FedEiral: ~,an.d.;i~'t,~t..e:, "f3.DP.;, "'-).9c,~1 IJ

\, .... ~. " ..." -... .:.: ~' : governmen:ts ..-.. : ; ~. ,. ' '." ;:.: .. : .: . ~

'- ::~,:~::Beeq.uf3.'E?"oi: collabora.~~on.? as with the' ~ny other'; actlvif,i-e-s of the . ' ... , ... ,. '"

':Btirealt,,'yO'\l:".q.,? 2j.ti~~ns ~,l~cated in your towns ~rid'ciies 'g;rbUrid ~the country; '. .'. ~ '0" , . '.

-&:

!, :'ar'e thei.mmE?

.Rigid control and san~~io~over cartels w~re the forerunners of

Hitler~ Mussolini erected a Fascist corrupt state upon th~ foundation of

gigantic industrial,corabinations o These things will be fresh in your minds.

You' ..also know the story of the monopolist.., The Department of Justice

through its. Antitrust Division has taken vigoro1;is action against" to only

name a few, the tobaoco trust, the railroad trust, and the alumintun trusto

. We' have othC1r qattl~s before us"

Aste'Chnicians you will have. a particular interest in the effect of

. trade restrictions on invention and discovery, which is also this Division's

province.

. The introduction of fluoresce~t lighting was retarded -- the revenues

'of the pONeI' companias were at stake..,

That more el.ectric lamps could be sold, the manufacturers built them

with shorter lives.

Vitamins were kept from the needy, because patents for producing

vitamin D by ultr~violet ray c~J.e into the hanets. of ~ fo~nda.tion located in

the butter'pro;1.ucing .: area G The bolders of the rights to the violet ray

method denied licenses to producers of oleomargarine, so largely used among

. the pooro

The list is long and not pleasant to read~

..... The Sherman ,Ac~? is rightly known as the :LJf..agna Carta ~f free enter

prise and the Bill of Rights 9 business o It is the f~~ction of ot~Anti

trust~Divis-iori' to' enforce. -the ShC1;rrr..an Apt and a nu,mber of .kindred statutes.

As indus~pies continue to g~c'W and,. Qo;n~.olidate, these laws b~come

more iind ;more vit.al~ We.f?hal1 continue to enfo;rce them vigorously"

-..:

~usiness Secti~n t~n~h~~h 'r wish~'~t~ call 'yoUr p~iti6uiar ;~tt~~tiort~'" It was reestablished in' conformity' to the declared 'poii,cy of President

Truman in a 'm~~s~~g~ '~o the Congress ::~h~ ~h~ State ;i the Nat'idn~ " N~b'~r two 'on the Pres'idedf {~"';iiit of 'five major;potfcfes was "restric

tion of mOnoPOly':a~'d ~fair b~~I~~~~':(pr~~'tfce$; assistance !'to" small bus'iness and the promotion of, 'the free and"comp~titivesystem of private 'enterprise .. It

a,.. : ~:", ~ ~r ;"':;. }

mento It acts on behalf of this ia'rge and important 's~gment" of 'American

bus-iness--to which, in many of its aspects, the baki-ng industry belongs"

The complair.:ts of 'small b~siness a~e handled by :'(51lr' 'Smali Business

Uni~Q It acts as the small business men t s 'advocate" ' Cbmpla'fnti are-treated

entirely in confidence.. Even in efforts t'o obtain relief; the name of the

complainant is never disclosed without specific consent o

The SmallBusinesslh'lit has close working 'arrangeme~t with the Offi ':' a ,.'~~. ,~-:- ~r.~;s:;.t;' .-. ~

of Small Business in the Department of Go~erce'o .Co'operation betwe'enJ these

two a.gencies has brought about an unusually c'0mPrehefisive tyPe of service on

We w8lcdme your problems and will do our best to help you solve: them~ L'....,.:~ :~. ," .. '.. -_~ . ! _ -':" . _. ... ~ ' ..

We bave also done pioneering in the field 'of dollaboration between the .....'.. i" .r

state and l'.)(~al governments and FederB:l adiiunistrative agencies q ,

these chaotiic times: d:l.ctatorship--the 'tigntly c~ntralized system of

Commui'lis-G " ,

D.,ad Fascist governments, the modified' Socialism of Great Britain;

or, for our choice, the demo~~;t'i~' :t'eder~lism whi.ch is the pri~e" of

Americao

One constal'1tcriticisin:of our dual' system is that it cannot achieve

the reputed efficiencY-Gf the controlled systems.,

The problem of making oUr system of Federal Government and 48 s~vereign

states work effectively became acute in 1940 when the war wa~ obviously

approaching~; 'It was necessary to develop" on a collaborative -basis:, a. program

of sta.te 'iegislation 'which would stimulate the largest degree ~:. partic:~PCltion

by the states in the national war effol""t"

Accordingly a conference of some 250 state and F.edera.;t.oftic-ials was

convened. It deliberated for several days 'andpro