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Monday, 9 April 2012

Radio relay technologies in LTE-AdvancedThe following is from NTT Docomo Technical journal:

Three types of radio relay technologies and their respectiveadvantages and disadvantages are shown in Figure 1.

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A layer 1 relay consists of relay technology called a booster orrepeater. This is an Amplifier and Forward (AF) type of relay technology by which Radio Frequency (RF) signals received on thedownlink from the base station are amplified and transmitted to themobile station. In a similar manner, RF signals received on the uplinkfrom the mobile station are amplified and transmitted to the basestation. The equipment functions of a layer 1 relay are relativelysimple, which makes for low-cost implementation and shortprocessing delays associated with relaying. With these features, thelayer 1 relay has already found widespread use in 2G and 3G mobilecommunication systems. It is being deployed with the aim ofimproving coverage in mountainous regions, sparsely populatedareas and urban areas as well as in indoor environments.

The RF performance specifications for repeaters have already beenspecified in LTE, and deployment of these repeaters for the samepurpose is expected. The layer 1 relay, however, amplifies intercellinterference and noise together with desired signal componentsthereby deteriorating the received Signal to Interference plus Noisepower Ratio (SINR) and reducing the throughput enhancement gain.

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The layer 2 relay, meanwhile, is a Decode and Forward (DF) type ofrelay technology by which RF signals received on the downlink fromthe base station are demodulated and decoded and then encodedand modulated again before being sent on to the mobile station. Thisdemodulation and decoding processing performed at the radio relaystation overcomes the drawback in layer 1 relays of deterioratedreceived SINR caused by amplification of intercell interference andnoise. A better throughput-enhancement effect can therefore beexpected compared with the layer 1 relay. At the same time, the layer2 relay causes a delay associated with modulation/demodulation andencoding/decoding processing. In this type of relay, moreover, radiofunctions other than modulation/demodulation andencoding/decoding (such as mobility control, retransmission controlby Automatic Repeat request (ARQ), and user-dataconcatenation/segmentation/reassembly) are performed between thebase station and mobile station transparently with respect to theradio relay, which means that new radio-control functions forsupporting this relay technology are needed.

The layer 3 relay also performs demodulation and decoding of RFsignals received on the downlink from the base station, but then goeson to perform processing (such as ciphering and user-dataconcatenation/segmentation/reassembly) for retransmitting user dataon a radio interface and finally performs encoding/modulation andtransmission to the mobile station. Similar to the layer 2 relay, thelayer 3 relay can improve throughput by eliminating inter-cellinterference and noise, and additionally, by incorporating the samefunctions as a base station, it can have small impact on the standardspecifications for radio relay technology and on implementation. Itsdrawback, however, is the delay caused by user-data processing inaddition to the delay caused by modulation/demodulation and

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encoding/decoding processing.

In 3GPP, it has been agreed to standardize specifications for layer 3relay technology in LTE Rel. 10 because of the above features ofimproved received SINR due to noise elimination, ease ofcoordinating standard specifications, and ease of implementing thetechnology. Standardization of this technology is now moving forward.

Layer 3 radio relay technology is shown in Figure 2. In addition toperforming user-data regeneration processing andmodulation/demodulation and encoding/ decoding processing asdescribed above, the layer 3 relay station also features a uniquePhysical Cell ID (PCI) on the physical layer different than that of thebase station. In this way, a mobile station can recognize that a cellprovided by a relay station differs from a cell provided by a basestation.

In addition, as physical layer control signals such as Channel QualityIndicator (CQI) and Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) can terminate at a relaystation, a relay station is recognized as a base station from theviewpoint of a mobile station. It is therefore possible for a mobilestation having only LTE functions (for example, a mobile stationconforming to LTE Rel. 8 specifications) to connect to a relay station.Here, the wireless backhaul link (Un) between the base station andrelay station and the radio access link (Uu) between the relay stationand mobile station may operate on different frequencies or on thesame frequency. In the latter case, if transmit and receive processingare performed simultaneously at the relay station, transmit signalswill cause interference with the relay station’s receiver by coupling aslong as sufficient isolation is not provided between the transmit andreceive circuits. Thus, when operating on the same frequency, thewireless backhaul-link and radio-access-link radio resources should besubjected to Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) so that transmissionand reception in the relay station are not performed simultaneously.

Scenarios in which the introduction of relay technology is potentiallyuseful have been discussed in 3GPP. Deployment scenarios are shownin Table 1. Extending the coverage area to mountainous and sparselypopulated regions (rural area and wireless backhaul scenarios) is animportant scenario to operators. It is expected that relay technologycan be used to economically extend coverage to such areas asopposed to deploying fixed-line backhaul links. Relay technologyshould also be effective for providing temporary coverage whenearthquakes or other disasters strike or when major events are beingheld (emergency or temporary coverage scenario), i.e., for situationsin which the deployment of dedicated fixed-line backhaul links isdifficult. In addition, while pico base stations and femtocells can beused for urban hot spot, dead spot, and indoor hot spot scenarios, the

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installation of utility poles, laying of cables inside buildings, etc. canbe difficult in some countries and regions, which means that theapplication of relay technology can also be effective for urbanscenarios. Finally, the group mobility scenario in which relay stationsare installed on vehicles like trains and buses to reduce the volume ofcontrol signals from moving mobile stations is also being proposed.

In 3GPP, it has been agreed to standardize the relay technologydeployed for coverage extension in LTE Rel. 10. These specificationswill, in particular, support one-hop relay technology in which theposition of the relay station is fixed and the radio access link betweenthe base station and mobile station is relayed by one relay station.

References[1] 3GPP TS36.912 V9.1.0: “Feasibility study for Further Advancementfor E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced),” 2010.[2] 3GPP TS36.323 V9.0.0: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(E-UTRA); Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) specification,”2009[3] 3GPP TS36.322 V9.1.0: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(E-UTRA); Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol specification,” 2010.[4] 3GPP TS36.321 V9.2.0: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(E-UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification,” 2010.[5] 3GPP TS36.331 V9.2.0: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(E-UTRA); Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification,” 2010.[6] 3GPP TS36.413 V9.2.1: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(E-UTRA); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP),” 2010.[7] 3GPP TR36.806 V9.0.0: “Evolved Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess (E-UTRA); Relay architectures for E-UTRA (LTEAdvanced),”2010.[8] IETF RFC4960: “Stream Control Transmission Protocol,” 2007.[9] 3GPP TS29.281 V9.2.0: “General Packet Radio System (GPRS)Tunnelling Protocol User Plane (GTPv1-U),” 2010.

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