lsgi521 l1 introduction to gis bw.ppt · lsgi 521: principles of gis lecture 1: introduction to gis...

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LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GISLSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS

LSGI 521: Principles of GIS

Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS

Dr. Bo Wu [email protected]

Department of Land Surveying & Geo-InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University

LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS

1. Learning outcomes2. GIS definition3. GIS examples4. Brief history of GIS5 GIS categories

Contents

5. GIS categories6. GIS and other disciplines7. GIS applications8. GIS in Hong Kong

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• By the end of this lecture you should be able to:– Explain what GIS is– Outline the characteristics of GIS– Give examples of the applications of GIS– Know where to find more information about GIS

Learning Outcomes

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Map – A Geographic Language

A geographic language, which can be used to present our understanding of the real world.

Real World

Map

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Map of China

(1679, Qing Dynasty)

(http://www.lib.utexas.edu) (2001)8/28/2011 5


Map of Hong Kong

(http://www.lib.utexas.edu)

Guang Dong 1878Hong Kong & Kowloon 1915

Hong Kong 1970

Hong Kong 1984

Hong Kong 20028/28/2011 6

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• Characteristics of maps– A 2D presentation– Hardcopy – A presentation for a certain

time/period Static information

From Map to GIS

– Static information

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Need better ways to represent, understand, manage, and communicate our natural world

• Geospatial information technology– A technology covers of geospatial data and information

capture, process, management, visualization and distribution.


• Geographic Information System (GIS) is an informationsystem able to encode, store, transform, analyze, anddisplay geospatial information

http://www.asprs.org/society.html

GIS Definition

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Geotechnology identified as "one of the three most important emerging and evolving fields," along with Nanotechnology and Biotechnology.(Nature, 427:376-377, 2/1/2004)


GIS Example 1: Google Map

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GIS Example 2:Hong Kong Pubilc Transport Enquiry Service Sytem

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GIS Example 3: iPhone Maps

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(http://www.apple.com/iphone/iphone-3gs/maps-compass.html)


Five components• Hardware• Software• Data

GIS Components

HardwareHardware

SoftwareSoftware

DataData

• People • Methods

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MethodsMethodsPeoplePeople

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• Data Input• Data management (data storage and retrieval)• Manipulation and analysis• Result output

GIS Functions

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Development of GIS Definitions

• Map view: focuses on the cartographic aspects and hereGIS is seen as a map processing or analysis system(McHarg, 1969; Berry, 1987; Tomlin, 1990, 1991).

• Database view: emphasizes the importance of a welldesigned and implemented database (Frank, 1988). Asophisticated database management system is seen as

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an integral part of GIS.

• Spatial analysis view: focuses on analysis andmodeling and GIS is seen more as a spatial informationscience than a technology (Goodchild, 1990; Openshaw,1991).


In 1963, the Canada Geographic InformationSystem (CGIS) was initiated to serve theneeds of the Canada Land Inventory to mapcurrent land uses and the capability of theseareas for agriculture, forestry, wildlife andrecreation.

The Father of GIS

Roger Tomlinsonthe Father of GIS

Key developments:• Optical scanning of maps• Raster to vector conversion• A spatial database management

system

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Public Lecture by Dr. Roger Tomlinson in Sep 2010

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In 1981, ESRI (http://www.esri.com/) launched the first commercial GIS ArcInfo in the world, starting a stage of strong competition among different vendors (Intergraph, ERDAS).

ArcInfo Launched

Jack Dangermondpresident and founder, ESRI

• ArcInfo• ArcView• ArcGIS• …

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The 1st Issue of IJGIS

In 1987, the first issue of IJGIS (International Journal of Geographical Information Systems) published, which facilitated the systematic

h GIS

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research on GIS.

In 1997, IJGIS changed its name from “System” to “Science”.

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In July 1990, Michael F. Goodchildmade a keynote speech to the 4thSpatial Data Handling conference inZurich, Switzerland. Goodchild’s talkwas entitled “Spatial InformationScience.” This prompted the changefrom geographic information

GIScience

Michael F. GoodchildUniversity of California, Santa Barbara

"systems" to "science." ProfessorGoodchild is acknowledged as theprogenitor of this switch.

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The 14th Spatial Data Handling Conference

was held here in PolyUin May 2010 !


The 14th Spatial Data Handling Conference

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May 26 to 28, 2010, Hong Kong


Geographic Information Engineering: Concerns the design andconstruction of specific spatial information solutions such as inpredictive modelling, spatial decision support and location-basedservices.

Geographic Information Systems: Concerns the use of specialistsoftware in mapping and data mining applications in such diverse

From GI- Engineering to System to Science

so t a e app g a d data g app cat o s suc d e seareas as the environment, crime, health, education, transport andbusiness.

Geographic Information Science: Concerns generic issues in thehandling and analysis of geo-spatial data such as data structures,visualization, spatial data analysis, spatial data quality and thepropagation of uncertainty.

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GIS and Other Disciplines

Geography

GISCartography Geodesy

Computer Science

• GIS is a multi-disciplinary technology

• Each related field provides some of the techniques which make up GIS

• As the integrating field, GIS often claims to be the science of spatial information

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CAD Computer GraphicsDatabaseSoftware

Engineering


• Understanding the real world and mankinds' place in it• Geographic research and forecasting• Provides techniques for conducting spatial analysis • A spatial perspective on research

Geography

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• To represent and display of spatial information

• One of the major data sources for GIS: maps

• On design of maps - an important form of output from GIS

• Computer cartography (also called "digital cartography”) provides methods for digital representation and manipulation of cartographic features and methods of visualization

Cartography

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• Surveying: provides high quality data onpositions of land boundaries, buildings, etc.

• Remote sensing: Images from space and the airare major source of geographical data.

Geodesy

• Photogrammetry: Using photographs andtechniques for making accurate measurementsfrom them.

• GPS (Global Positioning System): Utilization ofinformation broadcasted from satellites todetermine location of a specific point on earth’ssurface.

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• CAD (Computer-Aided Design) provides software,techniques for data input, display and visualization,representation, particularly in three-dimensions.

• Computer Graphics provide hardware, software forhandling and displaying graphic objects, techniques ofvisualization.DBMS (D t b M t S t ) t ib t

Computer Science

• DBMS (Database Management Systems) contributemethods for representing data in digital form, proceduresfor system design and handling large volumes of data,particularly access and update.

• Software Engineering help to implement the actualsoftware system

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• Integrated spatial information from different data sources, including satellite imagery, aerial photography, maps, ground surveys and statistical censuses.

• Integrated expert knowledge in focused areas and generic knowledge over a wide range of topics.

Why Can GIS be Widely Used?

g g g p

• Offer a variety of scientific and professional disciplines the opportunity to collaborate and exchange information within the framework of a common generic tool.

• Common platform – spatial framework

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1. Location: where is it ...?

2. Attribute: what is it ...?

3. Trend: what has changed ...?

Basic Questions Can be Investigated Using GIS

4. Routing: which is the best way ...?

5. Pattern: what is the pattern ...?

6. Modelling: what if ...?

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• Stage 1: Inventory - initial development phase of assembling, organizing and undertaking an inventory of features of interest

• Stage 2: Analysis - more complex analytical operations which require access to data spread

Three Stages of GIS Applications

p q pacross several data layers and the use of statistical and spatial analytical techniques

• Stage 3: Decision Support - emphasis on sophisticated spatial analytical and modelling activities.

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• Environment– monitoring of forestation– monitoring seasonal floods– management of sea water temperature changes

• Transportation– management of traffic congestion– optimal traffic route selection

Major GIS Application Fields

• Urban– Cadastre management and static analysis– Urban planning and design

• Virtual Reality• …

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GIS Applications: Queries

Application of Mobile GIS– searching possible fast food restaurants within 400 m ranges

Source pt.

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dest. Pt.

category

buffer


GIS Applications: Spatial Analysis

Flood Drowning Analysis

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GIS Applications: Spatial Analysis

Shortest path from Shatin to HKG Airport

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Transportation GIS

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Digital Wuhan

• The largest real 3D city model• Covering the whole city area of

8494km2


Digital Wuhan: Indoor & Outdoor Routing

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Digital Wuhan: Urban Planning/DesignLSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS

Night launch of “Opportunity” in July 2003

GIS Applications in NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Mission (MER 2003)

Launch of “Spirit” in June 2003

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Seven Months Later ……

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Spirit:launched: June 10, 2003Spirit landed on Mars January 4, 2004

Mars Rover in MER 2003 Mission

Opportunity:launched: July 7, 2003Opportunity landed on Mars January 25, 2004

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Rover Track for Spirit & Opportunity

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Spirit Traverse Map

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Opportunity Traverse Map

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MER Web GIS

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• Lands Department (Land Information System)• Planning Department (Town Planning Information

System)• Civil Engineering and Development Department (Slope

Information System)• Census and Statistics Department (Statistical

GIS in HK Government Departments

Census and Statistics Department (Statistical Information Retrieve System)

• Highways Department (Utility Management System )• Transport Department• Rating and Value Department• Fire Service Department• Police Force• …8/28/2011 47


GIS Applications in HKTown Planning Information System

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Hand-held PC was used to capture data in field(Source: http://www.info.gov.hk/planning/index_e.htm)


GIS Applications in HKSlope Information System

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(Source: http://hkss.ced.gov.hk/hkss/eng/slopeinfo/index.htm)


GIS Applications in HKWeb GIS

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GIS Applications in HKWeb GIS

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GIS Applications in HKSpeedOnRoad

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(Advanced Research Centre for Spatial Information Technology, PolyU)


• The Hong Kong Electric Company• Hong Kong Telecom• The Hong Kong and China Gas Company Ltd.

GIS Applications in HK Utility Companies

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• Further readings– Open Source GIS Applications (http://www.gislounge.com/open-source-gis-

applications/)

• Summarization of the main ideas presented in this lecture:

Review

• Summarization of the main ideas presented in this lecture:

• Questions?

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