lte lecture

Copyright 2011

Travis RussellDirector, Caribbean Region

[email protected]

Tel: +1.919.460.2172

1 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.

This document is for informational purposes only, and Tekelec reserves the right to change any aspect of the products, features orfunctionality described in this document without notice. Please contact Tekelec for additional information and updates.

Travis Russell

The Network Evolution

Copyright 2011

Your Speaker

Travis Russell

• More than 30 years Telecom Experience

• Expertise in voice, data, and signaling networks

• Author of 5 technical books published by McGraw-Hill

• Author of 13 patents in the area of telecom, fraud and security

• No degree …… learned through Bell System training and job experience!


Copyright 2011

Some Basics


What is a Standard?

› There are requirements, and there are standards. Requirements are ambiguous, and used as the framework for

more defined standards

Standards define how a network or protocol behaves under all circumstances. They are ratified by the member companies through a voting process.

› There are thousands of standards published for wireless networks, authored by several different organizations. The key standards are put into place by the member companies and ensure that phones will work all over the world.

Copyright 20115 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.

Copyright 2011

Who Creates Standards?

› International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications (ITU-T)

Sets worldwide requirements for telecommunications networks, ensuring compatibility between different countries

• Those requirements are then used by the 3GPP and other standards organizations in the creation of a true standard.

Each country is responsible for adapting the standards and requirements for use in their own countries

ITU-R is responsible for setting requirements for radio equipment including frequency allocations

› American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Adapts ITU standards for use in the Americas

› GSM Association

Develops standards for the GSM community and represents the GSM operators worldwide

Responsible for the GSM standards used in most all networks today

› 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)

Develops the standards for the evolving wireless network

› Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Responsible for all standards applying to the Internet, including SIP

› Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Develops standards such as 802.11 (WiFi), and 802.16 (WiMax)

Also developed the standards for Ethernet, and much more


Copyright 2011

Channel Access Technologies

› Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Access method at the data link layer

Requires high performance filters in radio equipment

Allows users to access satellite frequencies simultaneously, but each user transmits at a separate frequency

Crosstalk is a common problem with FDMA

› Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the

channel into time slots

Commonly used in digital telecommunications such as E1/T1

Timing issues are the largest problem

› Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Developed by Qualcomm

Allows multiple transmitters to send simultaneously over the same channel using special coding. Only receivers using the same code will receive


Copyright 2011

Channel Access Technology Analogy

Put several people into one room that want to talk simultaneously

1. Allow them to speak one at a time, taking turns (TDMA)

2. Allow them to speak at different pitches (FDMA)

3. Allow them to speak in different languages (CDMA)

(Thanks to WiKiPedia for this great analogy)


Copyright 2011

Cellular Network Concept

› The issue with radio telephone was the inability to reuse the same frequencies in a close proximity Radio interference was a common issue with these

networks

Overlap of coverage areas would cause cross-talk and noise

Because of distance, required higher power radios

› Cellular is a structure that allocates the frequencies into distinct cells, separated from one another, allowing the frequencies to be reused within close proximity

› Allows radios to use less power because base stations are in close proximity


AB

A

D

BC

C

D

BC

DB

Copyright 2011

Why Are We Changing The Network?


Because how we use the Internet has changed our everyday lives, and how we interact with one another has changed dramatically as well.

The younger generation is driving many of these changes and will continue to demand an online experience everywhere they go.

Copyright 2011

The Evolution of Wireless

Generation Standards Org Standards

0G Radio Telephone MTS-MTA-IMTS

1G AMPS Family AMPS (TIA/EIA)N-AMPS (TIA/EIA)

2G GSM/3GPP Family GSM

3GPP2 Family cdmaONE (TIA/EIA)

AMPS Family D-AMPS (IS-54 & IS-136)

OTHER CDPD-iDEN-PDC

2.5G GSM/3GPP Family GPRS-EDGE

3GPP2 Family CDMA2000 1x

3G (IMT-200) 3GPP Family UMTS (UTRAN)-WCDMA

3GPP2 Family CDMA2000 1xEV-DO

3.5G 3GPP Family HSPA-HSPA+-LTE

3GPP2 Family CDMA2000 1xEV-DO REV A, EV-DO Rel B

IEEE Family WiMAX (802.16)

4G 3GPP Family LTE Advanced

IEEE Family WiMAX Advanced

5G ?????


Mobile networks evolution (0G to 2.75G)

MTA

Ericsson Sweden 1956

MTB

1965

MRT-1327

Russia 1958

AMPS

AT&T USA 1982

D-AMPS1990 (aka TDMA or IS-136)

NMT-450

Finland 1971

DynaTac

Motorola USA 1973

NMT-900

Finland 1986

TACS

UK 1983

JTAC

Japan 1983

GSM

CEPT->ETSI 1991

CDMA

aka CDMAone or IS-95

iDEN

Motorola

PDC

Japan

GSM

CDMA

IS-95

GSM

1995

Japan & Asia

Europe

AmericasGPRS EDGE

GPRS EDGE

GPRS EDGE

1xRTT 3xRTT never deployed

dead-end

1xRTT

12 I Tekelec. For What’s Next. Copyright 2011

Copyright 2011

Mobile networks evolution (3G, 4G, +)

GSM

CDMA

GSM

Worldwide

Americas, China, Korea, Japan, Australia

GPRS EDGE

GPRS EDGE

1xRTT

UMTS aka WCDMA

HSPA LTE

2010-11

CDMA-EVDO aka IS-2000

WiMAX

802.16d (fixed) 2007

dead-end

WiFi

WiBRO

HiBurstHyperMAN

UMB

F-OFDM

WiMAX

802.16e (mobile) 2009

5G ??

802.20

802.16m

LTE advanced


Copyright 2011

GSM network architecture

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSC

BSC

MSC/VLR

HLR

G-MSC

PSTN (Fixed

network)

Mobile Station

Access Network

Core Network

VAS (voice mail, SMS, etc.)


Copyright 2011

GPRS/EDGE network architecture

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSC

BSC

MSC/VLR

SGSN GGSN internet

AAAHLR

G-MSC

PSTN (Fixed

network)

Mobile Station

Access Network

Core Network

VAS (voice mail, SMS, etc.)


Copyright 2011

3GPP R4 network architecture

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BSC

BSC

MSC server

SGSN GGSN internet

AAAHLR

G-MSC server

PSTN (Fixed

network)

Mobile Station

Access Network

Core Network

MGW MGW


Copyright 2011

UMTS (3G) network architecture

NodeB

NodeB

NodeB

NodeB

RNC

RNC

MSC server

SGSN GGSN internet

AAAHLR

G-MSC server

PSTN (Fixed

network)

User Equipment

UTRAN Core Network

MGW MGW


Copyright 2011

Adding the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

NodeB

NodeB

NodeB

NodeB

RNC

RNC

MSC server

SGSN GGSN internet

AAAHLR

G-MSC server

PSTN (Fixed

network)

User Equipment

UTRAN Core Network

MGW MGW

IMSHSS


Copyright 2011

3GPP LTE (4G) network architecture

eNB

eNB

eNB

eNBMME/UPE internet

LTE HSS

PSTN (Fixed

network)

User Equipment

E-UTRAN Evolved Packet Core

IMS

IMS-HSS


Copyright 2011

WiMAX (4G) network architecture

BTS

eNB

eNB

eNB

ASN-GW

internet

WiMAX AAA

PSTN (Fixed

network)

Subscriber Station

Access System Network

Core System Network

IMSHSS


Copyright 2011

Putting together a network

• Simple network starts with a few nodes• Direct peer-to-peer IP addressing

• But, as the traffic demands increase…

• More nodes are added to the network

• Which increases the complexity of the network

• Leading to a mesh architecture that is unmanageable


Copyright 2011

The IP Cloud

Application Application

Application

Application

Application

Application

Application Application

Application

Application

Application

Application

IP Cloud


Copyright 2011

Analysis of IP network

Network Interface

IP

TCP/UDP/SCTP

OSI L1

OSI L2

OSI L3

OSI L4 IP Services- IP Routing/Optimization- IP network management- Unreliable/reliable transport- Transport services (i.e. ack, retransmission etc.)

Addressing

-IP Address- Transport port

Application

Relies on IP to provide transport services Addressing

- Abstract (IMSI, URL, name etc.)

Abstract Address

IPAddress

› Application layer utilizes abstract address for identification of recipient

› However, the IP layer requires IP address for routing.

› Therefore, abstract address must be translated to IP address for routing to the destination by IP layer


Copyright 2011

Abstract address represents many things

[email protected]

[email protected]

SDM

SDM

SDM

PartitionBased

[email protected]

IVR1

IVR2

IVR3

CapacityBased

[email protected]

NPDB1

NPDB2

NPDB3

N+1


Copyright 2011

Who knows about L4 context

NPDB1

NPDB2

Application

IVR3 IVR2

SDM

SDM

SDM

IVR1

IP Cloud

NPDB3

• End point must understand L4 context

Application

• Variation in implementations

SDM PartitionBased

N+1


Copyright 2011

Layer 4 network view

NPDB1

NPDB2

Application

IVR3 IVR2

SDM

SDM

SDM

IVR1

NPDB3

Application • L4 Network/Traffic Management• L4 routing and address

resolution• Subscriber Data management

• Admission Control• and more

Network Intelligent Layer

Issues with fully mesh network ….

• Route management

• Fault handling

• Connection management (for connection oriented transport)

• Interoperability

• Network Interconnection

• Load balancing/sharing

… that effect robustness of the network


L4 Cloud

Copyright 2011

What is Long Term Evolution (LTE)?


Copyright 2011

LTE/EPC Architecture

MME SGWPGW

IMSIMS

HSS

E-NodeB

E-U

TR

AN

(Acc

ess)

EP

C(C

ore

Sw

itchi

ng

& T

rans

port

)

App

licat

ions

(Ser

vice

Con

trol

& D

atab

ases

)

EPC = Evolved Packet CoreMME = Mobility Management EntitySGW = Serving GatewayPGW = PDN (Packet Data Network) GatewayDRA = Diameter Routing AgentHSS = Home Subscriber ServerPCRF = Policy and Charging Rules FunctionIMS = IP Multimedia Subsystem

DPI = Deep Packet Inspection

SAE = System Architecture Evolution (project name for EPC)

DPI

DRA DRA

PCRF


Copyright 2011

Initial LTE Deployments – a series of islands

3G

LTE

3G 3G

LTELTE3G

LTE islands within 3G nationwide networkMulti-mode devices supporting 2G/3G/LTEInitially, LTE carries data only (limited VoIP)


Copyright 2011

Signaling Protocol Evolution

› Diameter and SIP become the dominant signaling protocols

› SCTP “point-to-point” connections remain

Mobility and Subscriber Management

Application and Session Control


Copyright 2011

Diameter Fundamentals

› Defined by IETF RFC 3588

› IP-based AAA protocol designed for easy extensibility via the definition of new Applications [interfaces], Commands [messages], and Attribute-Value Pairs (AVPs) [parameters]

› Requires security via TLS or IPsec, but these are not always used in practice

› Defines clients, servers, and 4 types of core agents

Observations

› 3GPP has defined many new Diameter applications for use in IMS, LTE, and 3G

› Routing, signaling network management and congestion control not as robust as SS7

› Operators must determine how to cost effectively secure and scale their Diameter core networks


Copyright 2011

Diameter Agents in 3GPP and GSMA

› 3GPP TR 29.909 – Diameter-based protocols usages and recommendations in 3GPP

Defines need for Diameter infrastructure to simplify the S6 and S9 network

› 3GPP TS 23.203 – Policy and charging control architecture

Defines Diameter Routing Agent to direct all messages for the same IP-CAN session to the same PCRF

› GSMA PRD IR.88 – LTE Roaming Guidelines

Defines need for a Diameter agent at the point of network demarcation

MME MME MME

Border Diameter Relay Pool

Inter-operator Diameter Infrastructure

Inner Diameter Relay Pool

MME

S4SGSN

vPCRF

VPMN HPMN

ProxyAgent

hPCRF

ProxyAgent

S6a

S6d

S9

GRX/IPX

S-GW

P-GW

Non-3GPP GW

ePDG

AF

Gx, Gxa, Gxb, Gxc, Rx PCRFPCRFPCRFPCRF

PCRFPCRF

Diameter (PCRF) realm

DRADRAPCRFPCRF

PCRFPCRFPCRFPCRF

Diameter (PCRF) realm

DRADRA

PLMN


Copyright 2011

Types of Diameter Agents

› Relay Agent – Routes messages based on Destination-Realm (domain), Destination-Host, and Application. Maintains transaction state only.

› Proxy Agent – Similar to Relay, but might also look inside the message for routing decision,or modify the message. Might maintain session state.

› Redirect Agent – Returns routing information and then drops out of the loop.

› Translation Agent – Proxy agent that translates between two protocols, such asDiameter-MAP.

MAPMessage Request

Answer

NE ServerTranslationAgent

MAPResponse

Request

Answer

Request

Answer

Client ServerRelay/ProxyAgent

Request

Request Redirect

Answer

ServerClient

RedirectAgent


Copyright 2011

Selected Diameter Interfaces in LTE and IMS

Foreign LTE Domain

Home LTE/IMS Domain

Foreign GPRS Domain

S13

S6a S9

S6a

GxGz

Gy

Cx

Sh

Rx

Ro

Rf

Rc Re

EIR

vMME vPCRF

IP-SM-GW

MME

PGW

PCRF P-CSCF I/S-CSCF AF

ABMF RF

OFCF

S6d

Gr

MAP-Diam IWF

vSGSN

vS4-SGSN

OCF

EPC Equipment Check

AS Accessto HSS

IMS PCC

IMS Charging

SLF

EPC Charging

IMS Registration

EPC Mobility Management


Copyright 2011

Challenges Raised by Diameter

› Complexity and scalability of managing large number of SCTP/Diameter connections

› Deficiencies with respect to network management and congestion control in Diameter

› Lack of wide-scale deployment and proven robustness of Diameter

› Need for specialized proxies, such as HSS address resolution for LTE MM and IMS, and PCRF binding function (DRA)

› Need for single point of interconnect to other LTE networks to simplify routing and provide security

› Need to provide for roaming to non-LTE (2G/3G) networks (i.e. MAP <-> Diameter interworking)


Copyright 2011

Diameter Comparison to SS7

Characteristic SS7 Diameter

Routing › Each message independently routed› Answer message does not contain

routing info and follows same path as associated Request

Signaling network management (SNM)

› Network-wide

› Dedicated SNM messages

› Route around failed paths

› Hop-by-hop

› No dedicated SNM msgs

› Failures ‘discovered’ with each new request

Congestion control › Congestion levels and traffic priorities defined

› Relies on reliable transport

› No defined traffic priorities

Application specific routing › GTT can be used by upper layers

› Specialized, app-specific proxies required

DRA for PCRF binding

HSS address resolution for EPC and IMS

Robustness › Wide-scale deployment; years of experience

› Early days; lots of prove-in still required


Copyright 2011

SS7 versus Diameter – Failure Scenarios

Client

Server

DiameterRelay

DiameterRelay

Orig NE

Dest NE

Client

Server

DiameterRelay

DiameterRelay

Orig NE

Dest NE

SS7 Diameter

Case 1 - Failure after Destination receives message

› NE can dynamically route around failed element/path

› Diameter cannot dynamically route around failure anywhere in the path

Case 2 - Failure before Originator sends message

› NE can be informed by STP about unreachable destinations

› Messages will continue to be routed inefficiently towards failed paths


Copyright 2011

Current MSC/HLR Roaming

MSC MSC MSC

Front End

Front End

Front End

Front End

SCTP/MAP

SCTP/MAP

SCTP/MAP

SCTP/MAP

SCTP/MAP

SCTP/MAP

SCTP/MAP

SCTP/MAPSCTP/MAP

MSCMSC

MSC

Operator_2

MSCMSC

MSC

Operator_2

MSCMSC

MSC

Operator_n

MSCMSC

MSC

Operator_n+1

Signaling Hub Provider


Copyright 2011

CSCF

MME

v4SGSN

PCEF

Expected Diameter Network

Operator_N

HSS BE HSS BE

HSSFE

HSSFE

HSSFE

HSSFE

Operator_2

Operator_3

Operator_N+1

Roaming HubProvider

DSR

MMEMME

MME

DSR

MMEMME

MME

DSR

MMEMME

MME

DSR

MMEMME

MME

DSR

HSS

HSS

HSS

HSS

HSS

HSS

HSS

HSS

HSS

HSS

HSS

HSS

PCEF

PCRFPCRF

PCRF

MME

S6a S9

S6a

CSCFCSCF

Rx

Gx

S9

S9

S6a

DSR

Gx/Gy

Gy

DSR

S6d


Copyright 2011

Example PCEF – PCRF and OCS connectivity

Gx and RxPCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCRF

PCRF

PCRF

OCS

OCS

OCS

Gy

PCEF = GGSN, DPI, MME, ETC


Copyright 2011

3G Mobile Data Network with Diameter Relay

Gx, Rx and G

y

Addresses connection limitations at PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

PCEF

DSR

DSR

PCRF

PCRF

PCRF

OCS

OCS

OCS


Copyright 2011

4. Update-Location-Answer› All fields same as msg 3

3. Update-Location-Answer› Origin-Realm= epc.mnc015.mcc234.3gppnetwork.org

› Origin-Host= HSS2

HSS Resolution for LTE Mobility Management

Visited PMN(MNC=123; MCC=567)

Home PMN(MNC=15; MCC=234)

1. Update-Location-Request› Destination-Realm= epc.mnc015.mcc234.3gppnetwork.org

› Origin-Host= MME1

› Origin-Realm= epc.mnc123.mcc567.3gppnetwork.org

› User-Name= 234150999999999

2. Update-Location-Request› Destination-Host=HSS2

› All other fields same as msg 1

vMME

HSS1

HSS3

HSS2ProxyAgent

› Initial Update-Location message will contain pre-defined Destination-Realm constructed based on IMSI in the User-Name AVP, according to 3GPP TS 23.003

› Agent performs address resolution on message 1 and inserts Destination-Host associated with the IMSI, which is HSS2 in this example

› Subsequent messages are host routed, since the MME and HSS now know the identity of each other


Copyright 2011

A Word About IMT-Advanced

› The ITU has defined the requirements for 4G, but not the standards (the “how it will work” part)

› The 3GPP introduced their LTE standards to the ITU-R group in October 2010, and LTE was accepted by the ITU as the standards meeting the requirements of IMT-Advanced.

› Key Features of IMT-Advanced Commonality of functionality worldwide, but able to support varying

services and applications

Backward compatibility with fixed line services and older technologies

Capable of interworking with other wireless technologies

High-quality mobile services

Worldwide roaming supported

Peak Data Rates (100Mbps for high and 1G for low mobility are targets)


Copyright 2011

Introducing Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF)


Copyright 2011

Vodafone Hungary Experience

› Fair Use Terms: If over monthly cap, bandwidth reduced from 3G speed to 2G speed during busy hour

› 17% bandwidth reduction vs. uncontrolled

› Calculations indicate 20% CAPEX reduction vs. uncontrolled Only 3% of subscribers impacted

Overall improved experience fornon-heavy users

› Enabled operator to become #1 in mobile broadband despite being #3 in voice


Offer: “Unlimited Mobile Broadband” – No Overage Charges

Challenge:Control Network Demand While Maximizing Utilization if Capacity is Available

Busy Hour

Copyright 2011

Vodafone Hungary Experience


Gb

ps

at

GG

SN

0.2

0.8

0.4

0.6

1.0

1.2

Throttles Temporarily Halted1

200

00

00

12

00

00

00

12

00

00

00

12

00

00

00

12

00

00

00

12

00

00

00

12

00

00

00

12

00

15.7%

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon

Without Throttles:

› Peak BW ↑ 15.7%

› Overall BW ↑ 26%

› Throttles normally only affect 3% of attached subs

Copyright 2011

What Policy Does


Co

nte

nt

Pro

vid

ers

Ap

pli

ca

tio

ns

Su

bs

cri

be

rD

ata

Mg

mt

Ne

two

rk

DPI/Optimization

GGSN, PGW, SGWHA/PDSN

CMTS, B-RAS

P-CSCF/IMS

ServiceDelivery Platform

Akamai Google

Microsoft

SPR/HSSP

oli

cy

Se

rve

rPCRF

Centralized, Neutral, Rules-Based “Brain” for Dynamic Resource Decisions across Multiple Access Networks

› Subscriber, Application and Network Awareness

› Bandwidth/QoS, Charging and Quota Management

Copyright 2011

ApplicationSession Initiated

1

Basic Policy Mechanism – Application


PCRF/Policy Server

3

Conditions:Rule Execution

Application Server

Action:Policy Decision

4

QoS, Charge, Quota, etc. forthe Application

5

GGSN

Trigger: Policy Request

2

Sub DB

Copyright 2011

Mobile Broadband Bandwidth Management

› How It Works (Several Other Variations Possible) GGSN signals PCRFon session establishment PCRFgets subscriber info, monthly quota & remaining quota balance from SPR/HSS PCRF installs policy for subscriber (bandwidth, quota) User consumes data GGSN reports when quota limit exceeded If during peak hours, PCRF installs lower bandwidth cap for subscriber

• If offpeak hours, no bandwidth cap

Billing system updates subscriber quota upon new billing month


GGSN

Internet

Subscriber Data

Server

PCRF

Copyright 2011

Mobile Broadband Service Tiers & Promotions

› What to Do About Mobile Broadband Pricing?


› Policy & SDS Provides Operator Marketing with Tremendous Flexibility toSegment Markets

Bronze TierLow Level BW SettingsFair Use Policy Setting

-1 GigNo P2P Allowed

Silver TierMid Level BW SettingsFair Use Policy Setting

-3 GigPremium Voice

Gold TierHighest BW Settings

Fair Use Policy Setting-5 Gig

Premium VoicePremium Video

Copyright 2011

› How It Works (Several Other Variations Possible) GGSN signals PCRF on session establishment PCRF gets subscriber info and/or monthly/remaining quota from SPR/HSS PCRF installs policy for subscriber on GGSN (bandwidth, quota) PCRF installs policy for application control on DPI (application entitlement) User consumes data GGSN reports when quota limit exceeded, etc. OR DPI reports application usage PCRF installs new policy on GGSN and/or DPI based on subscriber tier

Mobile Broadband Service Tiers & Promotions


GGSN

Internet

DPI

PCRFSubscriber

DataServer

Copyright 2011

EU Roaming/Bill Shock

› EU Roaming Regulation in Effect July 1, 2010 Users notified when data roaming is €40; notified & capped at €50

› Transition to Usage-Based Billing Causing Concern Elsewhere AT&T & O2UK iPhone plans now have usage caps

Most USB modem plans have had usage caps for some time

› Policy + SDM Can Manage Notification & Controls Without Major Billing Upgrade Identification of roamers

Quota management

Subscriber notification

Bandwidth controls

Application controls


Copyright 2011

EU Roaming/Bill Shock

› How It Works (Several Other Variations Possible) GGSN signals PCRF on session establishment (SGSN info identifies user as roaming)

PCRF gets subscriber info, quota & remaining quota balance from SPR/HSS

PCRF installs policy on GGSN for subscriber (quota)

PCRF sends user SMS regarding roaming welcome & usage limit

User consumes data

When GGSN reports when 80% of quota limit is reached, PCRF sends user SMS regarding

usage limit

When GGSN reports when 100% of quota limit is reached, PCRF blocks usage & sends user

SMS regarding usage limit


GGSN

Internet

SMSCPCRFSubscriber

DataServer

Tekelec Confidential

Challenges Solution Overview

Over-the-Top Applications


Benefits

• Strengthen subscriber relationship by personalizing OTT applications• Optimize quality of experience for customers’ preferred applications• Increase OTT revenues by adding incremental value - subscriber data,

analytics, guaranteed QoS, data usage, mobile advertising• Comply with net neutrality regulations and ensure network security.

• Policy to apply QoS to applications

• Policy, subscriber data management and APIs to securely expose network assets

• Policy analytics to evolve services

• Diameter routing for security

• Addressing net neutrality requirements

• Adding value to OTT apps • Higher costs/lower revenues• Maintaining customer

relationship


Business Opportunity


Revenues from OTT Apps > Service Provider On-Deck Apps

“Skype Mobile to Bring Video Calling to the Verizon Wireless 4G LTE Network”

“NTT Docomo Partners With Twitter For New Location-Based Service In Japan”

“France Telecom and Telefonica are seeking a new deal with Internet companies including Google and Apple, who they say are overloading networks

without contributing enough to their upkeep.”

http://www.movistar.co/images/10-10-13_Paquetes_InternetMovil.jpg


Verizon Turbo Boost Example

› Verizon is using Policy Server (PCRF) as well as their own innovative, in-house network optimization API development to deliver the turbo button.

› The turbo button can provide guaranteed quality of service for a subscriber’s applications.


“At .. Verizon’s Application Innovation Center in San Francisco, Verizon executives showcased..the network optimization technology, which took a high-quality video stream and simulated it running over a congested network. When a Verizon engineer pushed a "turbo button," the video's choppy frame rate and apparent quality improved.”November 2011 Turbo Button

Tekelec Confidential57 I Tekelec. For What’s Next.

How it Works: OTT and On Deck Quality of Service

1. The device connects to the OTT service provider and requests service

2. OTT service provider triggers a dynamic connection in the Application Server

3. Application Server performs firewall functions (admission control, security etc.)

4. Application Server converts the requestto a 3GPP-compliant Rx request and sendsit to the DSR

5. DSR routes the message to the appropriate Policy Server

6. Policy Server queries the SPR/HSSfor the subscriber’s profile

7. Policy Server installs policies for subscriber on the PCEF (quota, service level)

8. The subscriber receives the desired service

Copyright 2011

Changing how we manage subscriber data in the networkUser Data Convergence


Copyright 2011

Telecommunication World is changing

› Major Consolidation on going: Consolidation of Vendors Consolidations of Operators Consolidation of networks (outsourcing).

› Technology shift: From TDM to IP From Voice to Data Access diversification: 2G/3G/4G/WLAN

› User Change: SmartPhones USB Dongles Tablet Computers Machine2Machine

› New players in network: Google, Apple, Facebook Content/ IPTV providers New business Models (App. downloads, Advertising)

› Value is shifting from Network to Customers Customer Experience Customer based routing Customer based policy

› Bit pipe versus Smart Pipe

› Data Explosion Align Costs to Revenue Profile -- not

to Traffic Growth Deliver More Services with Less

Investment


Copyright 2011

Today’s Reality: Subscriber Data is Stored in Many, Disparate Locations

Service providers are currently unable to effectively leverage the subscriber data

› HLRs, SCPs, etc.

› Legacy archaic DBs, switch-based

› Real-time requirements (involved in call processing)

› Inflexible

Drivers for User Data

Convergence (UDC) Back-office

DatabasesVAS

Databases

Core Network Databases

› Provisioning, Billing, CRM, etc.

› Off-the-shelf IT technology

› Lots of records/size of records

› Non-real-time

› SMSC, MMSC, App Servers, etc.

› Wide range of different DBs

› Proprietary implementations

› Duplicate subscriber info


Copyright 2011

Legacy Subscriber Silos

Simplifying Multi-play Subscriber Data Management

OSS/BSS/CRM/VAS

Multi-profile Multi-device subscriber

Subscriber Data Management

OSS/BSS/CRM/VAS

Multi-profile Multi-device subscriber

Legacy platforms are a barrier to Multi-profile management

Subscriber management costs are high

Profiles distributed in many nodes

No central view of customer data

Profile duplication & de-synchronization

Each roaming identity requires HLR entry

Incompatible registration & authentication

Independent call routing/mediation

UDC Subscriber Data Management goes beyond HLR/HSS

Economically disruptive solution

Profiles converged in one node

Consolidated view of customer data

Full synchronization across domains

Unlimited roaming identities per user

Converged registration and authentication

Optimal call mediation across domains

HLR/AuC

AppServers

OtherDBsHSS

GSM/UMTS/LTESIP/VoIP IMS

WiFi, WiMAX,

4G

CableTV,IPTV

DSL/CableAccessSIP/VoIP IMS

CableTV,IPTV

DSL/CableAccess

WiFi, WiMAX,

4G

GSM/UMTS

AAASIPAS

Multi-profile


Copyright 2011

Standardization Progress3GPP User Data Convergence

UDC is standardizing the “traditional SDM” approachIt is just the first step towards true Subscriber Data Management

› Reduce network complexity and eliminate redundancies

› Standardizing support for new services and applications

› Customized User Experience

› Separating the ‘brains from the brawns’

› Consolidating Subscriber Data (UDR)

› Standardized and Flexible interfaces

User Data Silos User Data Convergence

UE

HLR/AuC HSS

Presence

Application Logic

User Data StorageMessage Group

…UE Presence

…

HLR/AuC HSS

Open UserData Capability

User DataRepository

Application Logic

User DataCorrelated byA Data Model

Message Group

…


Copyright 2011

Traditional SDM versus Tekelec SDM

Monolithic SDM: silos outside

Traditional SDM: silos inside

UDCSDM: breaking the silos

HLR AS

HLR IM-HSS AS

Directory Server

HLR AS

Relational Database

LTE-HSS

IM-HSS

IM-HSS

LTE-HSS

›Silo’ed profiles and identities

› Inflexible schemas

›Data duplication

›No front-end interaction

›Multi-profile, multi-identity under common subscription

›Extendible schemas

›Data reuse

›Front-end interaction via database

›Object oriented global schema

›Relational data schema

›On-line modifications


Copyright 2011

Subscriber relational model

AAA DomainHSS Domain

SIP Domain

HLR Domain

SubscriptionID

Subscription

IMSPrivId IMSPubID AAAusername MSISDN

IMSI

SIM SIPaor

HSSsubsProfile AAAsubsProfile

HLRsubsProfile

SIPsubsProfile

1

11 1

1

1

1

1 1 1

1

111

0..n

DSFPref 11

0..n 0..n 0..n 0..n 0..n

0..n0..n

0..n 0..n

0..n0..n0..n


Copyright 2011

A look at the evolution of signalingControlling the Network


Copyright 2011

TransportService Resources

Service

Control PlaneTransport

Control Plane

LTE WiMAXTDM

SS7 NGNIMS

Access Service

Control Planes


Copyright 2011

LTE

IMS

NGN

SS7

Control Plane Commonality

A common set of control plane tasks exist regardless of

network technology – a call is a call whether it utilizes SS7 or SIP.

Therefore, control plane interworking potential is high.


Copyright 2011

Control Plane Tasks

Subscriber Binding

Number Portability

Mobility Management

Authentication

Value added Services

Connection Establishment

Messaging

Routing

Connection Management

Non Access Stratum

Access Stratum

Route signaling information from sender to one or more recipients in

the network

Matches the request with the location of the subscriber data in the network

Providing portability instructions to various nodes in the network in support of subscriber portability

Track and locate subscribers who are roaming about in the networks

Ensure correct identity of the subscriber

Supports text-based communication

Implements additional revenue generated services

Establishes communication path between subscribers

Manages resources used in establishing communication path


Copyright 2011

Routing

SIP Proxy

Client

SIP

(RU

RI)

NGN

Server

DNS

CSCF

DIAMETER proxy

HSS PCRF

MMES

IP(R

UR

I)

Dia

met

er(U

RI)

IMS LTE

Server

Client

DNS

STP

SCF

SSF

SC

CP

(G

TT

Add

ress

)

SS7

GTT


Copyright 2011

Subscriber Binding

CSCF

SIP

(R

UR

I)

IMS

SLF

Client

HSS HSS HSS

STP/GTT

SC

CP

(GT

T A

ddre

ss)

SS7

MSC

HLR HLR HLR

SIP Proxy

SIP

(R

UR

I)

NGN

DNS

Client

AS AS AS

MME

LTE

Diameter

Proxy

SLF

Dia

met

er(U

RI)

HSS HSS HSS


Copyright 2011

Mobility Management

HLR

VLR

MA

P L

ocU

p/S

RI

SS7

Proxy

SIP Registrar

SIP

Re

gis

ter

NGN

SIP UA

HSS

LTE

EM

M -

TA

U

Device

MME

Dia

met

er U

LR

S-CSCF

SIP Registrar

SIP

Reg

iste

r

IMS

SIP UA

HSS

Dia

met

er


Copyright 2011

Authentication

SS7

HLR

VLR

MA

P (

Aut

hent

icat

ion

data

)

NGN

Proxy

SIP Registrar

MD

5 w

ith n

once

SIP UA

LTE

HSS

EM

M -

TA

U

Device

MME

Dia

met

er U

LR

IMS

S-CSCF

SIP Registrar

SIP

Reg

iste

r

SIP UA

HSS

Dia

met

er


Copyright 2011

Messaging

Messaging Server

SIP

/XM

PP

/???

Msg

Client

NGN

Proxy S-CSCF

SIP

SIP UA

SIP

IMS

Messaging Server

SIP UA

MSRP

CP

-DA

TA/R

P-D

ATA

/TP

DU

/SM

S-S

UB

MIT

Device

MME

SM

S-S

ubm

it

LTE

MSC/VLRM

AP

(M

O/M

T S

M)

SMS-C

SS7

MSC/VLR

CP

-DA

TA/R

P-D

ATA

/TP

DU

/SM

S-S

UB

MIT

Device


Copyright 2011

Mobility Management Interworking

Proxy

HLR

VLR

MA

P L

ocU

p/S

RI

SS7

SIP Registrar

SIP

Reg

iste

r

NGN

SIP UA

S-CSCF

SIP Registrar

SIP

Re

gis

ter

IMS

SIP UA

HSS

LTE

MM

AS

EMM - TAU

Device

MME

Diameter ULR

MM

AS3rd Party Reg

3rd Party Reg


Copyright 2011

Control Plane Interworking

Interworking

LTE

IMS

NGN

SS7

Subscriber Binding

Number Portability

Mobility Management

Authentication

Value added Services

Connection Establishment

Messaging

Routing

Connection Management

Non Access Stratum

Access Stratum


Copyright 2011

LTE solution requirements

Enable Centralized Authentication

Avoid Provisioning Duplication

Seamless Mobility

Service Continuity

Signaling Efficiency

Voice Interworking

› Eliminate network redundancies between 2G/3G/LTE networks.

› Eliminate subscriber data silos, duplication of subscriber profileand provisioning information.

› Enable shared subscriber state information. Dynamic update and sharing of subscriber volatile data across domains.

› Consolidated PS profile enable seamless delivery of PS-based services in both 3G and LTE coverage.

› Increase in handovers requires increased signaling efficiency and performance.

› The ability to deliver voice and applications over LTE using IMSand Pre-IMS concepts.

Performance management

› Ability to monitor “island hops” for call continuity and vendor interworking.


SS7-IMS Migration: SMS Scenarios


Copyright 2011

The “Essential” IMS Attributes

IP

Access types

LTE

WiFi

T1

GPRS/EvDO

WiMAX

CableAccess Independent / Roaming Supports

IP over LTE

IP over WiFi

IP over T1

IP over GPRS/EvDO

IP over WiMAX

IP over Cable

Multi-Media Supports (end-point negotiates)

Core SIP Session Routing

170.193.11.0

170.193.11.1

170.193.11.2

170.193.11.3

170.193.11.4

170.193.11.5


Copyright 2011

What Is Needed?

Media independent IP routing network

SIPEnd Point

Softswitch

SIPEnd Point

WiFi AP


Copyright 2011

What Is Needed?

Media independent IP routing network

SIPEnd Point

Softswitch

SIPEnd Point

WiFi AP

Media and access independent signaling control

• Logical separation of SIP signaling from the bearer path• Unleash the true media-independent power of SIP

• Horizontal integration framework for SIP applications

• Flexible routing architecture• Modern, flexible and dynamic routing technology

• Supports flexible address abstractions (SIP,Tel URI, etc.)

• Fully utilizes SDP capability for media negotiation

• Let end points decide how to setup media


Copyright 2011

What Is Needed?

Media independent IP routing networkSoftswitch WiFi AP

Media and access independent signaling control

IP

Access types

LTE

WiFi

T1

GPRS/EvDO

WiMAX

Cable

IP over ?

IP over WiFi

IP over T1

IP over GPRS/EvDO

IP over WiMAX

IP over Cable

Access Independent / Roaming Supports







SIPEnd Point

SIPEnd Point


Copyright 2011

What Is Needed?

Media independent IP routing networkSoftswitch WiFi AP

Media & access independent signaling control

IP

Access types

LTE

WiFi

T1

GPRS/EvDO

WiMAX

Cable

IP over ?

IP over WiFi

IP over T1

IP over GPRS/EvDO

IP over WiMAX

IP over Cable

Access Independent / Roaming Supports

Multi-Media Supports (end-point negotiates)

Core SIP Session Routing







SIPEnd Point

SIPEnd Point


Copyright 2011

‘06 | 83

IMS Promises

Focus

SOURCE: Frost & Sullivan, 2006

How do we get there?

Copyright 2011

‘06 | 84

SS7

SS7NGN

3GPPIMS

Incremental

$

Incremental

SS7

NGN

$$

SS7NGN

Incremental

$$$

Incremental IMS approach

85 Copyright 2011

SoftSwitch based Signaling Architecture

SoftSwitch SoftSwitch

Circuit Switch

IP IP

CCS#7 STP

CCS#7PRI

SIP

SIPSIP

PBX

Copyright 2011

Proposed Signaling Architecture

SoftSwitch SoftSwitch

Circuit Switch

IP IP

DSN CCS#7 STP

DSN CCS#7CAS, PRI

PRI

SIPS

IPSIP

SIP

STP/SSR• HA Signaling Backbone• Scalability• Traffic Management• Centralized Monitoring Point

• HA Signaling Backbone• Scalability• Traffic Management• Centralized Monitoring Point• SIP Flexible Routing• Device/Access Agnostic• Application Triggers• Roaming Supports

PBX


Copyright 2011

Flexible and centralized SIP routing control

STP/SSR STP/SSR

STP/SSR

Centralized OAM&PRouting DB

Routing DB

Routing DB

Routing DB

SoftSwitch SoftSwitch SoftSwitch



VoIP 1 VoIP 2 VoIP 3


88 Copyright 2011

R4 based Signaling Architecture

IP Routing Network(IP Address)

MSCMSC

MSC

MSC

MSC

SSR SSR

ISUP, M

AP, CAMEL, IN

APISUP, MAP, CAMEL, INAP

App App

R4MSCServer

R4MSCServer

R4MSCServer

R4MSCServer

R4MSCServer

BICC Signaling

BICC, S

IP BICC, SIP

Copyright 2011

Transitional phase

CCS#7 IMSNGN

SCP SIP AS IMS AS

SIP SignalingRouter

Call SessionControl Function

STP

SSP SIPClient

IMSClient

SCIM (Service Mediation)


Copyright 2011

Multimedia SIP Signaling Backbone

SSR

SSR

Media - Voice (RTP)

Media – Steaming Video(RTSP)

SSR

SSR - Robust- Highly Available- Scalable- SIGNALING BACKBONE

SIP S

ignali

ng

SIP Signaling

VideoServer

VideoTerminal

SoftSwitch IP Phone


Copyright 2011

IMS Network Architecture for Fixed Line


SG

MG MG

MGCF BGCF

P-CSCF

S-CSCF

I-CSCFSLF

AS

HSS MRFPMRFC

Mj

MiMg

Mw

Mw

Mr

Dx

Cx

ISC

ShMp

Gm

Legacy

Copyright 2011

IMS Network Architecture for Wireless


P-CSCF

S-CSCF

I-CSCFSLF

AS

HSS MRFPMRFC

Mw

Mw

Mr

Dx

Cx

ISC

ShMp

BSS

SGSN MSC

GGSN

HLR

VLR

Legacy Network

Copyright 2011

Session Management Layer in IMS

IP CAN P-CSCF S-CSCF

SIP AS

BGCF

IP CAN

MRF

MGCF

MG

SWG

S-CSCF

SIP AS

I-CSCF

P-CSCF

HSS DNS

ENUM AAA

OtherIMS

Networks

SS7

TDM Voice

SessionControl

Media Controland Resources

ApplicationsData and Services

Presence

Land Line

Wireless


Copyright 2011

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

› Call Session Control Function (CSCF) The heart and sole of the IMS network

Distributed throughout the network to make it more scalable

Divided into three distinct functions

• Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF)

• Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF

• Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF)

› Proxy-CSCF is the first access point into the network A subscriber will first access the P-CSCF when using SIP

When a device first receives its IP address, the device will look for the nearest P-CSCF for network access


Copyright 2011

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

› Interrogating-CSCF is the second point of contact and is usually a more regional node The I-CSCF is also the gateway between networks, providing

additional security to the network

The I-CSCF provides functions such as topology hiding to prevent unauthorized access into the network

› Serving-CSCF is the main control of the signaling network. Access to critical functions such as the HSS is done through the S-CSCF. Also provides registration procedures for every device connecting

into the network

The S-CSCF is assigned to a subscriber device when the device is powered up


SS7-IMS Migration: Voice Scenarios


Copyright 2011

SS7-IMS Migration

IAM (DN)

AAAHLR

VMSC

Voice Scenario 1 – Call termination to 3G subscriber via 3G network

SS7-IMSMigrationGMSC

SRI ack (MSRN)

IAM (MSRN)

SRI (DN)SRI (DN)


Copyright 2011

SS7-IMS Migration

IAM (DN)

Voice Scenario 2 – Call termination to IMS subscriber via 3G network

SS7-IMSMigrationGMSC

SRI ack (MGCF prefix + DN)

IAM

SRI (DN)

MGCF


Copyright 2011

SS7-IMS Migration

INVITE

Voice Scenario 3 – Call termination to 3G subscriber via IMS network

SS7-IMSMigration

Location-Info-Answer

(Server Name = BGCF)

INVITE

Location-Info-Request (Public-ID)

I-CSCF BGCF


Copyright 2011

SS7-IMS Migration

INVITE

AAAHSS

Voice Scenario 4 – Call termination to IMS subscriber via IMS network

SS7-IMSMigration

INVITE

Location-Info-Request (Public-ID)LIR (Public-ID)

› In this case, SS7-IMS Migration (DSR) simply performs Relay-mode SLF. Redirect-mode SLF could also be used (not shown).

I-CSCF S-CSCF

Location-Info-Answer

(Server Name = S-CSCF)


Copyright 2011

IMS Subscription Locator Function

Invite

DiameterAgentS-CSCF

Scenario 1 – HSS Provides (redirect) SLF Function

HSS1 HSS2


Location-Info-Answer (Server Name= HSS2)


Location-Info-Answer (Destination Server)

Invite

Scenario 2 – Agent Provides (relay) SLF Function

DiameterAgentS-CSCF HSS1 HSS2


Location-Info-Answer (Destination Server)


> Less messages> Reduced delay> Less HSS and CSCF

processing


Copyright 2011

Selected Diameter Interfaces in LTE and IMS

Interface Endpoints

S6a MME HSS

S6d HSS vSGSN (Rel 8)

S13 MME EIR

S9 hPCRF vPCRF

Rx PCRF AF, P-CSCF

Gx PGW PCRF

Gy PGW OCF

Gz PGW OFCF

Cx I/S-CSCF HSS

Sh AF, IP-SM-GW HSS

Rf P/I/S-CSCF, AF OFCF

Ro S-CSCF, AF OCF

Rc OCF ABMF

Re OCF RF


Copyright 2011

Acronyms

ABMF Account Balance Mgmt. Function

AF Application Function

CSCF Call Session Control Function

DNS Domain Name System

DRA Diameter Routing Agent

EIR Equipment Identity Register

EPC Evolved Packet Core

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GRX GPRS Roaming eXchange

HSS Home Subscriber Server

IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem

IPX IP Packet eXchange

IWF InterWorking Function

LB Load Balancer

LTE Long Term Evolution

MME Mobility Management Entity

MRFC Media Resource Function Controller

OCF Online Charging Function

OFCF Offline Charging Function

PCRF Policy and Charging Rules Function

PDN Packet Data Network

PGW PDN GateWay

RF Rating Function

SBCF Session Based Charging Function

SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

SGW Serving GateWay

SLF Subscription Locator Function

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TLS Transport Layer Security

UE User Equipment


Copyright 2011

References

› IETF 3588 – Diameter Base Protocol

› 3GPP TS 29.272 (v8.3.0) – Mobility Management Entity (MME) and Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) related interfaces based on Diameter protocol (Release 8)

› GSMA PRD IR.88 – “LTE Roaming Guidelines”, v1.0

› 3GPP TS 23.003 (v8.6.0) – UMTS; Numbering, addressing and identification(Release 8)

› 3GPP TR 29.909 (v8.1.2) – Diameter-based protocols usage and recommendations in 3GPP (Release 8)

› 3GPP TS 33.210 (v8.3.0) – 3G Security; Network Domain Security; IP network layer security (Release 8)

› 3GPP TR 29.805 (v8.0.0) – InterWorking Function (IWF) between MAP based and Diameter based interfaces, (Release 8)

› 3GPP TS 29.305 (v9.0.0) – InterWorking Function (IWF) between MAP based and Diameter based interfaces, (Release 9)

› 3GPP TS 23.203 (v9.3.0) – Policy and charging control architecture, (Release 9)


Copyright 2011

In Closing …….

› Just a few comments Don’t expect to become rich when you graduate. It takes many

years of hard work and experience to reach the highest levels.

Learn all you can. You are privileged to be able to now get an education in this industry, because many years ago there were no college programs for Telecommunications.

Embrace learning. Learn how to learn, because you will never stop studying, and you will never stop learning!

Telecommunications has been the most exciting and rewarding career I could have ever asked for! It will be for you too!


Copyright 2011

Travis RussellDirector, Caribbean Region

[email protected]

Tel: +1.919.460.2172


lte lecture

Documents

gsma prd ir

ip multimedia

bearer path

caribbean

end points

horizontal

remaining

selected diameter