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LogicalReasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONI

AnalyticalReasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONII

LogicalReasoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONIII

ReadingComprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .SECTIONIV

WritingSampleMaterials

1 112

1. Backyardgardenerswhowanttoincreasetheyieldsoftheirpotatoplantsshouldtrygrowingstingingnettlesalongsidetheplants,sincestingingnettlesattractinsectsthatkillawidearrayofinsectpeststhatdamagepotatoplants.Itistruethatstingingnettlesalsoattractaphids,andthatmanyspeciesofaphidsareharmfultopotatoplants,butthatfactinnowaycontradictsthisrecommendation,because_______.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostlogicallycompletestheargument?

(A) stingingnettlesrequirelittlecareandthusareeasytocultivate

(B) sometypesofaphidsareattractedtostingingnettleplantsbutdonotdamagethem

(C) thetypesofaphidsthatstingingnettlesattractdonotdamagepotatoplants

(D) insectpeststypicallycauselessdamagetopotatoplantsthanotherharmfulorganismsdo

(E) mostaphidspeciesthatareharmfultopotatoplantscausegreaterharmtootherediblefoodplants

2. Jocko,achimpanzee,wasoncegivenalargebunchofbananasbyazookeeperafterthemoredominantmembersofthechimpanzeestroophadwanderedoff.Inhisexcitement,Jockoutteredsomeloudfoodbarks.Theotherchimpanzeesreturnedandtookthebananasaway.Thenextday,Jockowasagainfoundaloneandwasgivenasinglebanana.Thistime,however,hekeptsilent.ThezookeeperconcludedthatJockossilencewasastratagemtokeeptheotherchimpanzeesfromhisfood.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostseriouslycallsintoquestionthezookeepersconclusion?

(A) Chimpanzeesutterfoodbarksonlywhentheirfavoritefoodsareavailable.

(B) Chimpanzeesutterfoodbarksonlywhentheyencounterasizablequantityoffood.

(C) Chimpanzeesfrequentlytakefoodfromotherchimpanzeesmerelytoassertdominance.

(D) Evenwhentheyarealone,chimpanzeesoftenmakenoisesthatappeartobesignalstootherchimpanzees.

(E) Bananasareafoodforwhichallofthechimpanzeesatthezooshowadecidedpreference.

3. Arecentsurveyquizzedjournalismstudentsaboutthesortsofstoriestheythemselveswishedtoread.Asignificantmajoritysaidtheywantedtoseestoriesdealingwithseriousgovernmentalandpoliticalissuesandhadlittletoleranceforthepresentpopularityofstoriescoveringlifestyletrendsandcelebritygossip.Thisindicatesthattodaystrendsinpublishingarebasedonfalseassumptionsabouttheinterestsofthepublic.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesaflawintheargumentsreasoning?

(A) Ittakeswhatismorelikelytobetheeffectofaphenomenontobeitscause.

(B) Itregardstheproductionofaneffectasincontrovertibleevidenceofanintentiontoproducethateffect.

(C) Itreliesontheopinionsofagroupunlikelytoberepresentativeofthegroupatissueintheconclusion.

(D) Itemployslanguagethatunfairlyrepresentsthosewhoarelikelytorejecttheargumentsconclusion.

(E) Ittreatsahypothesisasfacteventhoughitisadmittedlyunsupported.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

SECTIONI

Time35minutes

25Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions,more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

1 11 3 4. Electricbugzappers,whichworkbyattractinginsectsto

light,areaveryeffectivemeansofriddinganareaofflyinginsects.Despitethis,mostpestcontrolexpertsnowadviseagainsttheiruse,recommendinginsteadsuchremediesasinsect-eatingbirdsorinsecticidesprays.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoaccountforthepestcontrolexpertsrecommendation?

(A) Insect-eatingbirdswilltakeupresidenceinanyinsect-richareaiftheyareprovidedwithnestingboxes,food,andwater.

(B) Bugzappersarelesseffectiveagainstmosquitoes,whichareamongthemoreharmfulinsects,thantheyareagainstotherharmfulinsects.

(C) Bugzappersusemoreelectricitybutprovidelesslightthandomoststandardoutdoorlightsources.

(D) Bugzapperskillmanymorebeneficialinsectsandfewerharmfulinsectsthandoinsect-eatingbirdsandinsecticidesprays.

(E) Developersofcertainnewinsecticidespraysclaimthattheirproductscontainnochemicalsthatareharmfultohumans,birds,orpets.

5. Gardener:ThedesignofJapanesegardensshoulddisplayharmonywithnature.Hence,rockschosenforplacementinsuchgardensshouldvarywidelyinappearance,sincerocksfoundinnaturealsovarywidelyinappearance.

Thegardenersargumentdependsonassumingwhichoneofthefollowing?

(A) TheselectionofrocksforplacementinaJapanesegardenshouldreflecteverykeyvalueembodiedinthedesignofJapanesegardens.

(B) IntheselectionofrocksforJapanesegardens,imitationofnaturehelpstoachieveharmonywithnature.

(C) TheonlycriterionforselectingrocksforplacementinaJapanesegardenistheexpressionofharmonywithnature.

(D) Expressingharmonywithnatureandbeingnaturalarethesamething.

(E) EachcomponentofagenuineJapanesegardenisvaried.

6. Smallexperimentalvacuumtubescanoperateinheatthatmakessemiconductorcomponentsfail.Anycomponentwhoseresistancetoheatisgreaterthanthatofsemiconductorswouldbepreferableforuseindigitalcircuits,butonlyifthatcomponentwerealsocomparabletosemiconductorsinallothersignificantrespects,suchasmaximumcurrentcapacity.However,vacuumtubesmaximumcurrentcapacityispresentlynotcomparabletothatofsemiconductors.

Ifthestatementsabovearetrue,whichoneofthefollowingmustalsobetrue?

(A) Vacuumtubesarenotnowpreferabletosemiconductorsforuseindigitalcircuits.

(B) Oncevacuumtubesandsemiconductorshavecomparablemaximumcurrentcapacity,vacuumtubeswillbeusedinsomedigitalcircuits.

(C) Theonlyreasonthatvacuumtubesarenotnowusedindigitalcircuitsisthatvacuumtubesmaximumcurrentcapacityistoolow.

(D) Semiconductorswillalwaysbepreferabletovacuumtubesforuseinmanyapplicationsotherthandigitalcircuits.

(E) Resistancetoheatistheonlyadvantagethatvacuumtubeshaveoversemiconductors.

7. ThecauseoftheepidemicthatdevastatedAthensin430B.C.canfinallybeidentified.Accountsoftheepidemicmentionthehiccupsexperiencedbymanyvictims,asymptomofnoknowndiseaseexceptthatcausedbytherecentlydiscoveredEbolavirus.Moreover,othersymptomsofthediseasecausedbytheEbolavirusarementionedintheaccountsoftheAthenianepidemic.

Eachofthefollowing,iftrue,weakenstheargumentEXCEPT:

(A) VictimsoftheEbolavirusexperiencemanysymptomsthatdonotappearinanyoftheaccountsoftheAthenianepidemic.

(B) NotallofthosewhoarevictimsoftheEbolavirusareafflictedwithhiccups.

(C) TheEbolavirusshostanimalsdidnotliveinAthensatthetimeoftheAthenianepidemic.

(D) TheEbolavirusismuchmorecontagiousthanthediseasethatcausedtheAthenianepidemicwasreportedtohavebeen.

(E) TheepidemicsknowntohavebeencausedbytheEbolavirusareusuallyshorter-livedthanwastheAthenianepidemic.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 114 8. Lettertotheeditor:Yourarticlewasunjustifiedin

criticizingenvironmentalistsforclaimingthatmorewolvesonVancouverIslandarekilledbyhuntersthanareborneachyear.YoustatedthatthisclaimwasdisprovenbyrecentstudiesthatindicatethatthetotalnumberofwolvesonVancouverIslandhasremainedroughlyconstantfor20years.Butyoufailedtoaccountforthefactthat,fearingtheextinctionofthiswolfpopulation,environmentalistshavebeenintroducingnewwolvesintotheVancouverIslandwolfpopulationfor20years.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheconclusionoftheargumentinthelettertotheeditor?

(A) EnvironmentalistshavebeensuccessfullymaintainingthewolfpopulationonVancouverIslandfor20years.

(B) AsmanywolvesonVancouverIslandarekilledbyhuntersasareborneachyear.

(C) ThepopulationofwolvesonVancouverIslandshouldbemaintainedbyeitherreducingthenumberkilledbyhunterseachyearorintroducingnewwolvesintothepopulation.

(D) TherecentstudiesindicatingthatthetotalnumberofwolvesonVancouverIslandhasremainedroughlyconstantfor20yearswereflawed.

(E) ThestabilityinthesizeoftheVancouverIslandwolfpopulationdoesnotwarrantthearticlescriticismoftheenvironmentalistsclaim.

9. Computerscientist:Forseveraldecades,thenumberoftransistorsonnewcomputermicrochips,andhencethemicrochipscomputingspeed,hasdoubledaboutevery18months.However,fromthemid-1990sintothenextdecade,eachsuchdoublinginamicrochipscomputingspeedwasaccompaniedbyadoublinginthecostofproducingthatmicrochip.

Whichoneofthefollowingcanbeproperlyinferredfromthecomputerscientistsstatements?

(A) Theonlyeffectivewaytodoublethecomputingspeedofcomputermicrochipsistoincreasethenumberoftransistorspermicrochip.

(B) Fromthemid-1990sintothenextdecade,therewaslittleifanyincreaseintheretailcostofcomputersasaresultoftheincreasednumberoftransistorsonmicrochips.

(C) Forthelastseveraldecades,computerengineershavefocusedonincreasingthecomputingspeedofcomputermicrochipswithoutmakinganyattempttocontrolthecostofproducingthem.

(D) Fromthemid-1990sintothenextdecade,adoublinginthecostoffabricatingnewcomputermicrochipsaccompaniedeachdoublinginthenumberoftransistorsonthosemicrochips.

(E) Itisunlikelythatengineerswilleverbeabletoincreasethecomputingspeedofmicrochipswithoutalsoincreasingthecostofproducingthem.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11 510. Ms.Sandstromsnewspapercolumndescribingastrange

naturalphenomenonontheMendelsfarmledmanypeopletotrespassonandextensivelydamagetheirproperty.Thus,Ms.Sandstromshouldpayforthisdamageif,astheMendelsclaim,shecouldhavereasonablyexpectedthatthecolumnwouldleadpeopletodamagetheMendelsfarm.

Theargumentsconclusioncanbeproperlyinferredifwhichoneofthefollowingisassumed?

(A) Oneshouldpayforanydamagethatonesactionleadsotherpeopletocauseifonecouldhavereasonablyexpectedthattheactionwouldleadotherpeopletocausedamage.

(B) Oneshouldpayfordamagethatonesactionleadsotherpeopletocauseonlyif,priortotheaction,oneexpectedthattheactionwouldleadotherpeopletocausethatdamage.

(C) ItisunlikelythatthepeoplewhotrespassedonandcausedthedamagetotheMendelspropertywouldthemselvespayforthedamagetheycaused.

(D) Ms.SandstromknewthathercolumncouldincitetrespassingthatcouldresultindamagetotheMendelsfarm.

(E) TheMendelsbelievethatMs.Sandstromisabletoformreasonableexpectationsabouttheconsequencesofheractions.

11. Meyerwasfoundbyhisemployertohavecommittedscientificfraudbyfalsifyingdata.TheUniversityofWilliamstown,fromwhichMeyerheldaPhD,validatedthisfindingandsubsequentlyinvestigatedwhetherhehadfalsifieddatainhisdoctoralthesis,findingnoevidencethathehad.ButtheuniversitydecidedtorevokeMeyersPhDanyway.

WhichoneofthefollowinguniversitypoliciesmostjustifiesthedecisiontorevokeMeyersPhD?

(A) AnyonewhoholdsaPhDfromtheUniversityofWilliamstownandisfoundtohavecommittedacademicfraudinthecourseofpursuingthatPhDwillhavethePhDrevoked.

(B) NoPhDprogramattheUniversityofWilliamstownwilladmitanyapplicantwhohasbeendeterminedtohavecommittedanysortofacademicfraud.

(C) AnyUniversityofWilliamstownstudentwhoisfoundtohavesubmittedfalsifieddataasacademicworkwillbedismissedfromtheuniversity.

(D) AnyonewhoholdsaPhDfromtheUniversityofWilliamstownandisfoundtohavecommittedscientificfraudwillhavethePhDrevoked.

(E) TheUniversityofWilliamstownwillnothireanyonewhoisunderinvestigationforscientificfraud.

12. Aerobicsinstructor:Comparedtomanyformsofexercise,kickboxingaerobicsishighlyrisky.Overextendingwhenkickingoftenleadstohip,knee,orlower-backinjuries.Suchoverextensionisverylikelytooccurwhenbeginnerstrytomatchthehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.

Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbytheaerobicsinstructorsstatements?

(A) Skilledpractitionersofkickboxingaerobicsareunlikelytoexperienceinjuriesfromoverextendingwhilekicking.

(B) Toreducetheriskofinjuries,beginnersatkickboxingaerobicsshouldavoidtryingtomatchthehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.

(C) Beginnersatkickboxingaerobicswillnotexperienceinjuriesiftheyavoidtryingtomatchthehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.

(D) Kickboxingaerobicsismoreriskythanformsofaerobicexercisethatdonotinvolvehighkicks.

(E) Mostbeginnersatkickboxingaerobicsexperienceinjuriesfromtryingtomatchthehighkicksofmoreskilledpractitioners.

13. Alargecompanyhasbeenconvictedofengaginginmonopolisticpractices.Thepenaltyimposedonthecompanywillprobablyhavelittleifanyeffectonitsbehavior.Still,thetrialwasworthwhile,sinceitprovidedusefulinformationaboutthecompanyspractices.Afterall,thisinformationhasemboldenedthecompanysdirectcompetitors,alertedpotentialrivals,andforcedthecompanytorestrainitsunfairbehaviortowardcustomersandcompetitors.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheoverallconclusiondrawnintheargument?

(A) Evenifthecompanyhadnotbeenconvictedofengaginginmonopolisticpractices,thetrialprobablywouldhavehadsomeeffectonthecompanysbehavior.

(B) Thelightshedonthecompanyspracticesbythetrialhasemboldeneditscompetitors,alertedpotentialrivals,andforcedthecompanytorestrainitsunfairbehavior.

(C) Thepenaltyimposedonthecompanywilllikelyhavelittleornoeffectonitsbehavior.

(D) Thecompanystrialonchargesofengaginginmonopolisticpracticeswasworthwhile.

(E) Thepenaltyimposedonthecompanyinthetrialshouldhavebeenlarger.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11614. Waller:Iftherewerereallysuchathingasextrasensory

perception,itwouldgenerallybeacceptedbythepublicsinceanyonewithextrasensorypowerswouldbeabletoconvincethegeneralpublicofitsexistencebyclearlydemonstratingthosepowers.Indeed,anyonewhowasrecognizedtohavesuchpowerswouldachievewealthandrenown.

Chin:Itsimpossibletodemonstrateanythingtothesatisfactionofallskeptics.Solongastheculturaleliteremainsclosed-mindedtothepossibilityofextrasensoryperception,thepopularmediareports,andthuspublicopinion,willalwaysbebiasedinfavorofsuchskeptics.

WallersandChinsstatementscommitthemtodisagreeingonwhether

(A) extrasensoryperceptionisarealphenomenon(B) extrasensoryperception,ifitwereareal

phenomenon,couldbedemonstratedtothesatisfactionofallskeptics

(C) skepticsaboutextrasensoryperceptionhaveaweakcase

(D) thefailureofthegeneralpublictobelieveinextrasensoryperceptionisgoodevidenceagainstitsexistence

(E) thegeneralpublicbelievesthatextrasensoryperceptionisarealphenomenon

15. Counselor:Hagerlesincerelyapologizedtothephysicianforlyingtoher.SoHagerleowesmeasincereapologyaswell,becauseHagerletoldthesamelietobothofus.

Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,mosthelpstojustifythecounselorsreasoning?

(A) Itisgoodtoapologizeforhavingdonesomethingwrongtoapersonifoneiscapableofdoingsosincerely.

(B) Ifsomeonetellsthesamelietotwodifferentpeople,thenneitherofthoseliedtoisowedanapologyunlessbothare.

(C) Someoneisowedasincereapologyforhavingbeenliedtobyapersonifsomeoneelsehasalreadyreceivedasincereapologyforthesameliefromthatsameperson.

(D) Ifoneiscapableofsincerelyapologizingtosomeoneforlyingtothem,thenoneowesthatpersonsuchanapology.

(E) Apersonshouldnotapologizetosomeonefortellingalieunlessheorshecansincerelyapologizetoallotherstowhomtheliewastold.

16. AsurveyofaddresschangesfiledwithpostofficesanddriverslicensebureausoverthelasttenyearshasestablishedthathouseholdsmovingoutofthecityofWestonoutnumberedhouseholdsmovingintothecitytwotoone.Therefore,wecanexpectthatnextyearscensus,whichcountsallresidentsregardlessofage,willshowthatthepopulationofWestonhasdeclinedsincethelastcensustenyearsago.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpsstrengthentheargument?

(A) Withinthepastdecademanypeoplebothmovedintothecityandalsomovedoutofit.

(B) OverthepastcenturyanycensusofWestonshowingapopulationlosswasfollowedtenyearslaterbyacensusshowingapopulationgain.

(C) ManypeoplemovingintoWestonfailedtonotifyeitherthepostofficeorthedriverslicensebureauthattheyhadmovedtothecity.

(D) MostadultsmovingoutofWestonwereparentswhohadchildrenlivingwiththem,whereasmostadultsremaininginormovingintothecitywereolderpeoplewholivedalone.

(E) MostpeoplemovingoutofWestonwereyoungadultswhowerehopingtobeginacareerelsewhere,whereasmostadultsremaininginormovingintothecityhadlong-standingjobsinthecity.

17. Psychologist:Peopletendtomakecertaincognitiveerrorswhentheypredicthowagiveneventwouldaffecttheirfuturehappiness.Butpeopleshouldnotnecessarilytrytoridthemselvesofthistendency.Afterall,inavisualcontext,linesthatareactuallyparalleloftenappeartopeopleasiftheyconverge.Ifasurgeonofferedtorestructureyoureyesandvisualcortexsothatparallellineswouldnolongereverappeartoconverge,itwouldnotbereasonabletotakethesurgeonupontheoffer.

Thepsychologistsargumentdoeswhichoneofthefollowing?

(A) attemptstorefuteaclaimthataparticulareventisinevitablebyestablishingthepossibilityofanalternativeevent

(B) attemptstoundermineatheorybycallingintoquestionanassumptiononwhichthetheoryisbased

(C) arguesthatanactionmightnotbeappropriatebysuggestingthatacorrespondingactioninananalogoussituationisnotappropriate

(D) arguesthattwosituationsaresimilarbyestablishingthatthesameactionwouldbereasonableineachsituation

(E) attemptstoestablishageneralizationandthenusesthatgeneralizationtoargueagainstaparticularaction

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11 718. Principle:Evenifanartauctionhouseidentifiesthe

descriptionsinitscatalogasopinions,itisguiltyofmisrepresentationifsuchadescriptionisadeliberateattempttomisleadbidders.

Application:AlthoughHealys,anartauctionhouse,statesthatalldescriptionsinitscatalogareopinions,Healyswasguiltyofmisrepresentationwhenitscatalogdescribedavaseasdatingfromthemid-eighteenthcenturywhenitwasactuallyamodernreproduction.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostjustifiestheaboveapplicationoftheprinciple?

(A) Anauthenticworkofartfromthemid-eighteenthcenturywillusuallysellforatleasttentimesmorethanamodernreproductionofasimilarworkfromthatperiod.

(B) Althoughpotterythatissimilartothevaseiscurrentlyextremelypopularamongartcollectors,noneofthecollectorswhoareknowledgeableaboutsuchpotterywerewillingtobidonthevase.

(C) ThestatedpolicyofHealysistodescribeworksinitscatalogsonlyintermsoftheirreadilyperceptiblequalitiesandnottoincludeanyinformationabouttheirage.

(D) SomeHealysstaffmembersbelievethattheauctionhousescatalogshouldnotcontainanydescriptionsthathavenotbeencertifiedtobetruebyindependentexperts.

(E) Withoutconsultinganyonewithexpertiseinauthenticatingvases,Healysdescribedthevaseasdatingfromthemid-eighteenthcenturymerelyinordertoincreaseitsauctionprice.

19. Anthropologist:ItwasformerlybelievedthatprehistoricHomo sapiensancestorsofcontemporaryhumansinterbredwithNeanderthals,butDNAtestingofaNeanderthalsremainsindicatesthatthisisnotthecase.TheDNAofcontemporaryhumansissignificantlydifferentfromthatoftheNeanderthal.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptionrequiredbytheanthropologistsargument?

(A) AtleastsomeNeanderthalslivedatthesametimeandinthesameplacesasprehistoricHomo sapiens ancestorsofcontemporaryhumans.

(B) DNAtestingofremainsissignificantlylessreliablethanDNAtestingofsamplesfromlivingspecies.

(C) TheDNAofprehistoricHomosapiensancestorsofcontemporaryhumanswasnotsignificantlymoresimilartothatofNeanderthalsthanistheDNAofcontemporaryhumans.

(D) NeanderthalsandprehistoricHomosapiensancestorsofcontemporaryhumanswerecompletelyisolatedfromeachothergeographically.

(E) AnysimilarityintheDNAoftwospeciesmustbetheresultofinterbreeding.

20. Councilmember:Theprofitsofdowntownbusinesseswillincreaseifmoreconsumersliveinthedowntownarea,andadecreaseinthecostoflivinginthedowntownareawillguaranteethatthenumberofconsumerslivingtherewillincrease.However,theprofitsofdowntownbusinesseswillnotincreaseunlessdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases.

Ifallthecouncilmembersstatementsaretrue,whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Ifdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases,thenumberofconsumerslivinginthedowntownareawillincrease.

(B) Ifthecostoflivinginthedowntownareadecreases,theprofitsofdowntownbusinesseswillincrease.

(C) Ifdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases,thecostoflivinginthedowntownareawillincrease.

(D) Ifdowntowntrafficcongestiondecreases,thecostoflivinginthedowntownareawilldecrease.

(E) Iftheprofitsofdowntownbusinessesincrease,thenumberofconsumerslivinginthedowntownareawillincrease.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11821. OntheDiscountPhoneline,anydomesticlong-distance

callstartingbetween9A.M.and5P.M.costs15centsaminute,andanyotherdomesticlong-distancecallcosts10centsaminute.Soanydomesticlong-distancecallontheDiscountPhonelinethatdoesnotcost10centsaminutecosts15centsaminute.

Thepatternofreasoninginwhichoneofthefollowingargumentsismostsimilartothatintheargumentabove?

(A) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassdoesnotinvolveextensivelabwork,itwillnotbeconductedinalaboratory.

(B) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassisnotconductedinanormalclassroom,itwillinvolveextensivelabwork.

(C) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassisconductedinanormalclassroom,itwillnotbeconductedinalaboratory.

(D) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,itwillnotbeconductedinanormalclassroom.

(E) Ifauniversityclassinvolvesextensivelabwork,theclasswillbeconductedinalaboratory;otherwise,itwillbeconductedinanormalclassroom.Thus,ifauniversityclassisnotconductedinanormalclassroom,itwillbeconductedinalaboratory.

22. Onechildpushedanotherchildfrombehind,injuringthesecondchild.Thefirstchildclearlyunderstandsthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong,sowhatwasdonewaswrongifitwasintendedtoinjurethesecondchild.

Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,mosthelpstojustifythereasoningintheargument?

(A) Anactionthatisintendedtoharmanotherpersoniswrongonlyifthepersonwhoperformedtheactionunderstandsthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.

(B) Itiswrongforapersonwhounderstandsthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongtointentionallyharmanotherperson.

(C) Anyactthatiswrongisdonewiththeintentionofcausingharm.

(D) Anactthatharmsanotherpersoniswrongifthepersonwhodiditunderstandsthedifferencebetweenrightandwronganddidnotthinkaboutwhethertheactwouldinjuretheotherperson.

(E) Apersonwhodoesnotunderstandthedifferencebetweenrightandwrongdoesnotbearanyresponsibilityforharminganotherperson.

23. Researcher:Eachsubjectinthisexperimentownsonecar,andwasaskedtoestimatewhatproportionofallautomobilesregisteredinthenationarethesamemakeasthesubjectscar.Theestimateofnearlyeverysubjecthasbeensignificantlyhigherthantheactualnationalstatisticforthemakeofthatsubjectscar.Ihypothesizethatcertainmakesofcararemorecommoninsomeregionsofthenationthaninotherregions;obviously,thatwouldleadmanypeopletooverestimatehowcommontheirmakeofcarisnationally.Thatispreciselytheresultfoundinthisexperiment,socertainmakesofcarmustindeedbemorecommoninsomeareasofthenationthaninothers.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesareasoningflawintheresearchersargument?

(A) Theargumentfailstoestimatethelikelihoodthatmostsubjectsintheexperimentdidnotknowtheactualstatisticsabouthowcommontheirmakeofcarisnationwide.

(B) Theargumenttreatsaresultthatsupportsahypothesisasaresultthatprovesahypothesis.

(C) Theargumentfailstotakeintoaccountthepossibilitythatthesubjectpoolmaycomefromawidevarietyofgeographicalregions.

(D) Theargumentattemptstodrawitsmainconclusionfromasetofpremisesthataremutuallycontradictory.

(E) Theargumentappliesastatisticalgeneralizationtoaparticularcasetowhichitwasnotintendedtoapply.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

1 11 924. Inuniversitytowns,policeissuefarmoreparking

citationsduringtheschoolyearthantheydoduringthetimeswhenthestudentsareoutoftown.Therefore,weknowthatmostparkingcitationsinuniversitytownsareissuedtostudents.

Whichoneofthefollowingismostsimilarinitsflawedreasoningtotheflawedreasoningintheargumentabove?

(A) Weknowthatchildrenbuymostofthesnacksatcinemas,becausepopcornsalesincreaseastheproportionofchildmoviegoerstoadultmoviegoersincreases.

(B) Weknowthatthishouseplantgetsmoreofthesunlightfromthewindow,becauseitisgreenerthanthathouseplant.

(C) Weknowthatmostpeoplewhogotoauniversityarestudiousbecausemostofthosepeoplestudywhiletheyattendtheuniversity.

(D) Weknowthatconsumersbuymorefruitduringthesummerthantheybuyduringthewinter,becausetherearefarmorevarietiesoffruitavailableinthesummerthaninthewinter.

(E) Weknowthatmostofthesnacksparentsbuygotootherpeopleschildren,becausewhenotherpeopleschildrencometovisit,parentsgiveoutmoresnacksthanusual.

25. Counselor:Thosewhobelievethatcriticismshouldbegentleratherthanharshshouldconsiderthefollowing:changerequiresamotive,andcriticismthatisunpleasantprovidesamotive.Sinceharshcriticismisunpleasant,harshcriticismprovidesamotive.Therefore,onlyharshcriticismwillcausethepersoncriticizedtochange.

Thereasoninginthecounselorsargumentismostvulnerabletocriticismonthegroundsthattheargument

(A) infersthatsomethingthatissufficienttoprovideamotiveisnecessarytoprovideamotive

(B) failstoaddressthepossibilitythatinsomecasestheprimarygoalofcriticismissomethingotherthanbringingaboutchangeinthepersonbeingcriticized

(C) takesforgrantedthateveryonewhoismotivatedtochangewillchange

(D) confusesamotivefordoingsomethingwithamotiveforavoidingsomething

(E) takestherefutationofanargumenttobesufficienttoshowthattheargumentsconclusionisfalse

S T O PIFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.

DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.

2 22210

Questions15

EachofsevencandidatesforthepositionofjudgeHamadi,Jefferson,Kurtz,Li,McDonnell,Ortiz,andPerkinswillbeappointedtoanopenpositionononeoftwocourtstheappellatecourtorthetrialcourt.Therearethreeopenpositionsontheappellatecourtandsixopenpositionsonthetrialcourt,butnotallofthemwillbefilledatthistime.Thejudicialappointmentswillconformtothefollowingconditions:

Limustbeappointedtotheappellatecourt.Kurtzmustbeappointedtothetrialcourt.HamadicannotbeappointedtothesamecourtasPerkins.

1. Whichoneofthefollowingisanacceptablesetofappointmentsofcandidatestocourts?

(A) appellate:Hamadi,Ortiz trial:Jefferson,Kurtz,Li,McDonnell,Perkins(B) appellate:Hamadi,Li,Perkins trial:Jefferson,Kurtz,McDonnell,Ortiz(C) appellate:Kurtz,Li,Perkins trial:Hamadi,Jefferson,McDonnell,Ortiz(D) appellate:Li,McDonnell,Ortiz trial:Hamadi,Jefferson,Kurtz,Perkins(E) appellate:Li,Perkins trial:Hamadi,Jefferson,Kurtz,McDonnell,Ortiz

2. WhichoneofthefollowingCANNOTbetrue?

(A) HamadiandMcDonnellarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.

(B) McDonnellandOrtizarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.

(C) OrtizandPerkinsarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.

(D) HamadiandJeffersonarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.

(E) OrtizandPerkinsarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.

3. WhichoneofthefollowingCANNOTbetrue?

(A) JeffersonandMcDonnellarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.

(B) JeffersonandMcDonnellarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.

(C) McDonnellandOrtizarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.

(D) McDonnellandPerkinsarebothappointedtotheappellatecourt.

(E) McDonnellandPerkinsarebothappointedtothetrialcourt.

4. IfOrtizisappointedtotheappellatecourt,whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Hamadiisappointedtotheappellatecourt.(B) Jeffersonisappointedtotheappellatecourt.(C) Jeffersonisappointedtothetrialcourt.(D) Perkinsisappointedtotheappellatecourt.(E) Perkinsisappointedtothetrialcourt.

5. Whichoneofthefollowing,ifsubstitutedfortheconditionthatHamadicannotbeappointedtothesamecourtasPerkins,wouldhavethesameeffectontheappointmentsofthesevencandidates?

(A) HamadiandPerkinscannotbothbeappointedtotheappellatecourt.

(B) IfHamadiisnotappointedtothetrialcourt,thenPerkinsmustbe.

(C) IfPerkinsisappointedtothesamecourtasJefferson,thenHamadicannotbe.

(D) IfHamadiisappointedtothesamecourtasLi,thenPerkinsmustbeappointedtothesamecourtasKurtz.

(E) NothreeofHamadi,Kurtz,Li,andPerkinscanbeappointedtothesamecourtaseachother.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

SECTIONII

Time35minutes

23Questions

Directions: Each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. In answering some of the questions, itmay beuseful to draw a rough diagram. Choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

2 222 11Questions610

ExactlysixmembersofaskydivingteamLarue,Ohba,Pei,Trevio,Weiss,andZacnyeachdiveexactlyonce,oneatatime,fromaplane,consistentwiththefollowingconditions:

TreviodivesfromtheplaneatsometimebeforeWeissdoes.

Laruedivesfromtheplaneeitherfirstorlast.NeitherWeissnorZacnydivesfromtheplanelast.PeidivesfromtheplaneatsometimeaftereitherOhbaorLaruebutnotboth.

6. Whichoneofthefollowingcouldbeanaccuratelistofthemembersintheorderinwhichtheydivefromtheplane,fromfirsttolast?

(A) Larue,Trevio,Ohba,Zacny,Pei,Weiss(B) Larue,Trevio,Pei,Zacny,Weiss,Ohba(C) Weiss,Ohba,Trevio,Zacny,Pei,Larue(D) Trevio,Weiss,Pei,Ohba,Zacny,Larue(E) Trevio,Weiss,Zacny,Larue,Pei,Ohba

7. Whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) AtleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplaneafterLarue.

(B) AtleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplaneafterOhba.

(C) AtleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplaneafterPei.

(D) AtleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplaneafterTrevio.

(E) AtleasttwoofthemembersdivefromtheplaneafterWeiss.

8. IfLaruedivesfromtheplanelast,theneachofthefollowingcouldbetrueEXCEPT:

(A) Treviodivesfromtheplanefourth.(B) Weissdivesfromtheplanefourth.(C) Ohbadivesfromtheplanefifth.(D) Peidivesfromtheplanefifth.(E) Zacnydivesfromtheplanefifth.

9. IfZacnydivesfromtheplaneimmediatelyafterWeiss,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbefalse?

(A) Laruedivesfromtheplanefirst.(B) Treviodivesfromtheplanethird.(C) Zacnydivesfromtheplanethird.(D) Peidivesfromtheplanefourth.(E) Zacnydivesfromtheplanefourth.

10. IfTreviodivesfromtheplaneimmediatelyafterLarue,theneachofthefollowingcouldbetrueEXCEPT:

(A) Ohbadivesfromtheplanethird.(B) Weissdivesfromtheplanethird.(C) Zacnydivesfromtheplanethird.(D) Peidivesfromtheplanefourth.(E) Weissdivesfromtheplanefourth.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

2 22212Questions1117

Acompanyssixvehiclesahatchback,alimousine,apickup,aroadster,asedan,andavanareservicedduringacertainweekMondaythroughSaturdayonevehicleperday.Thefollowingconditionsmustapply:

Atleastoneofthevehiclesisservicedlaterintheweekthanthehatchback.

Theroadsterisservicedlaterintheweekthanthevanandearlierintheweekthanthehatchback.

Eitherthepickupandthevanareservicedonconsecutivedays,orthepickupandthesedanareservicedonconsecutivedays,butnotboth.

Thesedanisservicedearlierintheweekthanthepickuporearlierintheweekthanthelimousine,butnotboth.

11. Whichoneofthefollowingcouldbetheorderinwhichthevehiclesareserviced,fromMondaythroughSaturday?

(A) thehatchback,thepickup,thesedan,thelimousine,thevan,theroadster

(B) thepickup,thesedan,thevan,theroadster,thehatchback,thelimousine

(C) thepickup,thevan,thesedan,theroadster,thelimousine,thehatchback

(D) thevan,theroadster,thepickup,thehatchback,thesedan,thelimousine

(E) thevan,thesedan,thepickup,theroadster,thehatchback,thelimousine

12. WhichoneofthefollowingCANNOTbethevehicleservicedonThursday?

(A) thehatchback(B) thelimousine(C) thepickup(D) thesedan(E) thevan

13. IfneitherthepickupnorthelimousineisservicedonMonday,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Thehatchbackandthelimousineareservicedonconsecutivedays.

(B) Thehatchbackandthesedanareservicedonconsecutivedays.

(C) ThevanisservicedonMonday.(D) ThelimousineisservicedonSaturday.(E) ThepickupisservicedonSaturday.

14. IfthelimousineisnotservicedonSaturday,theneachofthefollowingcouldbetrueEXCEPT:

(A) ThelimousineisservicedonMonday.(B) TheroadsterisservicedonTuesday.(C) ThehatchbackisservicedonWednesday.(D) TheroadsterisservicedonWednesday.(E) ThesedanisservicedonWednesday.

15. Ifthesedanisservicedearlierintheweekthanthepickup,thenwhichoneofthefollowingcouldbetrue?

(A) ThelimousineisservicedonWednesday.(B) ThesedanisservicedonWednesday.(C) ThevanisservicedonWednesday.(D) ThehatchbackisservicedonFriday.(E) ThelimousineisservicedonSaturday.

16. IfthelimousineisservicedonSaturday,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Thepickupisservicedearlierintheweekthantheroadster.

(B) Thepickupisservicedearlierintheweekthanthesedan.

(C) Thesedanisservicedearlierintheweekthantheroadster.

(D) Thehatchbackandthelimousineareservicedonconsecutivedays.

(E) Theroadsterandthehatchbackareservicedonconsecutivedays.

17. WhichoneofthefollowingcouldbethelistofthevehiclesservicedonTuesday,Wednesday,andFriday,listedinthatorder?

(A) thepickup,thehatchback,thelimousine(B) thepickup,theroadster,thehatchback(C) thesedan,thelimousine,thehatchback(D) thevan,thelimousine,thehatchback(E) thevan,theroadster,thelimousine

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

2 222 13Questions1823

Astreetentertainerhassixboxesstackedoneontopoftheotherandnumberedconsecutively1through6,fromthelowestboxuptothehighest.Eachboxcontainsasingleball,andeachballisoneofthreecolorsgreen,red,orwhite.Onlookersaretoguessthecolorofeachballineachbox,giventhatthefollowingconditionshold:

Therearemoreredballsthanwhiteballs.Thereisaboxcontainingagreenballthatislowerinthestackthananyboxthatcontainsaredball.

Thereisawhiteballinaboxthatisimmediatelybelowaboxthatcontainsagreenball.

18. Ifthereareexactlytwowhiteballs,thenwhichoneofthefollowingboxescouldcontainagreenball?

(A) box1(B) box3(C) box4(D) box5(E) box6

19. Iftherearegreenballsinboxes5and6,thenwhichoneofthefollowingcouldbetrue?

(A) Thereareredballsinboxes1and4.(B) Thereareredballsinboxes2and4.(C) Thereisawhiteballinbox1.(D) Thereisawhiteballinbox2.(E) Thereisawhiteballinbox3.

20. Theballinwhichoneofthefollowingboxesmustbethesamecolorasatleastoneoftheotherballs?

(A) box2(B) box3(C) box4(D) box5(E) box6

21. Whichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Thereisagreenballinaboxthatislowerthanbox4.

(B) Thereisagreenballinaboxthatishigherthanbox4.

(C) Thereisaredballinaboxthatislowerthanbox4.

(D) Thereisaredballinaboxthatishigherthanbox4.

(E) Thereisawhiteballinaboxthatislowerthanbox4.

22. Ifthereareredballsinboxes2and3,thenwhichoneofthefollowingcouldbetrue?

(A) Thereisaredballinbox1.(B) Thereisawhiteballinbox1.(C) Thereisagreenballinbox4.(D) Thereisaredballinbox5.(E) Thereisawhiteballinbox6.

23. Ifboxes2,3,and4allcontainballsthatarethesamecoloraseachother,thenwhichoneofthefollowingmustbetrue?

(A) Exactlytwooftheboxescontainagreenball.(B) Exactlythreeoftheboxescontainagreenball.(C) Exactlythreeoftheboxescontainaredball.(D) Exactlyoneoftheboxescontainsawhiteball.(E) Exactlytwooftheboxescontainawhiteball.

S T O PIFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.

DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.

3 333 314

1. Commentator:InlastweekswreckinvolvingoneofAcmeEnginesolderlocomotives,theengineerlostcontrolofthetrainwhenhiskneeaccidentallystruckafuelshut-downswitch.Acmeclaimsitisnotliablebecauseitneverrealizedthattheknee-levelswitcheswereasafetyhazard.Whenaskedwhyitrelocatedknee-levelswitchesinitsnewerlocomotives,Acmesaidengineershadcomplainedthattheyweresimplyinconvenient.However,itisunlikelythatAcmewouldhavespentthe$500,000ittooktorelocateswitchesinthenewerlocomotivesmerelybecauseofinconvenience.Thus,AcmeEnginesshouldbeheldliableforlastweekswreck.

ThepointthatAcmeEnginesspent$500,000relocatingknee-levelswitchesinitsnewerlocomotivesisofferedinthecommentatorsargumentas

(A) proofthattheengineerisnotatallresponsibleforthetrainwreck

(B) areasonforbelievingthatthewreckwouldhaveoccurredevenifAcmeEngineshadremodeledtheirolderlocomotives

(C) anexplanationofwhythetrainwreckoccurred(D) evidencethatknee-levelswitchesarenotin

facthazardous(E) anindicationthatAcmeEngineshadbeen

awareofthepotentialdangersofknee-levelswitchesbeforethewreckoccurred

2. Artist:Almosteveryoneinthiscountryreallywantstobeanartisteventhoughtheymayhavetoworkotherjobstopaytherent.Afterall,justabouteveryoneIknowhopestosomedaybeabletomakealivingasapainter,musician,orpoeteveniftheycurrentlyworkasdishwashersordiscountstoreclerks.

Thereasoningintheartistsargumentisflawedinthattheargument

(A) containsapremisethatpresupposesthetruthoftheconclusion

(B) presumesthatwhatistrueofeachpersoninacountryisalsotrueofthecountryspopulationasawhole

(C) defendsaviewsolelyonthegroundsthattheviewiswidelyheld

(D) basesitsconclusiononasamplethatisunlikelytoaccuratelyrepresentpeopleinthecountryasawhole

(E) failstomakeaneededdistinctionbetweenwantingtobeanartistandmakingalivingasanartist

3. Theqwertykeyboardbecamethestandardkeyboardwiththeinventionofthetypewriterandremainsthestandardfortypingdevicestoday.IfanalternativeknownastheDvorakkeyboardweretodaysstandard,typistswouldtypesignificantlyfaster.Nevertheless,itisnotpracticaltoswitchtotheDvorakkeyboardbecausethecosttosocietyofswitching,intermsoftime,money,andfrustration,wouldbegreaterthanthebenefitsthatwouldbeultimatelygainedfromfastertyping.

Theexampleabovebestillustrateswhichoneofthefollowingpropositions?

(A) Oftenitisnotworthwhiletomovetoaprocessthatimprovesspeedifitcomesattheexpenseofaccuracy.

(B) Peopleusuallysettleonastandardbecausethatstandardismoreefficientthananyalternatives.

(C) Peopleoftenremainwithanentrenchedstandardratherthanmovetoamoreefficientalternativesimplybecausetheydislikechange.

(D) Theemotionalcostassociatedwithchangeisafactorthatsometimesoutweighsfinancialconsiderations.

(E) Thefactthatastandardisalreadyinwideusecanbeacrucialfactorinmakingitamorepracticalchoicethananalternative.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

SECTIONIII

Time35minutes

26Questions

Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For somequestions,more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; thatis, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not make assumptions that are bycommonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer,blackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

3 333 3 15 4. Sam:Mountainlions,aprotectedspecies,arepreying

onbighornsheep,anotherprotectedspecies.Wemustletnaturetakeitscourseandhopethebighornssurvive.

Meli:Nonsense.Wemustdowhatwecantoensurethesurvivalofthebighorn,evenifthatmeanslimitingthemountainlionpopulation.

WhichoneofthefollowingisapointofdisagreementbetweenMeliandSam?

(A) Humansshouldnotintervenetoprotectbighornsheepfrommountainlions.

(B) Thepreservationofaspeciesasawholeismoreimportantthanthelossofafewindividuals.

(C) Thepreservationofapredatoryspeciesiseasiertoensurethanthepreservationofthespeciespreyedupon.

(D) Anymeasurestolimitthemountainlionpopulationwouldlikelypushthespeciestoextinction.

(E) Ifthepopulationofmountainlionsisnotlimited,thebighornsheepspecieswillnotsurvive.

5. Parent:Pushingveryyoungchildrenintorigorousstudyinanefforttomakeournationmorecompetitivedoesmoreharmthangood.Curriculafortheseyoungstudentsmustaddresstheirspecialdevelopmentalneeds,andwhilerigorousworkinsecondaryschoolmakessense,thesameapproachintheearlyyearsofprimaryschoolproducesonlyshort-termgainsandmaycauseyoungchildrentoburnoutonschoolwork.Usingveryyoungstudentsaspawnsintheracetomakethenationeconomicallycompetitiveisunfairandmayultimatelyworkagainstus.

Whichoneofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheparentsstatements?

(A) Forournationtobecompetitive,oursecondaryschoolcurriculummustincludemorerigorousstudythanitnowdoes.

(B) Thedevelopmentalneedsofsecondaryschoolstudentsarenotnowbeingaddressedinourhighschools.

(C) Ourcountrycanbecompetitiveonlyifthedevelopmentalneedsofallourstudentscanbemet.

(D) Acurriculumofrigorousstudydoesnotadequatelyaddressthedevelopmentalneedsofprimaryschoolstudents.

(E) Unlessournationencouragesmorerigorousstudyintheearlyyearsofprimaryschool,wecannotbeeconomicallycompetitive.

6. Atransitcompanysbusdriversareevaluatedbysupervisorsridingwitheachdriver.Driverscomplainthatthisaffectstheirperformance,butbecausethesupervisorspresenceaffectseverydriversperformance,thosedriversperformingbestwithasupervisoraboardwilllikelyalsobethebestdriversundernormalconditions.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiononwhichtheargumentdepends?

(A) Thereisnoeffectivewayofevaluatingthebusdriversperformancewithouthavingsupervisorsridewiththem.

(B) Thesupervisorsareexcellentjudgesofabusdriversperformance.

(C) Formostbusdrivers,thepresenceofasupervisormakestheirperformanceslightlyworsethanitotherwisewouldbe.

(D) Thebusdriversareeachaffectedinroughlythesamewayandtothesameextentbythepresenceofthesupervisor.

(E) Thebusdriversthemselvesareabletodeliveraccurateassessmentsoftheirdrivingperformance.

7. Economicgrowthacceleratesbusinessdemandforthedevelopmentofnewtechnologies.Businessessupplyingthesenewtechnologiesarerelativelyfew,whilethosewishingtobuythemaremany.Yetanaccelerationoftechnologicalchangecancausesuppliersaswellasbuyersofnewtechnologiestofail.

Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbytheinformationabove?

(A) Businessessupplyingnewtechnologiesaremorelikelytoprosperintimesofacceleratedtechnologicalchangethanotherbusinesses.

(B) Businessesthatsupplynewtechnologiesmaynotalwaysbenefitfromeconomicgrowth.

(C) Thedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesmayaccelerateeconomicgrowthingeneral.

(D) Businessesthatadoptnewtechnologiesaremostlikelytoprosperinaperiodofgeneraleconomicgrowth.

(E) Economicgrowthincreasesbusinessfailures.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

3 333 316 8. Energyanalyst:Duringthisrecord-breakingheatwave,

airconditionerusehasoverloadedtheregionselectricalpowergrid,resultinginfrequentpowerblackoutsthroughouttheregion.Forthisreason,residentshavebeenaskedtocutbackvoluntarilyonairconditioneruseintheirhomes.Butevenifthisrequestisheeded,blackoutswillprobablyoccurunlesstheheatwaveabates.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoresolvetheapparentdiscrepancyintheinformationabove?

(A) Air-conditioningisnottheonlysignificantdrainontheelectricalsysteminthearea.

(B) Mostair-conditioningintheregionisusedtocoolbusinessesandfactories.

(C) Mostair-conditioningsystemscouldbemademoreenergyefficientbyimplementingsimpledesignmodifications.

(D) Residentsoftheregionarenotlikelytoreducetheirairconditionerusevoluntarilyduringparticularlyhotweather.

(E) Theheatwaveisexpectedtoabateinthenearfuture.

9. Long-termandshort-termrelaxationtrainingaretwocommonformsoftreatmentforindividualsexperiencingproblematiclevelsofanxiety.Yetstudiesshowthatonaverage,regardlessofwhichformoftreatmentonereceives,symptomsofanxietydecreasetoanormallevelwithintheshort-term-trainingtimeperiod.Thus,formostpeoplethegenerallymoreexpensivelong-termtrainingisunwarranted.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mostweakenstheargument?

(A) Adecreaseinsymptomsofanxietyoftenoccursevenwithnotreatmentorinterventionbyamentalhealthprofessional.

(B) Short-termrelaxationtrainingconductedbyamoreexperiencedpractitionercanbemoreexpensivethanlong-termtrainingconductedbyalessexperiencedpractitioner.

(C) Recipientsoflong-termtrainingaremuchlesslikelythanrecipientsofshort-termtrainingtohaverecurrencesofproblematiclevelsofanxiety.

(D) Thefactthatanindividualthinksthatatreatmentwillreducehisorheranxietytends,inandofitself,toreducetheindividualsanxiety.

(E) Short-termrelaxationtraininginvolvestheteachingofawidervarietyofanxiety-combatingrelaxationtechniquesthandoeslong-termtraining.

10. Editorial:Manycriticsofconsumerisminsistthatadvertisingpersuadespeoplethattheyneedcertainconsumergoodswhentheymerelydesirethem.However,thisaccusationrestsonafuzzydistinction,thatbetweenwantsandneeds.Inlife,itisoftenimpossibletodeterminewhethersomethingismerelydesirableorwhetheritisessentialtooneshappiness.

Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressestheconclusiondrawnintheeditorialsargument?

(A) Theclaimthatadvertisingpersuadespeoplethattheyneedthingsthattheymerelywantrestsonafuzzydistinction.

(B) Manycriticsofconsumerisminsistthatadvertisingattemptstoblurpeoplesabilitytodistinguishbetweenwantsandneeds.

(C) Thereisnothingwrongwithadvertisingthattriestopersuadepeoplethattheyneedcertainconsumergoods.

(D) Manycriticsofconsumerismfailtorealizethatcertainthingsareessentialtohumanhappiness.

(E) Criticsofconsumerismoftenusefuzzydistinctionstosupporttheirclaims.

11. Peoplewhobrowsethewebformedicalinformationoftencannotdiscriminatebetweenscientificallyvalidinformationandquackery.Muchofthequackeryisparticularlyappealingtoreaderswithnomedicalbackgroundbecauseitisusuallywrittenmoreclearlythanscientificpapers.Thus,peoplewhorelyonthewebwhenattemptingtodiagnosetheirmedicalconditionsarelikelytodothemselvesmoreharmthangood.

Whichoneofthefollowingisanassumptiontheargumentrequires?

(A) Peoplewhobrowsethewebformedicalinformationtypicallydosoinanattempttodiagnosetheirmedicalconditions.

(B) Peoplewhoattempttodiagnosetheirmedicalconditionsarelikelytodothemselvesmoreharmthangoodunlesstheyrelyexclusivelyonscientificallyvalidinformation.

(C) Peoplewhohavesufficientmedicalknowledgetodiscriminatebetweenscientificallyvalidinformationandquackerywilldothemselvesnoharmiftheyrelyonthewebwhenattemptingtodiagnosetheirmedicalconditions.

(D) Manypeoplewhobrowsethewebassumethatinformationisnotscientificallyvalidunlessitisclearlywritten.

(E) Peopleattemptingtodiagnosetheirmedicalconditionswilldothemselvesmoreharmthangoodonlyiftheyrelyonquackeryinsteadofscientificallyvalidinformation.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

3 333 3 1712. Whenadultstossballstoveryyoungchildrenthey

generallytrytotossthemasslowlyaspossibletocompensateforthechildrensdevelopingcoordination.Butrecentstudiesshowthatdespitetheirdevelopingcoordination,childrenactuallyhaveaneasiertimecatchingballsthatarethrownatafasterspeed.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainwhyveryyoungchildrenfinditeasiertocatchballsthatarethrownatafasterspeed?

(A) Ballsthrownatafasterspeed,unlikeballsthrownataslowerspeed,triggerregionsinthebrainthatcontrolthetrackingofobjectsforself-defense.

(B) Ballsthataretossedmoreslowlytendtohaveahigherarcthatmakesitlesslikelythattheballwillbeobscuredbythebodyoftheadulttossingit.

(C) Adultsgenerallyfinditeasiertocatchballsthatarethrownslowlythanballsthatarethrownatafasterspeed.

(D) Childrenareabletotossballsbacktotheadultswithmoreaccuracywhentheythrowfastthanwhentheythrowtheballbackmoreslowly.

(E) Thereisalimittohowfasttheballscanbetossedtothechildrenbeforethechildrenstarttohavemoredifficultyincatchingthem.

13. Likeageneticprofile,afunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimage(fMRI)ofthebraincancontaininformationthatapatientwishestokeepprivate.AnfMRIofabrainalsocontainsenoughinformationaboutapatientsskulltocreatearecognizableimageofthatpatientsface.Ageneticprofilecanbelinkedtoapatientonlybyreferringtolabelsorrecords.

Thestatementsabove,iftrue,moststronglysupportwhichoneofthefollowing?

(A) ItisnotimportantthatmedicalprovidersapplylabelstofMRIsofpatientsbrains.

(B) AnfMRIhasthepotentialtocompromisepatientprivacyincircumstancesinwhichageneticprofilewouldnot.

(C) Inmostcasespatientscannotbereasonablysurethattheinformationinageneticprofilewillbekeptprivate.

(D) MostoftheinformationcontainedinanfMRIofapersonsbrainisalsocontainedinthatpersonsgeneticprofile.

(E) PatientsaremoreconcernedaboutthreatstoprivacyposedbyfMRIsthantheyareaboutthoseposedbygeneticprofiles.

14. Councilmember:Irecommendthattheabandonedshoefactorybeusedasamunicipalemergencyshelter.Somecouncilmembersassertthatthecourthousewouldbeabettersheltersite,buttheyhaveprovidednoevidenceofthis.Thus,theshoefactorywouldbeabettersheltersite.

Aquestionabletechniqueusedinthecouncilmembersargumentisthatof

(A) assertingthatalackofevidenceagainstaviewisproofthattheviewiscorrect

(B) acceptingaclaimsimplybecauseadvocatesofanopposingclaimhavenotadequatelydefendedtheirview

(C) attackingtheproponentsofthecourthouseratherthanaddressingtheirargument

(D) attemptingtopersuadeitsaudiencebyappealingtotheirfear

(E) attackinganargumentthatisnotheldbyanyactualcouncilmember

15. ItwasmisleadingforJamestotelltheCoreCurriculumCommitteethatthechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmenthadendorsedhisproposal.ThechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmenthadtoldJamesthathisproposalhadherendorsement,butonlyifthedraftproposalshesawincludedalltherecommendationsJameswouldultimatelymaketotheCoreCurriculumCommittee.

Theargumentreliesonwhichoneofthefollowingassumptions?

(A) IfthechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmentdidnotendorseJamessproposedrecommendations,theCoreCurriculumCommitteewouldbeunlikelytoimplementthem.

(B) ThechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmentwouldhavebeenopposedtoanyrecommendationsJamesproposedtotheCoreCurriculumCommitteeotherthanthoseshehadseen.

(C) JamesthoughtthattheCoreCurriculumCommitteewouldimplementtheproposedrecommendationsonlyiftheybelievedthattherecommendationshadbeenendorsedbythechairoftheAnthropologyDepartment.

(D) JamesthoughtthatthechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmentwouldhaveendorsedalloftherecommendationsthatheproposedtotheCoreCurriculumCommittee.

(E) ThedraftproposalthatthechairoftheAnthropologyDepartmenthadseendidnotincludealloftherecommendationsinJamessproposaltotheCoreCurriculumCommittee.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

3 333 31816. TravaillierCorporationhasrecentlyhiredemployees

withexperienceinthebustourindustry,anditsexecutiveshavealsobeennegotiatingwithcharterbuscompaniesthatsubcontractwithbustourcompanies.ButTravaillierhastraditionallyfocusedonservingconsumerswhotravelprimarilybyair,andmarketingsurveysshowthatTravaillierstraditionalconsumershavenotchangedtheirvacationpreferences.Therefore,Travailliermustbeattemptingtoenlargeitsconsumerbasebyattractingnewcustomers.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheargument?

(A) Inthepast,Travaillierhasfounditverydifficulttochangeitscustomersvacationpreferences.

(B) SeveraltravelcompaniesotherthanTravaillierhaverecentlytriedandfailedtoexpandintothebustourbusiness.

(C) AtleastoneofTravailliersnewemployeesnotonlyhasexperienceinthebustourindustrybuthasalsodesignedairtravelvacationpackages.

(D) SomeofTravaillierscompetitorshaveincreasedprofitsbyconcentratingtheirattentionontheircustomerswhospendthemostonvacations.

(E) TheindustryconsultantsemployedbyTravailliertypicallyrecommendthatcompaniesexpandbyintroducingtheircurrentcustomerstonewproductsandservices.

17. Educator:Traditionalclassroomeducationisineffectivebecauseeducationinsuchanenvironmentisnottrulyasocialprocessandonlysocialprocessescandevelopstudentsinsights.Inthetraditionalclassroom,theteacheractsfromoutsidethegroupandinteractionbetweenteachersandstudentsisrigidandartificial.

Theeducatorsconclusionfollowslogicallyifwhichoneofthefollowingisassumed?

(A) Developmentofinsighttakesplaceonlyifgenuineeducationalsooccurs.

(B) Classroomeducationiseffectiveiftheinteractionbetweenteachersandstudentsisneitherrigidnorartificial.

(C) Allsocialprocessesinvolveinteractionthatisneitherrigidnorartificial.

(D) Educationisnoteffectiveunlessitleadstothedevelopmentofinsight.

(E) Theteacherdoesnotactfromoutsidethegroupinanontraditionalclassroom.

18. Theprobabilityofavoidingheartdiseaseisincreasedifoneavoidsfatinonesdiet.Furthermore,oneislesslikelytoeatfatifoneavoidseatingdairyfoods.Thustheprobabilityofmaintaininggoodhealthisincreasedbyavoidingdairyfoods.

Thereasoningintheargumentismostvulnerabletocriticismonwhichoneofthefollowinggrounds?

(A) Theargumentignoresthepossibilitythat,eventhoughapracticemayhavepotentiallynegativeconsequences,itseliminationmayalsohavenegativeconsequences.

(B) Theargumentfailstoconsiderthepossibilitythattherearemorewaysthanoneofdecreasingtheriskofacertaintypeofoccurrence.

(C) Theargumentpresumes,withoutprovidingjustification,thatfactorsthatcarryincreasedrisksofnegativeconsequencesoughttobeeliminated.

(D) Theargumentfailstoshowthattheevidenceappealedtoisrelevanttotheconclusionasserted.

(E) Theargumentfailstoconsiderthatwhatisprobablewillnotnecessarilyoccur.

19. Professor:Onecannotframeanaccurateconceptionofonesphysicalenvironmentonthebasisofasinglemomentaryperception,sinceeachsuchglimpseoccursfromonlyoneparticularperspective.Similarly,anyhistorybookgivesonlyadistortedviewofthepast,sinceitreflectsthebiasesandprejudicesofitsauthor.

Theprofessorsargumentproceedsby

(A) attemptingtoshowthatonepieceofreasoningisincorrectbycomparingitwithanother,presumablyflawed,pieceofreasoning

(B) developingacaseforoneparticularconclusionbyarguingthatifthatconclusionwerefalse,absurdconsequenceswouldfollow

(C) makingacasefortheconclusionofoneargumentbyshowingthatargumentsresemblancetoanother,presumablycogent,argument

(D) arguingthatbecausesomethinghasacertaingroupofcharacteristics,itmustalsohaveanother,closelyrelated,characteristic

(E) arguingthatatypeofhumancognitionisunreliableinoneinstancebecauseithasbeenshowntobeunreliableundersimilarcircumstances

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

3 333 3 1920. Todate,mostoftheproposalsthathavebeenendorsed

bytheCitizensLeaguehavebeenpassedbythecitycouncil.Thus,anyfutureproposalthatisendorsedbytheCitizensLeaguewillprobablybepassedaswell.

Thepatternofreasoninginwhichoneofthefollowingargumentsismostsimilartothatintheargumentabove?

(A) MostoftheVasanigrantsthathavebeenawardedinpreviousyearshavegonetoacademicbiologists.Thus,ifmostoftheVasanigrantsawardednextyearareawardedtoacademics,mostofthesewillprobablybebiologists.

(B) Mostoftheindividualtreesgrowingonthecoastalislandsinthisareaaredeciduous.Therefore,mostofthetreespeciesontheseislandsareprobablydeciduousvarieties.

(C) Mostoftheeditorswhohaveworkedforthelocalnewspaperhavenotbeensympathetictolocalfarmers.Thus,ifthenewspaperhiressomeonewhoissympathetictolocalfarmers,theywillprobablynotbehiredasaneditor.

(D) Mostoftheentriesthatwerereceivedafterthedeadlineforlastyearsphotographycontestwererejectedbythejudgescommittee.Thus,thepeoplewhoseentrieswerereceivedafterthedeadlinelastyearwillprobablysendtheminwellbeforethedeadlinethisyear.

(E) Mostofthestoneartifactsthathavebeenfoundatthearchaeologicalsitehavebeendomestictools.Thus,ifthenextartifactfoundatthesiteismadeofstone,itwillprobablybeadomestictool.

21. Chemist:Themoleculesofacertainweed-killerarealwayspresentintwoforms,onethemirrorimageoftheother.Oneformofthemoleculekillsweeds,whiletheotherhasnoeffectonthem.Asaresult,theeffectivenessoftheweed-killerinagivensituationisheavilyinfluencedbywhichofthetwoformsismoreconcentratedinthesoil,whichinturnvarieswidelybecauselocalsoilconditionswillusuallyfavorthebreakdownofoneformortheother.Thus,muchofthedataontheeffectsofthisweed-killerareprobablymisleading.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,moststrengthensthechemistsargument?

(A) Ingeneral,ifthemoleculesofaweed-killerarealwayspresentintwoforms,thenitislikelythatweedsarekilledbyoneofthosetwoformsbutunaffectedbytheother.

(B) Almostallofthedataontheeffectsoftheweed-killeraredrawnfromlaboratorystudiesinwhichbothformsoftheweed-killersmoleculesareequallyconcentratedinthesoilandequallylikelytobreakdowninthatsoil.

(C) Ofthetwoformsoftheweed-killersmolecules,theonethatkillsweedsisfoundinmostlocalsoilconditionstobethemoreconcentratedform.

(D) Thedataontheeffectsoftheweed-killeraredrawnfromstudiesoftheweed-killerunderavarietyofsoilconditionssimilartothoseinwhichtheweed-killerisnormallyapplied.

(E) Dataontheweed-killerseffectsthatrelysolelyontheexaminationoftheeffectsofonlyoneofthetwoformsoftheweed-killersmoleculeswillalmostcertainlybemisleading.

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3 333 32022. Principle:ApoliceofficeriseligibleforaMayors

Commendationiftheofficerhasanexemplaryrecord,butnototherwise;anofficereligiblefortheawardwhodidsomethingthisyearthatexceededwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficershouldreceivetheawardiftheactsavedsomeoneslife.

Conclusion:OfficerFranklinshouldreceiveaMayorsCommendationbutOfficerPennshouldnot.

Fromwhichoneofthefollowingsetsoffactscantheconclusionbeproperlydrawnusingtheprinciple?

(A) Insavingachildfromdrowningthisyear,FranklinandPennbothriskedtheirlivesbeyondwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.FranklinhasanexemplaryrecordbutPenndoesnot.

(B) BothFranklinandPennhaveexemplaryrecords,andeachofficersavedachildfromdrowningearlierthisyear.However,indoingso,Franklinwentbeyondwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer;Penndidnot.

(C) NeitherFranklinnorPennhasanexemplaryrecord.But,insavingthelifeofanaccidentvictim,Franklinwentbeyondwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.IntheonlycaseinwhichPennsavedsomeoneslifethisyear,Pennwasmerelydoingwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofanofficerunderthecircumstances.

(D) Atleastoncethisyear,Franklinhassavedapersonslifeinsuchawayastoexceedwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.Pennhasnotsavedanyoneslifethisyear.

(E) BothFranklinandPennhaveexemplaryrecords.OnseveraloccasionsthisyearFranklinhassavedpeopleslives,andonmanyoccasionsthisyearFranklinhasexceededwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofapoliceofficer.OnnooccasionsthisyearhasPennsavedapersonslifeorexceededwhatcouldbereasonablyexpectedofanofficer.

23. Essayist:Itismuchlessdifficulttoliveanenjoyablelifeifoneisabletomakelifestylechoicesthataccordwithonespersonalbeliefsandthenseethosechoicesacceptedbyothers.Itispossibleforpeopletofindthiskindofacceptancebychoosingfriendsandassociateswhosharemanyoftheirpersonalbeliefs.Thus,nooneshouldbedeniedthefreedomtochoosethepeoplewithwhomheorshewillassociate.

Whichoneofthefollowingprinciples,ifvalid,mosthelpstojustifytheessayistsargument?

(A) Nooneshouldbedeniedthefreedomtomakelifestylechoicesthataccordwithhisorherpersonalbeliefs.

(B) Oneshouldassociatewithatleastsomepeoplewhosharemanyofonespersonalbeliefs.

(C) Ifhavingagivenfreedomcouldmakeitlessdifficultforsomeonetoliveanenjoyablelife,thennooneshouldbedeniedthatfreedom.

(D) Noonewhoseenjoymentoflifedepends,atleastinpart,onfriendsandassociateswhosharemanyofthesamepersonalbeliefsshouldbedeliberatelypreventedfromhavingsuchfriendsandassociates.

(E) Onemaychooseforoneselfthepeoplewithwhomonewillassociate,ifdoingsocouldmakeiteasiertoliveanenjoyablelife.

24. Physician:Theriseinbloodpressurethatcommonlyaccompaniesagingoftenresultsfromacalciumdeficiency.ThisdeficiencyisfrequentlycausedbyadeficiencyintheactiveformofvitaminDneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbcalcium.Sincethecalciuminoneglassofmilkperdaycaneasilymakeupforanyunderlyingcalciumdeficiency,someolderpeoplecanlowertheirbloodpressurebydrinkingmilk.

Thephysiciansconclusionisproperlydrawnifwhichoneofthefollowingisassumed?

(A) Thereisinmilk,inaformthatolderpeoplecangenerallyutilize,enoughoftheactiveformofvitaminDandanyothersubstancesneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbthecalciuminthatmilk.

(B) Milkdoesnotcontainanysubstancethatislikelytocauseincreasedbloodpressureinolderpeople.

(C) OlderpeoplesdrinkingoneglassofmilkperdaydoesnotcontributetoadeficiencyintheactiveformofvitaminDneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbthecalciuminthatmilk.

(D) PeoplewhoconsumehighquantitiesofcalciumtogetherwiththeactiveformofvitaminDandanyothersubstancesneededinorderforthebodytoabsorbcalciumhavenormalbloodpressure.

(E) AnyonewhohasadeficiencyintheactiveformofvitaminDalsohasacalciumdeficiency.

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3 333 3 2125. Politicalphilosopher:Ajustsystemoftaxationwould

requireeachpersonscontributiontocorresponddirectlytotheamountthesocietyasawholecontributestoservethatpersonsinterests.Forpurposesoftaxation,wealthisthemostobjectivewaytodeterminehowwellthesocietyhasservedtheinterestofanyindividual.Therefore,eachpersonshouldbetaxedsolelyinproportiontoherorhisincome.

Theflawedreasoninginthepoliticalphilosophersargumentismostsimilartothatinwhichoneofthefollowing?

(A) Carsshouldbetaxedinproportiontothedangerthattheypose.Themostreliablemeasureofthisdangeristhespeedatwhichacarcantravel.Therefore,carsshouldbetaxedonlyinproportiontotheirabilitytoacceleratequickly.

(B) Peopleshouldbegrantedautonomyinproportiontotheirmaturity.Acertainpsychologicaltestwasdesignedtoprovideanobjectivemeasureofmaturity.Therefore,thosescoringabovehighschoollevelonthetestshouldbegrantedcompleteautonomy.

(C) Everyoneshouldpaytaxessolelyinproportiontothebenefitstheyreceivefromgovernment.Manygovernmentprogramsprovidesubsidiesforlargecorporations.Therefore,ajusttaxwouldrequirecorporationstopayagreatershareoftheirincomeintaxesthanindividualcitizenspay.

(D) Individualswhoconferlargematerialbenefitsuponsocietyshouldreceivehighincomes.Thosewithhighincomesshouldpaycorrespondinglyhightaxes.Therefore,weasasocietyshouldplacehightaxesonactivitiesthatconferlargebenefitsuponsociety.

(E) Justicerequiresthathealthcarebegiveninproportiontoeachindividualsneed.Therefore,weneedtoensurethatthemostseriouslyillhospitalpatientsaregiventhehighestpriorityforreceivingcare.

26. ArecentpollshowedthatalmosthalfofthecitysresidentsbelievethatMayorWalkerisguiltyofethicsviolations.Surprisingly,however,52percentofthosesurveyedjudgedWalkersperformanceasmayortobegoodorexcellent,whichisnolowerthanitwasbeforeanyoneaccusedhimofethicsviolations.

Whichoneofthefollowing,iftrue,mosthelpstoexplainthesurprisingfactstatedabove?

(A) AlmostallofthepeoplewhobelievethatWalkerisguiltyofethicsviolationshadthought,evenbeforehewasaccusedofthoseviolations,thathisperformanceasmayorwaspoor.

(B) InthetimesinceWalkerwasaccusedofethicsviolations,therehasbeenanincreaseinthepercentageofcityresidentswhojudgetheperformanceofWalkerspoliticalopponentstobegoodorexcellent.

(C) AboutafifthofthosepolleddidnotknowthatWalkerhadbeenaccusedofethicsviolations.

(D) Walkeriscurrentlyupforreelection,andanticorruptiongroupsinthecityhaveexpressedsupportforWalkersopponent.

(E) Walkerhasdefendedhimselfagainsttheaccusationsbyarguingthattheallegedethicsviolationsweretheresultofhonestmistakesbyhisstaffmembers.

S T O PIFYOUFINISHBEFORETIMEISCALLED,YOUMAYCHECKYOURWORKONTHISSECTIONONLY.

DONOTWORKONANYOTHERSECTIONINTHETEST.

4 444 4422

InAlaska,traditionisapowerfullegalconcept,appearinginawidevarietyoflegalcontextsrelatingtonatural-resourceandpublic-landsactivities.BothstateandfederallawsintheUnitedStatesassignprivilegesandexemptionstoindividualsengagedintraditionalactivitiesusingotherwiseoff-limitslandandresources.Butinspiteofitsprevalenceinstatutorylaw,thetermtraditionisrarelydefined.Instead,thereseemstobeapresumptionthatitsmeaningisobvious.Failuretodefinetraditionclearlyinwrittenlawhasgivenrisetoproblematicandinconsistentlegalresults.

Oneofthemostprevalentideasassociatedwiththetermtraditioninthelawisthattraditionisbasedonlong-standingpractice,wherelong-standingrefersnotonlytothepassageoftimebutalsotothecontinuityandregularityofapractice.Buttworecentcourtcasesinvolvingindigenoususeofseaotterpeltsillustratetheproblemsthatcanariseintheapplicationofthissenseoftraditional.

ThehuntingofseaotterswasinitiallyprohibitedbytheFurSealTreatyof1910.TheMarineMammalProtectionAct(MMPA)of1972continuedtheprohibition,butitalsoincludedanAlaskaNativeexemption,whichallowedtakingsofprotectedanimalsforuseincreatingauthenticnativearticlesbymeansoftraditionalnativehandicrafts.TheU.S.FishandWildlifeService(FWS)subsequentlyissuedregulationsdefiningauthenticnativearticlesasthosecommonlyproducedbefore1972,whentheMMPAtookeffect.Notcoveredbytheexemption,accordingtotheFWS,wereitemsproducedfromseaotterpelts,becauseAlaskaNativeshadnotproducedsuchhandicraftswithinlivingmemory.

In1986,FWSagentsseizedarticlesofclothingmadefromseaotterpeltsfromMarinaKatelnikoff,anAleut.Shesued,butthedistrictcourtupheldtheFWSregulations.Thenin1991KatelnikoffjoinedasimilarsuitbroughtbyBoydDickinson,aTlingitfromwhomarticlesofclothingmadefromseaotterpeltshadalsobeenseized.AfterhearingtestimonyestablishingthatAlaskaNativeshadmademanyusesofseaottersbeforetheoccupationoftheterritorybyRussiainthelate1700s,thecourtreconsideredwhatconstitutedatraditionalitemunderthestatute.ThecourtnowheldthattheFWSsregulationswerebasedonastrainedinterpretationofthewordtraditional,andthatthereferencetolivingmemoryimposedanexcessivelyrestrictivetimeframe.Thecourtstated,ThefactthatAlaskannativeswereprevented,bycircumstancesbeyondtheircontrol,fromexercisingatraditionfora

givenperiodoftimedoesnotmeanthatithasbeenlostforeverorthatithasbecomeanylessatradition.Itdefiescommonsensetodefinetraditionalinsuchawaythatonlythosetraditionsthatwereexercisedduringacomparativelyshortperiodinhistorycouldqualifyastraditional.

1. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesthemainpointofthepassage?

(A) TwocasesinvolvingtheuseofseaotterpeltsbyAlaskaNativesillustratethedifficultiessurroundingtheapplicationofthelegalconceptoftraditioninAlaska.

(B) Twocourtdecisionshavechallengedthenotionthatforanactivitytobeconsideredtraditional,itmustbeshowntobealong-standingactivitythathasbeenregularlyandcontinuallypracticed.

(C) TwocourtcasesinvolvingtheuseofseaotterpeltsbyAlaskaNativesexemplifythewaveoflawsuitsthatarenowoccurringinresponsetochangesinnatural-resourceandpublic-landsregulations.

(D) DefinitionsofcertainlegaltermslongtakenforgrantedarebeingreviewedinlightofnewevidencethathascomefromhistoricalsourcesrelatingtoAlaskaNativeculture.

(E) AlaskanstatelawsandU.S.federallawsarebeingchallengedbyAlaskaNativesbecausethelawsarenotsufficientlysensitivetoindigenouspeoplesconcerns.

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SECTIONIV

Time35minutes

27Questions

Directions: Each set of questions in this section is based on a single passage or a pair of passages. The questions are to beanswered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage or pair of passages. For some of the questions, more than oneof the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, the response thatmostaccuratelyandcompletelyanswersthequestion,andblackenthecorrespondingspaceonyouranswersheet.

4 444 44 23 2. Thecourtinthe1991casereferredtotheFWSs

interpretationofthetermtraditionalasstrained(line46)because,inthecourtsview,theinterpretation

(A) ignoredthewaysinwhichAlaskaNativeshavehistoricallyunderstoodthetermtraditional

(B) wasnotconsonantwithanydictionarydefinitionoftraditional

(C) wasinconsistentwithwhatthetermtraditionalisnormallyunderstoodtomean

(D) ledtheFWStousethewordtraditionaltodescribeapracticethatshouldnothavebeendescribedassuch

(E) failedtospecifywhichhandicraftsqualifiedtobedesignatedastraditional

3. Accordingtothepassage,thecourtsdecisioninthe1991casewasbasedonwhichoneofthefollowing?

(A) anarrowinterpretationofthetermlong-standing(B) acommon-senseinterpretationofthephrase

withinlivingmemory(C) strictadherencetotheintentofFWSregulations(D) anewinterpretationoftheFurSealTreatyof

1910(E) testimonyestablishingcertainhistoricalfacts

4. Thepassagemoststronglysuggeststhatthecourtinthe1986casebelievedthattraditionalshouldbedefinedinawaythat

(A) reflectsacompromisebetweenthecompetingconcernssurroundingtheissueathand

(B) emphasizesthecontinuityandregularityofpracticestowhichthetermisapplied

(C) reflectsthetermsusageineverydaydiscourse(D) encouragesthetermsapplicationtorecently

developed,aswellasage-old,activities(E) reflectstheconcernsofthepeopleengagingin

whattheyconsidertobetraditionalactivities

5. Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysuggestedbythepassage?

(A) Between1910and1972,AlaskaNativeswereprohibitedfromhuntingseaotters.

(B) TraditionalitemsmadefromseaotterpeltswerespecificallymentionedintheAlaskaNativeexemptionoftheMMPA.

(C) Inthelate1700s,RussianhunterspressuredtheRussiangovernmenttobarAlaskaNativesfromhuntingseaotters.

(D) By1972,theseaotterpopulationinAlaskahadreturnedtothelevelsatwhichithadbeenpriortothelate1700s.

(E) Priortothelate1700s,seaotterswerethemarineanimalmostoftenhuntedbyAlaskaNatives.

6. TheauthorsreferencetotheFurSealTreaty(line22)primarilyservesto

(A) establishtheearliestpointintimeatwhichfursealswereconsideredtobeonthebrinkofextinction

(B) indicatethatseveralanimalsinadditiontoseaotterswerecoveredbyvariousregulatoryexemptionsissuedovertheyears

(C) demonstratethatthereisawell-knownlegalprecedentforprohibitingthehuntingofprotectedanimals

(D) suggestthattheseaotterpopulationwasimperiledbyRussiansealhuntersandnotbyAlaskaNatives

(E) helpexplaintheevolutionofAlaskaNativeslegalrightswithrespecttohandicraftsdefinedastraditional

7. Therulinginthe1991casewouldbemostrelevantasaprecedentfordecidinginafuturecasethatwhichoneofthefollowingisatraditionalAlaskaNativehandicraft?

(A) Ahandicraftnolongerpracticedbutshownbyarchaeologicalevidencetohavebeencommonamongindigenouspeoplesseveralmillenniaago

(B) Ahandicraftthatcommonlyinvolvestakingthepeltsofmorethanonespeciesthathasbeendesignatedasendangered

(C) Ahandicraftthatwasoncecommonbutwasdiscontinuedwhenherdanimalsnecessaryforitspracticeabandonedtheirlocalhabitatduetoindustrialdevelopment

(D) Ahandicraftaboutwhichonlyaveryfewindigenouscraftspeoplewerehistoricallyinpossessionofanyknowledge

(E) AhandicraftaboutwhichyoungAlaskaNativesknowlittlebecause,whileitwasoncecommon,fewelderAlaskaNativesstillpracticeit

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

4 444 4424TheliterarydevelopmentofKateChopin,author

ofThe Awakening(1899),tookherthroughseveralphasesofnineteenth-centurywomensfiction.Bornin1850,Chopingrewupwiththesentimentalnovelsthatformedthebulkofthefictionofthemidnineteenthcentury.Intheseworks,authorsemployedelevated,romanticlanguagetoportrayfemalecharacterswhosesoleconcernwastoestablishtheirsocialpositionsthroughcourtshipandmarriage.Later,whenshestartedwritingherownfiction,Chopintookashermodelstheworksofagroupofwomenwritersknownasthelocalcolorists.

After1865,whathadtraditionallybeenregardedaswomensculturebegantodissolveaswomenenteredhighereducation,theprofessions,andthepoliticalworldingreaternumbers.Thelocalcolorists,whopublishedstoriesaboutregionallifeinthe1870sand1880s,wereattractedtothenewworldsopeninguptowomen,andfeltfreetomovewithintheseworldsasartists.Likeanthropologists,thelocalcoloristsobservedcultureandcharacterwithalmostscientificdetachment.However,aswomensculturecontinuedtodisappear,thelocalcoloristsbegantomournitsdemisebyinvestingitsimageswithmythicsignificance.Intheirstories,thegardenbecameaparadisalsanctuary;thehousebecameanemblemoffemalenurturing;andtheartifactsofdomesticitybecamevirtualtotemicobjects.

Unlikethelocalcolorists,Chopindevotedherselftotellingstoriesofloneliness,isolation,andfrustration.Butsheusedtheconventionsofthelocalcoloriststosolveaspecificnarrativeproblem:howtodealwithextremepsychologicalstateswithoutresortingtotheexcessesofthesentimentalnovelsshereadasayouth.Byreportingnarrativeeventsasiftheywerepartofaregionslocalcolor,Chopincouldtellrathershockingorevenmelodramatictalesinanuninflectedmanner.

Chopindidnotsharethelocalcoloristsgrowingnostalgiaforthepast,however,andbythe1890sshewaslookingbeyondthemtothemoreambitiousmodelsofferedbyamovementknownastheNewWomen.Intheformaswellasthecontentoftheirwork,theNewWomenwriterspursuedfreedomandinnovation.Theymodifiedtheformofthesentimentalnoveltomakeroomforinterludesoffantasyandparable,especiallyepisodesinwhichwomendreamofanentirelydifferentworldthantheonetheyinhabit.Insteadofthecrisplyplottedshortstoriesthathadbeentheprimarygenreofthelocalcolorists,theNewWomenwritersexperimentedwithimpressionisticmethodsinanefforttoexplorehithertounrecordedaspectsoffemaleconsciousness.InThe Awakening,Chopinembracedthisimpressionisticapproachmorefullytoproduce39numberedsectionsofunevenlengthunifiedlessbytheirstyleorcontentthanbytheirsustainedfocusonfaithfullyrenderingtheworkingsoftheprotagonistsmind.

8. Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsmostaccuratelysummarizesthecontentofthepassage?

(A) AlthoughChopindrewagreatdealofthematerialforThe AwakeningfromtheconcernsoftheNewWomen,sheadaptedthem,usingthetechniquesofthelocalcolorists,torecapturetheatmosphereofthenovelsshehadreadinheryouth.

(B) Avoidingthesentimentalexcessesofnovelsshereadinheryouth,andinfluencedfirstbytheconventionsofthelocalcoloristsandthenbytheinnovativemethodsoftheNewWomen,ChopindevelopedtheliterarystylesheusedinThe Awakening.

(C) Withitsstylisticshifts,varietyofcontent,andattentiontotheinternalpsychologyofitscharacters,ChopinsThe Awakeningwasunlikeanyworkoffictionwrittenduringthenineteenthcentury.

(D) InThe Awakening,Chopinrebelledagainstthestylisticrestraintofthelocalcolorists,choosinginsteadtotellherstoryinelevated,romanticlanguagethatwouldmoreaccuratelyconveyherprotagonistslonelinessandfrustration.

(E) Becauseshefeltakinshipwiththesubjectmatterbutnotthestylisticconventionsofthelocalcolorists,ChopinturnedtotheNewWomenasmodelsforthestyleshewasstrugglingtodevelopinThe Awakening.

9. WithwhichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutthelocalcoloristswouldChopinhavebeenmostlikelytoagree?

(A) Theiridealizationofsettingsandobjectsformerlyassociatedwithwomensculturewasmisguided.

(B) Theirtendencytoobservecharacterdispassionatelycausedtheirfictiontohavelittleemotionalimpact.

(C) TheirchiefcontributiontoliteraturelayintheirstatusasinspirationfortheNewWomen.

(D) Theirfocusonregionallifepreventedthemfromaddressingthenewrealmsopeninguptowomen.

(E) Theirconventionspreventedthemfromportrayingextremepsychologicalstateswithscientificdetachment.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

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4 444 44 2510. Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowing

conventionsdidChopinadoptfromothernineteenth-centurywomenwriters?

(A) elevated,romanticlanguage(B) mythicimagesofwomensculture(C) detachednarrativestance(D) strongplotlines(E) lonely,isolatedprotagonists

11. Asitisusedbytheauthorinline14ofthepassage,womensculturemostprobablyreferstoaculturethatwasexpressedprimarilythroughwomens

(A) domesticexperiences(B) regionalcustoms(C) artisticproductions(D) educationalachievements(E) politicalactivities

12. Theauthorofthepassagedescribesthesentimentalnovelsofthemidnineteenthcenturyinlines39primarilyinorderto

(A) arguethatChopinsstylerepresentsanattempttomimicthesenovels

(B) explainwhyChopinlaterrejectedtheworkofthelocalcolorists

(C) establishthebackgroundagainstwhichChopinsfictiondeveloped

(D) illustratetheexcessestowhichChopinbelievednostalgictendencieswouldlead

(E) provethatwomensliteraturewasalreadyflourishingbythetimeChopinbegantowrite

13. ThepassagesuggeststhatoneofthedifferencesbetweenThe AwakeningandtheworkoftheNewWomenwasthatThe Awakening

(A) attemptedtoexploreaspectsoffemaleconsciousness

(B) describedthedreamworldoffemalecharacters(C) employedimpressionismmoreconsistently

throughout(D) reliedmoreonfantasytosuggestpsychological

states(E) displayedgreaterunityofstyleandcontent

14. Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto

(A) educatereadersofThe AwakeningaboutaspectsofChopinslifethatarereflectedinthenovel

(B) discusstherelationshipbetweenChopinsartisticdevelopmentandchangesinnineteenth-centurywomensfiction

(C) tracetheevolutionofnineteenth-centurywomensfictionusingChopinasatypicalexample

(D) counteraclaimthatChopinsfictionwasinfluencedbyexternalsocialcircumstances

(E) weighthevalueofChopinsnovelsandstoriesagainstthoseofotherwritersofhertime

15. TheworkoftheNewWomen,asitischaracterizedinthepassage,givesthemostsupportforwhichoneofthefollowinggeneralizations?

(A) Worksoffictionwritteninapassionate,engagedstylearemoreapttoeffectchangesinsocialcustomsthanareworkswritteninascientific,detachedstyle.

(B) Evenwriterswhoadvocatesocialchangecanendupregrettingthechangeonceithasoccurred.

(C) Changesinsocialcustomsinevitablyleadtochangesinliterarytechniquesaswritersattempttomakesenseofthenewsocialrealities.

(D) Innovationsinfictionaltechniquegrowoutofwritersattemptstodescribeaspectsofrealitythathavebeenneglectedinpreviousworks.

(E) Writerscanmostaccuratelydepictextremepsychologicalstatesbyusinganuninflectedmanner.

GOONTOTHENEXTPAGE.

4 444 4426Untilthe1950s,mostscientistsbelievedthatthe

geologyoftheoceanfloorhadremainedessentiallyunchangedformanymillionsofyears.Butthisideabecameinsupportableasnewdiscoveriesweremade.First,scientistsnoticedthattheoceanfloorexhibitedoddmagneticvariations.Thoughunexpected,thiswasnotentirelysurprising,becauseitwasknownthatbasaltthevolcanicrockmakingupmuchoftheoceanfloorcontainsmagnetite,astronglymagneticmineralthatwasalreadyknowntolocallydistortcompassreadingsonland.Thisdistortionisduetothefactthatalthoughsomebasalthasso-callednormalpolaritythatis,themagnetiteinithasthesamepolarityastheearthspresentmagneticfieldotherbasalthasreversedpolarity,analignmentoppositethatofthepresentfield.Thisoccursbecauseinmagma(moltenrock),grainsofmagnetitebehavinglikelittlecompassneedlesalignthemselveswiththeearthsmagneticfield,whichhasreversedatvarioustimesthroughouthistory.Whenmagmacoolstoformsolidbasalt,thealignmentofthemagnetitegrainsislockedin,recordingtheearthspolarityatthetimeofcooling.

Asmoreoftheoceanfloorwasmapped,themagneticvariationsrevealedrecognizablepatterns,particularlyintheareaaroundtheothergreatoceanicdiscoveryofthe1950s:theglobalmid-oceanridge,animmensesubmarinemountainrangethatwindsitswayaroundtheearthmuchliketheseamsofabaseball.Alternatingstripesofrockwithdifferingpolaritiesarelaidoutinrowsoneithersideofthemid-oceanridge:onestripewithnormalpolarityandthenextwithreversedpolarity.Scientiststheorizedthatmid-oceanridgesmarkstructurallyweakzoneswheretheoceanfloorisbeingpulledapartalongtheridgecrest.Newmagmafromdeepwithintheearthriseseasilythroughtheseweakzonesandeventuallyeruptsalongthecrestoftheridgestocreatenewoceaniccrust.Overmillionsofyears,thisprocess,calledoceanfloorspreading,builtthemid-oceanridge.

Thistheorywassupportedbyseverallinesofevidence.First,atorneartheridgecrest,therocksareveryyoung,andtheybecomeprogressivelyolderawayfromthecrest.Further,theyoungestrocksallhavenormalpolarity.Finally,becausegeophysicistshadalreadydeterminedtheagesofcontinentalvolcanicrocksand,bymeasuringthemagneticorientationofthesesamerocks,hadassignedagestotheearthsrecentmagneticreversals,theywereabletocomparetheseknownagesofmagneticreversalswiththeoceanfloorsmagneticstripingpattern,enablingscientiststoshowthat,ifweassumethattheoceanfloormovedawayfromthespreadingcenteratarateofseveralcentimetersperyear,thereisaremarkablecorrelationbetweentheagesoftheearthsmagneticreversalsandthestripingpattern.

16. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelyexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

(A) Inthe1950s,scientistsrefinedtheirtheoriesconcerningtheprocessbywhichtheoceanfloorwasformedmanymillionsofyearsago.

(B) Thediscoveryofbasaltsmagneticpropertiesinthe1950sledscientiststoformulateanewtheorytoaccountforthemagneticstripingontheoceanfloor.

(C) Inthe1950s,twosignificantdiscoveriesledtothetransformationofscientificviewsaboutthegeologyoftheoceans.

(D) Localdistortionstocompassreadingsarecaused,scientistshavediscovered,bymagmathatrisesthroughweakzonesintheoceanfloortocreatenewoceaniccrust.

(E) Thediscoveryoftheoceanfloorsmagneticvariationsconvincedscientistsoftheneedtomaptheentireoceanfloor,whichinturnledtothediscoveryoftheglobalmid-oceanridge.

17. Theauthorcharacterizesthecorrelationmentionedinthelastsentenceofthepassageasremarkableinordertosuggestthatthecorrelation

(A) indicatesthatoceanfloorspreadingoccursatanextremelyslowrate

(B) explainstheexistenceoftheglobalmid-oceanridge

(C) demonstratesthattheearthsmagneticfieldisconsiderablystrongerthanpreviouslybelieved

(D) providesstrongconfirmationoftheoceanfloorspreadingtheory

(E) revealsthattheearthsmagneticreversalshaveoccurredatveryregularintervals

18. Accordingtothepassage,whichoneofthefollowingistrueofmagnetitegrains?

(A) Intheyoungestbasalt,theyarealignedwiththeearthscurrentpolarity.

(B) Inmagma,mostbutnotallofthemalignthemselveswiththeearthsmagneticfield.

(C) Theyarenotfoundinothertypesofrockbesidesbasalt.

(D) Theyareaboutthesizeoftypicalgrainsofsand.(E) Theyaretoosmalltobevisibletothenakedeye.

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4 444 44 2719. Ifthetimeintervalsbetweentheearthsmagneticfield

reversalsfluctuategreatly,then,basedonthepassage,whichoneofthefollowingismostlikelytobetrue?

(A) Compassreadingsaremostlikelytobedistortednearthepeaksofthemid-oceanridge.

(B) Itisthisfluctuationthatcausestheridgetowindaroundtheearthliketheseamsonabaseball.

(C) Someofthemagneticstripesofbasaltontheoceanflooraremuchwiderthanothers.

(D) Continentalrockisamorereliableindicatoroftheearthsmagneticfieldreversalsthanisoceanicrock.

(E) Withinanygivenmagneticstripeontheoceanfloor,theageofthebasaltdoesnotvary.

20. Whichoneofthefollowingwould,iftrue,mosthelptosupporttheoceanfloorspreadingtheory?

(A) Therearetypesofrockotherthanbasaltthatareknowntodistortcompassreadings.

(B) Theagesoftheearthsmagneticreversalshavebeenverifiedbymeansotherthanexaminingmagnetitegrainsinrock.

(C) Piecesofbasaltsimilartothetypefoundonthemid-oceanridgehavebeenfoundonthecontinents.

(D) Alongitslength,thepeakofthemid-oceanridgevariesgreatlyinheightabovetheoceanfloor.

(E) Basaltistheonlytypeofvolcanicrockfoundinportionsoftheoceanfloornearesttothecontinents.

21. Whichoneofthefollowingismoststronglysupportedbythepassage?

(A) Submarinebasaltfoundnearthecontinentsislikelytobesomeoftheoldestrockontheoceanfloor.

(B) Theolderasampleofbasaltis,themoretimesithasreverseditspolarity.

(C) Compassreadingsaremorelikelytobecomedistortedatseathanonland.

(D) Themagneticfieldssurroundingmagnetitegrainsgraduallyweakenovermillionsofyearsontheoceanfloor.

(E) Anyrockthatexhibitspresent-daymagneticpolaritywasformedafterthelatestreversaloftheearthsmagneticfield.

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4 444 4428PassageA

Centraltothehistoriansprofessionandscholarshiphasbeentheidealofobjectivity.Theassumptionsuponwhichthisidealrestsincludeacommitmenttotherealityofthepast,asharpseparationbetweenfactandvalue,andaboveall,adistinctionbetweenhistoryandfiction.

Accordingtothisideal,historicalfactsarepriortoandindependentofinterpretation:thevalueofaninterpretationshouldbejudgedbyhowwellitaccountsforthefacts;ifaninterpretationiscontradictedbyfacts,itshouldbeabandoned.Thefactthatsuccessivegenerationsofhistorianshaveascribeddifferentmeaningstopasteventsdoesnotmean,asrelativisthistoriansclaim,thattheeventsthemselveslackfixedorabsolutemeanings.

Objectivehistoriansseetheirroleasthatofaneutraljudge,onewhomustneverbecomeanadvocateor,worse,propagandist.Theirconclusionsshoulddisplaythejudicialqualitiesofbalanceandevenhandedness.Aswiththejudiciary,thesequalitiesrequireinsulationfrompoliticalconsiderations,andavoidanceofpartisanshiporbias.Thusobjectivehistoriansmustpurgethemselvesofexternalloyalties;theirprimaryallegianceistoobjectivehistoricaltruthandtocolleagueswhoshareacommitmenttoitsdiscovery.

PassageB

Theverypossibilityofhistoricalscholarshipasanenterprisedistinctfrompropagandarequiresofitspractitionersthatself-disciplinethatenablesthemtodosuchthingsasabandonwishfulthinking,assimilatebadnews,anddiscardpleasinginterpretationsthatfailelementarytestsofevidenceandlogic.

Yetobjectivity,forthehistorian,shouldnotbeconfusedwithneutrality.Objectivityisperfectlycompatiblewithstrongpoliticalcommitment.Theobjectivethinkerdoesnotvaluedetachmentasanendinitselfbutonlyasanindispensablemeansofachievingdeeperunderstanding.Inhistoricalscholarship,theidealofobjectivityismostcompellinglyembodiedinthepowerful argumentonethatrevealsbyitseverytwistandturnitsrespectfulappreciationofthealternativeargumentsitrejects.Suchatextattainspowerpreciselybecauseitsauthorhasmanagedtosuspendmomentarilyhisorherownperceptionssoastoanticipateandtakeintoaccountobjectionsandalternativeconstructionsnotthoseofstrawmen,butthosethattrulyissuefromtherivalsposition,understoodassensitivelyandstatedaseloquentlyastherivalcoulddesire.Tomountatellingattackonaposition,onemustfirstinhabitit.Thosesohabituatedtotheircustomaryintellectualabodethattheycannotevenexploreotherscanneverbepersuasivetoanyonebutfellowhabitus.

Suchargumentsareoftenmorefaithfultothecomplexityofhistoricalinterpretationmorefaithfuleventotheirreduciblepluralityofhumanperspectivesthantextsthatabjureposition-takingaltogether.ThepowerfulargumentisthehighestfruitofthekindofthinkingIwouldcallobjective,andinitneutrality

playsnopart.Authenticobjectivitybearsnoresemblancetothetelevisionnewscastersmechanicalgestureofallocatingthesamenumberofsecondstobothsidesofaquestion,editoriallysplittingthedifferencebetweenthem,irrespectiveoftheirperceivedmerits.

22. Bothpassagesareconcernedwithansweringwhichoneofthefollowingquestions?

(A) Whatarethemostseriousflawsfoundinrecenthistoricalscholarship?

(B) Whatmusthistoriansdoinordertoavoidbiasintheirscholarship?

(C) Howdidtheidealofobjectivityfirstdevelop?(D) Isthescholarshipproducedbyrelativist

historianssound?(E) Whydotheprevailinginterpretationsofpast

eventschangefromoneeratothenext?

23. Bothpassagesidentifywhichoneofthefollowingasarequirementforhistoricalresearch?

(A) thehistorianswillingnesstoborrowmethodsofanalysisfromotherdisciplineswhenevaluatingevidence

(B) thehistorianswillingnesstoemploymethodologiesfavoredbyproponentsofcompetingviewswhenevaluatingevidence

(C) thehistorianswillingnesstorelinquishfavoredinterpretationsinlightofthediscoveryoffactsinconsistentwiththem

(D) thehistorianswillingnesstoanswerindetailallpossibleobjectionsthatmightbemadeagainsthisorherinterpretation

(E) thehistorianswillingnesstoaccordrespectfulconsiderationtorivalinterpretations

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4 444 44 2924. TheauthorofpassageBandthekindofobjective

historiandescribedinpassageAwouldbemostlikelytodisagreeoverwhether

(A) detachmentaidsthehistorianinachievinganobjectiveviewofpastevents

(B) anobjectivehistoricalaccountcanincludeastrongpoliticalcommitment

(C) historianstodayarelessobjectivethantheywerepreviously

(D) propagandaisanessentialtoolofhistoricalscholarship

(E) historiansofdifferenterashavearrivedatdifferinginterpretationsofthesamehistoricalevents

25. Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelydescribesanattitudetowardobjectivitypresentin