lsb231.1 cellular physiology student version slides
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8/8/2019 LSB231.1 Cellular Physiology Student Version Slides
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LSB231- Physiology:
Lecture 1.
Part A: The Cellorganelles
cytos e eton
www.invitrogen.com
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LSB231- Physiology:
Lecture 1.
Part B: The Plasma Membranemembrane structure
membrane roteins
www.smbs.buffalo.edu/bch/Labs/Kosman/research.htm
membrane transport
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LSB231- Physiology:
Lecture 1.
Part C: Metabolism and Energy
t es of metabolism
role of ATP
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LSB231- Physiology:
Lecture 1.
• Part A: The Cell
– organelles
– cytoskeleton
•
– membrane structure
–
– membrane transport
– types of metabolism
– ro e o
– sources of ATP
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LSB231- Physiology:
Lecture 1.
Learning Objectives – Part A
• escr e t e unct on o eac organe e
• Identify the major intracellular structural proteins
which make u the various c toskeletal structures
intracellular cytoskeletal structures
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component of the.
Organ Tissue Cells
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component of the.
• Bounded by plasma
mem rane.
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component of the
.
• Bounded by plasma
mem rane.• Intracellular fluid is
called the
cytoplasm.• Contains functional
subunits called
organelles.
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• Membrane bound.• Analogous to organs
found within the
body.• Each serve s ecific
functions.
• cytoskeleton.
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• Nucleus• Endoplasmic
reticulum
• Golgi apparatus•
• Lysosomes
• erox somes
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• Bounded by nuclearenve ope w pores.
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• Bounded by nuclearenve ope w pores.
• Contains DNA in the
form of chromatin.
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• Bounded by nuclearenve ope w pores.
• Contains DNA in the
form of chromatin.• Ma dis la
nucleolus.
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• Bounded by nuclearenve ope w pores.
• Contains DNA in the
form of chromatin.• Ma dis la
nucleolus.
•
m
• Site of transcription.
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• Outer membrane
continuous withnuclear envelope.
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• Outer membranecon nuous w
nuclear envelope.
• May be characterisedas either
– “smooth” or
– “rough”• depending upon
resence of
ribosomes.
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• Rou h ER RER
– site of translation for
proteins that are aatransported out of the
cell or into other
organe es.
– Synthesis of phospholipid.
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• moo
– lipid metabolism – c o estero /steroi
synthesis
– rug me a o sm ver
– calcium storage
of skeletal muscle cells)
Ca2+
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• Receives packages of
proteins from RER.• Modifies proteins:
– ost-translational
modifications.– Glycosylation.
• Sorts and packages
roteins:– vesicles delivered to other
or anelles or lasma
membrane.
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• Produce energy source:– Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP).
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Outer membrane
• Produce energy source:– Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP).
• Consist of inner and outermembranes, surrounding a
fluid matrix.
Matrix
Inner membrane
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• Produce energy source:– Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP).
• Consist or inner and outermembranes, surrounding a
ui matrix.
• Contain mitochondrial DNA– mitochondrial disorders may
therefore be maternally
inherited.
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• Bound by singlemem rane.
• Contain acidic
environment.• Serve di estive function.
• Contain acid hydrolases.
– , .
• Especially abundant in
.
– eg. NeutrophilsNeutrophil leukocyte
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• Bound by singlemem rane.
• Contain enzymes required
for metabolism of toxins.• Peroxisomal Disorders:
– Can cause serious
developmental andneurological defects.
– eg. X-linked Peroxisomes in liver cell
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• Internal scaffold of cells.
•
• Controls cell transport.
• ons s s o :
– microfilaments (actin
– microtubules (tubulin
– intermediate filaments
.
Keratins).
in fibroblasts
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• Composed of
polymerised actin.
or = G-actin (monomer)
• Associated with
numerous actin-
binding proteins, eg.myosin.
F-actin (polymer)
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• ompose o
polymerised actin.• Associated with
numerous actin-
binding proteins, eg.myosin.
• Essential for
re ulatin chan es in
•Human Neutrophil seeksbacteria
•for ermanentcell shape.
– Amoeboid motilit
relationship•Enjoys food and long
– Muscle contraction.
the body
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• Composed of
polymerised actin.• Associated with
numerous actin-
binding proteins, eg.myosin.
• Essential for
re ulatin chan es incell shape.
–
Movie of Leukocytes huntingbacteria
’
– Muscle contraction.
...
lecture you don’t get to seethe movie!!
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• Composed of po ymer se u u n.
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• Composed of po ymer se u u n.
• Associated with motor
proteins eg. kinesin.
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• Composed of po ymer se u u n.
• Associated with motor
proteins eg. kinesin.• Su ort cell structure.
• Provide paths for
transport.
– -. .
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• Composition variesaccor ng o ce ype.
• Less dynamic than
microfilaments andmicrotubules.
• “Tough” insoluble
fibres.
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• Composition variesaccor ng o ce ype.
• Less dynamic than
microfilaments andmicrotubules.
• “Tough” insoluble
fibres.• Example:
–
cells.
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• Composition variesaccor ng o ce ype.
• Less dynamic than
microfilaments andmicrotubules.
• “Tough” insoluble
fibres.• Example:
–
Human corneal epithelialcells stained with antibody
cells.
to keratin 3
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–
• Describe the structure and identify the various components of the
• Describe the general roles of transmembrane or integral proteins
• Describe the processes of membrane transport, diffusion and osmosis
• Understand and describe osmolarity
• Describe and understand the difference between facilitated diffusionand active transport
• Describe the fluid composition of some common ions inside andoutsi e t e ce
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• Double layer of p osp o p an
cholesterol.
Non-polar
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• Double layer of p osp o p an
cholesterol.
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• Double layer of p osp o p an
cholesterol.
• Highly dynamic.
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• Double layer of p osp o p an
cholesterol.
• Highly dynamic.• Accessor
molecules:
– roteins• integral
• peripheral
– carbohydrates
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• Communication.• Provide receptors for
soluble ligands.
• eg. ormones.
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• Communication.
– Provide receptors for
soluble ligands.
• rov e receptors or
other cells.
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• Communication.
– Provide receptors for
soluble ligands.
– rov e receptors or
other cells.
–
between cells.
• between muscle cells.
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• The plasma membrane is a semi-permeable
arr er.
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• The plasma membrane is a semi-permeable
arr er.
• Transport of molecules across membrane is
dependent upon:– relative solubility.
– physical size.
– presence of concentration gradient.– other factors: specialised transport proteins.
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• Solubility:
– more hydrophobic/more non-polar
molecules readil dissolve throu h li id
bilayer.
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• Solubility:
– more hydrophobic/more non-polar
molecules readil dissolve throu h li id
bilayer.
– More hydrophilic/polar molecules have
poor solubility in lipid bilayer.
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• Size:
– certain small molecules can pass through
– examples:.
• Ion channels: tend to be specialised for
each ion.– may be “gated”: open in response to stimulus.
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• Basic channels:
– Always open.
– Enable passive
transport o
molecules across
diffusion.
– molecules of certain
physico-chemical
properties.
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• Gated channels:
– Normally closed.
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• Gated channels:
– Normally closed.
– Open in response to
appropr ate st mu us.
• Hormone
• Ion balance (voltage)
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• Diffusion:
– movement of
substance along a
gradient.–
collisions of
particles known asBrownian Motion.
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• Diffusion:
– movement of
substance along a
gradient.
– diffusion of water
gradient.
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• Diffusion:
– movement of
substance along a
gradient.
– diffusion of water
gradient.
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• Diffusion:
– movement of
substance along a
gradient.
– diffusion of water
gradient.
–
hydrostatic pressure
within the cell.
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• Direction of osmosis is determined by relative
osmo ar y:
– total number of solute particles per litre of
so u on.
• Sometimes use term osmolality:
– total number of solute particles per litre of water.
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• Example: for a 0.15 molar solution of
a e osmo ar y s ou e: e .
mosmol.
Na
Na
Dissociates
into two
Cl par c es
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• Osmosis occurs when intra-cellular osmolarity is
.• Typical osmolarity within cells is: 300 mosmol.
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• Osmosis occurs when intra-cellular osmolarity is
.• Typical osmolarity within cells is: 300 mosmol.
• 300 mosmol solutions are iso-osmotic/iso-tonic.
• >300 mosmol solutions are hyper-osmotic/hyper-
tonic.• <300 mosmol solutions are hypo-osmotic/hypo-
.
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• Facilitated diffusion:
– requires
concentration
.
– Involves binding of
transporter protein.
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• Facilitated diffusion:
– requires
concentration
.
– Involves binding of
transporter protein.
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• Facilitated diffusion:
– requires
concentration
.
– Involves binding of
transporter protein.
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• Facilitated diffusion:
– requires
concentration
.
– Involves binding of
transporter protein.
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• Facilitated diffusion:
– requires
concentration
.
– Involves binding of
transporter protein.
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• Facilitated diffusion:
– requires
concentration
.
– Involves binding of
transporter protein.
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• Facilitated diffusion:
– requires
concentration
.
– Involves binding of
transporter protein.
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• Facilitated diffusion:
– requires
concentration
.
– Involves binding of
transporter protein.
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• Facilitated diffusion:
– requ resconcentrationradient.
– Involves binding of molecule toranspor er pro e n.
– Example: Glucose
proteins (insulinincreases levels of
.
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• Pumps:
– Useful for producing
concentration
.
– Working against.
– Requires energy.
•• Ion gradient
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• Pumps:
– Useful for producing
concentration
.
– Working against.
– Requires energy.
•• Ion gradient
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• Pumps:
– Useful for producing
concentration
.
– Working against.
– Requires energy.
ATP
– .
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• Pumps:
– Useful for producing
concentration
.
– Working against
P
.
– Requires energy.
– orientation of
rotein.
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• Pumps:
– Useful for producing
concentration
.
– Working against
P
.
– Requires energy.
– .
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• Pumps:
– Useful for producing
concentration
.
– Working against.
– Requires energy.
– .– Protein returns to
P
conformation.
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• Pumps: • Calcium-ATPase
– Useful for producing
concentration
– maintains low intracellular
calcium concentration.
.
– Working against• Sodium/potassium-
ATPase.
– Requires energy.– pumps 3 sodium ions out
for every 2 potassium ions
in.–
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• Metabolism:
– that take place within a living structure.
– involve destruction of molecules.
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• Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed it simply changes form:
– First Law of Thermodynamics.
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• Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed it simply changes form:
– First Law of Thermodynamics.
•
carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
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• Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed it simply changes form:
– First Law of Thermodynamics.
•
carbohydrates, fats and proteins..
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• Energy can neither be created nor
destroyed it simply changes form:
– First Law of Thermodynamics.
•
carbohydrates, fats and proteins..
• Remainder is stored in the form of
.
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• Energy is stored within phosphate
.• Analogous to potential energy stored
w en a spring is compresse .
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Carbohydrates Cytoplasm
GlycolysisMuscle
Pyruvate Lactaterea ne
Krebs Cycle
Fats/Proteins
ATP
Fats NADH + H+ and FADH2
ADP
Electron TransportOxygenCreatine-P
Mitochondria
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• Conversion of glucose to pyruvate.
• .• Can occur in absence of oxygen
anaero c .
• Net yield: 2 molecules of ATP.
• 1 gram of glucose yields 4 kcal.
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• Conversion of glucose to pyruvate.
• .• Can occur in absence of oxygen
anaero c .
• Net yield: 2 molecules of ATP.
• 1 gram of glucose yields 4 kcal.
• Also produces 2 (NADH + H+)
– u se ur ng ec ron ranspor a n.
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•
• Pyruvate first converted to Acetyl-CoA.
• ce y - o ena es cyc n o reac ons e weencitrate and oxaloacetate (Citric Acid Cycle).
• Requires aerobic conditions to proceed.
• Net yield for each cycle: 1 molecule of ATP.
Matrix
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• -
– protein: in the form of amino acids (via
– Fats: in the form of fatty acids.
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O t b
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Outer membrane
• Occurs across inner
membrane.
•
essential.• t ses:
– FADH2
– NADH + H+ Matrix
Inner membrane
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• Hydrogen ions from FADH2 and NADH + H+
.• Produces a concentration gradient of H+
.
• ATP is generated as the H+ ions flow backacross t e nner mem rane v a an -
synthase.
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• Net yield:+– .
– 2 molecules of ATP from each FADH2.
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• Muscle cells have an
for producing ATP.
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• Muscle cells have anCreatine PiCreatine
for producing ATP.
Creatine Kinase
ADPKrebs Cycle
ETC+ PiATP
Muscle Contraction/Relaxation
See you on Monday morning for your first Prac
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See you on Monday morning for your first Prac…